WWaterater rresouresourcesces Avenue Agropolis F-34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5 France PrePreserservvationation andand managementmanagement Tel.: +33 (0)4 67 04 75 75 Fax: +33 (0)4 67 04 75 99 [email protected] www.agropolis.org Number 14 2 resources: preservation and management in Montpellier and Languedoc- development of Mediterranean Roussillon in partnership with Roussillon with in partnership local communities, companies to all interested socioeconomic research and higher education is an international space open is an international space open biodiversity, environment and brings together institutions of brings together institutions of agriculture, food production, and regional enterprises and development stakeholders development stakeholders international institutions. This scientific community This scientific community in close cooperation with in close cooperation with has one main objective– the economic and social the economic and social in fields associated with in fields associated with Agropolis International Agropolis International and tropical regions. rural societies.

international AGROPOLIS development policies. the scientific and technological knowledge needed for preparing based on multilateral to and and collectivecontributing expertise exchanges,for visitors and international while promoting initiatives of Agropolis International promotes the capitalisation and enhancement Water: • Modelling, • Host-vector-parasite • Grapevine • Genetic • Food: • Environmental • Economics, • Biodiversity • Biodiversity • Animal • Agronomy, • and economic issues of development: research themes corresponding to the overall scientific, technological Agropolis International is structured according to a broad range of including 300 scientists conducting research in 60 countries. 80 research units in Montpellier and Languedoc-Roussillon, moreand technological expertise: than 2 200 scientists in over environmental sciences. There is significant potential for scientific Agropolis campus devoted is an international to agricultural and agriculture • food • biodiversity • environment • biodiversity • food • agriculture knowledge, nutritional resources production resources and spatial cultivated societies and and personnel Wine, technologies Land Aquatic and and and information, and interactions and regional management plants health ecosystems integrative training health ecosystems sustainable and concerns specific and biostatistics cropping and plant technology development infectious supply biology systems chain transfer. diseases It

is a hub

AGROPOLIS Research units focused on lagoons and coastal “Dossier d’Agropolis International” directory ofresearch,directory transfer and technology graduate, proposed intheregion andmore or an opportunity todemonstratethedynamism an opportunity Languedoc-Roussillon region’s scientificwater involved. Finally, italsogives alistof43higher of theregional waterscientificcommunity on community. Readerswillalsofindanupdated time for givinganupdateinorder toprovide The re-edition ofthis zones are notpresented here butinanother held inMarseille, France(12-17March 2012) regional waterscientificcommunity ishighly of “Water: resources andmanagement”, itwas 10 internationalcooperationorvalorisation This Dossierthuspresents 18research units education diplomas, from 2to8years post- gathering more than800scientists, working quality and/orwaterresource management. published in2007. The Dossieralsopresents the occasionof6 the largenumber ofwebsite visitors(about and Englishversions combined)withup-to- Hydrogaia inMontpellier(6-8March 2012). available inSpanish, inaddition totheusual Agropolis Dossierabout with evidence oftheprogress madeby the expertise inMontpellierand expertise This isalsothefirst 120,000 downloads ofthe date information anddeveloping visibility and oftheinternationalwaterexhibition from Languedoc-Roussillonand Avignon, less tightly linked tothethemeofwater. fully or partially onhydrosystems,fully orpartially water structures orprogrammes, inwhichthe Languedoc-Roussillon higher educationstructures. French andEnglishversions. Seven years afterthefirst Water research Dossier inearly 2012is th Agropolis Dossiertobe WorldForum Water “Aquatic Ecosystems” Dossier, French onthetheme

preservation and management

Disponible en Español V. Simonneaux © IRD The information presentedThe information in this “Chapada On the cover and Partnerships International Cooperation institutions, territories and societies Management of resources and uses: and restoration Water quality preservation functioning, mobilisation : identification, Introduction www.agropolis.org/es/publicaciones and abbreviations Liste of acronyms and education in the field of “Water” Agropolis International training by the research teams Topics covered Water dos Veadeiros”

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Page 70 Page 65 Page 64 Page 54 Page 38 Page 24 summaryPage 6 Page 4 4 Water resources: preservation and management Agency, European Union 6 the French National Research of research projects (fundedby consolidation through anumber 7 Midi-Pyrénées. Its leadershipis Provence-Alpes-Côte and d'Azur regions ofLanguedoc-Roussillon, “water” clustersfrom thethree coordinate theactionsFrench scope.international Its missionisto competitiveness clusterwithan through thecreation ofa"Water" been theinvolvement ofbusinesses emblematic successhasnodoubt Among theseprojects, themost document. those projects ispresented inthis accomplished. Aselectionof co-ordinated andsuccessfully Masters courses, etc.) ithas projects (“Water” Master’s degree, programmes, etc.) andeducational French “Investissements d’avenir” I th Framework Programmes, community hascontinuedits Montpellier scientific n recent years, the

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community. Roussillon region’s scientific the projects ledby theLanguedoc- International isalsotosupport d’AgropolisThe aimoftheDossiers contaminants inwater. company, focusedonorganic withthe partnership Veolia in aquaticenvironments” in analyses ofemerging contaminants and(iii)theChair countries “Risks in thedeveloping andemerging programmes forutilitymanagers company, capacitybuilding offering with theSuez-Environnement “Water forAll” Chairinpartnership by membrane processes, (ii)the environment”, onwatertreatment “Membrane sciencesappliedtothe (i) theUNESCO-labelled Chair three research andteachingChairs: successisthecreationimportant of water sectorstakeholders. Another and development prospects toall recognised tooffercooperation of theXIII the challengewas theorganisation th

World For the Water Congress previous Introduction

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Forum, heldinMarseilles, France, contribution. engaged intheevent, provides its The regional scientificcommunity, and newchallengeslikelyto arise. many issuesremaining unresolved but alsotoprovide solutions to achieving sustainabledevelopment, and shared recommendations for developments inwatermanagement take stockofthelatestworld-wide since itsobjectives are notonlyto This event hashugeambitions in March 2012. the International in 2010oftheexecutive board of which thenfavoured thesettlement in Montpellier inSeptember 2008, occasion ofthe6 scientific communityonthe visibility totheregional water istogive internationalDossier campus. The firststakeofthis Association Thierry Rieu(AgroParisTech,Thierry (IWRA) ontheAgropolis Centre deMontpellier) th Water Research

World Water

P. Wagnon ©IRD  The Sabai glacier and the Sabai Tsho lake in Nepal.

5 Water resources: preservation and management © M. Soulié  Spring of Anjar, Bekaa, Lebanon.

Water resources: identification, functioning, mobilisation management and preservation resources: Water

6 amount to3,800billionm Yet, itisestimatedtoday thatglobal annual withdrawals "action isurgently required toprevent aglobalcrisis". poor governance andinsufficientinvestment", andthat domain isplaguedby achronic lackofpoliticalattention, stipulated that"despitethevitaldimensionofwater, this processes, bethey naturalorman-made. analysis, understanding andmodellingofallwatercycle resources. These are majorstakes. They callfor the able tolocate, identify, evaluate andmobilise water and govern water. Itistherefore tobe necessary order tofeed thereflexion onhow tobettermanage to control ascompletely aspossibletheresource, in Within suchacontext, itismore thanever important looming threat of “water wars”. increases by 64billionm Given theglobalpopulationgrowth, waterdemand kinds ofdifficultiesandchallenges. chronic overabundant rainfalls. Suchinequalitiesraiseall inhabitant), whileothersare hitby disasterscausedby critical stakes ofthe21 “Blue Gold”isslowly emergingasoneofthemost and internationalglobalthinkingaboutwaterissues. by thegeneralpublic’s growing environmental concerns compounded This alarmingwatersituationisfurther and poorpoliticalstrategicdecisions. sanitation infrastructures, owing tobothpoorfunding due toinsufficientaccessdrinkingwaterandlackof affecting developing countriesare water-related. This is From thehealthpointofview, 80%ofthediseases already facinggrowing anthropogenic pressures. aggravatesfurther thedegradationofecosystems, droughts and/ormore frequent floods. Suchdisturbance Change (IPCC)forecasts allpointtowards longer of theworld, theIntergovernmental PanelonClimate impact onthehydrological cycle. Indeed, inmany regions The disturbancesinducedby climatechangealsohave an production.energy areas suchasagriculture, economicdevelopment and decisions andassociatedcommitmentsbeingtaken in becoming increasingly highinrelation tostrategic are already facinghydric stress (lessthan500m distribution ofthisvitalresource. Indeed, someregions does notreflect thehugedisparities inthegeographic of useableresources. Butsuch arelative abundance T a ratheralarmingtone. For instance, it resources wasalready characterisedby he latestUNESCOworld report onwater st 3 century, withthegrowing eachyear. Water needsare 3 , representing only 25% 3 /year/ societies andevery personintheworld. water resources, whichissuchavitalissuefor the of tomorrow intermsofsustainablemanagement expertise. These are all called on to tackle the challenges Clearly, theregion hostsawiderangeofskillsand these aimatassessingwaterresources. environmental, economicanddemographic hypotheses, available climatescenariosbasedonvarying Finally, otherapproaches are future-driven. Using another key topictowhichmanyare experts devoted. extreme events (destructive floodsandrainfalls), is of floods, mainly considered from theviewpoint of especially within theMediterranean context. The issue the useofwaterinagriculture, deemedtobeessential, are alsoaddressed by thecommunity. Onesuchissueis core concernfor hydrologists, numerous otherissues in different forms (infiltration, runoff, storage)–isa into runningwater–andhencearesource available fundamental issueofthetransformation ofrainwater reference for itsresearch onsurfacewater. Although the The regional research community hasbecomea water resources exploited. coastal regions asthesecontainalmost60%ofthe strategicforfield isparticularly theMediterranean acclaim, especially inthekey area ofkarsts. This research underground waterhaslongreceived thehighest ofregionalThe expertise teamsinthefieldof environmental purposes. position asaleaderinthefieldofspatialinformation for ofResearch,the French Ministry thusreinforcing its has received significantequipmentsubsidiesfrom system, etc. Recently, theregional scientificcommunity CATCH, OHMCVandH+, theKARSTObservation Environmental OMERE, Research Observatories AMMA- OREME,the Universe SciencesObservatory the capabilities onwhichresearch isbeingbased: For thispurpose, ithasdeveloped proven observation provide answers tosomeofthesociety’s concerns. required toplay aleadinginternationalrole andto The regional scientificcommunity hastheskills Éric Servat (UMR HSM) Éric Servat

7 Water resources: preservation and management 8 Water resources: preservation and management Mediterranean Environment Research Water: New resources andEconomy Director: Jean-Christophe Maréchal [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] and Agro-Hydrosystems Modelling Modelling and Agro-Hydrosystems 3 scientistssensustricto+6linked units Water [email protected] Agrosystems andHydrosystems Director: MiguelLopez-Ferber [email protected] Director: Jean-Louis Bodinier Mediterranean Environment www.oreme.univ-montp2.fr [email protected] Laboratory for the Study of for theStudyof Laboratory Montpellier HydroSciences [email protected] Interactions between Soils, ( Director: JérômeMolénat Director: LilianaDiPietro Inra, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) Director: Nicolas Arnaud Director: Montpellier Geosciences www.gm.univ-montp2.fr www.mines-ales.fr/LGEI Engineering Laboratory www.hydrosciences.org Industrial Environment ...continued onpage 10 [email protected] Director: ÉricServat Main teams www.umr-emmah.fr (CNRS, IRD, UM1, UM2)       www.umr-lisah.fr  UPR EAU/NRE (CNRS, IRD, UM2) UMR EMMAH UMR EMMAH Presentationpage10 Presentationpage14 Presentationpage16 Presentationpage13 Presentationpage15 Presentationpage12 UMS OREME Presentationpage8 Observatory Observatory UMR LISAH (CNRS, UM2) UMR HSM UMR HSM ( UPR LGEI 45 scientists 34 scientists 14 scientists 57 scientists 89 scientists 40 scientists Inra, UAPV) UMR GM (BRGM) (EMA) functioning, mobilisation resources:

technologies” degree engineering Master’s Master’s from students laboratory The trainingoriented and education. HSM systems. and methods: assimilation, spatialisation (b) modelling and couplings; approaches: four In interactions. surface-atmosphere transfers and  water resources. and modelling of their impacts on  Climate, environmental changes hydraulics environments:  Karsts and heterogeneous agents and health.  fields: tropical regions, in four scientific activity HSM hydrological including underground water and the biogeochemistry a broad range of domains from to research inwatersciencescovering (CNRS, IRD, UM1, UM2) is devoted Research Unit (JRU) – UMR HSM The tropical regions in Mediterranean and and hydrological cycles underground water extreme events, Biogeochemistry, Hydrological Biogeochemistry, addition, training sensitivity; Montpellier HydroSciences Joint cross-disciplinary developing is carries highly in degree, degree, alike the attract and the (a) courses out cycle. Mediterranean (especially involved hydrogeology, transfers. (d) cycle hydrodynamic laboratory “Health “Water tracers; most countries): to French information extreme contamination provided mechanisms, of technical in sciences (c) Engineering”

its students and research- identification, develops modelling scientific events, “Water” and foreign by and the competitiveness clusters. Vulnerability is aquatic relation to emerging contaminants in devoted Veolia, a training and research chair up, HSM’s of organic contaminants is one of data software and has developed “professional” patents, etc.). companies private joint communities of municipalities, Health for Environment, (DRE: HSM recognition.of international worldwide, giving the lab a high level research laboratories and institutions network of collaboration with projects,international its extensive in a number of national and HSM analysis and trace elements in the environment” technical technical facilities: the large regional laboratory and In of leading role in the development CATCH, systems to several also participates observation Observatory member on Much of its research being based from the science degree to Ph.D. levels. whole of involved the Polytech’Montpellier. addition observation, Environmental in the microbiology management. basin HSM also strength partnership KARST Regional HSM fields Safety, consultancy environments”. collective (MEDYCISS, OMERE), of to especially tools, of platform works have has stable the organizations, in (SDEI, the to staff of OREME and Observation the local its AFSSET: relies “Risks particularly also excellence. Universe Directorate access the with is water “Water” isotopes Risk laboratory equipment, while BioUV with in and for involved Besides, authorities: filed laboratory and on (see page 13). It OHMCV, analyses metrology, public Management” the French to Occupational its the Moreover, playing Besides, several engineering Sciences S.A.,

other and etc.), “analysis ••• involvement in System. It around company for the in partners has

water. for “Local SOMEZ, the in AMMA- Agency the training is major study a the set the a HSM of

 Palm grove of Tafilalet, Morocco. M .N. Favier © IRD

Water stress indexes in the Mediterranean Basin. © UMR HSM & Plan Bleu

>Water Resources and Global Changes Global changes in the Mediterranean: what will tomorrow’s water resources be like?

