DOCSLIB.ORG

Timeline / 400 to 1300 / ITALY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Timeline / 400 to 1300 / ITALY Timeline / 400 to 1300 / ITALY Date Country | Description 527 A.D. Italy Justinian (527–65) becomes the Emperor of Byzantium and sets about reconquering the West, succeeding in destroying the Gothic Kingdom in Italy. 529 A.D. Italy The Corpus Iuris Civilis is compiled under Justinian, collecting and organising Roman law. The work remains influential for centuries, becoming the cornerstone of legal studies. 568 A.D. Italy The Lombards enter Italy. The lands occupied in the Centre and the South become the Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento respectively. 590 A.D. Italy Gregory the Great (590–604) becomes pope. During his pontificate, the Church becomes more independent from the Byzantine Empire and great efforts are made to evangelise the Anglo-Saxons and Lombards. 653 A.D. Italy The Lombards officially convert to Catholicism, a process that began with the work of Gregory the Great. 774 A.D. Italy The reign of the Lombards comes to an end. Charles King of the Franks takes Pavia and establishes Frankish rule in Northern Italy. The Duchy of Benevento and Venice remain independent. 800 A.D. Italy Charlemagne (800–14) becomes the Emperor of Rome and the Holy Roman Empire is born. 827 A.D. Italy The arrival of the Aghlabids triggers the Arab conquest of Sicily. 965 A.D. Italy The Arab conquest of Sicily is complete with the fall of Rometta, the last Byzantine stronghold. 1002 A.D. Italy Date Country | Description The reign of Henry II (1002–24) sees the establishment of a feudal system, particularly in Northern Italy, which will leave a lasting mark on Italy’s social and economic make-up. 1009 A.D. Italy The first Normans arrive in Southern Italy. 1059 A.D. Italy The Council of the Lateran reorganises the Church. The Pope makes Robert Guiscard (1059–85) Duke of Puglia and Calabria. It is the first acknowledgement of Norman domination of Southern Italy. 1061 A.D. Italy Roger I of Hautville (1072–1101) begins the conquest of Sicily against the Arabs, which is completed in 1091. 1062 A.D. Italy The Muslim fleet is defeated by the Pisans at Palermo. 1130 A.D. Italy Roger II, governor of Sicily since 1112, is crowned King of Sicily and reigns until 1154. 1143 A.D. Italy The Commune of Rome is born, an expression of the nascent communal civility that will have a profound effect on Italian cultural identity. 1154 A.D. Italy Frederick Barbarossa (1123–90) arrives in Italy to side with the Pope against the Commune of Rome and the Normans. In the same year, Barbarossa is crowned King of Italy in Pavia. 1202 A.D. Italy The Fourth Crusade, which will last until 1204, leaves from Venice. 1210 A.D. Italy Saint Francis of Assisi writes his Rule, inspired by the principles of poverty, errant preaching and Christian charity. Frederick II (1211–50), already King of Sicily, is crowned emperor. 1236 A.D. Italy Date Country | Description The first seigniories are formed, in Milan under Filippo della Torre, in Ferrara with Obizzo d’Este and in Mantova with the Gonzaga family. 1250 A.D. Italy Death of Frederick II. 1258 A.D. Italy Manfred, son of Frederick II, becomes King of Sicily (1258–66). 1271 A.D. Italy Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant, departs for China with his father Nicolò and uncle Matteo. He is one of the first Westerners to reach China. 1280 A.D. Italy The Guelphs and Ghibellines, supporters of the Papacy and the Emperor respectively, clash in Florence. 1282 A.D. Italy Revolt of the Sicilian Vespers against Sicily’s French Angevin rulers. Aragon emerges victorious in Sicily, which is separated politically from Southern Italy..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Influence in Late Medieval Malta
    Spanish Influence in Late Medieval Malta Stanley Fiorini Introduction Charles of Anjou’s (King of Sicily from 1266 to 1282) ambitions and hard-fisted regime provoked the Sicilian catastrophe of 1282 culminating in Lu Rebellamentu of the Vespers at the end of March of that year. If the involvement of Malta in the event was peripheral in the planning stages of the coup,1 it was certainly crucial in its aftermath, for the Angevins continued to resist from the Castrum Maris in Birgu which remained in their hands in spite of the decisive naval battle which the Aragonese Don Roger de Luria (1245–1305) won in the Grand Harbour on 8 July 1283. Prior to his departure, Luria stationed 300 Catalan soldiers – 200 at Mdina and 100 in the Gozo Castello – to render the islands safe against further Angevin aggression from those still at the Castrum Maris, which held out until February 1284.2 Direct Spanish contacts with Malta are evident very soon after the Sicilian Vespers, that momentous event whereby Sicily, and Malta with it, passed into a new Western Mediterranean sphere, the confederation of the Aragonese crown. Further to the 300 Catalan soldiers left here by de Luria, already in January 1283, we see King Pedro III (1276–85) granting a salvus conductus to the Catalan Ugo de Cambrilis and his party travelling to Malta from Sicily.3 De Cambrilis, who hailed from Barcelona, was a high- ranking official, sufficiently esteemed by the king to be entrusted with the intermediary role between His Majesty and the Angevins holding the Castrum of Malta, including the issuing of salvi conductus in his own hand, to the latter.4 With the final take-over of the Castrum Maris by the Aragonese, who appointed Manfred Lancia captain of the islands,5 1 G.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Review and Quantitative Analysis of International Criminal Justice
