DOCSLIB.ORG

The Genome of the Seagrass Zostera Marina Reveals Angiosperm Adaptation to the Sea Jeanine L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Genome of the Seagrass Zostera Marina Reveals Angiosperm Adaptation to the Sea Jeanine L OPEN LETTER doi:10.1038/nature16548 The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea Jeanine L. Olsen1*, Pierre Rouzé2, Bram Verhelst2, Yao-Cheng Lin2, Till Bayer3, Jonas Collen4, Emanuela Dattolo5, Emanuele De Paoli6, Simon Dittami4, Florian Maumus7, Gurvan Michel4, Anna Kersting8,9, Chiara Lauritano5, Rolf Lohaus2, Mats Töpel10, Thierry Tonon4, Kevin Vanneste2, Mojgan Amirebrahimi11, Janina Brakel3, Christoffer Boström12, Mansi Chovatia11, Jane Grimwood11,13, Jerry W. Jenkins11,13, Alexander Jueterbock14, Amy Mraz15, Wytze T. Stam1, Hope Tice11, Erich Bornberg-Bauer8, Pamela J. Green16, Gareth A. Pearson17, Gabriele Procaccini5*, Carlos M. Duarte18, Jeremy Schmutz11,13, Thorsten B. H. Reusch3,19* & Yves Van de Peer2,20,21* Seagrasses colonized the sea1 on at least three independent occasions the Pacific and Atlantic10. A clone of Z. marina was sequenced from to form the basis of one of the most productive and widespread the Archipelago Sea, southwest Finland, using a combination of fos- coastal ecosystems on the planet2. Here we report the genome of mid-ends and whole-genome shotgun (WGS) approaches (Methods, Zostera marina (L.), the first, to our knowledge, marine angiosperm Supplementary Note 2). The 202.3 Mb Z. marina genome encodes 20,450 to be fully sequenced. This reveals unique insights into the protein-coding genes, 86.6% of which (17,511 genes, Supplementary genomic losses and gains involved in achieving the structural and Note 3.1) are supported by transcriptome data from leaves, roots and physiological adaptations required for its marine lifestyle, arguably flowers (Extended Data Fig. 1, Supplementary Notes 3.2–3.3 and the most severe habitat shift ever accomplished by flowering Supplementary Data 1–3). Genes are located in numerous gene-dense plants. Key angiosperm innovations that were lost include the islands separated by stretches of repeat elements accounting for 63% of entire repertoire of stomatal genes3, genes involved in the synthesis the non-gapped assembly (Extended Data Fig. 2, Supplementary Note of terpenoids and ethylene signalling, and genes for ultraviolet 3.1) as compared to only 13% in the only other sequenced alismatid, protection and phytochromes for far-red sensing. Seagrasses have the freshwater duckweek, Spirodela polyrhiza (Alismatales, Araceae)11. also regained functions enabling them to adjust to full salinity. Their Gypsy-type (32%) and Copia-type (20%) transposable elements contrib- cell walls contain all of the polysaccharides typical of land plants, ute to most of the repetitive DNA. Sequence divergence analysis suggests but also contain polyanionic, low-methylated pectins and sulfated that the genome retains copies from two distinct periods of invasion by galactans, a feature shared with the cell walls of all macroalgae4 Copia elements, but only one period for Gypsy elements (Extended Data and that is important for ion homoeostasis, nutrient uptake and Fig. 3a–c). Genes gained by Z. marina (‘accessory’) are located closer to O2/CO2 exchange through leaf epidermal cells. The Z. marina transposable elements than to conserved (‘single copy’) genes (Fisher’s genome resource will markedly advance a wide range of functional exact test, P < 0.0001) indicating that transposable elements may have ecological studies from adaptation of marine ecosystems played a role in genic adaptation. under climate warming5,6, to unravelling the mechanisms of We identified 36 conserved microRNAs with high confidence and osmoregulation under high salinities that may further inform our their predicted targets (Supplementary Note 3.4, Supplementary Data 4 understanding of the evolution of salt tolerance in crop plants7. and 5). A novel variant of miR528 (not present in Spirodela) was found Seagrasses are a polyphyletic assemblage of basal monocots belong- to be the only member of this miRNA family, and demonstrates that ing to four families in the Alismatales1,2 (Supplementary Note 1.1 this conserved miRNA is the only one ancestral to the entire monocot and Supplementary Fig. 1.1). As a functional group, they provide the lineage. Most likely, Z. marina did not take part in the subsequent birth foundation of highly productive ecosystems present along the coasts of miRNAs that are common to several other monocots12; nor did it of all continents except Antarctica, where they rival tropical rain experience or retain traces of prominent miRNA duplications. 