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컴퓨터 통신망 Fedora Linux 보충자료

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컴퓨터 통신망 Fedora Linux 보충자료 컴퓨터 통신망 Fedora Linux 보충자료 2009. Fall 윤종호 KAU 1 1. USB 메모리 또는 외장형 HDD 에 Fedora 설치하기 USB 메모리에 페도라 11 리눅스의 데스크탑용 라이브 CD 이미지를 다음과 같이 설치하고 이후 이것으로부터의 부팅이 되도록 한다. 이렇게 하는 이유는 USB 드라이브이기 때문에 언제 어디서나 사용 할 수 있고, 라이브 CD 와는 다르게 읽고 쓰기가 가능해서 데이터와 설정이 저장되는 장점이 있다. USB 드라이브의 용량은 2GB 이상을 추천한다. XP 컴퓨터에 라이브 CD 이미지를 Fedora 공식 웹싸이트에서 내려 받는다. (참고: 이것을 CD 에 복사해서 필요시 다른 컴퓨터에서 CD 로부터의 부팅후 HDD 에 Fedora 를 직접 설치할 수도 있으므로 CD 도 하나를 만들어 놓는 것이 좋다.) XP 컴퓨터에 liveusb-creator 를 다운로드하고, 압축을 푼뒤 liveusb-creator.exe 파일을 실행한다. “Use existing Live CD”의 [Browse] 버튼을 눌러 라이브 CD 이미지를 선택한다. Target Device 부분은 USB 드라이브를 지정한다. USB 메모리에 기존 파일이 있어도 설치할 여유 공간만 있으면 문제없다. “Persistent Overlay” 부분은 USB 드라이브 안에서 파일과 세팅을 저장하는데 사용되는 공간인데. USB 드라이브의 크기에 따라 128MB 정도를 설정한다. [Create Live USB] 버튼을 눌러 작업을 진행한다. 컴퓨터의 BIOS 에서 USB 로부터의 부팅이 가능하도록 설정한다. 시스템에 USB 메모리를 설치하고 시스템을 재부팅한다. 만약 USB 로 부팅하는 도중에 "No partition active"라는 에러 메시지가 표시되면, 윈도우의 시작 - 실행에서 diskpart 를 입력하고 엔터를 누른 후 다음 명령어를 실행한다.. list disk --- USB 드라이브의 디스크 번호를 알아낼수 있다. 보통은 1 번 select disk 1 ---디스크 번호가 1 일경우.. 다른 번호면 다르게 넣는다. list partition -- USB 드라이브의 파티션을 여러개로 나누었을 경우 부팅 파티션을 고른다. 보통은 1 번) select partion 1 --- 파티션 번호가 1 일경우.. 마찬가지로 다른 번호면 다르게 입력 active exit 2 참고 : 지금 설치한 Fedora 는 데스크탑 PC 전용이므로 개발자가 필요로하는 컴파일러 및 서버용 패키지가 없으므로 필요한 패키지는 “yum -y install [필요한 패키지 명]”을 사용하여 인터넷으로 설치한다. 참고 : Fedora 를 HDD 에 설치할 경우 다음과 같은 3 가지 방법이 있다. Liveusb 에 의해 USB 메모리에 설치된 Fedora 를 부팅한 경우 바탕화면에 표시되는 “HDD 에 설치”를 클릭하여 HDD 에 설치한다. LiveCD 를 이용하여 CD 에 Fedora 부팅 CD 를 만든 후 바탕화면에 표시되는 “HDD 에 설치”를 클릭하여 HDD 에 설치한다. (LiveCD 에 의해 만든 Fedora 부팅 CD 에 의한 부팅을 수행하면 이를 이용한 설정값이 저장되지 않기 때문에 HDD 에 설치해야 한다. ) 5 장짜리 Fedora 설치 CD 를 사용하여 설치한다. (주의) 원활한 실험을 위하여, 설치시 보안관련 설정에 대한 “방화벽을 사용하지 않음”과 “SELinux 를 사용하지 않음”을 선택한다. 3 2. Fedora 윈도우 환경 활용 (Term Project) 기본적으로 Fedora 는 사용자에게 친숙한 X 윈도우 기반의 데스크탑 환경인 GNOME 을 제공한다. 2.1 인터넷 응용프로그램 브라우저는 Firefox 이다. 메일클라이언트는 Evolution 이다. 메신저는 gaim 이다. FTP 클라이언트는 gftp 이다. 2.2 멀티미디어 응용프로그램 사운드 음량조절 오디오 CD 재생 : CD 플레이어 음악파일재생 : Helix 플레이어 DVD 플레이어 : totem 플레이어 CD/DVD 레코딩도구 : xcdroast 이다. yum 으로 설치한다. 2.3 에디터 텍스트 편집기는 gedit 이다. PDF 뷰어는 evince 이다. 2.4 그래픽 그래픽 편집기는 gimp 이며 포토샵과 유사하다. 그래픽 뷰어는 gThumb 이다. 화면캡쳐는 키보드에서 PrintScreen 키를 누르면 스크린샷 프로그램에 의해 전체화면이 저장된다. 2.5 오피스 도구 오픈오피스이다. 문서편집기는 OpenOffice Writer 이다. 엑셀은 Calc 이다. PPT 는 Impress 이다. HWP 는 한컴리눅스오피스이다. 4 3. 유용한 리눅스 명령어 (Term Project) 2.1 일반 명령어 su (superuser) #su - : root 로 로그인함. 일반 유저로 로그인했다가 root 로 작업해야 할 필요가 있을 때 사용함. 커널 버전 확인 #uname –r ls (list ) #ls ; 현재 폴더의 내용을 보여줌 cd (change directory) #cd .. 상위 디렉터리로 이동 #cd / 최상위 디렉터리(root)로 이동 cp (copy) #cp x y : x 를 y 로 파일복사 #cp /home.test/*.* . 