The Mediterranean basin is characterised by unevenly emphasising regional disparities concerning the capacity to distributed and limited water resources as well as by meet various water needs at different periods in the past and increasing anthropogenic pressures. Hydro-climatic future. Alternative scenarios, such as supply networks with projections suggest a progressive diminution of the mean improved efficiency, are being tested to assess the efficacy annual flows in this region, accompanied by more frequent and of adaptative strategies. The team also studies the impact of severe drought periods. Moreover, water demand has doubled these changes on the water resources at more local scales. since the nineteen fifties and is likely to continue to grow Hydrological modelling coupled with water uses is thus as irrigated surfaces increase and urban areas spread. Within implemented in the river basins of Ebre (Spain) and Hérault

the HSM JRU, the RESCUE-Med team focuses its research (France). These research efforts seek to elaborate scenarios management

on the prospective evaluation of water resources under of climate change and water demand evolution adapted to and pressure of climate change and uses at different scales in the these working scales. The objective is to assess the volumes Mediterranean region. and dynamics of flows, taking into account anthropogenic pressures (storage, withdrawals, consumption and transfers), preservation As part of a current PhD and in partnership with the “Blue in order to provide water resource managers with decision- Plan”, the future availability of water resources is modelled making support tools.

at the regional scale according to various scenarios of resources: climatic and water demand evolution, for agricultural and Contact: Denis Ruelland, [email protected] household purposes. A hydric stress indicator was developed, Water 9 10 Water resources: preservation and management >Water Resources Changes and Global SICMED: The evolution of  Cultivated landscape in Tunisia. Mediterranean rural andperi-urbananthropo-ecosystems training andtransfer activitiesdedicatedtothestudyofevolving surfaces andinterfacesintheMediterranean) carries outresearch, Within thiscontext, theSICMED programme (continental rehabilitationfactors. of anthropo-ecosystem degradation, resilience, flexibilityand ways ofsustainabledevelopment callsfor adeeperknowledge are increasing infrequency andintensity. The questfor new biogeochemical cycles. Criticalsituationsandconflictsofuse Territories, Environment, Remotesensing Information –Technology –Environmental Water Management, Stakeholders, Uses Other teamsinvolved Spatial Analysis for Development (AgroParisTech, Analysis – Agricultural Processes ietr Jean-Philippe TonneauDirector: [email protected] Cirad http://tetis.teledetection.fr Director: Frédéric Huynh (AgroParisTech, ( and Spatialinformation Director: Patrice Garin Irstea, MontpellierSupAgro) [email protected] [email protected] Director: Tewfik Sari [email protected] UMR ESPACE-DEV www.espace-dev.fr www.irtsea.fr/itap     (IRD, UM2, UA , IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) www.g-eau.net Presentationpage28 Presentationpage40 Presentationpage47 Presentationpage46 UMR G-EAU UMR TETIS UMR TETIS UMR ITAP 40 scientists 75 scientists 75 scientists 70 scientists 60 scientists Irstea, Cirad Ciheam-IAMM, G, UR) , Irstea) © R. Calvez

on thehydrological and and induceshighstresses environmental weaknesses aggravates socialand exploitation ofresources The current intense the populationneeds. already unabletomeet resources produced are pressures, whilethe climatic andanthropogenic under theeffects ofsevere region evolves swiftly of globalchanges. The is oneofthefocal points The Mediterranean region CO (downstream  energy); (natural developing extending carbon-based reserves to  (mineral  expectations such as: this in line with societal and to bring dynamic gain a better understanding of the the etc.); between takes into account the couplings manifestations.their surface This tsunamis,  approach UM2) has developed a global Research Unit – UMR GM (CNRS, The aquifers fractured and karstic transfers in porous, Mass and energy Waste Energy Supply Natural 2 Water hydrosphere. , mining wastes, etc.); Montpellier Joint Geosciences Mediterranean anthropo-ecosystems storage hydrogen, the and of choices processes hazards to gravity new non-energy resources: various hydric); from and energy for The hazards, (earthquakes, dynamics the geothermal at confinement the layers More information onMistrals: www.mistrals-home.org More information onSICMED: www.sicmed.net Marc Voltz, Jean-Claude Menaut, [email protected] Contacts: ChristianLeduc, [email protected] research anddevelopment towards theMediterranean region. Mediterranean countries, butalsoothercountriesinvolved in scientific institutionsandstakeholders representing various and IRD. Itisbasedonabroad involving multilateral partnership The SICMEDprogramme isfundedby IRSTEA, CNRS-INSU, INRA managers intheprivateandpublicsectors.  management ofthesystemsstudied;  climatic stresses; processes subjectedtocurrent andfuture anthropogenic and forecasting oftheevolution ofthebio-hydro-geo-chemical  The programme pursuesthree objectives: biophysical, technicalandsocialmechanismsatwork. has beendeveloping research amulti-disciplinary project tostudy at Regional And LocalScales) components oftheMISTRALS(Mediterranean IntegratedSTudies subjected toglobalchange-inducedstresses. Itisoneofthe MaximeThibon, & objective different nuclear To transfer suchknowledge andtoolstodecisionmakers and To develop knowledge andtoolsfor therationalised To identifyandanalyse thescientificlockspreventing efficient technologies resources future, identification, functioning, mobilisation floods, including and cycle, scales, is from [email protected] to [email protected] (3) surface and bore(3) surface controlled (2) devices allowingexperimentation, and Lodève) dedicatedtoobservation Maguelone, sites (Majorca,of (1) instrumented four objectives: the development all scales. These research works target heterogeneities controlling them at transfers, taking into account the the in situ measurement of these main scientific challenges lie in fractured mass characterisation and modelling of and “Risks” teams. It the concerns the Research  Risks (“Risks” team) Environment  Interface” teams) Dynamics”  fields: teams working in three scientific GM in groundwater).water intrusion impact (coastline evolution, sea changes with high anthropogenic  Reservoirs Geodynamics Environmental “Porous comprises and project, andfor thelastdecadeit on and energy dynamic and Environment Roussillon, (“Basins” water Transfers” karstic five “Mantle (“Lithosphere and transfers is multidisciplinary

experiments, hole undertaken aquifers. climatic and Larzac teams) and Transfers” in

“Porous porous,

The and by

© M. Soulié Mediterranean GM around the Mediterranean region. several hydrogeology). for environmental research in and SOERE and GRAIN National projects out in the framework of several These research works are carried of data obtained at different scales. digital tools allowing the integration monitoring hydrogeophysical >Water Resources Changes and Global of Rural Environment and Water OMERE: Mediterranean Observatory is experimentation HYDROKARST-G2) a Roujan site (Hérault, France) as part of the OMERE observatory.part D'SEL, H+ SOERE member supported Research (long systems  Instrumentation of the LINE, H+ Environment GM term of measurement experimental Agency by the is and COLINER, systems in observation the OREME and charge (4) French (MOHINI, specific the

of sites and

Contacts:Patrick Andrieux, & DamienRaclot, [email protected] OMERE. isamemberoftheFrench catchmentbasinnetwork The Observatory Forestry, andtheLISAHJRU are inchargeofcoordinating thefour andmanaging partners Institute of Agronomy, the Tunisian NationalInstituteofRuralEngineering, Water and agro-environmental engineeringofagriculturallandscapes. The HSMJRU, the Tunis National line withmodelling; iv)tosupply scientificbases, references anddiagnostictools for the of modellingapproaches for flows inagriculturalenvironments, in by bringingobservation resources canchangeasafunctionofchanginglanduse; thedevelopment iii)tosupport evolution ofwaterquality); ii)toassesstheintensityandspeedatwhichwater andground basins (hydrological regimes andbalances, waterresource allocation, erosion dynamics, catchment the impactofagriculturalactivitiesonmassflows inMediterranean elementary polycrops-stock farming). are asfollows:The objectives oftheobservatory i) tounderstand practices andevolution dynamics: Roujan(France, mainly winegrowing) andKamech(Tunisia, two decades. These basinsdiffer intermsofsoils, hydro-agricultural developments, cultural climatic, hydrological, sedimentandsoluteflows intwo catchmentbasinsover thelast Given thepeculiarsituationofMediterranean region, hasbeencollecting theobservatory winter precipitations, more extreme rainfallevents. change scenarioselaboratedby IPCCforesee majorrainfallchangesintheselatitudes: less water withdrawals, hydro-agricultural orenvironmental planning, etc.). The variousclimate productions infavourable areas, abandonmentoffarmlandsinlessfavourable zones, increased human context, submitted toconsiderableandrapid changes(intensificationofagricultural from severe drought events toextreme floods. alsoexplores thesocialand The observatory and temperateenvironments, subjectedtoawiderangeofhydrological processes stretching hydrosystems/agrosystems. Itislocatedinanintermediatehydrological context, between arid thestudyofglobalchangesaffecting theMediterranean supports The OMEREobservatory * http://rnbv.ipgp.fr Information: www.umr-lisah.fr/omere and network including countries cooperationand international GM EBSD Sciences (absolute gravimeter and the and equipments the environment”. It also houses the regional for technical platform GM Hydrogeophysics). (SO-LTC, charge of several tasks observation Research “analysis National is is “Experimentation” programmes SEM). also involved GPST2, Observatory, part for Institute of in trace of the GEK, from the a

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active in the field of water. number of these stakeholders are EMA, training Antea, Areva, Lafarge) and R&D and imaGeau, regional initiated belongs research contracts and theses. It students and for the funding of the with and New-Zealand, (Taiwan, Japan, India, Australia, Middle Mediterranean region (North Africa, (Marie-Curie, creation the the CEFREM, East), USA). to organisations companies private in Schlumberger, the 2011

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11 Water resources: preservation and management 12 Water resources: preservation and management chemical basins (modelling); diagnosis of the hydrological understanding and spatialisation of impacts for a resilient environment; several angles: control of disastrous Water systems. simulation tools and decision support computer sciences and modelling, geomatics, geostatistical methods, biology, metrology, engineering, complementary broad field of applications based on of institution Mines d’Alès, Engineering is – UPR LGEIEngineering Laboratory The industrial activities research, economic and hydrological cycle for Analysis of the >Water Resources Changes and Global of the spatial functioning of agricultural landscapes The OpenFLUID platform: modelling and simulation Contacts: Jean-Christophe Fabre, [email protected] &Roger Moussa, [email protected] downloaded from theOpenFLUIDinternetsite and canalsobeusedinacommandline(incalculationclusterfor example). Itisanopen-source, free licencesoftware andcanbe representation ofagriculturalcatchmentbasins, andthesimulation ofwaterandpollutantflows. OpenFLUIDhasausergraphic interface and implementationoftheMHYDAS (distributedhydrological modellingofagro-systems) model, amongothers, aswell asthedigital flows anderosion, especially under theimpactofagriculturalpractices. OpenFLUIDalsoprovides softwarefor thedevelopment support projects andPh.D. theses. Ithasbeenapplied toMediterranean andtropical environments, for themodellingofwaterandpollutant studied. These includethegeometriesandproperties oftheactuallandscape elements. OpenFLUIDhasbeenusedfor numerous context, (ii)thesimulation objectives and(iii)thedataavailable. The simulations are basedondigitalrepresentations ofthelandscapes are developed asplug-insoftware toolsfor OpenFLUID. Then they canbeusedtocreate coupledmodelsadapted to(i)themodelling models tobedeveloped andimplementedduringsimulations. These models model andsimulate thespatialfunctioningofagriculturallandscapes. Itallows Thus, theOpenFLUIDplatform canprovide asoftware environment to and genericsoftware tool. based onthesecoupledmodels, theLISAHJRU hasdeveloped anadvanced studied. Inorder toimplementsuchmodellingprocesses andrunsimulations interactions andcouplingmany processes/phenomena distributedinthearea development, changesinlanduse), involves takingintoaccountallthese under theimpactofclimaticchangesandanthropogenic pressures (pollution, Modelling thefunctioningofsuchsystemsandsimulating theirchanges complex interactionsbetween biophysical processes andhumanactivities. The spatio-temporalfunctioningofagriculturallandscapes results from * www.umr-lisah.fr/openfluid an Industry. Industrial Environment Internal issues ,

and reporting microbiology, Its High are processes analytical EMA), Research ecological research disciplines: addressed School hydrogeology, a to national in chemistry Unit the work quality molecular École des (École des catchment from Ministry of process covers public Alès of

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several and coordinatingparticipating levels,national and international at academics and industrialists clusters. It collaborates with and Vulnerability in sector. relationships with the economic , reflectingM.I.N.E.S. its privileged LGEI stakeholders. also raised MS/MS, it needed levels for decision support. These different geomatics and collective intelligence “local water resources) according to a flows environments, (industrial integrated management of polluting the treatment of water and effluents; processes and process couplings for water and effluents; development of The * . possible the Water “Eurobiomed” laboratory by is of “Water”, ecology” not economic European The part in water GC/MS/MS, only a to laboratory chemistry resources: of answer and cycle the Institut Carnot “Trimatec”, by hosts type and Risk projects science, competitiveness analysis approach; the all ICP, industrial Management” lab is the questions active * extractors, . (HPLC/ “Local identification, functioning, mobilisation but facilities make

 MHYDAS model with the OPENFLUID modelling Water level simulations within the hydrographic distributed devices for extending and refining and flow rates as well as “low cost” imaging applied velocitiesto river work has focused on developing devices,the experimental research monitored. the catchment basins in experimental DEV, Pharmaceutical KNAPPE: in floods. This research in 2001 started of Information in Support of the Implementation processes research for understanding the effort catchment basins is a fundamental of experimental monitoring Moreover, technologies for agro-bioprocesses). * including the regional technical platforms, access to these facilities through Academic teams have and industrial pilot scale experiments.industrial etc.), as well as a test hall for semi- SWIFT: network of Roujan (Hérault, France) using the the collaboration Cevennes WFD. HSM Screening Knowledge and Need Assessment on

Ecotech underlying the and hydrometric Thanks Products are hydrometric Methods TETIS with currently LR to in the Environmental flash JRUs. (Eco- for the Water analyses. ESPACE- diversity kinetics being Several Data platform.