    CHAPTER TWELVE A HISTORICAL REVIEW AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE Section 1. The Historical Stages of International Criminal Justice ICJ made its way into international practice in several stages. The first period ranges from 1268 until 1815, effectively from the first international criminal pros- ecution of Conradin von Hohenstaufen in Naples through the end of World War I. The second stage begins with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and ranges from 1919 until 2014, when it is expected that all of the existing direct and mixed model tribunals will have closed, leaving only the International Criminal Court (ICC). The third impending stage will begin in January 2015, when the ICC will be the primary international criminal tribunal. 1.1. The Early Historic Period—Thirteenth to Nineteenth Centuries The first period, which could prosaically be called the early historic period, is characterized by three major events occurring in 1268, 1474, and 1815, respectively. In 1268, the trial of Conradin von Hohenstaufen, a German nobleman, took place in Italy when Conradin was sixteen years of age.1 He was tried and exe- cuted for transgressing the Pope’s dictates by attacking a fellow noble French ruler, wherein he pillaged and killed Italian civilians at Tagliacozzo, near Naples. The killings were deemed to constitute crimes “against the laws of God and Man.” The trial was essentially a political one. In fact, it was a perversion of ICJ and demonstrated how justice could be used for political ends. The crime— assuming it can be called that—was in the nature of a “crime against peace,” as that term came to be called in the Nuremberg Charter’s Article 6(a), later to be called aggression under the UN Charter.
    [Show full text]
  • Torino City Story
    Torino City Story CASEreport 106: May 2016 Anne Power Contents Figures ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Boxes ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 About LSE Housing and Communities ........................................................................................................ 4 Foreword and acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5 2. History in brief ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3. The first industrial revolution and the birth of Fiat ................................................................................ 9 4. World War Two ....................................................................................................................................11 Post-war recovery .....................................................................................................................................11 5. Industrial and social strife ....................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Tracking System Using Arduino Pratik Pawar, Ashish Yadav, Pritam Makwana, Shubham Patil
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 2, February-2018 ISSN 2229-5518 102 Solar Tracking System Using Arduino Pratik Pawar, Ashish Yadav, Pritam Makwana, Shubham patil Abstract— In this paper, a solar tracking system using Arduino is designed and built. This system collects free energy from the sun and stores it in the battery and then converts this energy to the respective alternating current. Its makes the energy usable in normal homes as an independent power source. This system is designed to react to its environment in the shortest amount of time. Any errors at software and hardware will be controlled or eliminated. Our system is tested for its real-time responsiveness, reliability, stability and safety. Our system is designed to be resistant to weather, temperature and some minor mechanical stresses. keywords— Solar Panel, Arduino, Dual Axis Motor, Power Supply, Stepper Motor, Display. —————————— —————————— I. INTRODUCTION reportedly also exceeding 24%. A single solar module can Solar energy is an unlimited source of energy which if produce only a limited amount of power; most installations harnessed properly will get the mankind devoid of using the contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically conventional sources of energy he has been long using. This includes an array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, project has been designed keeping this in view to make the a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring, and harnessing of solar energy more efficient. optionally a solar tracking mechanism. The most common application of solar panels is solar water II. BLOCK DIAGRAM heating systems. IV. TECHNICAL USED Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world.