8,9 forests and coral reefs in ecosystem services . In colonizing sedimen- Analysis of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (KS) age tary shorelines of the world’s ocean, seagrasses found a vast new habitat distributions indicates that Z. marina carries the remnants of an inde- free of terrestrial competitors and insect pests but had to adapt to cope pendent, ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) event (Fig. 2a, with new structural and physiological challenges related to full marine Supplementary Note 4.1)13. Duplicated segments account for ~9% conditions. of the Z. marina genome, probably an underestimate due to the Zostera marina (Zosteraceae), or eelgrass (Fig. 1), is the most wide- fragmented nature of the assembly. Zostera and Spirodela diverged spread species throughout the temperate northern hemisphere of somewhere between 135 and 107 million years ago (Mya)14 and 1Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands. 2Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. 3GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research-Kiel, Evolutionary Ecology, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. 4Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff cedex, France. 5Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy. 6Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy. 7INRA, UR1164 URGI—Research Unit in Genomics-Info, INRA de Versailles-Grignon, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles 78026, France. 8Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-University of Münster, Hüfferstrasse 1, D-48149 Münster, Germany. 9Institute for Computer Science, Heinrich Heine University, D-40255 Duesseldorf, Germany. 10Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences (BILS), University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18A, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. 11Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Dr., #100, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA. 12Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, FI-20520 Turku/Åbo, Finland. 13HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way NW, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA. 14Marine Ecology Group, Nord University, Postbox 1490, 8049 Bodø, Norway. 15Amplicon Express, 2345 NE Hopkins Ct., Pullman, Washington 99163, USA. 16School of Marine Science and Policy, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, 15-Innovation Way, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA. 17Marine Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal. 18King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. 19University of Kiel, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany. 20Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria 0028, South Africa. 21Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium. *These authors contributed equally to this work. 18 FEBRUARY 2016 | VOL 530 | NATURE | 331 © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved RESEARCH LETTER +616/–2,570 a +/– Gene families gain/loss Z. marina 11,749 3,844 20,537 b +104/–2,445 7 13,703 +536/–2,107 S. polyrhiza 12,132 3,660 19,623 +849/–1,420 +531/–2,104 6 16,044 B. distachyon 17,417 3,449 26,552 +1,234/–702 9 18,990 +1,674/–1,489 O. sativa 19,175 10,925 39,049 8 18,458 +4,730/–2,316 +1,808/–1,706 +3,024/–126 Z. mays 18,560 8,592 39,656 5 16,615 +870/–3,555 V. vinifera 13,916 7,059 26,346 +1,501/–1,953 10 16,601 P. trichocarpa 15,961 8,169 41,335 +1,252/–1,266 +4,019/–723 4 13,717 11 16,413 +463/–918 +633/–821 T. parvula 17,269 3,469 27,132 12 17,724 +3,854/–2,543 +527/–605 A. thaliana 17,646 3,509 27,416 +1,452/–218 3 10,421 +1,328/–2,039 A. trichopoda 13,006 7,799 26,846 +3,505 2 9,187 +1,895/–2,145 S. moellendorffii 10,171 4,364 22,273 +1,599/–1,078 +5,682 P. patens 9,708 12,618 32,273 1 5,682 +217/–1,751 +405 O. lucimarinus 4,553 2,603 7,742 13 6,087 +1,426/–1,043 C. reinhardtii 6,470 6,675 17,737 s Gene Genes families Orphan Figure 1 | Zostera marina and phylogenetic tree showing gene family number of predicted genes is indicated next to each species. Background expansion/contraction analysis compared with 13 representatives of the colours (top to bottom) are Alismatales, other monocots, dicots, mosses/ Viridiplantae. a, Gains and losses are indicated along branches and nodes. algae b, Typical Zostera marina meadow, Archipelago Sea, southwest The number of gene families, orphans (single-copy gene families) and Finland (photo by C.B.). phylogenomic dating13 of the Z. marina WGD suggests that it occurred Supplementary Data 6). While many genes are shared between Zostera 72–64 Mya (Fig. 2b), thus independently from the two WGDs reported and Spriodela, clearly some losses and gains are unique to Zostera in for S. polyrhiza11. This timeframe coincides with the initial diversi- relation to its marine environment, the alismatid lineage having set the fication of a freshwater clade that includes three of the four families stage for the subsequent freshwater–marine transition. Those unique of seagrasses (Supplementary Table 1.1) and with the Cretaceous– to Z.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessing Methods for Restoration of Eelgrass (Zostera Marina L.) in a Cold Temperate Region
