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Csillagászati Évkönyv 2005 1 meteor csillagászati évkönyv 2005 1 3 2 4 5 6 Meteor csillagászati évkönyv 2005 meteor csillagászati évkönyv 2005 szerkesztette: Mizser Attila Szabados László Taracsák Gábor Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület Budapest, 2004 A z évkönyv összeállításában közreműködött: Jean Meeus (Belgium) Keresztúri Ákos Sárneczky Krisztián Szakmailag ellenőrizte: Kun Mária (cikkek, beszámolók) Szabadi Péter (táblázatok) Műszaki szerkesztés és illusztrációk: Taracsák Gábor A szerkesztés és a kiadás támogatói: MLog Műszereket Gyártó és Forgalmazó Kft. MTA Csillagászati Kutatóintézete ISSN 0866-2851 Felelős kiadó: Mizser Attila Készült a G-PRINT BT. nyomdájában Felelős vezető: Wilpert Gábor Terjedelem: 20,6 ív + 4 oldal melléklet Példányszám: 4000 2004. október Csillagászati évkönyv 2005 5 Tartalom Tartalom B evezető................................................................................................................................. 7 H asználati ú tm u ta tó ......................................................................................................... 8 Jelek és rövidítések ...................................................................................................... 13 A csillagképek latin és magyar n e v e ........................................................................ 14 Táblázatok Je le n sé g n a p tá r................................................................................................................. 16 A bolygók kelése és nyugvása (ábra) ...................................................................... 64 A bolygók adatai ............................................................................................................ 66 A bolygók kitérése a N aptól (ábra) ........................................................................ 79 A bolygók ekliptikái koordinátái ............................................................................ 80 Julián-dátum tá b lá z a t....................................................................................................... 83 A bolygók elhelyezkedése a Nap körül ( á b r a ) .........................................................84 A Nap adatai .................................................................................................................... 86 A Hold adatai .................................................................................................................. 94 Jupiter-holdak................................................................................................................ 102 S zaturnusz-holdak........................................................................................................ 111 Kisbolygók ..................................................................................................................... 114 Ü stökösök ..................................................................................................................... 120 2003 üstökösei .............................................................................................................. 124 M e te o rra jo k ................................................................................................................... 130 Fogyatkozások, f e d é s e k ............................................................................................. 132 A H old csillagfedései.................................................................................................. 134 Csillagkatalógus J2005.5-re ..................................................................................... 137 Tartalom 6 Csillagászati évkönyv 2005 Cikkek A csillagászat legújabb eredményei ...................................................................... 147 K e r e s z t ú r i Á k o s-S im o n T a m á s : Asztrobiológia .................................... 190 Á b r a h á m P é t e r -K ó spá l Á g n e s : Korongok fiatal csillagok körül ... 219 B a go ly Z s o l t : G am m akitörések ...................................................................... 233 S á n d o r Z s o l t : Rezonanciák bolygórendszerekben .................................... 244 P o n o r i T h e w r e w k A u r é l : 100 éve született Kulin G yörgy ................. 263 Beszámolók M agyar Csillagászati Egyesület ............................................................................... 284 M TA Csillagászati K utatóintézete ......................................................................... 289 ELTE Csillagászati T a n sz é k e ................................................................................... 300 Bács-Kiskun Megyei Önkormányzat Csillagvizsgáló Intézete ..................... 304 T IT B udapesti Planetárium ..................................................................................... 