    [Show full text]
  • Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
    UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Barbarians Invade Rome! Questions
    But the power of Rome was weakening. By the late 400s, Rome was Name no longer the mighty power that it had once been. In 476, the Hun leader, Odoacer, seized power in the western half of the Roman Empire and declared himself king of Italy. Barbarians Invade Rome! The eastern half of the Roman Empire tried to take power back in the west by sending troops, under the leadership of King Theodoric By Sharon Fabian of the Ostrogoths, to fight Odoacer. The Ostrogoths killed Odoacer, and Theodoric became the new leader of Italy. The Roman Empire, at its height, extended across much of Europe, but even then there were other groups of people who were The Roman Empire in the east continued, but Roman rule in the not part of the Roman Empire living in Europe too. Many of these west had come to an end. Europe entered into an era of uncertainty. groups, called tribes, lived in the far north. Others lived in various Rulers changed frequently, as one leader attacked and defeated parts of Europe not occupied by the Roman Empire. another. Invasions, attacks, and feuds were commonplace. It was the beginning of the Middle Ages. The barbarian tribes, as many of them were known, didn't like the idea of settling down and farming. They preferred a roaming, Today, when we hear of Huns, we picture wild-eyed, long-haired, warlike lifestyle. Due to climate changes and other factors, many of screaming invaders. the tribes began to migrate closer to the Roman Empire and sometimes even settle within the borders of the empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Ivrea and the Moraine Amphitheatre Visitami CONTENTS
    VisitAMI VisitAMIIvrea and the Moraine Amphitheatre VisitAMI CONTENTS 1. Moraine Amphitheatre of Ivrea - AMI 7 Great care and attention have been put into preparing this guide to ensure its reliability and the accuracy of the information. However, Turismo Torino e Provincia would urge you to always check on timetables, prices, 2. Ivrea 8 addresses and accessibility of the sites, products and services mentioned. 3. MaAM 14 4. Things to see at AMI 18 5. Via Francigena Morenico-Canavesana 40 6. Nature in AMI 42 7. Flavours and fragrances 50 8. Events 52 Project: City of Ivrea. Creativity and design: Turismo Torino e Provincia. Thanks for their help: Ines Bisi, Brunella Bovo, Giuliano Canavese, Alessandro Chiesi, Cristiana Ferraro, Gabriella Gianotti, Laura Lancerotto, Mariangela Michieletto, Sara Rizzi, Francesca Tapparo, Norma Torrisi, Fabrizio Zanotti. Sent to press: 2016. This guide is the outcome of the work begun in 2013, VisitAMIcommissioned by the City of Ivrea, in which institutes and associations worked jointly as part of the ongoing project for promoting the Moraine Amphitheatre of Ivrea-AMI (Anfiteatro Morenico di Ivrea). The AMI is described page after page, making the guide a useful way for visitors to discover the many artistic resources and all the natural scenery made even more attractive when combined with the many outdoor activities available. And then there are details about the extensive offer of wine and food and the many events that, during the year, are able to offer a unique, delightful experience. AMI is all this and much more, whose hidden nooks and marvels can be discovered by tourists in the many routes proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Matilda of Canossa Has for Some Time Been A
    This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Journal of Medieval History on 30 September 2015, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03044181.2015.1089311 0 Reconsidering Donizone’s Vita Mathildis: Boniface of Canossa and Emperor Henry II Robert Houghton* Department of History, Medecroft Building, King Alfred Campus, Sparkford Road, Winchester, SO22 4NR, United Kingdom (Received 6 March 2014; final version received 5 November 2014) Boniface of Canossa is a figure of great importance to the political and military history of eleventh-century Italy. Modern historiography has almost universally argued that Boniface gained his power through a close relationship and alliance with a series of German emperors. Most accounts see Boniface’s fall and eventual murder in 1052 as a direct consequence of the breakdown of this relationship. This analysis is flawed, however, as it rests predominantly on the evidence of a single source: the Vita Mathildis by Donizone of Canossa. This document was produced more than half a century after the death of Boniface by an author who held complex political goals, but these have not been fully considered in the discussion of Boniface. Through the examination of the charter sources, this article argues that Donizone misrepresented Boniface’s actions and that there is considerable evidence that Boniface was not a consistent ally of the German emperors. Keywords: Italy; diplomatic; authority; power; relationship networks; Donizone of Canossa; Boniface of Canossa; Holy Roman Empire 1 Boniface of Canossa (c.985–1052) was one of the most influential figures in northern and central Italy in the early eleventh century, controlling extensive lands and rights in the counties of Mantua, Reggio, Modena, Parma, Bergamo, Brescia, Verona, Ferarra and Bologna, and in the duchy of Tuscany.1 Canossa itself dominated the important pass between Reggio and Tuscany.