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 479 (2016) 76–88 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Assessing methods for restoration of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in a cold temperate region Louise Eriander a,⁎, Eduardo Infantes b, Malin Olofsson a, Jeanine L. Olsen c,Per-OlavMoksnesa a Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden b Department of Marine Sciences, Kristineberg Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, S-45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden c Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Postbus 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: More than 50% of eelgrass habitats have disappeared from the Swedish NW coast in the last 30 years. Restoration Received 7 July 2015 is being proposed to assist recovery but little is known regarding methods suitable under Scandinavian condi- Received in revised form 12 February 2016 tions; e.g. short growing seasons and scouring by ice. In the present study we evaluated different restoration Accepted 11 March 2016 methods using shoots and seeds in a Swedish fjord and assessed if eelgrass could be successfully transplanted Available online xxxx between sites with different depth and exposure. The study demonstrates that both shoot- and seed methods can be successfully used to restore eelgrass at this latitude. Survival and growth of unanchored single shoots, Keywords: – N Eelgrass transplanted without sediment in shallow habitats (1.0 1.5 m) was very high ( 500% increase in shoot density Restoration after 14 months). This restoration method showed 2–3.5 times higher growth rate and was 2–2.5 times faster High latitude compared with shoots anchored in the sediment and shoots transplanted in sediment cores, respectively, and Method assessment is recommended for shallow habitats in Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Partial Flora Survey Rottnest Island Golf Course
    PARTIAL FLORA SURVEY ROTTNEST ISLAND GOLF COURSE Prepared by Marion Timms Commencing 1 st Fairway travelling to 2 nd – 11 th left hand side Family Botanical Name Common Name Mimosaceae Acacia rostellifera Summer scented wattle Dasypogonaceae Acanthocarpus preissii Prickle lily Apocynaceae Alyxia Buxifolia Dysentry bush Casuarinacea Casuarina obesa Swamp sheoak Cupressaceae Callitris preissii Rottnest Is. Pine Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia indica supsp. Bidens Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast bonefruit Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Suada australis Seablite Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Poaceae Sporabolis virginicus Marine couch Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phylliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Poaceae Stipa flavescens Tussock grass 2nd – 11 th Fairway Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Cyperaceae Gahnia trifida Coast sword sedge Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phyliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Central drainage wetland commencing at Vietnam sign Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia halecnomoides Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Poaceae Sporobolis virginicus Cyperaceae Gahnia Trifida Coast sword sedge
    [Show full text]
  • A Unique Meadow of the Marine Angiosperm Zostera Japonica,Coveringa Large Area in the Turbid Intertidal Yellow River Delta, China
    Science of the Total Environment 686 (2019) 118–130 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv A unique meadow of the marine angiosperm Zostera japonica,coveringa large area in the turbid intertidal Yellow River Delta, China Xiaomei Zhang a,b,c,1, Haiying Lin d,1, Xiaoyue Song a,b,c,1, Shaochun Xu a,b,c,1, Shidong Yue a,b,c, Ruiting Gu a,b,c, Shuai Xu a,b,c, Shuyu Zhu e, Yajie Zhao e, Shuyan Zhang e, Guangxuan Han f, Andong Wang e, Tao Sun d,YiZhoua,b,g,⁎ a CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China b Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China d State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China e Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Dongying 257200, China f Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China g Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • AlargeZ. japonica meadow was discov- ered in the turbid intertidal Yellow River Delta. • The meadow showed highest coverage and biomass in August. • The seed bank contributed greatly to population recruitment. • A high genetic exchange occurred be- tween the two sides of the estuary.