© J.C. Fabre of © J.C. Fabre to collaborates In companies and State agencies) and private science laboratories, local authorities sciences laboratories, information partners OMERE explanatory data is also essential for developing resources and environments. This understand the evolution of data to observation long-term collecting, integrating and sharing OREME’s anthropogenic forcing. response mechanisms to natural and Its Mediterraneanliving and inert area. and anthropogenic changes on the resources and the impact of global OREME of Mediterranean environments. and vulnerabilitiesthe uncertainties UM2) Unit – UMS OREME (CNRS, IRD, Research Joint Observatory Service The resources management of water dynamics and facilitated understanding of the Observation for a better of the Lez River (France). of thekarstichydrosystem vulnerability assessment characterisation and experiments for transfers staining  Water develop the aim Mediterranean Environment is field is closely focuses dedicated (universe to mission hydrologic of (especially identify and with water, works on predictive other consists and to natural such OREME the observation with IBM). ecology JRUs study systems’ in public models. hazards, in of order flow combining models of water storage, processes. Their assessment needs site are the result of complex resource available at each utilisation The hazards, resource cycles is with their discharge. The aim here movements used to monitor underground water aquifers. resource downstream from the the also make it possible to monitor especially on networks included These environment. catchment basin and marine coastline, between interface  Monitoring of the Languedoc downstream from mining sites; pollution  karstic hydrodynamics flood  at all scales; hole observation scale to the hydrogeophysical  systems. Observation Multi-scale Geodesic, to water quantity quantity understand and dynamics observation and systems; such These quantity physico-biochemical Geophysical resource in and – karstic analyse in situ provide French gravimetric, and and and observation as biological system range and of link flash their quality aquifers. quality and systematic dynamics, fractured bore-hole scale: systems it and information underground both aquifer from methods hydrological for discharges. hydrological international adaptability of geophysical/ of the system in They the the – the and supplies terms bore- basin are of of upstream. on reliable data, has to be performed modelling, “basic” simulations, based carry is operational models decision support time. necessary that close modelling must give a picture as manage in The water resource must be managed forecasting and real-time operations). visualisation, recommendation, fusion, reasoning, user interactions, (detection of changes, information etc.)services, and decision support management of metadata, web of storage, (management sharing (sensor network management), especially at different stages of this continuum, and Thanks to its network of partnerships decision” continuum. “acquisition-refinement-processing- must be processed within the calculated or associated with uses process immediate effects. At the core of this state of the resource, its uses and their conditions: real-time modelling of the are compartments. Complex simulations in the various couplings occurring required. query such necessary its risks as out For expertise, a of possible crises. standards this way time-consuming can decisions during study, ••• Indeed, to reason, be as This understand to the analysed to OREME acquisition and prevent the to is taken data a why avoid shift reality, norms, collected, intervenes and in exhaustive resource or these to having

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so © V. Leonardi

to

13 Water resources: preservation and management 

Wa 14 in high water conditions. Vaucluse” spring (France)  The Water resources: preservation and management associated with the presence of regarding water water downstream from waste techniques,  system. functioning of the ground-table hydrological the  functioning (such induced  over several decades. retrospective forces,and their driving based on a  especially and processes (agricultural production between global change on the interactions  five aquifer). to the production basin and the the local level (from the landscape production and their interactions at on water resources, agricultural impact (INRA Avignon, is focused on UAPV) Joint Research Unit – UMR EMMAH and Agro-Hydrosystem Modelling The agro-hydrosystems modelling of environment and Mediterranean “Fontaine du

Study Understanding Understanding Identification of landscape changes Quantification of the impacts of impacts cross-disciplinary water Mediterranean Environment as treatment analysis of drought/heat by The surface quantification underground. alternative cycle) extreme such of of and research analysis agro-ecosystems. heavy of plants, biophysical and hydrochemical and of as global

the the climatic rainfall water irrigation modelling that works goals: wave) modifications use particularly of changes stretches the resources, of target on events on risks the the water soils etc.), foliar biological measurements (biomass, EMMAH atmosphere and the water table. to In addition, two sites are dedicated urban Fontaine region, agronomic contexts (Crau-Camargue of sites representativeobservation a ecosystems. functioning of Mediterranean better understand and model the methodological development to laboratory sites, of instrumented observation and utilisation of remote sensing EMMAH’s waters. human pathogens in these treated elementary These integrate and spatialise the models The researchers develop mechanistic instruments subsurface in to underground Rustrel low-disturbance (Vaucluse) massif EMMAH ground C 12 monitoring different the Avignon. the ratio of dissolved carbon) and Water geophysical (organic chemical index, isotopic study INRA zone). of karstic hydrodynamic for is also de Fontaine work measurements hydrosystem also geophysical hydro-geological It models molecular Vaucluse, resources: of chlorophyll EMMAH (electrical system and has laboratory is analyses aquifers hydric analyses equipped is also data, access mineral based de associated equipped of has flows Vaucluse, intensive Avignon biology properties. tomography). of (H several prospecting of content, on functioning. to in set the to 3 and chemistry), identification, functioning, mobilisation water , C the the into the carry and up 14 with lab , C peri- karstic and the and 13 out / engineering offices,engineering etc.). (Veolia, Suez Environnement, resources) as well as partners private management of underground water unions, joint organisations for the Agency, (Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse bodies institutional or managerial develops USA, Universities University National and Institute for Sustainable Agriculture Engineering, world (Sfax National School of etc.) academic and the international Scientific CNRS: and Research, National Institute for Agronomic academic EMMAH processing. parallel calculation and signal in porous media, digital simulation, mathematics, sensing, microbiology, and hydrology, techniques The different scales, on the other hand. the environment and processes at consideration the heterogeneities of modelling approaches that take into the one hand, and include new with the different processes, on Valencia Alternative water disciplinary etc.). French irrigators’ geophysics, Aerospace collaborates partnerships Research, CEA: world geochemistry of Moreover, hydrogeology, implemented of Tunisia; Twente, University, the agronomy, National Maryland French Energies (INRA: expertise physics and Universities, Laboratory applied EMMAH Netherlands; Spanish with with farmers’ Nuclear Centre French Spain; and Centre, and remote soil cover of and the © UMREMMAH French waves Water Boston, also French for Dutch and © UMREMMAH (cultivated environments) on risks diagnosing and preventing the  temporal evolution; to their spatial organisation and rural catchment basins with respect substances (pesticides) in soils and and the evolution of polluting erosion, transfers water and material  specific objectives: elements. It the following serves that transfers water and other landscape that underlying from the interactions between i) the of cultivated landscapes resulting SupAgro) studies the functioning LISAH (INRA, IRD, Montpellier Joint Research Unit – UMR Agrosystems and Hydrosystems of Interactions between Soils, The landscapes functioning of cultivated and agronomy: the sciences, hydrology At the crossroad of soil a water resource to be managed Aquifers in bedrock regions: >Functioning ofcomplex aquifers regional mapping ofunderground water potentialitiesandthe and hydrogeological concepts. Onesuch application is Numerous practicalapplications stem from these geological aquifer owes much ofitspermeability. influenced by alterationprocesses andtowhichthebedrock “cracked horizon”, 50to100-metres thick, alsostrongly significant underground waterstoragecapacities; astratabound sand ingraniticzones), characterisedby low permeabilityand are madeupof(seefigure ontheright): loosealterites(coarse development ofalterationprofiles. Moving downwards, these processes significantly influenceaquifer properties through the specifically, ithasbeendemonstratedthatclimaticalteration progress hasbeenmadeinthiscorpusofknowledge. More properties andfunctioningofbedrock aquifers. Significant development ofknowledge onthegenesis, geometry, hydraulic The BRGMEAU/NRE research unitcontributestothe arid orsemi-aridandaccesstowaterislimited. trueforparticularly emergingeconomieswhere thecontextis and economicdevelopment intheregions concerned. This is resources they containare usedsubstantially inagricultural in Europe andFranceelsewhere across theplanet. The water Bedrock (granite, schist, gneiss, occupieslargesurfaceareas etc.) The elaboration of tools for The development of knowledge on Laboratory for the StudyLaboratory modifies induced and soil, the by iii) ii) human geometry the the hydrosystem agrosystem activities of the from hydrological  by  following objectives: in region and banana tree farming growing in the Languedoc-Roussillon LISAH soils and cultivated landscapes.  cultivated catchment basins;  catchment basins;  on three research teams: spatialisation. Its structure is based science, LISAH environments. and and model the spatial organisation concepts  environment; sustainable managementfortherural  resources; evolution of water and land hydrological Water The training of students on the The definition of new modes of Analysis Study Spatial Erosion the phytosanitary the the French especially combines of and hydrology hydrology, and elementary and and soils of pollutants cycle regimes the dynamic Antilles, tools sediment and “soil-crop” focuses expertise products; at of used agronomy Saturated aquifer water various (a cultivated & BenoîtDewandel, [email protected] Contacts: Jean-Christophe Maréchal, [email protected] improved successratesfor exploitableflow rates. also cover bore-hole layout techniquesandmethodsleadingto intensive withdrawals for irrigation purposes. These applications for catchmentbasins. Indeed, such managementisessentialfor Other applications concernwaterresource management tools regionalisation ofhydrodynamic parametersfor modelling. and

with aquifers. and hydrologic properties ofthebedrock  Conceptual model of the structure structure in few transport to on cultivated the pollution in analyse the km²) system wine scales, soil and Drilling of in Landscapes, Environment platform has been developing the simulation of Mediterranean the impact of anthropogenic actions on page 11). Environment Mediterranean To heterogeneities of rural landscapes. taking into account the specific hydrological and development of distributed of soil and landscape spatial data for experiments, methodological research on LISAH soil and catchment basins. hydrological works (ditches, banks, hill lakes) on the  catchment basins; soil erosion and sediment transfer in  methods  catchment basins; to the resource (a few hundred km²) Study Analysis Development of digital soil mapping water. this in situ the physical scientific acquisition end, of Moreover, OpenFLUID The and hydrological the of LISAH and see page 12). modelling functioning factors laboratory for and information influence Fractured andaltered bedrock Unaltered bedrock soils Observatory approach chemical Modelling Water and runs since 0 25m and and (Software studies processing approaches, the of (OMERE, analyses on processes of 2006,

••• systems; is erosion © J.C. Maréchal hydraulic cultivated Fluxes the of Alterites based and Rural LISAH quality the see of in of

geological medium geological medium geological medium Discontinuous 15 Water resources: preservation and management Fractured Porous

16 Water resources: preservation and management soil resource management. stakeholders in the field of water and with public and private partnership and Remote Sensing. It also works in National National Institute Water Research in Rabat; National Institute of Agronomy training higher education, research and several Tunisian and Moroccan collaboration programmes with Mediterranean Located in Montpellier on the resources, that are from suffering solutions to conventional water  scientific focuses: NRE’s water whose research focus on efforts hydrologists eight staff comprises permanent the Unit Economy Internal Research The management on water resource economists working Hydrogeologists and The development of alternative BRGM Water/New resources and – UPR EAU/NRE resource and activities institutions: of Centre Engineering on Water Forestry and Agronomy Rural and Veterinarian management. shore, comprise for Department. six Engineering, in Cartography economists Hassan School – Tunis; LISAH in belongs Tunis; two Institute National II runs in EAU/ main Its Tunis, to (prospective water use scenarios long-term the elaboration of medium and evaluation of costs avoided), the contingent comparison and environmental policies, the between economic development weighting of benefits and drawbacks via of resource management plans of uses, the economic optimisation management policies as a function incentive programmes and resource focus on the economic evaluation of at the basin scale. Research efforts resource management scenarios approaches needed to evaluate water  overexploitation). inter-seasonal storage and controlled rechargingartificial of water-tables, (recycling resource management methods and (iii) development of active forecasting impact of global changes; tools of modelling and decision support their potentialities; (ii) development environments) in order to assess (karst, fractured ground, volcanic and (i) are growth, etc. The following topics socio-economic evolution, urban change, anthropogenic pressure, increasing constraints, i.e. climate The development of economic characterisation of the structure cost-efficiency more Water functioning for managing specifically of based resources: of treated analysis). approaches of on analyses, complex these waste enquiries studied: aquifers identification, functioning, mobilisation waters, (analysis the aquifers and and “Water” EAU/NRE Eaux FranceDanone ). Moreover, management (i.e. water deposits and their industrial methodologies have led to the development of and industrialists. Several projects to local authorities, water agencies applied research activities directed EAU/NRE by pumping, pollution) and(irrigation impacted managing system. the aquifers has developed research on base Hyderabad Institute) (National Water. Research partnership EAU/NRE courses related to water. others for teaching for vocational training, Several researchers are involved in climate the SOERE Master’s This “Water” The competitiveness in Centre laboratory, Geophysical by is specifically has aquifers change. (H+) tropical in joint with lab involved agricultural the developed Master’s and to develops observation on BRGM-NGRI the south study Nestlé Waters and

that engineering regions Underground French-Indian based in develops Research degree are mineral of the practices a cluster. tools India, strong

severely using in

and

for

France). of Rustrellaboratory (Vaucluse, aquifer in the low-disturbance saturated zone of the karstic  Water sampling in the non- approaches. units develop different complementary To thisend, theregional research sustainably exploitedandprotected. to ensure they are optimally and their functioninghasbecomeessential change, abetterunderstandingof scarce andwithinacontextofglobal In regions where waterisalready to pollutionandoverexploitation. systems, especially theirvulnerability characteristics specifictothekarstic this resource must take intoaccount underexploited. Moreover, theuseof of theircomplexity, they are still hydrologic functioning. Because which are characterisedby aspecific to sinkholesseveral meterswide), size from cracksofafew centimetres in zones complex(withvoids varying Their heterogeneity makes these the Mediterranean region (>50%). (35% ofthecountry), allthemore in share ofwaterresources inFrance Karstic aquifers containasignificant complex systems karstic aquifers: > editerranean The Mediterranean

zones of karstic systems zones of karstic systems Study of the functioning of non-saturated >Functioning ofcomplex aquifers & Kostantinos Chalikakis, [email protected] Charles Danquigny, [email protected] Contacts: ChristopheEmblanch, [email protected] warning, biodiversity and green tourism). environment downstream from thespringisalsostudied underdifferent aspects(flood definition andmapping ofdrainageunits. The impactofthekarsticsystem onthe de Vaucluse catchmentbasinincludesthewholeupstream area: vegetation, landuse, In addition tostudyingthekarsticaquifer assuch, thework carried outintheFontaine then bevalidatedandrefined through itsapplication toothersystems. Vaucluse, asareference willserve sitefor thedevelopment ofthismodel, whichwill systems. The experimentalsiteoftheLSBB, locatedinthesupply basinofFontaine de to precisely assesstheimpactofNSZonglobalfunctioningtheseaquifer developing anoperationalmodelofthekarsticaquifer NSZ. Eventually, itwillbepossible indirect (hydro-geophysical) measurements carried outonthissite, theEMMAHJRU is research opportunity. Thanks todirect (geological, hydrodynamic, hydrochemical) and The siteprovides direct accesstothekarstNSZ, henceoffering anexceptional 3,800 metres andreaching depthsrangingfrom 0and500meters. spans flows within thelimestonemassifofMontde Vaucluse covering adistanceof (openedfor nohydrogeological gallery an artificial reasons). The siteofthelaboratory The Rustrel (Vaucluse) Low (LSBB)islocatedin DisturbanceUnderground Laboratory is now obvious that itplays amajorrole intransfer dynamicsand storage characteristics. to tensoreven hundreds ofmetres insize, remains poorly known andmodelled. Yet, it The functioningofthenon-saturatedzone(NSZ)karsticsystems, whichcanreach up

© UMREMMAH 17 Water resources: preservation and management Water resources: identification, functioning, mobilisation

>Functioning of complex aquifers Multi-uses management of the Lez river catchment basin karstic aquifer © M. Soulié The “karst and heterogeous environments” research group within the HSM JRU focuses on underground and surface transfers in this type of environment. Within the framework of its research activities combining hydrogeological, hydrological and hydraulic characterisation and modelling, the laboratory participates to a broad-reaching research project. The project is entitled “Multi-Uses Management of Mediterranean Karstic Aquifers” and is being coordinated by BRGM for Montpellier Agglomeration, in collaboration with the G-EAU and TETIS JRUs, the Biotope company and the European Centre for Research and Advanced Training in Scientific Computation. This 3-year project started in June 2009 (mainly funded by Montpellier Agglomeration with co-funding from the Rhône - Méditerranée - Corse Water Agency, the Hérault General Council, the BRGM).

