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Cronología Del P. José Kentenich 1 CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 1 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 1795 Rusia y Austria firman un SIGLO XVIII. Papa Pío VI, 1775-1799 acuerdo para el reparto Surge en Francia, y luego se 20 de diciembre: en Santo de Polonia. expande al mundo, un Domingo, los restos del Nace Vicente Pallotti. movimiento ideológico, navegante Cristóbal racionalista y crítico, que se Colón son retirados de la 22 de marzo: proclamación de conoce con el nombre catedral de Santo la República Helvética. de “Nuevas Ideas” o Domingo para ser trasladados “Ilustración”. Este movimiento a Cuba. • España: tropas británicas ocupan Menorca. dio al siglo el nombre de “Siglo de las Luces” “Siglo de la Razón” En Inglaterra se inaugura el Se quiso crear un mundo primer ferrocarril público. nuevo, atacando el Absolutismo, la intolerancia Francia se enfrenta contra la religiosa y el sistema coalición europea económico mercantilista. 15 de enero: Francisco de Goya comienza a pintar los frescos de la Iglesia madrileña de san Antonio de la Florida. Joseph Haydn compone La creación. 1797 Los ejércitos revolucionarios franceses invaden Italia. El Papa Pío VI es detenido y deportado a Francia. CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 2 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 1800 Fallece Papa Pío VI SIGLO XIX Asume Papa Pío VII: Surgimiento de los 1800-1823. nacionalismos durante el siglo XIX. La característica fundamental de este siglo es la de ser un periodo de grandes cambios. A mediados del siglo XIX, Europa se encaminaba hacia la modernidad. Los cambios sociales eran evidentes. El aumento de la población, la incorporación de la mujer al sistema productivo y el crecimiento de la clase obrera fueron un claro reflejo de la llegada de la industrialización. La ciencia y la economía se retroalimentan; el término "científico" es parte fundamental del lenguaje de la época; la economía sufre dos fuertes revoluciones industriales, la primera entre 1750 y 1840,y la segunda entre 1880 y 1914. En política, las nuevas ideas del siglo anterior sientan las bases de las revoluciones burguesas, revoluciones que se extienden por el mundo mediante el imperialismo y buscará alianza con el movimiento obrero al que, para evitar su triunfo, le ceden el sufragio universal; CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 3 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES en filosofía, surgen los principios de la mayor parte de las corrientes de pensamiento como el idealismo absoluto, el materialismo dialéctico, el nihilismo y el nacionalismo; el arte demora en iniciar el proceso de vanguardización pero quedará cimentado en movimientos como el impresionismo. 1801 Nace el cardenbal John Henry Newman en Londres. Primeramente fue teólogo anglicano, Pastor en Oxford. Buscó un acercamiento de su Iglesia con Roma. Tras largas luchar interiores, se convirtió al catolicismo en 1845. Fue ordenado sacerdote en 1847 y fue rector de la Universidad católica de Dublin. En 1879 fue designado cardenal a pesar de muchas enemistades. Persona clave en el movimiento de renovación y apertura de la Iglesia católica en Inglaterra. Buscó el contacto de la Iglesia con el mundo, sobre todo en el terreno cultural, pedagógico y científico. 1802 En 1802, Napoleón promulgó una legislación que colocaba CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 4 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES a la iglesia francesa bajo el control total del Estado, y dos años más tarde llevó su prepotencia hasta el punto de obligar al Papa a acudir a París a su coronación como emperador, para luego humillarlo coronándose a sí mismo. Pío VII se retiró al palacio del Quirinal. Partes del territorio pontificio fueron anexionadas al reino de Italia. 1803 El Papa Pío VII, como soberano de los Estados Pontificios, mantenía visos de independencia frente al todopoderoso amo de Europa. Napoleón Bonaparte, deseoso de consolidar su régimen, buscó el apoyo de la Iglesia católica mediante la firma de un Concordato. En éste, el Papa obtuvo ciertas concesiones, aunque el acuerdo favorecía sobre todo a Napoleón. El concordato parecía zanjar todo conflicto entre Francia y el papado, y Pío VII creyó que no iba a correr el destino de su antecesor. CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 5 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 1806 En 1806, cuando Pío VII intentó quedarse fuera del bloqueo continental contra Gran Bretaña alegando que como Papa debía ser neutral, Napoleón le escribió: «Su Santidad es soberano de Roma, pero yo soy el emperador; todos mis enemigos han de ser los suyos». 1808 En enero de 1808, prácticamente toda Italia estaba bajo el dominio, directo o indirecto, del emperador Napoleón. 