    [Show full text]
  • Zostera Japonica and Zostera Marina) in Padilla Bay, Washington Annie Walser Western Washington University
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2014 A study of pore-water sulfide nda eelgrass (Zostera japonica and Zostera marina) in Padilla Bay, Washington Annie Walser Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Walser, Annie, "A study of pore-water sulfide nda eelgrass (Zostera japonica and Zostera marina) in Padilla Bay, Washington" (2014). WWU Graduate School Collection. 350. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/350 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A STUDY OF PORE-WATER SULFIDE AND EELGRASS (ZOSTERA JAPONICA AND ZOSTERA MARINA) IN PADILLA BAY, WASHINGTON By Annie Walser Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Kathleen Kitto, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. David Shull Dr. Sylvia Yang Dr. John Rybczyk MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non-exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimum Temperatures for Net Primary Productivity of Three Tropical Seagrass Species
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 23 August 2017 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01446 Optimum Temperatures for Net Primary Productivity of Three Tropical Seagrass Species Catherine J. Collier 1*, Yan X. Ow 1, 2, 3, Lucas Langlois 1, Sven Uthicke 3, Charlotte L. Johansson 3, Katherine R. O’Brien 4, Victoria Hrebien 2 and Matthew P. Adams 4 1 Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University Cairns, Cairns, QLD, Australia, 2 College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University Townsville, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 3 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 4 School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Rising sea water temperature will play a significant role in responses of the world’s seagrass meadows to climate change. In this study, we investigated seasonal and latitudinal variation (spanning more than 1,500 km) in seagrass productivity, and the optimum temperatures at which maximum photosynthesis and net productivity (for the leaf and the whole plant) occurs, for three seagrass species (Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, and Zostera muelleri). To obtain whole plant net production, photosynthesis, and respiration rates of leaves and the root/rhizome complex were measured using oxygen-sensitive optodes in closed incubation chambers at ◦ Edited by: temperatures ranging from 15 to 43 C. The temperature-dependence of photosynthesis Richard K. F. Unsworth, and respiration was fitted to empirical models to obtain maximum metabolic rates and Swansea University, United Kingdom thermal optima. The thermal optimum (Topt) for gross photosynthesis of Z. muelleri, Reviewed by: ◦ Michael Joseph Durako, which is more commonly distributed in sub-tropical to temperate regions, was 31 C.
    [Show full text]
  • An Updated Checklist of Aquatic Plants of Myanmar and Thailand
    Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1019 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1019 Taxonomic paper An updated checklist of aquatic plants of Myanmar and Thailand Yu Ito†, Anders S. Barfod‡ † University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand ‡ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Corresponding author: Yu Ito ([email protected]) Academic editor: Quentin Groom Received: 04 Nov 2013 | Accepted: 29 Dec 2013 | Published: 06 Jan 2014 Citation: Ito Y, Barfod A (2014) An updated checklist of aquatic plants of Myanmar and Thailand. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1019. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1019 Abstract The flora of Tropical Asia is among the richest in the world, yet the actual diversity is estimated to be much higher than previously reported. Myanmar and Thailand are adjacent countries that together occupy more than the half the area of continental Tropical Asia. This geographic area is diverse ecologically, ranging from cool-temperate to tropical climates, and includes from coast, rainforests and high mountain elevations. An updated checklist of aquatic plants, which includes 78 species in 44 genera from 24 families, are presented based on floristic works. This number includes seven species, that have never been listed in the previous floras and checklists. The species (excluding non-indigenous taxa) were categorized by five geographic groups with the exception of to reflect the rich diversity of the countries' floras. Keywords Aquatic plants, flora, Myanmar, Thailand © Ito Y, Barfod A. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Seagrass Distribution and Diversity: a Bioregional Model ⁎ F
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350 (2007) 3–20 www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model ⁎ F. Short a, , T. Carruthers b, W. Dennison b, M. Waycott c a Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, Durham, NH 03824, USA b Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA c School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia Received 1 February 2007; received in revised form 31 May 2007; accepted 4 June 2007 Abstract Seagrasses, marine flowering plants, are widely distributed along temperate and tropical coastlines of the world. Seagrasses have key ecological roles in coastal ecosystems and can form extensive meadows supporting high biodiversity. The global species diversity of seagrasses is low (b60 species), but species can have ranges that extend for thousands of kilometers of coastline. Seagrass bioregions are defined here, based on species assemblages, species distributional ranges, and tropical and temperate influences. Six global bioregions are presented: four temperate and two tropical. The temperate bioregions include the Temperate North Atlantic, the Temperate North Pacific, the Mediterranean, and the Temperate Southern Oceans. The Temperate North Atlantic has low seagrass diversity, the major species being Zostera marina, typically occurring in estuaries and lagoons. The Temperate North Pacific has high seagrass diversity with Zostera spp. in estuaries and lagoons as well as Phyllospadix spp. in the surf zone. The Mediterranean region has clear water with vast meadows of moderate diversity of both temperate and tropical seagrasses, dominated by deep-growing Posidonia oceanica.