It mainly concerns the Lez catchment basin (France) as well as the associated karstic aquifer, and deals with resource management and flood hazard mitigation issues. The project serves the following main objectives:  To get a better knowledge of the hydrogeological underground environment, through a better understanding of underground flows and geology of this type of peri-Mediterranean hydrosystem;  To assess the quantitative and qualitative vulnerability of the aquifer;  The Lez spring  To reassess the water resource that can be exploited within the aquifer near Montpellier, France. and characterise the impacts of global changes using different models;  To characterise the role of the karstic aquifer in the hydrological regime of the Lez river in order to better evaluate flood hazard as well as the chemical and geological quality of the hydrological environment;  To take stock of the situation of the underground biodiversity of the Lez aquifer;  To study the effects of actively managing the karstic aquifer on flood mitigation using coupled hydrological and hydrogeological models.

Contacts: Véronique Leonardi, [email protected] Hervé Jourde, [email protected] & Jean-Christophe Maréchal, [email protected]

>Functioning of complex aquifers Geodesy to study water resources in a karstic environment

For several years now, the “Risk” team of the GM JRU has been temporal variations without drilling any bore hole. This type conducting original research works on the monitoring and of measurement has become so successful that it is now being localisation of fresh water resources in karstic zones. exported to other karsts such as the Vaucluse plateau.

In 2011, within the framework of the OREME Observatory, and The Larzac observatory also welcomes French and foreign in partnership with the National Institute for Universe Sciences, researchers who wish to collaborate on research works the H+ Observatory, the Maison de l’Eau water science centre in progress, both in geophysics and in hydrogeology. The and the companies imaGeau (Montpellier), MicroG and GWR observatory is a training site enabling students from UM2 and (USA), GM established a geodesic observatory on the Larzac all over France to work on current topics using high tech tools.

management plateau. The aim of the observatory is to bring new knowledge The data collected will make it possible to better understand

and based on very high tech original observations over long periods and model karstic aquifers so that quantitative information can of time. be provided to help with the exploitation/protection of the Larzac water resources and of karstic zones in general

preservation The observatory includes the first new generation supraconductor gravimeter (iGrav) developed by GWR, as well Contacts: as one of the 50 absolute gravimeters existing in the world Cédric Champollion, [email protected]

resources: (MicroG). Gravimetry consists in making surface ground mass & Jean Chéry, [email protected] measurements in order to determine water bodies and their Water

18

© J.C. Maréchal research to operational management Karstic flash floods: from >Functioning ofcomplex aquifers & Jean-Christophe Maréchal, [email protected] Contacts: Perrine Fleury, [email protected] Forecasting Departments. The toolsdeveloped for theforecasters are currently beingtestedby theFlood ofHydrometeorologyCentral Department and FloodForecast (SCHAPI). Support has beenreplicated inotherkarsticcatchmentbasinsfollowing arequest from the condition ofthekarstandreal timeweather forecasts. This typeofapproach This toolisabletoforecast floodmagnitudes. Ittakes intoaccountthesaturation Nîmes authorities. Furthermore, awarningtoolwasdesigned, basedonanabacus. A tightmonitoringoftheunderground watershasthusbeenproposed tothe during afloodpeak. the genesisofdevastating floodsinNîmes, especially thatofunderground waters undersaturated. Ithasalsoshowed thekarsticsystem’s majorcontributionto flood conditions. Ithasevidenced thefloodbuffering role whentheaquifer is (France) targetedthefunctioningofFontaine deNîmeskarsticsystemin providing long-termassessments. A firstresearch project for thecityofNîmes of karsticflashfloods. This work comprisesseveral projects withtheaimof Since 2004, theBRGMEAU/NRE research unithasbeenworking ontheissue

 Retro-flooding of an ancient Roman pit during the 2005 flood of Nîmes (France). 19 Water resources: preservation and management 20 Water resources: preservation and management

© LGEI Real-time flood forecasting >Water-related hazards  Flood forecast one hour before the event without rainfall forecast is known for thedevastating “gardonnades” (river Gardon flash river inRemoulinsanditsupstream outfallsinFrance. The site methods itdevelops onthecatchmentbasinsofGardon The EMALGEIresearch unitstudiesandimplementsthe hydrogeological models. from thecouplingbetween atmospheric, hydrological and economic andsocietalimplications. The complexitystems Real-time floodforecasting isacomplexissue with vital sensibility). highest colour = to darkest sensibility = lowest (from clearest colour and June, 2011 between March Nîmes (France) classes around sensibility runoff Qualitative of rainfall runoff hazards Methodology for the evaluation >Water-related hazards Classes desusceptibilité (calculated water level in green, measured water level in red). au ruissellement Très faible Faible Moyenne Forte Très forte

© Nîmes Agglomération Réseau hydrographique Limite communale Limite bassinversant Water & Pierre-Alain Ayral,& Sophie Sauvagnargues, [email protected] Contacts: been confirmed. permeability measurements, thetrends by observed the qualitative analysis have Using thisapproach, aglobalspatialanalysis wasperformed. Associated with situation. All information anddatacanbeintegratedintoaqualitative map. The qualitative approach usedmakes itpossibletotake stockofthegeneral applied toaruralcommunity. spatialise thephenomenon. A rainfalldiagnosismethodhasbeendeveloped and research unitusesahydro-geomorphological approach tocharacteriseand quantitative studiesand/ormodelling. The work carried outby theEMALGEI The methodologiescurrently implementedtostudyrunoffare mainly basedon activities. by numerous physical parametersbutmainly becauseitisaggravated by human basins. difficultsincethephenomenonisinfluenced Itscharacterisationisvery highly localised occurrence. Itusually affects smallurbanandruralcatchment severe damage. The complexityofthephenomenonstemsfrom itssudden and as afullscalerisk. Itisoften confusedorassociatedwithfloods. Yet, itmay cause Rainfall runoffisaphenomenonpoorly taken intoaccountandrarely dealtwith resources: using neuronal-type networks

of thismethodistopublisha “vigicrues authorities totake thefirstdecisionsrapidly. The purpose timehorizons(2to3hours),for short thusenablingthelocal at Anduze canbeanticipatedwithoutany rainfallforecast even learning. The firstresults show thatfloodsoftheGardon river during theelaborationofmodels, obtainedthrough artificial it consistsintakingadvantageofexperimentaldatarecorded The useofneuronal-type networks offers anew alternative: Somme river, known for itstablefloods. and Ardèche rivers, alsoknown for theirflashfloods, andonthe floods). The modelsdeveloped willthenbevalidatedontheCèze * www.vigicrues.gouv.fr neurones. CasdubassinLez(France). ThèsedeDoctoratl’UM2, France. Kong A SiouL., 2011. parréseauxde Modélisationdescruesdebassinskarstiques prévisions descrueséclair. Thèsededoctoratl'EMA, Alès, France. Additional information: Toukourou M., 2009. Applicationdel’apprentissage aux artificiel & Pierre-Alain Ayral,& Contacts:Johannet, Anne Agency. oftheFrenchand withthefinancialsupport NationalResearch of Paris, “Mountain environments, dynamicsandterritories” JRU), Support, andPhysics SchoolofIndustrialChemistry oftheCity ofHydrometeorologyCentral Department andFloodForecast modelling), (SCHAPI: incollaborationwithnationalpartners with machineLearning, data Assimilation andSemi-physical within theframework oftheFLASHproject (Floodforecasting on theinternet. These research are efforts beingcarried out

identification, functioning, mobilisation [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] * ” floodvigilancemap

M. Jégu © IRD Contact: Pascal Kosuth, [email protected] rates withinthenexttwenty years. coherent framework for specifying future spacemissionsandimproving knowledge oftheworld river flow (level, slope, roughness ofbed, velocity profile), usingsurfacevariablesonly. These methodsconstitutea TETIS develops hydraulic equationinversion methodsthatmake itpossibletodetermineriver bedparameters In order toassesstheflow rateofrivers by meansofsatellitemeasurements withoutinsitumeasurements, campaigns andexplores themodelling ofthistechniqueonrivers. time interferometry makes itpossibletomeasure surfacevelocities; airborne TETIS takes inexploratory part TETIS isalsoinvolved inairbornecampaignstovalidateradardevices, processing chainsandmodels. Finally, used tomeasure slopes; TETIS studiestheroughness ofwatersurfaceanditsinfluenceonradarretrodiffusion. oftheSurface As part Water andOcean Topography mission(NASA-CNES), spatialradarinterferometry is river levels; TETIS develops qualificationmethodsfor measuringriver levels andquantifyingtheiruncertainty. Three familiesofspatialtechniques are beingdeveloped. (Lidar)makes Radaraltimetry itpossibletomeasure and calculateflow rates. for river surfacevariables. These variablesare thenintegratedinorder toderive river hydraulic parameters Alenia Space; Collection, Localisation, Satellites, Noveltis). The work isdevoted tomeasurement technologies and industrialstakeholders(European inthespaceindustry Aeronautic Defence andSpaceCompany; Thales work inthisfieldtogetherwith theNationalSpaceStudyCentre (CNES), theFrench Aerospace Lab(ONERA) Measuring river flow ratesisamajorchallengefor future satellitemissions. The TETIS JRU carries outresearch humidity, evapotranspiration andthetopography ofhydrographic networks. dynamics. They contributetowatercycleknowledge by measuringatmospherichumidity, rainfall, ground Satellites are usefultoolsfor very quantifyingglobalbiophysical variablesandmonitoringtheirtime-space Satellite measurement >Water-related hazards  Rio Madeira in Brazil. of river flow rates 21 Water resources: preservation and management 22 Water resources: preservation and management

valley. Evapotranspiration wasmeasured directly using turbulent representative ofthesoil-landscape variabilityofthePeyne device installed onseven vine plotsdeemedtobe These maps were thenvalidatedby meansofameasurement (SSEBI) values, whichsofarhadnever beenused onvines. balanceindex deficit index(WDI)andsimplified surfaceenergy then converted intodaily evapotranspiration maps usingwater temperature images(withaspatialresolution of90m), were acquired between July 2007andOctober2008. These surface more than70%ofthesurface. Twelve ASTER imageswere Peyne river, oftheHérault river, atributary where vinescover mapping method. The studyconcernedthelower valley ofthe The LISAHJRU hasdesignedasimplevineevapotranspiration © P.A. Ayral from satellite images Mapping of vine evapotranspiration >Agricultural w >Water-related hazards in Mediterranean catchment basins. study of the geomorphological origin of water routes Utilisation of very high resolution satellite images:  Stream gauging experiments during a precipitation event. ateruse & Jean-Stéphane Bailly, [email protected] Christian Puech, [email protected] Pierre-Alain Ayral, Contacts: SophieSauvagnargues, [email protected] hypotheses aboutthedifferent functioning ofthesenetworks inrelation toepisodes. on theinitiationandsustainabilityofflows withinthenetworks. Finally, ithasledto influenceoftheslopesandtheirchanges functioning andhasunderlinedtheimportant been confirmed. This hasalso ledtoevidence two typesofnetworks withdifferent responses observed, thepredominance ofsub-surfaceflows inthebasinsstudiedhas By comparingandcontrastingthegeomorphologicalcharacteristicshydrological variations ofthehydrological dynamicsinthewaternetworks. basins (<1km²)locatedonthe Anduze Gardon. The ideaistomonitorthetime-space a spatialisednetwork oflightsensorshasbeendistributedover two experimental dynamics ofdrainwaterfillingover thecourse ofdifferent floodepisodes. To thisend, of wateror “real” draindynamics. The purposeistobetterunderstandthespatial andthatofthebasins.geomorphology The secondresearch area concernsthestudy plot thenetworks inrelation totheirreal routes andprovides information abouttheir form hasbeendeveloped specifically for thispurpose. Itmakes itpossibletofaithfully defined. An originalalgorithm usingaterrain digitalmodelstructure inatriangular geomorphological network formed by thecontinuous thalweg linesofthebasinsis First, usingspatialdata, the “potential” drainagesystemrepresenting thedry temporal variationsofhydrological responses. and theirhydrographic networks), tostudythegeomorphologicaloriginsofspatio- (especially highresolution very 3Dproducts for thespatialcharacterisationofbasins within theframework ofgeomaticsapplied tohydrology. Itcallsontheuseofsatellites of thistypeevent. This research (LGEI/TETISresearch unitscollaboration)falls temporal variabilityofwaterroutes, couldmake itpossibletoimprove themodelling hydrological responses ofcatchmentbasins, whichare responsible for thespatio- of extreme phenomena. A betterunderstandingoftheprocesses involved inthe hydrological processes inMediterranean catchmentbasinssomewhat limitpredictability The intensityandvariabilityofprecipitations togetherwiththecomplexityof Water resources: & Laurent Prévot, [email protected] Philippe Lagacherie, [email protected] Contacts: Frédéric Jacob, [email protected] over time, similartothatof1:25000scalesoilmaps. evapotranspiration maps thusobtainedexhibitaspatialstability precise (0.8mm/day) thanthe WDI index(1mm/day). The then successfully validated, theSSEBIindexbeingslightly more The evapotranspiration maps madefrom satelliteimageswere plots, viatheHYDRUS1D hydric transfer model. to precisely assessthedaily evapotranspiration oftheseven moisture andwatertablelevel monitoring, itwasalsopossible covariances ontwo oftheseplots. Bymeansofregular soil [email protected] identification, functioning, mobilisation

and localassessmentsofplanthydric conditions. already possibletomonitorvariablesandhenceobtainindirect continuous information (plantandsoilmonitoringsystems). Itis soil andinthecrops), make itpossibletocollect real-time These networks ofcommunicating sensors(located inthe mounted onmobilevehicles). conductivity ofthesoilusinghighspaceresolution sensors information) and soils(measurement oftheapparent electrical the heterogeneous aspectsofcrops (nearinfrared air hydric conditionofthevine, itisnow possibletocharacterise network oflocalgeo-referenced measurements tomonitorthe scale. Thanks torecent technological progress, andto a can beconfigured differently andaccording tothetargeted The modelusesandcreatessothatthedataavailable synergy growers. The project isthusscaledtooffer interesting potentialfor vine for cropoperational decision-makingsupport management. according tothevineyard andproduction area henceproviding of thevineintimeandspace. The modelcanthenbescaled Chile), istopropose anestimationmodelofthehydric status Institute, Sydney University in Australia and Talca University in “Pech Rouge”experimentalstation, theFrench Wine and Vine ITAP, LISAH, research Sciencesfor Oenology units; INRA The objective ofthisresearch (collaborationbetween effort environments where vinegrowing isdominant. the impactsofclimatechangeinMediterranean agricultural current situationofthewaterresource andpossibly forecasting the cultivatedareas isalsoapre-requisite for diagnosingthe Being abletospatialisechangesofthevine’s hydric statusover grape qualityandthewaterresources usedfor irrigation. corrective actionsneededtooptimisethemanagementof of theharvest. This knowledge isessentialtotriggerthe variations determinethequantitative andqualitative potential The hydric statusofvinesanditsspatialtemporal Spatialisation of >Agriculturalw ateruse the hydric status of vines otc: BrunoTisseyre,Contact: cellar). (Fruition Sciences)andvalidatedonalargerscale(cooperative vineyard. Itiscurrently beingtransferred toanindustrialpartner approach hasbeenvalidatedatthescaleofplotand Based onareference measurement, thespatialextrapolation evapotranspiration. measurement of vine device for direct  Experimental © UMRLISAH [email protected] validation plots. and localisation of the seven the Peyne Valley (France) evapotranspiration level in  Mapping of vineyards © M. Galleguillos 23 Water resources: preservation and management 24 © D. Lacroix Water resources: preservation and management Water and restoration quality preservation  Cascades in Krk, Croatia.