해당 폴더의 모든 파일을 현재 폴더로 복사 mv (move) #mv x y : x 를 y 로 파일이름 변경 #mv x //z/. x 를 상위폴더 z 로 이동함. x 는 없어짐 rm (remove) #rm x : file x 를 삭제함 mkdir (make directory) #mkdir x : 현재 폴더에서 하위 폴더 x 를 생성함 rmdir (remove directory) #rmdir x : 현재 폴더의 하위 폴더 x 를 삭제함 pwd (present working directory) #pwd : 현재 작업 디렉터리명을 보여줌 cat #cat x : file x 의 내용을 화면에 보여줌 more #moe x : file x 의 내용 한페이지를 화면에 보여줌 whereis #whereis x : file x 의 위치를 보여줌 shutdown #shutdown –h now : 시스템 중지 및 지금 종료함. reboot 5 #reboot : 시스템 재시동 또는 #shutdown –r now [기타] CD mount #mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom ; CD ROM 장치를 /mnt/cdrom 디렉토리로 마운트한다. #cd /mnt/cdrom/ #ls ; CD 의 내용을 보여줌 플로피 mount #mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy ; FDD 장치를 /mnt/floppy 디렉토리로 마운트한다. #cd /mnt/floppy #ls ; CD 의 내용을 보여줌 unmount : CD나 플로피를 제거할 경우 (반드시 /mnt/cdrom 디렉토리가 아닌 곳에서 실행해야 함.) #umount /mnt/cdrom CDROM 열기 #eject 2.2 파일 편집 및 컴파일 vi #vi helloworld.c : 파일 helloworld.c 를 생성/열기하여 편집함 C 컴파일 # gcc helloworld.c # ./a.out # gcc helloworld.c –o helloworld.exe # ./helloworld.exe 소켓 프로그램 컴파일 #gcc main.c –lnsl // link with network service library grep(global regular expression print) : 지정된 폴더 또는 해당 파일에 있는 특정 문자열을 찾는다. # grep –nr ‘Chongho, YOON’ file1 file2 file3 grep [옵션] <찾을 문자열> [대상 파일명] # grep –nr ‘Chongho, YOON’ * 현재 폴더에 있는 모든 파일에서 ‘Chongho, YOON’문자열을 찾음 2.3 네트워크 관련 명령어 (1) 설정 system-config-network 윈도우 창에서의 네트워크 설정(IP, GW, DNS설정) # system-config-network system-config-network-tui : 텍스트 창에서의 네트워크 설정(IP, GW, DNS설정) # system-config-network-tui 텍스트 창에서의 네트워크 설정(IP, GW, DNS 설정) 6 설정 적용 명령 # service network restart 설정 변경후 적용 명령 LAN카드 설정, 활성화 및 비활성화 명령어 #ifconfig <인터페이스 명> <IP 주소> netmask 255.255.255.0 [up, down] #ifconfig eth0 200.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 [up, down] (2) 네트워크관련 설정파일 일반설정 : /etc/sysconfig/network파일을 열어, 다음 사항을 편집함. NETWORKING=yes HOSTNAME=hanul DOMAINNAME=west.com FORWARD_IPV4=no //라우터로 설정할 경우에는 반드시 yes로 설정해야 함. GATEWAYDEV=eth1 GATEWAY=200.0.1.1 //자신의 기본 라우터 카드 설정파일 확인 #vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 … DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=none IPADDR=200.0.1.2 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 NETWORK=200.0.1.0 BROADCAST=200.0.1.255 host name 설정파일 #vi /etc/HOSTNAME … HOSTNAME=aramicom.west.com DNS설정파일 #vi /etc/resolv.conf … nameserver 200.0.1.x 기본 로컬 DNS서버 설정내용의 적용 : 위의 파일 내용을 수정하고 이를 적용할 경우에는 다음과 같이 한다. # service network restart Shutting down interface eth0: [OK] Setting network parameters: [OK] Bring up interface lo: : [OK] Bring up interface eth0 : [OK] 또는 #/etc/init.d/network restart Shutting down interface eth0: [OK] Setting network parameters: [OK] Bring up interface lo: : [OK] Bring up interface eth0 : [OK] xinetd의 시동 및 중지 #/etc/init.d/xinetd [start stop restart] 7 (3) 동작상태 확인 netstat : /proc/net에 있는 라우팅 테이블이나 활성화되어 있는 네트워크 연결같은 네트워크 통계와 정보를 보여줌 #netstat : # netstat –an | grep “:69” netstat 출력결과에서 ”:69” 스트링이 있는지 표시하도록 함. route #route : 라우팅 정보를 보여주거나 수정함. #route add default gw <라우터 주소> : 기본라우터정보를 추가함 nslookup # nslookup ---- DNS 서버 주소 확인 # nslookup www.google.co.kr ---- DNS에 의한 IP주소 확인 # nslookup 203.253.145.5 ---- DNS에 의한 이름 확인 wall (write all) #wall System Going Down… : 모든 사용자에게 메시지를 방송함. 2.4 모듈관리 (1) yum Yellow Dog Updater Modified 명령어는 패키지 추가설치시 기존에 설치된 관련 파일도 함께 교체되어야 하는 의존성이 있을 때 관련 패키지도 함께 자동으로 설치해 준다. 단 이러한 기능은 모두 인터넷을 통하여 수행된다. (예) ethereal 패키지 설치 # yum –y install ethereal-gnome (예) ethereal 패키지 제거 # yum remove ethereal-gnome (참고) 설치과정이 느리다고 판단되면 “CTRL C”를 누르면 다른 mirror site 로부터 이어 다운받을 수 있다. (2) 모듈 처리 적재된 모듈 확인 : lsmod 적재된 모듈 제거 : rmmod <모듈 이름> 모듈의 적재 : modprobe <모듈 이름> 부팅시 모듈의 자동 적재 방법: /etc/modules.conf파일을 열어, alias eth0 8139.o로 편집하고, 저장함. 2.5 파일 압축관련 gzip #gzip –d x.gz : 압축된 파일 x.gz을 extract할 때 tar (tape archive) #tar xvf x.tar : 압축된 파일 x.tar를 extract할 때 8 #tar xvzf x.tar.gz : 압축된 파일 x.tar.gz를 extract할 때 #tar cvzf x.tar.gz: 현재폴더의 모든 파일을 x.tar.gz이름으로 압축함. 압축해제 #tar xvf <압축화일명.tar> #tar zxvf <압축화일명.tar.gz> 2.6 파이프, 리다이렉션, 필터 파이프 # ls /etc | more --- ls의 결과를 more 명령어의 입력으로 보내어 출력함 리다이렉션 # ls /etc > newfile --- ls의 결과를 newfile에 저장함 # ls /etc >> newfile --- ls의 결과를 newfile에 append함 필터 <tbd> 2.7 프로세스 관리 ps #ps : 동작중인 프로세스들을 열거 man #man x : x에 해당되는 매뉴얼 출력 kill #kill x : 동작중인 프로세스 x를 강제종료 2.8 사용자 관리 groupadd 사용자그룹생성 # groupadd westgroup adduser 사용자 추가 # adduser borami –g westgroup # passwd borami Changing password for user borami New UNIX password: ----- 입력 Retype new UNIX password: Passwd: all authenticatin tokens updated successfully # cat /etc/shadow – 사용자별 비밀번호 파일 확인 * group 을 지정하지 않으면 borami 는 /etc/group 폴더에 추가됨 * 별도의 홈 폴더를 지정하지 않으면 “/home/borami” 폴더가 생성됨. * root 사용자의 홈 폴더는 /root 임 userdel 사용자 제거 # userdel -r borami groupdel 사용자그룹제거 # groupdel westgroup * 이러한 제거시 반드시 사용자 홈 폴더인 /home/borami 를 삭제해야 함. # rm –rf /home/borami 9 [참고] x 윈도우 창에서의 사용자/그룹 관리는 “system-config-users”를 입력하여 얻어지는 “사용자 관리”창에서 위와 유사한 작업을 수행해도 된다. 2.9 파일 관리 파일 허가관(permission)확인 # ls -l 파일 허가권 변경 # chmod 777 <filename> 파일 소유권(ownership) 변경 # chown <new username> <new groupname> <filename> 4. 리눅스 디렉터리 구조 (Term Project) � /boot : 커널 이미지가 있는 디렉토리 � /bin : 일반 사용자의 명령어가 있는 디렉토리 � /dev : 장치들에 대한 파일이 있는 디렉토리 � /etc : 리눅스에 필요한 각종 설정파일이 있는 디렉토리 � /home : 사용자 홈 디렉토리 � /lib : 프로그램 실행에 필요한 라이브러리가 있는 디렉토리 � /mnt : 마운트를 위한 디렉토리 � /proc : 프로세스의 정보가 있는 디렉토리 � /sbin : root 의 명령어가 있는 디렉토리 � /tmp : 임시 파일 디렉토리 � /usr : 리눅스에서 사용되는 프로그램이 있는 디렉토리 � /var : 프린터 스풀, DNS 정보, log, mail 등 지속적으로 변하는 내용이 저장되는 디렉토리 5.
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