    [Show full text]
  • VARIATION in SETTLEMENT and LARVAL DURATION of Klng GEORGE WHITING, SILLAGINODES PUNCTATA (SILLAGINIDAE), in SWAN BAY, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 54(1): 281-296, 1994 VARIATION IN SETTLEMENT AND LARVAL DURATION OF KlNG GEORGE WHITING, SILLAGINODES PUNCTATA (SILLAGINIDAE), IN SWAN BAY, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA Gregory P. Jenkins and Helen M. A. May ABSTRACT Otoliths were examined from late-stage larvae and juveniles of King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctata, collected from Swan Bay in spring 1989. Increments in otoliths of larval S. punctata are known to be formed daily. A transition in the microstructure of otoliths from late-stage larvae was apparently related to environmental changes associated with entry to Port Phillip Bay. The pattern of abundance of post-larvae of S. punctata in fortnightly samples supported the contention that the transition was formed immediately prior to "set- tlement" in seagrass habitats. Backcalculation to the otolith transition suggested that five cohorts had entered Swan Bay, each approximately 10 days apart, from late September to early November. Stability of this pattern for juveniles from sequential samples indicated that otolith increments continued to be formed daily in the juvenile stage. The pattern of settlement was consistent for two sites within Swan Bay. The larval phase of King George whiting settling in Port Phillip Bay was extremely long and variable, ranging from approximately 100 to 170 days. Age at settlement was more variable than length, and growth rate at settlement was I I extremely slow, approximately 0.06 mm ·d- • • Backcalculated hatching dates ranged from April to JUly. July. Increment widths in the larval stage suggest that growth slows after approxi- mately 45 to 75 days; beyond which individuals are in a slow growth, competent stage of 40 to 100 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Production from the Mixed Mating System of Chesapeake Bay (USA) Eelgrass (Zostera Marina; Zosteraceae)
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by College of William & Mary: W&M Publish W&M ScholarWorks VIMS Articles 2-2004 Seed production from the mixed mating system of Chesapeake Bay (USA) eelgrass (Zostera marina; Zosteraceae) JM Rhode Virginia Institute of Marine Science JE Duffy Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Rhode, JM and Duffy, JE, "Seed production from the mixed mating system of Chesapeake Bay (USA) eelgrass (Zostera marina; Zosteraceae)" (2004). VIMS Articles. 1643. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1643 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in VIMS Articles by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. American Journal of Botany 91(2): 192±197. 2004. SEED PRODUCTION FROM THE MIXED MATING SYSTEM OF CHESAPEAKE BAY (USA) EELGRASS (ZOSTERA MARINA;ZOSTERACEAE)1 JENNIFER M. RHODE2 AND J. EMMETT DUFFY College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 USA In monoecious plants, gametes can be exchanged in three ways: among unrelated genets (outbreeding), with close relatives (in- breeding), or within individuals (geitonogamous sel®ng). These different mating systems may have consequences for population demography and ®tness. The experiment presented herein used arti®cial crosses to examine the mating system of Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA eelgrass (Zostera marina L; Zosteraceae), a bisexual submerged aquatic plant that can outbreed, inbreed, and self.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Conservation of Eelgrass (Zostera Marina) in Eastern Canada
    Status and Conservation of Eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Eastern Canada Alan R. Hanson Atlantic Region 2004 Canadian Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Branch Technical Report Series Number 412 TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE This series of reports, established in 1986, contains technical and scientific information from projects of the Canadian Wildlife Service. The reports are intended to make available material that either is of interest to a limited audience or is too extensive to be accommodated in scientific journals or in existing CWS series. Demand for these Technical Reports is usually confined to specialists in the fields concerned. Consequently, they are produced regionally and in small quantities; they can be obtained only from the address given on the title page. However, they are numbered nationally. The