1809 El 27 de mayo de 1809, Napoleón decretó la anexión a Francia del territorio papal restante. Esta vez Pío VII decidió alzar la voz. El 10 de junio, promulgó la bula Quam memorandum, en la que, sin mencionar expresamente a Napoleón, excomulgaba a los ladrones del patrimonio de San Pedro. Napoleón, indignado por haber sido excomulgado, ordenó el arresto del pontífice. En la noche del 5 al 6 de julio de 1809, tras esperar a que el Papa apagase la luz, hacia CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 6 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES las dos de la madrugada, guardias y policías saltaron los muros y entraron en el Quirinal, forzando puertas y ventanas. El Papa ordenó no ofrecer resistencia, y cuando se le exigió que renunciara a la soberanía sobre los Estados Pontificios y anulara la bula de excomunión, Pío VII respondió: «Non possiamo, non dobbiamo, non vogliamo», es decir: «No podemos, no debemos, no queremos». El Papa es deportado a Francia. 1812 En mayo de 1812, justo antes de la invasión de Rusia, Napoleón decidió trasladar al Papa prisionero al palacio de Fontainebleau. Al cruzar los Alpes, Pío VII cayó tan enfermo que le administraron la extremaunción, pero sobrevivió. 1813 Nace Federico Ozanam, famoso literato, pedagogo historiador, profesor de la Sorbona, en la Universidad de París. Fundador de las Conferencias Vicentinas. CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 7 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 1814 El 23 de enero de 1814 Napoleón puso a Pío VII en libertad. Pero como el Papa no quiso dejarse manipular, Napoleón procedió a arrestarlo de nuevo y deportarlo de un lado para otro. Finalmente, el pontífice fue liberado por los austríacos cuando se hallaba en Parma. El 6 de abril, Napoleón abdicaba y el 24 de mayo Pío VII hacía una entrada triunfal en Roma, donde moriría en 1823. 1815 Nace san Juan Bosco, • Napoleón Bonaparte se fuga Austria, Reino sacerdote, educador y de la isla de Elba, Francia, Unido y Francia forman la escritor italiano del siglo XIX. dando inicio al Gobierno de alianza secreta contra Cien Días. Prusia y Rusia. 8 de enero: últimos 15 de julio: intentos británicos para Napoleón Bonaparte es dominar a los insurrectos de encarcelado y desterrado por sus colonias de América del los británicos a la isla Santa Norte, en la batalla de Nueva Elena en el Atlántico. Orleans. 11 de abril: Andorra se independiza de Francia. 9 de junio: en Austria finaliza el Congreso de Viena. CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 8 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 18 de junio: batalla de Waterloo, derrota definitiva de Napoleón Bonaparte. 1818 Nace Karl Marx Ordenación sacerdotal de Vicente Pallotti. 1819 Nace Franz Seraph Hettinger. Ordenado sacerdote en 1826. Profesor de iniciación a la ciencia, de apologética y de dogmática.- Consultor en Roma. Brillante profesor, predicador y orador. Sus escritos de apología son muy actuales y tienen méritos por su sicología e historia de la religión. Su obra principal es Apología del cristianismo. 1820 Nace Federico Engels, pensador, economista político y revolucionario alemán. 1821 Fallece Napoleón Bonaparte Nace Fedor Dostoyevski, escritor ruso. 1823 Fallece Papa Pío VII Asume Papa León XII: 1823-1829 1824 Fin del dominio español en América continental. CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 9 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 1827 Fallecen: Ludwig van Beethoven J. Henrich Pestalozzi, pedagogo, educador y reformador suizo. 1829 Fallece Papa León XIII. Asume Papa Pío VIII: 1829-1830: 1830 Fallece Papa Pío VIII Segunda Revolución Asume Papa Gregorio XVI Industrial. 1830-1846. 1831 Desarrollo del liberalismo Fallece Friedrich Hegel, económico filósofo alemán, fundador del hegelianismo. 1833 Fuerzas del Reino Unido desembarcan en las islas Malvinas y expulsan a la administración de Argentina. Comienza la disputa por la soberanía del Atlántico Sur. 1834 En la Ciudad de México, el gobierno encarcela a Stephen F. Austin. 1835 Vicente Pallotti funda la Sociedad del Apostolado Católico a la cual perteneció el P. José Kentenich. 1837 Telégrafo Morse. Inventado por Samuel Morse, estadounidense. CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 10 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES 1839 Nace Paul Cezanne 1843 Fallece Friedrich Hölderlin, poeta, novelista y dramaturgo alemán. 1844 Nace Friedrich Nietzsche, filósofo, poeta, músico y filólogo alemán. 1846 Fallece Papa Gregorio XVI Asume Papa Pío IX : 1846-1870 1848 Revoluciones en Europa 1850 Fallece Vicente Pallotti Primer submarino: Bance 1853 Fallece Federico Ozanam, famoso literato, historiador, pedagogo, profesor de la Sorbona, en la Universidad de París. 1854 El Papa Pío IX proclama el Dogma de la Inmaculada Concepción 1855 Fallece Soren Kierkegaard, filósofo y teólogo danés, considerado padre del existencialismo. 1856 Nace Sigmund Freud, médico neurólogo austríaco, de origen judío, padre del psicoanálisis. 1858 Fundación del Colegio Pío CRONOLOGÍA DEL P. JOSÉ KENTENICH 11 Año P. JOSE KENTENICH Y IGLESIA PERSONAJES SUCESOS CULTURA SCHOENSTATT HISTORICOS MUNDIALES Latino, Roma.
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