only onusualcontaminantssuchasmetals, fertilisers use optimisation. The research concentratenot efforts toolsfor riskevaluationdecision-support andwater of contaminantsintheenvironment; thedevelopment and managementapproaches tolimitthescattering hydrosystems; thedesignoflandscape development of contaminantsconcentrationsandmobilityin domestic, urban); theunderstandingandforecasting processes for wastewatertreatment (industrial, scientific community: thedevelopment ofinnovative Many oftheseissuesare beingtackledby theregional pathogenic compoundsinwastewater. underground water, dueto thepresence oftoxic and water may leadtopotentialcontaminationofsurfaceand environment. Inthatrespect, theuseofnonconventional of contaminatingsubstancesandtheirmobilityinthe agricultural development withoutacontrol oftherelease treated wastewater). Yet, there willbenosustainable such astheuseofnonconventional water(suchas of waterscarcity, agriculture looksfor new practices, overcome thechallengesofproduction withinacontext many sources ofwatercontamination. Inanattemptto andpesticidesindustrialeffluentsareas fertilisers as production. Butatthesametime, agriculturalinputssuch needed for agriculture, industrialprocesses andenergy order topreserve waterquality. Water isincreasingly illustrative ofthechallengessciencehastotake upin impact ofagriculture onwaterresources isparticularly the environmental functionsofthewaterresource. The compromises thesustainabilityofhumanactivitiesand risks for humanbeings. This degradationinturn and biologicalqualitiesofwatercaninducepathological the environment. The degradationofthephysico-chemical water quality, becauseofthesubstancesthey release in societies. Yet, humanactivitiescanalsobeathreat to and anessentialresource for thedevelopment oftheir water. Moreover, waterisavitalresource for humans to thechemical, biologicalandphysical compositionof species whoseconditionsanddynamicsare sensitive ecosystems hostabroad varietyofanimalandvegetal P economic issuesfor oursocieties. Aquatic raises majorenvironmental, and sanitary thequalityofwaterresourcesreserving interest. of indicatorspollutionstresses are areas ofmajor evolution, life cycleassessmentandthedevelopment evolution. Inparticular, digitalmodellingofcontaminants integration oftheprocesses involved incontaminants Associated scientificissuesconcerntimeandspace optimise theeffects ofhumanactivitiesonwaterquality. term andover largeareas, toevaluate, monitorand tools,of genericdecision-support useableinthelong Finally, necessitatesthedesign waterqualitypreservation and tropical contexts. topic ofupmostimportance, especially inMediterranean ofcontaminantsisaresearchmobilisation andtransport contrasted climaticandhydrological conditionsonthe of chemicalcompounds, is alsoanissue. The effect of to micro-organisms activity, degradationormodification into account. The evolution ofcontaminantswithregard rural andurbandevelopments, have etc.) tobetaken each environment (geology, soils, landscape structures, among processes. Inparticular, thespecificproperties of biological, physical orchemical, andtheinteractions works thatexaminetheprocesses involved, bethey can only beunderstood by meansofanalytical research The evolution ofthecontaminantsinenvironment membrane-based processes are beingexplored. processes). An array ofbiological, physico-chemical and processes,energy oreven bioenergy-producing constraints(developmentintegrating energy oflow- broader thanthesolequalityofeffluentsprocessed, new processes thatmeetenvironmental requirements quality. The current scientificchallengeistodesign treatments have mainly beenguidedby outputwater of agriculturalandindustrialeffluents. Conventional develop andimplementefficienttreatment processes One way toreduce environmental pollutionisto and bacteria. emerging contaminantssuchasdrugsubstances, viruses (nitrogen, phosphorus)andpesticides, butalsoon Jérôme Molénat, OlivierGrünberger & Marc Voltz (UMRLISAH)

25 Water resources: preservation and management 26 Water resources: preservation and management Information – Technology –Environmental [email protected] [email protected] www4.montpellier.inra.fr/narbonne Analysis of Water, SoilsandPlants Analysis – Agricultural Processes European MembraneInstitute Environmental Biotechnology Director: Jean-Philippe Steyer www.iemm.univ-montp2.fr www.cirad.fr/ur/analyses ( Director: PhilippeMiele ...continued onpage 28 Irstea, MontpellierSupAgro) Director: DanielBabre [email protected] Main teams Director: Tewfik Sari [email protected] (CNRS, ENSCM, UM2) www.irtsea.fr/itap     Presentationpage29 Presentationpage28 Presentationpage26 Presentationpage31 US Analysis Laboratory UMR ITAP UMR IEM 40 scientists 90 scientists 23 scientists UPR LBE 9 scientists 9 scientists ( ( Cirad) Inra) Water

 cooling water, wash water, etc.); or reuse of treated water (irrigation, environmental  water, process water, etc.); required  specifically The following application fields are collaborative research programmes. through national and international and academic partners of industrial treatment. and innovative membrane materials IEM and degradation of the resource, demand Within engineering.  polymers;  multifunctional  departments: IEM health sciences. biotechnologies related to food and treatment, gas separation, and for effluent used in particular into membrane-based processes  new membrane materials;  multi-scale approach: are and processes. Its research objectives specialised in membrane materials 1998, (CNRS, ENSCM, UM2), founded in Joint Research Unit – UMR IEM The treatment intensification and processes for water Membrane materials

Waste Water Sea water desalination. Membrane-based process Interfaces Design of membrane and materials Implementation of such materials Elaboration quality based processes European Membrane Institute develops comprises is a a treatment water compounded water context world-renowned on IEM targeted: and a and multifunctional treatment to multidisciplinary, quality preservation three works systems; physico-chemistry of intensify characterisation to increasing reach research and restoration with (drinking by for the water laboratory the a and/ number scarcity and water preservation of of water in the treatment waste of industrial sorption/complexification  assembled  distillation); the treatment of water (membrane  with specific functionalities: materials Moreover, a membrane reactor. coupled  membrane phenolic compounds using a  effluents;  developed in the lab: and Coupling of membrane separation membrane contactors. of • osmosis for sea water desalination; • nanofiltration; • cations in diluted solutions; •  membrane processes. hydrocarbons, • • processes); catalysis, agents and colouring disruptors, drugs of •  approaches include: are Both

Treatment Extraction Membrane Boron Selective Separation Coupled Treatment of urban residual water Treatment of effluents containing Treatment of mineral pollutions: Treatment of organic compounds: Copolymer New Super-hydrophobic Membrane bioreactor for domestic heavy phytosanitary explored biological physical and membrane (photocatalysis, extraction with metals adsorption the IEM processes electro-extraction copolymer enzymatic of and by to distillation synthesis energy and recovery pathways the using develops treat pervaporation; with concentration products, synthesised biological polycyclic through water. for production ozonation and hollow membrane reactor; blocks; for of enzymatic the and innovative is membrane metals. the

of also endocrine Physical treatment fibre reverse methods aromatic of metals

by

and metal using

for self-

•••

© D. Lacroix exogenous data. This gives risetoland-usemaps ofriparian highspatialresolution,images withavery associatedwith “object-oriented” classification, usingsatelliteorairborne TETIS hasdeveloped an innovative basedon methodology pressures andtheecologicalstatusofaquaticenvironments. along rivers andtospatially modeltherelations between these design methodstocharacterisetheanthropogenic pressures Méditerranée-Corse wateragencyhascommissioned TETIS to anthropogenic impactsonaquaticenvironments. The Rhône- making process, todevelop itisnecessary toolstoassessthe To facilitatethemulti-level andmulti-stakeholder decision basins), districtlevel (Water Agencies) andnationallevel (State). level (structures inchargeofthemanagementcatchment of ripariancorridors involves variousstakeholders atthelocal European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The restoration rivers. Hence, they constitutekey elementstocomply withthe factors ofcontrol oftheecologicalandphysical conditionsof or semi-naturalplantformations (prairies, riparianforests), are urban development, infrastructures, transport andnatural etc.) The ripariancorridors, associatinghumanactivities(agriculture, Control of the ecological >Water quality functions and ecological quality of rivers before their release in the environment (factories near Alexandria in Egypt). & Kenji Osé, [email protected] Nathalie Lalande, [email protected] Pascal Kosuth, [email protected] Aurélia Decherf, [email protected] Flavie Cernesson, [email protected] Contacts: the inherent upstream/downstream dependences inrivers. station: locallevel andthecatchmentbasin: globallevel), and consideration theimbricationsbetween functionallevels (the This modellingapproach isoriginalintheway ittakes into diagram (Drivingforce, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses). modelled withintheframework oftheDPSIRconceptual indicators (biologicalorphysico-chemical indicators) are then The relations between pressure indicatorsandwatercondition spatial indicatorsofenvironmental pressure. infrastructures…). The land-usemaps are thensynthesisedas agricultural plotsandassociateddevelopments, road localisation oftheobjects(riparianvegetation, buildings, corridors, withtherequired precision aboutthenature and

 Industrial effluents have to be treated

27 Water resources: preservation and management 28 Water resources: preservation and management Water Management, Stakeholders, Uses Other teamsinvolved [email protected] and Agro-Hydrosystems Modelling and Agro-Hydrosystems (AgroParisTech, Mediterranean Environment [email protected] Montpellier HydroSciences Cirad Director: LilianaDiPietro www.hydrosciences.org ...continued onpage 30 Director: Patrice Garin [email protected] Director: ÉricServat www.umr-emmah.fr (CNRS, IRD, UM1, UM2) water quality (the Hérault River    , IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) www.g-eau.net submitted to strong flow rates UMR EMMAH UMR EMMAH Presentationpage40 Presentationpage14 seasonal variations, affecting Presentationpage8 UMR G-EAU UMR HSM UMR HSM (  Mediterranean rivers are 75 scientists 75 scientists 57 scientists 40 scientists Inra, UAPV) Irstea, CIHEAM-IMM, during summer).

the maintenance of crops that minimises equipment design. assessment, eco-design, built-in constraints are studied: eco- methods thatintegrate environmental agricultural production. New design ecotechnologies for sustainable  systems. assess the status of agro-ecological tools,in decision-support in order to plot-related,expert, etc.), integrated from environmental data (climatic, develops new indicators derived processes. agrosystems for the characterisation of measurements designs sensors based on optical systems:  three main areas of research are: environment-related sustainable agriculture and to the scientific and technical bases Montpellier SupAgro) develops Research Unit – UMR ITAP Agricultural Processes Joint Environmental Analysis – The to serve water quality and technologies assessment, modelling Environmental

Technologies: development of Information and associated design sanitary Information – Technology ITAP

on equipment On for the and and specifically the the (vision, one environmental environmental other protection hand, for services. spectrometry) Water hand, works a more ITAP (IRSTEA, and ITAP ITAP’s – – on

quality

in applications transfer the of pesticides during  environment; vineyards:  into the environment; quality  liquid; ofthe properties influence of certain  deposits;  procedures; of  preservation facilitates of the processes studies.performance It (IRSTEA optimisation analysis bioprocesses platform “ecotechnologies for agro-  research works in relation to water: assessment environmental and social impacts ITAP develops and implements  Assessment :Assessment ** * www.ecotech-lr.org techniques. impacts of pesticide application for Here

DRIFTX Phytosanitary Influence Atomisation Digital Implementation of control facilities FISPRO Environmental Pôle vineyards; new agricultural are Environmental

sprayers on (LCA) – modelling some www.elsa-lca.org software: the model INRA the real of tools, It

of * of ”, and is a reference centre ELSA facilitates phytosanitary transfer of and examples scale phytosanitary spraying. fuzzy products and free agricultural of assessment: Lifecycle and Sustainability and restoration based seeks cluster design of the tests associated software); inference phytosanitary of atmospheric on the to of pesticides in drift network and optimise life ITAP regional controlled spraying

sprays: products in

cycle

systems

© S. Ghiotti **

.

the

© S. Ghiotti Ondalys…) (Lisode, promotes the creation of businesses relationsdevelops industrial and for agrobioprocesses”. ITAP also “ecotechnologiesplatform regional sites of the the four experimental assessment. platform ReducPol, a 3,000 m² technological For sanitation plants.  machines; the research have been efforts targeting the  of pesticides; For refinery”. concept of “environmental bio- point of view. It focuses on the and food chain” from the scientific and the INRA departments “environment administrative point of view and to INRA centre of Montpellier from an in Narbonne, is attached to the Unit – UPR LBE (INRA), located InternalLaboratory Research The polluting elements Transformation of  TISCAD Life Eco-design innovative treatment its masses creates majordifficulties for themanagers: water of irregular flow regime andsudden mobilisationofpollutant downstream coastalarea duringflashfloods. The combination periodandtheirfasttransfer towardsduring thedry the characterised by alongperiodofaccumulation ofpollutants Indeed, intermittentrivers ofMediterranean catchmentsare intermittent Mediterranean rivers. management anddevelopment schemesfor catchmentsof the Mediterranean Sea. Itwillalsogive risetoimproved Directive on Water and Aquatic Environments around contributes totheenforcement oftheEuropean Framework intermittent rivers, takingintoaccountecologicalstakes. It flash floodsandsevere low waterlevels inMediterranean study theapplicability ofspecificmanagementmeasures of and aMoroccan university. The objective oftheproject isto European research institutes, two basinmanagemententities manAGEment), involving theHSMJRU, associatesfourteen The MIRAGE project (Mediterranean Intermittent River of intermittent Mediterranean rivers Integration of ecological stakes in the management >Water quality functions and ecological more agronomy” Environmental Biotechnology Environmental Biotechnology cycle experiments, l’Avion Jaune, for

than software analysis via ReducPol is one of spraying and and/or fabrication 25 its and methodologies MINEA years for of ITAP “microbiology systems valorisation Oléobois, the waste now, *** relies of traceability cluster. spraying water LBE on 3Liz, for

techniques. of operations, the implementation hydrodynamics processes, the optimisation of development of innovative  population physiological characterisation  scales: pollutants are studied at different The transformation processes of the pathogenic residues). pharmaceutical, (i.e., linked to the presence of health innocuousness constraints developments also take into account reactions of transformation. These the microbialthe aim to orientate conditions of the bioprocess, with laboratory “open” fact communities The characteristics of these diversity stems from their composition, communities, are pollutants transformation processes as micro- or macro-algae. The treatment plants), or biomass such waste and sludge from waste water (agricultural residues, domestic from agro-food), solid residues be of wastes from human activities, Processes: through the