recommended citation appears on the title page. Technical Reports are available in CWS libraries and are listed in the catalogue of the National Library of Canada in scientific libraries across Canada. They are printed in the official language chosen by the author to meet the language preference of the likely audience, with a résumé in the second official language. To determine whether there is significant demand for making the reports available in the second official language, CWS invites users to specify their official language preference. Requests for Technical Reports in the second official language should be sent to the address on the title page. SÉRIE DE RAPPORTS TECHNIQUES DU SERVICE CANADIEN DE LA FAUNE Cette série de rapports donnant des informations scientifiques et techniques sur les projets du Service canadien de la faune (SCF) a démarré en 1986.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental Assessment of Critical Anthropogenic Sediment Burial in Eelgrass Zostera Marina
    Experimental assessment of critical anthropogenic sediment burial in eelgrass Zostera marina Britta Munkes1a & Philipp R Schubert1a*, Rolf Karez2, and Thorsten BH Reusch1 1 GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany 2 State Agency for Agriculture, Environment, and Rural Areas Schleswig-Holstein (LLUR), Hamburger Chaussee 25, D-24220 Flintbek, Germany a B. Munkes and P.R. Schubert each contributed equally to the manuscript (shared first authorship) * Corresponding author: Philipp R Schubert, [email protected], Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany, Tel.:+49-(0)431-600-4538 1 Abstract Seagrass meadows, one of the world’s most important and productive coastal habitats, are threatened by a range of anthropogenic actions. Burial of seagrass plants due to coastal activities is one important anthropogenic pressure leading to decline of local populations. In our study, we assessed the response of eelgrass Zostera marina to sediment burial from physiological, morphological, and population parameters. In a full factorial field experiment, burial level (5-20 cm) and burial duration (4-16 weeks) were manipulated. Negative effects were visible even at the lowest burial level (5 cm) and shortest duration (4 weeks), with increasing effects over time and burial level. Buried seagrasses showed higher shoot mortality, delayed growth and flowering and lower carbohydrate storage. The observed effects will likely have an impact on next year’s survival of buried plants. Our results have implications for the management of this important coastal plant. Keywords mortality; seagrass; sedimentation; carbohydrates; Baltic Sea Introduction Seagrass meadows are one of the world’s most important and productive coastal habitats (Costanza et al., 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Systematics of Lemnaceae, the Duckweed Family
    Systematic Botany (2002), 27(2): pp. 221±240 q Copyright 2002 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Systematics of Lemnaceae, the Duckweed Family DONALD H. LES,1 DANIEL J. CRAWFORD,2,3 ELIAS LANDOLT,4 JOHN D. GABEL,1 and REBECCA T. K IMBALL2 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3043; 2Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; 3Present address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2106; 4Geobotanisches Institut ETH, ZuÈ richbergstrasse 38, CH-8044, ZuÈ rich, Switzerland Communicating Editor: Jeff H. Rettig ABSTRACT. The minute, reduced plants of family Lemnaceae have presented a formidable challenge to systematic inves- tigations. The simpli®ed morphology of duckweeds has made it particularly dif®cult to reconcile their interspeci®c relation- ships. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of all currently recognized species of Lemnaceae has been carried out using more than 4,700 characters that include data from morphology and anatomy, ¯avonoids, allozymes, and DNA sequences from chloroplast genes (rbcL, matK) and introns (trnK, rpl16). All data are reasonably congruent (I(MF) , 6%) and contributed to strong nodal support in combined analyses. Our combined data yield a single, well-resolved, maximum parsimony tree with 30/36 nodes (83%) supported by bootstrap values that exceed 90%. Subfamily Wolf®oideae is a monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap support; however, subfamily Lemnoideae represents a paraphyletic grade comprising Landoltia, Lemna,and Spirodela. Combined data analysis con®rms the monophyly of Landoltia, Lemna, Spirodela, Wolf®a,andWolf®ella.
    [Show full text]