310 D ezső L óránt (1914 — 2003) ..................................................................................... 314 Szerzőink ....................................................................................................................... 320 A címlapon A z Ophir-kanyon, a Valles Marineris északi része a Marson. A távlati képet a Mars Exp­ ress által készített sztereo felvételekből számítógépes terepmodell szoftver segítségével állítot­ ták elő. (ESA/DLR/FU, Berlin, G. Neukum) A belső borítón 1. A Polaris - Óbuda bemutató csillagvizsgálója. 2. A Napóra szakcsoport 2004. március 20-i találkozójának résztvevői az Osztrák- Magyar Iskola napórája alatt. 3. Az égbolt szépségei című fotókiállítás a Budapesti Planetáriumban, amelyet Zseli József és asztrofotós barátai állítottak össze. 4. Vénusz-átvonulás konferencia résztvevői Székesfehérvárott, 2004. április 17-én, a Ter- kán Lajos Bemutató Csillagvizsgálóban. 5. Vénusz-átvonulás bemutató a Polaris Csillagvizsgálóban. 6. Kisiskolások a becsehelyi Vénusz-átvonulás bemutatón. A hátsó borítón A fantáziakép azt a pillanatot mutatja, amikor Huygens-leszállóegység levált a Cassini űr­ szondáról, hogy behatoljon a Titan légkörébe. A Cassini-program első eredményeit A Cassi­ ni űrszonda a Szaturnusznál című hír mutatja be. (A képet NASA/JPL-Caltech bocsátotta közre) Csillagászati évkönyv 2005 7 Bevezető Bevezető Kötetünkben a csillagászat legújabb eredményeinek szokásos összefoglalása mellett néhány dinamikusan fejlődő témáról részletesebb képet is kaphat az Olvasó. A legmodernebb csillagászati műszerek, a számítástechnika és az ész­ leléstechnika, valamint az űrkutatás számos részterület fejlődésére gyakorolt forradalmi hatást. Ezek közül az idei évkönyvben az asztrobiológia áttekinté­ se; a fiatal csillagok körüli por- és gázkorongok vizsgálatának eredményei; a bolygórendszerek dinamikai fejlődésében fontos keringési rezonanciák bemu­ tatása és a még mindig sok tekintetben titokzatos gammakitörések kutatásá­ nak összefoglalása kapott helyet. 2005-ben ünnepeljük Kulin György születésének századik évfordulóját. Az ő szervező és ismeretterjesztő munkásságának folytatását tekinti céljának egye­ sületünk, és ennek szellemében készül a Csillagászati évkönyv is. A 20. század legismertebb magyar csillagászának életművét foglalja össze kötetünk egyik cikke. A múlt század másik nagy csillagász egyéniségétől, a 2003-ban elhunyt Dezső Lóránttól munkásságának rövid ismertetésével veszünk búcsút. A Magyar Csillagászati Egyesület honlapján (www.mcse.hu) a Bemutat­ kozunk menüpontra, majd a következő lapon a Kiadványok alcím alatt az évkönyvet említő sorra kattintva lehet eljutni az évkönyv honlapjára (év­ könyv .mese . hu). Ott az egyesület által kiadott kötetek rövid ismertetője, tar­ talomjegyzéke és kiadási adatai találhatók. A látogató a még kapható kötete­ ket meg is rendelheti. A megjelent kötetek tematikusai: rendezett, összefog­ laló tartalomjegyzéke segíti a hírek, cikkek helyének megtalálását, a célzott információkeresést. A honlapon olvasható anyagot folyamatosan fejlesztjük, bővítjük. A már elfogyott évfolyamok cikkeit és beszámolóit fokozatosan hoz­ záférhetővé tesszük a honlapon, hogy azok az új érdeklődők is elolvashassák, akiknek jelenleg nincsen módjuk a köteteket megvásárolni. Használati útmutató 8 Csillagászati évkönyv 2005 Használati útmutató Az évkönyv első felében kaptak helyet a naptári alapadatok, havonkénti csoportosításban: a Nap és a Hold keltének és nyugtának időpontja, a hónap fontosabb csillagászati eseményei, a bolygók láthatósága, a hónap csillagos ég­ boltja. Ezt követik azok az információk, amelyek csillagászati számításokhoz és az amatőr észlelők munkájához szükségesek: a Nap, a Hold és a bolygók koordinátái és fizikai adatai, valamint a különféle segédtáblázatok. Végül pe­ dig a speciális észlelési területeken használható előrejelzéseket és adatokat találjuk: fogyatkozásokról, fedésekről, kisbolygókról, meteorrajokról, üstökö­ sökről és egyéb témákról. A táblázatok és adatok Magyarország közepes föld­ rajzi koordinátáira vonatkoznak: földrajzi hosszúság: A = +19?0 földrajzi szélesség: <p = + 47‘.’5 Minthogy hazánk kiterjedése nem nagy, az évkönyv táblázatai jó közelítés­ sel használhatók az egész ország területén. A Föld forgásával kapcsolatos idő­ adatoknál a földrajzi hosszúságban mért egy fok különbség 4 időperc eltérést jelent. A kelési, delelési és nyugvási időpontok esetében tehát a 19" hosszúsági körtől keletre fokonként négy percet le kell vonni a táblázat időadatából, nyu­ gat felé pedig ugyanennyit hozzá kell adni. Pontos észleléseknél természetesen ezeket az eltéréseket megfelelő számításokkal kell figyelembe venni. Az időpontadatok többsége világidőben (UT) szerepel, az egyéb számérté­ kek pedig általában a megadott napon
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