Sequences: physico-chemical they carried that environment liquid they and to out

dynamics; functional through work can systems – effluents whose by combined and of detergent only microbial on kinetics, bioreactors co-treatment – complexity

the the and have operate (especially & Jochen Froebrich, [email protected] [email protected] Marie-George Tournoud,Contacts: submitted toabroad rangeofanthropogenic pressures. out onfive studysitesandintegrated intwo pilotcatchments the remobilisation ofpollutants. These actionsare carried in waterandsediments; control oftheeffects offloodson contaminants (organicmatter, nutrients andprioritysubstances) rivers; development ofsolutionstocontrol thedynamicsof of indicesspecifictothehydrology ofthese andecology The MIRAGE project addresses thefollowing issues: definition absence ofreference situationsinthistypeofenvironment. the non-linearityofresponses ofintermittentrivers andtothe intermittent rivers donotyield theexpectedresults, dueto the managementsolutionsdeveloped inthecontextofnon- contamination. When applied toMediterranean catchments, resource availability, floodcontrol, waterqualityandground dynamics.

operating with microbial and/or

led key in the the

an

engineering. engineering. analysis, automatic process engineering, microbial domains These research several concern efforts chains.industrial  models  processes; the products issued from the treatment environmental  Control of behaviour and to act rather than to suffer; processes  Means of action and management of provided;services abiotic parameters with regard to the  and related co-products; the characterisation of organic matter  Research indicators for on generic LBE evolving bioprocesses. achieve sober, reliable performing, and regulatory and residues, under economic and or devices valorisation for effluents objective is to develop remediation context of sustainable paths. The two scales into account, within the LBE *** Engineering http://minea.montpellier.cemagref.fr Descriptive/explanatory/predictive Knowledge develops research in project of ecology, and engineering modelling, constraints, competence: ••• efforts six and associated and and and main role biological

eco-design sanitary have industrial life

of and research in microbiology, the ecosystems order cycle taken ecology; impacts biotic/ of transfer to these axes: of 29 Water resources: preservation and management 30 Water resources: preservation and management

© J.B. Charlier >Human-induced w the case of chlordecone in the French Antilles Study of chronic by pesticides: the INRAcentre ofGuadeloupe, theIRDcentre ofMartinique of CIRAD, theLISAHJRU (INRA, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro), ANR, impliestheresearch andSystèmesBananiers unitsHortSys Plan andthe “Contaminants, Ecosystem, Health”programme of The Chlordexco project, by theNationalChlordecone supported rainfall – oraboutthemodalitiesofplantcontamination. adsorbed inorganicmatter-rich soilssubmittedtotropical the dispersionmodalitiesofthispesticide–whichissignificantly resources) andeven crops. ofcertain Littleisknown eitherabout of rivers, underground tables, (includinglargedrinkingwater especially insoils. This situationleadstochronic contamination Chlordecone residues are stillpresent intheenvironment, to 1993inthebananatree plantations intheFrench Antilles. Chlordecone isanorganochlorinatedinsecticide, usedfrom 1971 Remote SensingandSpatialInformation Interactions between Soils, Agrosystems Other teamsinvolved Industrial Environment Engineering [email protected] [email protected] ietr Jean-Philippe TonneauDirector: [email protected] Director: MiguelLopez-Ferber Laboratory for theStudyof Laboratory http://tetis.teledetection.fr ( Director: JérômeMolénat Territories, Environment, Inra, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) (AgroParisTech, www.mines-ales.fr/LGEI and Hydrosystems    www.umr-lisah.fr Presentationpage15 Presentationpage12 Presentationpage46 UMR LISAH UMR TETIS UMR TETIS Laboratory 70 scientists UR LGEI 45 scientits 34 scientits (EMA)  Banana cultivation in the French West Indies. Cirad , Irstea) ater pollution

running 1 with scientific hall, high performance experimental than 2009, 2010). Its facilities cover more Pollutec Innovation Awards in 2007, (6 patents, 11 licence contracts, innovation multidisciplinary in digestion. It promotes excellence laboratories in the field of anaerobic LBE IRD, etc.). other public institutes (INRA, CNRS, other research units of CIRAD and a or (waste water treatment plant sludge), residues),(harvest environment and other media related to agriculture trace elements, in plants, water, soils mineral constituents, including metal It with astaffof19,basedinMontpellier. (CIRAD) Internal Unit Service – US Analyses The Water, Soils and Plants Analyses in water Analysis of minerals litre to several cubic meters), cross-disciplinary is research, the specialised is more 4,700 food one on is and than m², of an and industry a thematic 24/7 the analytical analyses including in technology 50 world approaches, the basis. digesters role (table plurality, analysis & PhilippeCattan, [email protected] Marc Voltz,Contacts: better environmental management. organisms. Finally, they willendupwithrecommendations for a to betterunderstandthechemicalstresses suffered by aquatic of underground andsurfacewatercontamination. They willhelp andlongtermsevolution andtheshort diagnose theimportance pressure over timeatdifferent scales. They willcontributeto contribute tothepollutionandevolution ofthepolluting These research works willallow identifyingthemain zonesthat the dynamicsofpollutantsare beingmodelled. in soilsandwateroftablesrivers. The transfer pathways and resource basin(400ha). Environmental contaminationisanalysed hydrological behaviour basin(20ha)andofa ofanelementary stations have beeninstalledinGuadeloupetocharacterisethe contamination atthecatchmentscale: several measurement  hydrodynamic properties andclimaticevents. model ofchlordecone migrationiselaborateddependingonsoils the organicmatterandmineralcomposition. A forecasting are examinedtakingintoaccount thetypeofsoil, thequalityof characteristics ofchlordecone adsorption/desorptionmechanisms within thesoilprofile andofitstransfer tounderground tables: the  contamination ofwaterbodiesthrough: and the Agrosphere Institutein Germany. Itaimsatstudyingthe laboratory Water leading The identificationofthedeterminantsmoleculerelease The identificationofsources anddynamicsofriver equipment,

by a oil). 1,900 serving transfer (from

of

It

quality

m² plays

such water, including mineral pollutants underground water tables), or in waste in natural water (rivers, lakes, the developments). training, and methodological expertise for to Management Association for the Improvement and 2000, metrology other destined to train, control and evaluate and field experiments. It is also methodological analytical train students and researchers in The lab is also accredited to atomisation, polarographic chain. spectrometer with electrothermal analysers, controller, granulometers, flow colorimeters, automatic spectrometry (ICP), inductive coupling plasma mass such as inductive coupling plasma preservation is soils of The well-equipped Agriculture the [email protected] four lab lab from as the analyses ISO-9001-2008 analyses heavy is types lab accredited techniques.

non-European atomic and C, is H of of (ICP-MS), to metals. laboratories quality certified pH-meter and With studies elements Quality services import with and restoration absorption N by regard standards  analysis It elementary control. on the by according continuous and carries (analysis, countries. present automat laboratory the in Ministry to analyse

terms devices water, French Since

out

It

of

© M. Soulié project ALIANCE (5 project ALIANCE ofEnvironment),Ministry withintheframework oftheEuropean of the Planning Service Water Resource (Balearic Department This sitehasbeendeveloped oftheStudyand withthesupport bore drilled. (100 monaverage, plusone250mdeep), sixofwhichhave been experimental sitecomprisesanetwork of14deepdrillings progressive pollutionofunderground waterby chlorides. The to seawaterintrusion(up15kminsidetheisland), andthe the overexploitation ofthecoastalunderground table, leading oftheisland,In thispart intensive farmingandirrigation cause (Miocene) exhibitingsomekarsticcavities afew metersinsize. It islocatedwithinahighly permeablecarbonatedreef terrain dedicated tothestudyofseawaterintrusionincoastalaquifers. siteofCampos(12,000m²)is The experimentalandobservation observatory observatory environment” teamofGM, intheframework oftheOREME Currently, theproject is monitored by the “transfers inporous Montpellier, oftheGMjointresearch now part unit. 2002-2005) coordinated by the Tectonophysics of Laboratory in Majorque (Balearic Islands) through hydrogeophysics: the Campos Observatory Monitoring sea water intrusion into coastal aquifers >Human-induced w (see page 13). th European UnionFramework Programme, ater pollution Contact: Philippe Gouze, [email protected] routines of undergroundobservation fluids. companies hasallowed theimplementationofsystematic the imaGeau(Montpellier)andSchlumberger-Westbay (Canada) controlled experiments. Recently, between apartnership GMand external stresses, bethey anthropogenic, natural orinducedby The maingoal istostudytheresponse ofthereservoir to charge ofinsitufluids(usinga WestBay multi-packers tubing). for measurement ofpressure andtemperature fieldsandionic hydrodynamics (Hydreka piezometersorSchlumbergerprobes), such aselectricalresistivity orelectrokinetic potential, andii)in geophysics (igeo-SER), for daily measurement ofparameters a specificinstrumentationdesignedwithinthelaboratory: i)in  The continuous drilling-basedmonitoringoftheaquifer using spontaneous potential, hydrodispersive behaviour). characterisation through hydrogeophysical methods(flowrate by cores andinsitu(electrical, acoustic, naturalradioactivity), flow structures (wallimagery), petrophysical characterisationon medium, by meansofdrillingmeasurement campaigns: geological  Onsitecharacterisationoftheheterogeneous geological The mainscientificobjectives are:

 Lowland cultivation in Majorque, Baleares .

31 Water resources: preservation and management 32 Water resources: preservation and management Riverin the Carnoulès (Gard, France). sampling  Water in the transformation of contaminants in aquatic environments The role of micro-organisms >Human-induced w and chemistry, inorder tounderstand, forecast and possibly develop approaches, multidisciplinary combiningmicrobiology Given thecomplexityofinfluencingfactors, itisessentialto compounds through precipitation or complexation. modification ofchemicalforms, ortotheimmobilisationof can leadtothebiodegradation of organicforms, tothe chemical contaminants, includingxenobiotics. Microbial activity detoxification mechanisms enablingthemtointeractwith capabilities, micro-organisms have developed metabolicor form andthustheirmobility. Owingtotheiradaptation dynamics ofthesecontaminants, by conditioningtheirchemical environment, micro-organisms activityplays akey role inthe Besides thephysico-chemical characteristicsofthe . medical drug residues, in the environment, etc.) especially in the metalloids, organometalliccompounds, endocrinedisruptors, in theevolution ofthesechemicalcontaminants(metals, HSM JRU istogetabetterpicture ofthemechanismsinvolved origin. The purposeofthe research works carried outby the be organicorinorganic, andhave anaturaloranthropogenic in amountandnature throughout thelastcentury. They can Sources ofchemicalcontaminationwaterhave increased

ater pollution

& HélèneFenet, [email protected] Corinne Casiot, [email protected] Contacts: MarinaHéry, [email protected] the PEPSEAproject (fundedby ANR). evolution ofdrugsubstances inthecoastalenvironment during (funded by FUI). Ithasalsobeenapplied inthestudyof from sediments, port duringthe ECODREDGE-MEDproject and ecotoxicity ofthe metallic andorganometallicpollutants This approach hasalsobeendeveloped to study thetransfers sediments. and arsenicoxidation, leadingtotheirimmobilisation inthe the naturalattenuation ofwaterpollution, by promoting iron controlling thesulphideoxidation reactions, andactors of of thegenerationaciddrainagesfrom minewastes, by Observatory mine ofCarnoulès(Gard), oftheOREME whichforms part elements inthehydrosphere downstream from theformer mechanisms involved inthedynamicsofmetallicandmetalloid have decipherthebiogeochemical madeitpossibletopartly works ofHSMonacidminedrainages. These research works environment. This isperfectly illustratedby theresearch control theprocesses ofcontaminanttransfer intothe Water quality (see page 13). Micro-organisms are bothactors © M. Héry preservation from mines. the Carnoulès and restoration  Polluted water

© O. Bruneel © M. Héry and valorisation of urban residual waters CreativERU project: intensive treatment >Treatmentof w filtration technology, enabling theresource tobereused directly;  Production ofqualitytreated water using aporous membrane with thefollowing differences from conventional systems: The aimoftheproject istodefineanew treatment concept, operational costs, oreven theequipmentcosts. disinfected), whilereducing thesizeoffacilitiesand high qualitytreated watersuitablefor direct reuse (asitis waste watertreatment. This treatment enablesproducing very at theindustrialpilotscaleanew intensive pathfor urban This project shouldremove thelastscientificlocksandvalidate aim istoreach low very carbonandwaterimpacts. specifically thetreatment ofurbaneffluents. The ratherinnovative development ofadvancedwatertreatment technologies, more open toFrench-Chinese collaboration. Itconcernsthe and Innovation) isfundedby the ANR “Ecotech” programme, Systems andProcesses ofINSA Toulouse, Veolia Water Research units IEM, LBE, ofEngineeringBiological theLaboratory The CreativERU project (collaborationbetween theresearch populations. Cambodia andin Vietnam, usedasdrinkingwaterby thevillage in Cambodia and Vietnam in Cambodia and Vietnam for arsenic-contaminated drinking water Household-scale purification system >Human-induced w contaminated with arsenic in Cambodia.  Skin disease caused by drinking water aste w © Davin Uu ater ater and effluents aterand pollution table oftheMekong River in from theunderground water arsenic contentofwatertaken efficient device tolower the design asimple, low-cost and objective oftheproject wasto the CIRAD Analysis lab. The University (Vietman)and Hochiminh Technologicalthe Penh) andoperatedjointly with Technological Institute(Pnom- coordinated by theCambodia de laFrancophonie) hasbeen by theAgence Universitaire system (2009-2010, funded scale waterpurification order todevelop ahousehold- in Cambodiaand Vietnam, in zones contaminatedby arsenic underground watertablesin of thecharacteristics A project ontheevaluation