    [Show full text]
  • Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God
    Isak M. C. Sexson Hist. 495 Senior Thesis Thesis Advisor: Martha Rampton April 24, 2000 Carolingian Propaganda: Kingship by the Hand of God Introduction and Thesis Topic: The Carolingians laid the foundation for their successful coup in 751 very carefully, using not only political and religious alliances, but also the written word to ensure a usurpation of Merovingian power. Up until, and even decades after Pippin III’s coup, the Carolingians used a written form of propaganda to solidify their claims to the throne and reinforce their already existent power base. One of the most successful, powerful and prominent features of the Carolingians’ propaganda campaign was their use of God and divine support. By divine support, I mean the Carolingians stressed their rightful place as rulers of Christiandom and were portrayed as both being aided in their actions by God and being virtuous and pious rulers. This strategy of claiming to fulfill Augustine’s vision of a “city of God” politically would eventually force the Carolingians into a tight corner during the troubled times of Louis the Pious. The Word Propaganda and Historiography: The word propaganda is a modern word which did not exist in Carolingian Europe. It carries powerful modern connotations and should not be applied lightly when discussing past documents without keeping its modern usage in mind at all times. As Hummel and Huntress note in their book The Analysis of Propaganda, “‘Propaganda’ is a 1 word of evil connotation . [and] the word has become a synonym for a lie.”1 In order to avoid the ‘evil connotations’ of modern propaganda in this paper I will limit my definition of propaganda to the intentional reproduction, distribution and exaggeration or fabrication of events in order to gain support.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Reading
    further reading introduction: definition and scope T. S. R. Boase, ‘Recent Developments in Crusading Historiography’, History, 22 (1937), 110–25 J. Brundage, ‘Recent Crusade Historiography: Some Observations and Suggestions’, Catholic Historical Review, 49 (1964), 493–507 G. Constable, ‘The Historiography of the Crusades’, in The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, ed. A. E. Laiou and R. P. Mottahedeh (Washington, DC, 2001), pp. 1–22 R. Irwin, ‘Orientalism and the Early Development of Crusader Studies’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. 2, Defi ning the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 214–30 J. La Monte, ‘Some Problems in Crusading Historiography’, Speculum, 15 (1939), 57–75 J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986) J. Riley-Smith, ‘Erdmann and the Historiography of the Crusades, 1935–95’, in La primera cruzada novecientos años después: el Concilio de Clermont y los orígenes del movimiento cruzado, ed. L. García-Guijarro Ramos (Madrid, 1997), pp. 17–32 J. Riley-Smith, What were the Crusades? 3rd edn (Basingstoke, 2002) C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998) chapter 1: ideology and motivation in the first crusade P. Alphandéry and A. Dupront, La chrétienté et l’idée de croisade, 2 vols (Paris, 1954; réédition, 1995) M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade: The Limousin and Gascony (c. 970–c. 1130) (Oxford, 1993) P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991) J. Flori, Croisade et chevalerie, XIe-XIIe siècles (Paris and Brussels, 1998) J.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman History the LEGENDARY PERIOD of the KINGS (753
    Roman History THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS (753 - 510 B.C.) Rome was said to have been founded by Latin colonists from Alba Longa, a nearby city in ancient Latium. The legendary date of the founding was 753 B.C.; it was ascribed to Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of the daughter of the king of Alba Longa. Later legend carried the ancestry of the Romans back to the Trojans and their leader Aeneas, whose son Ascanius, or Iulus, was the founder and first king of Alba Longa. The tales concerning Romulus’s rule, notably the rape of the Sabine women and the war with the Sabines, point to an early infiltration of Sabine peoples or to a union of Latin and Sabine elements at the beginning. The three tribes that appear in the legend of Romulus as the parts of the new commonwealth suggest that Rome arose from the amalgamation of three stocks, thought to be Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan. The seven kings of the regal period begin with Romulus, from 753 to 715 B.C.; Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, from 534 to 510 B.C., the seventh and last king, whose tyrannical rule was overthrown when his son ravished Lucretia, the wife of a kinsman. Tarquinius was banished, and attempts by Etruscan or Latin cities to reinstate him on the throne at Rome were unavailing. Although the names, dates, and events of the regal period are considered as belonging to the realm of fiction and myth rather than to that of factual history, certain facts seem well attested: the existence of an early rule by kings; the growth of the city and its struggles with neighboring peoples; the conquest of Rome by Etruria and the establishment of a dynasty of Etruscan princes, symbolized by the rule of the Tarquins; the overthrow of this alien control; and the abolition of the kingship.
    [Show full text]