& JérômeHamelin, [email protected] Contacts: Alain Grasmick, consumption) andtheadvantage ofsaving water. consideration for thecarbonrelease (linked toenergy account therequirements for treated water quality, without compared toexistingintensive systemsonly takinginto wouldSuch atechnology constitutereal breakthrough context ofsustainabledevelopment. balanceandaminimalenvironmentalenergy impactwithina to produce fresh waterofadefinedquality, withapositive  elimination and/orrecovery;   concentratedfor easierfermentation;that isfurther inputs), through thephysical extractionoftheorganicfraction,  Demonstrationofthepossibilitytotreat urbanwastewater Optimisationofnutrients treatment tofacilitatetheir Optimisationofasignificantbiogasproduction; Strong reduction oftheoxygen needs(henceofenergy & Karine Alary,& Contacts: DanielBabre, [email protected] µg/l post-treatment. efficiency ofthedevice, leadingtoarsenicconcentrationsbelow 10 different sitesinthetwo countriesandfor thevalidationof foran analyticalthecharacterisationofwatersampledin support small villagescale. For thisstudy, theCIRAD Analysis labprovided device iseasytouse, tomaintainandefficientathouseholdor andafinalpolishingdevice madeofricechaff.granulometry This hydroxide formation thattraps arsenic, asandfilterwithincreasing syringe, anailbedtoenrichtheiron contentandfoster theferric materials. Itcomprisesanairingsystemintheshape ofawatering The device designedisasimplesandbio-filter, madefrom ordinary (arsenicosis) whichcanbelethal. the recently evidenced arsenictoxicity causesskinnecrosis the upstreamofthislarge portion Asian river. Intheseregions, through simpledissolutionfrom arseniferous pyrites present in of anthropogenic origin(pesticides)butessentially natural, by WHO for humanconsumption isaround 10µg/l)ispartly 1,200 µg/lwhereas themaximum concentrationrecommended The highconcentrationofthiselementinwater(from 40to

[email protected]

[email protected] 33 Water resources: preservation and management 34 Water resources: preservation and management Water resources: preservation and management © P. Roux environmental impacts. substances dischargedorconsumedintopotential of modelsallowing theconversion of flows of (a sequenceofstandardised steps)andaset isaconceptualframework,LCA aprocedure referred toas “from cradle tograve”. up tothediscarding attheendoflife, acycleoften life cycle, from theextraction oftheraw materials resources andontheenvironment throughout its the stressesby aproduct imparted onthe purpose ofthe “life cycle”principleistoreduce impact ofaproduct, orprocess. service The and systematicmeantoassesstheenvironmental The Life Cycle isanefficient Assessment (LCA) > Waste water collection network Life Cycle >Treatmentof w through life cycle analysis (LCA) impacts quantification and pollution transfer identification Environmental assessment of water management and uses: Re-emission soil,air,water consumption Resources Waste, sludge, NH NO N CO Air emission ... 2 leachate O 2 x 3

) ) Assessment (LCA  Application of the Life Cycle Assessment method to a waste Assessment N, P,ETM,CTO, DBO water treatment plant. aste w Water release ater and effluents aterand 5 ... STEU Performance level

& SamiBouarfa, [email protected] Philippe Roux, [email protected] Contacts: Véronique Bellon-Maurel, [email protected] as anecologicalmedium. take intoaccount wateranditstreatment in the LCA, bothasalimitedresource and SupAgro). The objective ofalltheseworks andassociatedresearch issuesistobetter a largecity, totheproduction ofmicro- andmacro-algae (INRA-LBEandMontpellier applied tothemanagementof Thau Lagoon, toanirrigated area, towaterusesof relatedefforts towaterusesare inprogress withintheELSAcluster: territorial LCA authorities (sanitationnetworks andwastewatertreatment plants). Otherresearch environmental performance ofthesanitationsystemsmallandmediumsizelocal Environments Since 2010, aproject fundedby theNationalBureau for Water and Aquatic environmental assessmentissuesrelated towatermanagementanduse. and LGEIresearch units, works inclosecollaborationwithG-EAU onthese The ELSA pollution transfers aspossible. account thespecificitiesofsite, makes LCA itpossibletoprevent asmuch local approaches suchasenvironmental impactassessmentstudieswhichtake into of theraw materialsusedtotheendoflife ofthesystemsstudied. Associated with method abletoquantifysuchimpactsover the wholelife cycle, from theextraction of thewastewatertreatment plant. The environmental istheonly assessment LCA are impaired by regional orglobalimpactslinked totheinfrastructure andoperation such aseutrophication ofaquaticenvironments orecotoxicity infresh waterbodies, decommissioning ofthewholesanitationsystem. Thus, thereduction oflocalimpacts other environmental impactsduringtheconstruction, operation, runningand the finalqualityofwaterbacktoenvironment. Yet, suchatreatment generates the efficiencyofawastewatertreatment plantusedtobemeasured only through tosaveconsumption ofmaterialandenergy ortreat thewater. Conventionally, between, ontheonehand, theuseofwateritselfand, ontheotherhand, the or theefficiencyofitsuseandtreatment isalways amatterofcompromise Regardless ofitsuse–agricultural, householdorsanitation–thequalityofwater www.elsa-lca.org * Environmental & Sustainability Lifecycle * cluster, basedinMontpellier, comprising amongstotherITAP, LBE (Office Nationaldel'EauetdesMilieux Water Assessment (Irstea, quality preservation Cirad Aquatiques), aimsatassessingthe , EMA, Montpellier SupAgro, Inra): of LBE at INRA Narbonne,of LBE at INRA France. and restoration Experimental hall  Experimental © J.P. Steyer

© J.P. Steyer treatment ofdifficult industrialwastewater. INSA Toulouse and Total) istodesign aleadingtechniquefor the Gerhardt Institute, of theChemicalEngineeringLaboratory project (collaborationbetween IEM, theMontpellierCharles research made withintheframework efforts ofthePETZECO compounds, owing totheuseofhydroxyl radicals. The aimofthe are ortoxic suitedtothedegradationofbio-refractory linked tocost and implementation. Advanced oxidation processes chemical oxidation oradsorption onactive carbonshow limits substances aspriorityissues. The conventional operationsof This situationhasledtheEuropean Commission toclassifythese unquestionable andinducesreal environmental andhealththreats. Water andsedimentpollution by polycyclic hydrocarbons is Ceramico S.L. Theproject wasimplementedinthree steps: de laPlana[IMECA], between IEM, theInstitutode Technologia Ceramica deCastillon in theeffluentby membraneseparation. Itisacollaboration The Nanoboron project aimsattrapping theboron present human consumptionandfor thecultivationofcitrusfruits. the presence ofboron saltswhichare contaminantsunfitfor in calciumandsulphateionsand, ontheotherhand, from stem,from thisindustry ontheonehand, from ahighcontent la Plana. The mainbottlenecksfor thereuse oftheeffluents in theprovince ofCastellon, around thecityofCastellónde second intheworld. Itisconcentratedinasmallterritory inSpainisthefirstEurope andtheThe ceramicindustry effluents proves tobeasolutionworthy ofattention. the utilisationofmembraneprocesses for thetreatment of and economically interesting for industrialists. Inthiscontext, appropriate treatment, effluentsbecomearesource potentially countries. Assuming they canbevalorisedby meansofan resource. This situationisespecially criticalinMediterranean of activity, compoundedby theunbalancedrenewal ofthe coming decades, due to anincreasing consumption in all sectors Water isfastbecomingaconcernandmajorstake for the effluents through ozone-zeolithe combination PETZECO project: treatment of petrochemical aqueous >Treatmentof w case of the ceramic industry Treatment of industrial effluents for the reuse of water: >Treatmentof w O 3 +O 2 FC2 FC1 measurement A.Gardenia QuimicasS. and Estudio controller controller aste w aste w [O T°C pH 3 ] G

O 3, gas inlet ater and effluents aterand effluents aterand O O 3, gas 3, liq outlet Samples measurement destruction Ozone [O 3 ] L

Contact: StephanBrosillon, [email protected] petrochemical effluents. monolithic materialsthatcontain thenew catalyst onreal of thecatalyst). The ultimategoal oftheproject istouse depth (from fluidisedbedtothemembrane-basedseparation the oxidation process indifferent configurationsare studiedin solid duringthezeolithesynthesis. The parametersused to size in depthtotargetthemostinteresting functionalitiesofthe project. The chemicalandmechanisticaspectswillbestudied an efficient, low costprocess isanotherchallengefor this The implementationofthiscatalysts/ozone combinationin project, few sincevery studies have beendone inthisdomain. adsorbant/catalyst isoneofthemajorchallengesthis The development ofthisnew zeolithe-typesolidmesoporous catalytic properties. resistance tooxidation andmaintainlongtermadsorbing and utilisation ofamineralporous solidshould guaranteeagood andshouldacceleratethe degradationspeeds.a synergy The the adsorptionproperties ofzeolithe. This combinationtriggers decomposition capacity ofozoneintohydroxyl radicalswith with innovative zeolithicmaterials, inorder toassociatethe The mainideaofthisproject istouseozonecombined André Deratini, [email protected] Contact: have validatedtheapproach. tests andthetechnico-economicstudycarried outby IMECA been designed. The been pilot systemhasthen process.demonstration A and ananofiltration couple amicrofiltration step (IEM)hasledto feasibility The laboratory with aneconomicbalance. the operatingconditions tests andadaptation to system and(3)insitu of ademonstrationpilot (2) modelling anddesign scale,laboratory and feasibility atthe processes applicable (1) identificationofthe

 Pilot machine coupling microfiltration and nanofiltration for the treatment of industrial effluents built by IEM and IMECA PROCESS. in-situ

© A.Deratini 35 Water resources: preservation and management 36 Water resources: preservation and management difficulties. EMMAHhasinitiatedresearch ontheevolution efforts regulations with theiradvantagesandimplementation evolution ofpollutants andpathogensintheenvironment, qualification andquantification, epidemicslinked towaterquality, the useoftreated wastewaterwithregard topractices, risks EMMAH iscurrently inaEuropean takingpart survey about condition ofthepopulations, etc. origin ofthewater, itstreatment, itsmanagement, thehealth Its salinitymay causesoildegradation. The risksdependonthe to theflora, faunaandhumans, aswell ashumanentericpathogens. and healthrisks. Itcouldcontainvarioustoxic compounds harmful the useoftreated wastewaterfor irrigation inducesenvironmental from potential (nitrogen itsfertilising andphosphates). However, rivers, intheaquifers orinthesea, andtheagriculture benefits waste waterusedfor irrigation istherefore not dischargedin overexploitation andsalinisationofcoastalaquifers. The treated waters for usesthatrequire highquality, andtoprevent the to thisproblem. Itmakes itpossibletouseinpriorityconventional The reuse oftreated wastewatercouldbeoneofthesolutions warming, demographic growth anddiversification ofwateruses. The world facesaproblem ofwaterscarcity causedby global towards better risk assessment Treated waste water for irrigation: and treated>Waste >Waste and treated>Waste bioelectrosynthesis for residual waste refining The BIORARE project: conditions andthemoleculeseffectively synthesisedwillbe scientific and technical bases. The relations between the operating tostrengthen themicrobialit willbenecessary electro-synthesis elaboration ofasubsequentindustrialdevelopment strategy. First, identified aswell asthespecificationsassociatedwith of microbial electro-synthesis, thekey componentswillbe In order toelaborateadetailedspecificationfor theapplication regulation. oxidation reactions thatoccuratthecathode, through voltage  Possibility toorientatethemetabolicflows andtoselectthe takes place; inwhichthesynthesisofmoleculeinterestcompartment receives theorganicmattertobetreated anda “clean”  Physical separationbetween a that compartment “dirty” systems offer essentialadvantages: usable ingreen chemistry. These microbial electro-synthesis bioprocess towards theproduction ofmolecules interest, “bio-energizer”, buttoorientatethemetabolicreactions ofthe electro-chemical systems, nottoproduce electricityasin ofthebio- The mainideaconsistsinusingthetechnology presentand energy inwastes. production ofhighvalue-added moleculesusingorganicmatter refining ofwastesandeffluents. This recent discoveryallowed the use oftheconcept “microbial electro-synthesis” for thebio- company (CNRS, INPT, UPS), theINRAresearch unitLBEandthe the jointresearch unit “Chemical EngineeringLaboratory” “Environmental EngineeringandBiological Treatment of Wastes”, research units “Hydrosystems andBioprocesses” and BIORARE isacollaborative project thatinvolves theIRSTEA Suez-Environnement. Itfocuses onthemodalitiesof w w aste aste w w ater valorisation ater valorisation

Contact: Pierre Renault, [email protected] up ofnew warningsensors. Through thisproject, EMMAHwillalsobeinvolved inthesetting and finally todevelop toolsfor publicauthorities. decision-support environment, tointegratethisknowledge inmechanisticmodels associated withtheevolution virusesandbacteria inthe ofcertain The finalobjective istogainabetterknowledge oftheprocesses the evolution ofthepathogensstudied. experiments,and laboratory analysis oftheprocesses underlying processes: sitevisitswithreuse ofthetreated wastewater, in-situ uses variousmethodsanddevelops modelsthatcouple different salinity ofwastewateronthestructuralstabilitysoils. EMMAH of wastewatertreatment plants, aswell asintotheeffects ofthe antibiotic-resistant certain bacteriadetectedattheinletandoutlet and intheatmosphere. Itwillalsolookintotheevolution of It looksintotheevolution ofthisvirusinthesoils, atthesurface even totheRotavirusresponsible for thesamedisorders inchildren. the hepatitis A virus(miceMengovirus ). Itwishestoextenditswork to of virusesintheenvironment, notably withasubstitutetothe Contact: NicolasBernet, [email protected] right measures willbetaken whenever necessary. future industrialdevelopment strategies. The intellectualproperty analysis shallbe undertaken toachieve abetterdefinitionofthe industrial choices. Finally, aneconomic, societalandregulatory sensitive components, inorder toorientatethetechnicalor scenarios whichwillallow theidentificationofenvironmentally facilities. This work willbecarried outonthebasisofreference strategies usedtocouplethesesystemstheexistingindustrial In parallel, there willbeanenvironmental assessmentofthe and appreciate thetechnologicalpotentialofthese systems. approaches shallbecombinedinorder tobetterunderstand scale.validated experimentally atlaboratory Multidisciplinary Water Norovirus responsible for mostoftheviralgastroenteritis, or quality

 Illustration of the bioelectrosynthesis concept. © T. Bouchez preservation and restoration

F. Molle © IRD Traditional irrigation  Traditionalirrigation system in Syria. 37 WaterRessources resources: en eau preservation : préservation and et management gestion 38 T. Ruf©IRD Water resources: preservation and management institutions, territories of resources and uses: Management and societies  Traditional in Morocco. water management system for irrigation

and theintroduction ofpublicparticipation. instruments, whilerecommendingmanagement concerted a minimaincentives tosave waterthrough pricing be sowidely basedoneconomicconcepts. Itimposes Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000), thefirstto now textssuchastheEuropean privilegedinregulatory adopted by stakeholders inthisdomain. This approach is management, thischangeinparadigmisbeingincreasingly Reflecting anew way ofconsideringwaterresources sectoral scales. resources, thosethatimpactdemandatdifferent inter- in additionfor toinitiativesmobilisingwater necessary abreakcertainly from existingapproaches considering, achieve watersavings onanadequatescale. This is water allocationandconsumptionbehaviours andthus understand, formalise orregulate individualorcollective and managementsciencesstandpoints, inorder to Scientists now assess theseissuesfrom economic, social priorities ofthecompetinguses. rights from onesectortoanother, dependingonthe advocated, for example, by transferring waterusage incentives. Inter-sectoral managementofwaterisalso usage category, by adoptingtailored technologiesand avoiding waterwastage, orsaving waterwithineach in Fréjus(France)1997. Someauthorsrecommend from theMediterranean countriesduringaworkshop WDM conceptwasacclaimedby watermanagers resources andassociateduses. Implementationofthe so astobeablebalancemanagementofwater prerequisite tomobilisingnew oralternative resources, (WDM) impliesthatsaving waterisanessential Indeed, the “water demandmanagement”concept and semi-aridregions. water-use conflicts, acuteinMediterranean particularly streams seasons, andwetlands duringdry followed by scarcity oftheresource, upofrivers, withthedrying down asawareness hasincreased onthegrowing be given tohydrological orsocialscienceshascalmed The harshnessofthedebateonwhetherpriorityshould even subjectedtocontroversy. human andsocialscienceshaslongbeenquestioned, and resource depletionanddegradationtrend through Nevertheless, attemptingtoreverse thisnatural scope ofeconomics, managementandsocialsciences. sharing. The studyofsuchinitiatives fallswithinthe these societiestodraw uprulesfor wateraccessand T irrigate theircrops orproduce energy, led to supply societiesandtheirlivestock, he scarcity ofsuchavitalresource aswater, preventing waterresource degradation. meeting thechallengestosatisfysociety’s needswhile would appear tobeinagood positiontocontribute competitiveness cluster, theregional scientificcommunity With thesequalitiesandthebackingof “Water” social sciences. works amonghydrological, economical, managementand of therecent astoundingdevelopment ofmultidisciplinary research units, orthrough collaborations, givingevidence disciplines, eitherinternally withinmultidisciplinary  The research iscarried outattheinterfaceofseveral management are thusitemsofgrowing importance. Observatories, governance andspatialinformation is almostsystematically thefocal pointoftheresearch. environmental andotherpublicpoliciesimplementation,  The territory, whichistherelevant scalefor work: chapter clearly highlightstwo features oftheresearch carried outby theresearch unitsthat are covered inthis A briefglimpseatthelinesofresearch andprojects resilience andmedium-termadaptability ofthese areas. increase, toenhancethe soitisallthemore necessary Change (IPCC), theseextreme events are likely to to forecasts oftheIntergovernmental PanelonClimate vulnerability withregard tofloodanddrought. According frequently dealwithriskmanagementandterritorial projects includingMediterranean areas andthus  Mostoftheresearch unitsare involved ininternational levels ofmanagementanddecision. decision-making processes andbetween thedifferent of interactionsbetween biophysical mechanismsand of modellingandsimulation platforms for thestudy this domainare notably dependentonthedevelopment policies atthe level.“water territory” Innovations in the implementationandeffectiveness ofenvironmental institutional ortechnicalinstrumentsthatcouldenhance  Designawiderangeofregulatory, economic, management andconsultation. to comeupwithrenewed termsandconditionsfor shared by stakeholders atadapted territorial scalesand the qualityofwaterandaquaticenvironments, thatare inorder tomeetobjectivesuses andservices concerning of conditionsfor thegovernance ofwaterresources, development andplanningpolicies. This involves analysis especially streamlining themwithterritorial economic  Contributetodrawing uppublicenvironmental policies, the bestuseofitsmany assets to: community’s work extendsbeyond WDM perse. Itmakes The scopeandvarietyoftheregional scientific Thierry Rieu(UMRG-Eau) Thierry 39 Water resources: preservation and management 40 Water resources: preservation and management Water Management, Stakeholders, Uses Stakeholders, Resources and Territories http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/artdev (AgroParisTech, Irstea,iheam-IAMM, C Cirad Renewable Resources Management [email protected] Spatial Analysis for Development Governance, Risk, Environment, in theDevelopment Process (CNRS, UM3, Cirad Director: Geneviève Cortès Director: Martine Antona Antona Martine Director: Director: Frédéric Huynh [email protected] ...continued onpage 42 Director: Patrice Garin Director: Francis Laloë [email protected] www.cirad.fr/ur/green [email protected] IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) Main teams UMR ESPACE-DEV [email protected] www.espace-dev.fr      and Environment (IRD, UM2, UA www.gred.ird.fr www.g-eau.net UMR ART-Dev Presentationpage48 Presentationpage49 Presentationpage42 Presentationpage40 Presentationpage47 Development UPR GREEN UMR G-EAU UMR GRED 59 scientists 14 scientists 75 scientists 55 scientists 60 scientists (IRD, UM3) ( Cirad) , UM1, UPVD) G, UR) Management of resources

,

territories and societies

and uses: according to two approaches: management issues are addressed temporarily slowly-moving rapidly-moving shortages, should the resource be in standpoint. addressed while quantitative resources, management of scarce water scenarios”, aims to improve analysis operational management to the The first line of research, “from activity. lines, plus a cross-sectoral training activities are structured along three stakeholders. disciplines, research workers and Modelling is a mediator between sociology, and social sciences (economics, sciences (automation, fluid mechanics), life (hydrology, sciences together earth bringing approaches are being developed, basin. special focus on the Mediterranean continents,and African with a priority water resources management. The and uses resources: stakeholders management of water The sustainable identifying aims at building knowledge and IRD, Montpellier SupAgro) IRSTEA, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, Unit – UMR G-EAU (AgroParisTech, Stakeholders, Uses” Joint Research The water “Water Management, the Multidisciplinary is of in (agronomy, qualitative given political mainly from resource regions levers hydraulics), G-EAU stored biophysical G-EAU (aquifers) (rivers, a to hydro-biological for through the science). (dams). hampered is allocation ) aspects research sustainable interested European pipelines),

engineering approach, or a

The

are

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institutions,

innovations areas. in irrigated for technical and institutionalsupport systems multiscale evaluation of irrigated equipment; design of through areasirrigated with a focus on farms, practices agriculture” Research situations (floods, pollution). dimensions of vulnerabilities in risk or to different of regulation forms uses demand for water in its different behaviours, by providedagriculture and services approaches and relations between and iv) economic and institutional and the water domain; (iii) regulation and indicators inof observatories and roleactions; (ii) construction in the implementation of collective analysis focused on (i) installations and action, situations.risk As regards public behaviours governance, but also with action, regulation and multilevel risks”, of water-associated and services “public policies, management The second line of research, the range from the production of data in scales). The tools and initiatives of man-made basins (larger time changes in the strategic management assessment of the impact of overall management; systems (1) the to hydrosystems. regulation of natural or artificial field sustainability so analyse physical deals and interest as performances three for of to along from to institutional sustainability physical and “real-time” (ii) – not the assess the deals topics: 2) equipments processes multicriteria line is aim vulnerability only analysis socioeconomic Concerning particularly of with three their modelling. is water (i) with and to operational analysis dynamics irrigation for of sensitivity – qualify and public “irrigated (iii) to utilities irrigation and the

in

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within theframework ofemergingstudiesabouttherole of conflicts occurrence inSub-Saharan Africa. This research comes The LAMETA JRU analyses thelinksbetween climateand increasing competitionfor resources. therefore be suggested thatclimatemay generateconflictsby the tensionsaround theuseofarable land andwater. Itcan is oneofthecausescivilwarinDarfur, by increasing is consensusaboutthefactthatdrought (anddesertification) in theworld themostsensitive toclimatechange. Today, there access todrinkingwater, Sub-Saharan Africa isoneoftheregions African householdsandthattheseoftenhave no activities represent 60to100%oftheincomepoorest depending mainly onlocalagriculture. Given thatagricultural already affected by poordrinkingwatersupply andthose anomalies couldhave disastrous consequencesfor countries events, suchas droughts, floodsandhurricanes. These climatic Climate changewillincrease thefrequency ofextreme climatic T. Ruf©IRD Droughts >Prevention and mana and conflicts gement of w ater-related risks * SeePalmer,W., 1965. Meteorological drought. Paper Research 45, USDept. ofCommerce link between conflictsandclimaticconditions. UsingthePalmer no consensuscouldbefound amongscientistsaboutaformal other words, only climatic “shocks” were taken intoaccountand of civilwars, usingraw dataofprecipitation andtemperature. In link betweenclimaticanomaliesandtheoccurrence short-term Nature, for example). Previous research works focused onthe natural factorsintheemergenceofconflicts(published Contact: Raphael Soubeyran, [email protected] statistically significant. drought andcivilwarand, unlike previous studies, are highly obtained inthisway show apositive relationship between and considersdrought asacumulative phenomenon. The results the consequencesofclimaticvariationsonagriculturalactivities climatic shock. well-adaptedThis indexisparticularly toevaluate (of waterandconsequently food) ratherthanasatemporal drought index, LAMETA hasconsidered drought asa “stock”

in the Tafilalet Valley, Morocco.  Dried soil *

41 Water resources: preservation and management 42 Water resources: preservation and management © UMR LGEI and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur and marine submersion in Languedoc-Roussillon Preventing and combating floods, pollution >Prevention and mana Montpellier Laboratory of Montpellier Laboratory Theoretical Territories, Environment, Remote (CNRS, Sensing and Spatial Information Sensing andSpatialInformation ietr Jean-Philippe TonneauDirector: [email protected] www.lameta.univ-montp1.fr Director: Jean-Michel Salles http://tetis.teledetection.fr (AgroParisTech, Cirad [email protected] and Applied Economics and Applied ...continued onpage 44 Inra, MontpellierSupAgro, UM1) Main teams  HYDROGUARD experimental   UMR LAMETA Presentationpage46 Presentationpage44 UMR TETIS UMR TETIS 70 scientists 50 scientists measurement device. , Irstea) Management of resources and uses: gement of

w (Australia). and Industrial (Commonwealth Scientific and in UFZ of University level at the international partners Basin, and Interfaces in the Mediterranean Programme (Continental Surfaces the G-EAU under irrigation. studies on water and solute transfers Gignac equipment sites: G-EAU pollutions andmarinesubmersioninLRPACA. * HYDROGUARD: Autonomous equipmentandtechnologies for the optimisedmanagementofthemeansprevention offloods, HYDROGUARD & CatherineGonzalez, [email protected] Contacts:Pierre-Alain Ayral, synthesised inreal-time toproperly inform endusers. monitored areas usingsuitablevisualisationflows. Datacollectedby thesensorswillbe 2D/3D visualisationtoolswillbeconnectedtothesystemallow displaying the ridge rupture, humanandeconomicfactorsatstake. withimportant water bodiesmanagement, rapid floodrisks, lagoon andmarinesubmersiondune municipalities around Étangde Thau). These areas are representative ofissueslinked to This project targetsthemunicipal scaleontwo pilotsites(thecityof Alès and with otherexistingsystems(CEMER, ALADIN…). originality liesinitsdecentralisation, itsproximity, itsredundancy anditsinter-operability authorities, privateindividuals, operators. industrialsitemanagersandservice The system’s used topassonrelevant information togovernment andservices, departments local information captured by itsdetectors/sensors. Innormalsituations, thesystemcanbe actions, contributingtodecision-making andorientingrescue teams, thankstothe well aswithexistingstandards. Incaseofalert, thissystemisanidealtoolfor anticipating of waterbodies. This new systemisconsistentwithEuropean andnationalregulations, as insituationsoffloodormarinesubmersion)andthemanagement systems (particularly relevant indicator. This equipmentcouldthereby beusedinmonitoringstrategies, inalert the evolution ofwaterbodiesandcoastlines, oreven tomeasure erosion orany other (floods orstorms), butalsoundernormalcircumstances todetectpollutions, tomonitor sensors, onboard communication andcomputersystems, are notonly used uponalerts To ensure theprofitability oftheinvestment, thedevices, equippedwithdetectors/ zonesattimesofalert. varying buoys orsetupinsensitive areas, inamobileform tobeinstalledin ortransported sustainable managementofwaterbodiesandterritories. The devices canbefixed on Alpes-Côte d'Azurregions. More generally, localauthoritiesinthe itaimsatsupporting follow-up ofwatercourses andcoastlinesoftheLanguedoc-RoussillonProvence- aims atdeveloping areliable, autonomousandautomatedmonitoringsystemfor the ater-related risks Technology Leipzig Merle Australian (Umweltforschungszentrum) are the see page 10). Its main contributes has Canal the and laboratory (Germany), Research and four research Wageningen for La ValetteLa estates for (Netherlands), National Delft * , a2009-2012project approved by the “Risks” competitiveness cluster, experimental canal to Organisation) for and University the CSIRO regulation irrigation University studies, SICMED [email protected] institutions, territories and societies the and conservation lines GRED and resources. and the management of territories vulnerabilities how the new constraints and scientific objective is to understand governance and environment. The environmental issues”, linking of investigation relates to “socio- with the environment. This field their individual members develop the relationships that societies and UMR GRED Development” Joint Research Unit The management and Water resource governance

“Governance, Risk, Environment, of is research: structured (IRD, UM3) studies and Gestion de l'eau au Maroc. Gestion modify (1) the along Biodiversity dynamics the three governance

–

access. surroundingand discrimination this resourceswith access to territorial by to and a strategic challenge with respect focus for public development policies governance environments line. on water comes under the second the three lines of research. and relate to specific topics (conflicts territories. Cross-sectoral themes N. Saint-Geours © UMR TETIS vulnerability (3) Risks and and territories; and management of resources of policies with cost-benefit / avoided damage tools Economic evaluation of flood management >Prevention and mana societies’ rural left) and uncertainty about total damages caused by left) and uncertainty  Model for damage assessment during flood events the of the various input data used in the model (on the is a map of submersion levels in the low Orb Valley access the flood, calculated using a cost-benefit analysis– Indeed, Graphics represent respectively sensitivity indexes in the Orb Valley (Hérault, France): the blue form frequent systems; to represents dynamics, water of resources…) avoided damages model (on the right). (forests…) (darkest colour = highest water level). conflicts societies (2) and Governance as both hydrosystem associated and revealed common Research and/or gement of a

priority

to

w based approach, anchored in the This is a contextualised and process- inducing changes and innovations. repeated water-use conflicts, thus mediation of stakeholders facing with modes of coordination and community between the public, and private and the decision-making power issues about water resource sharing This environment. economic and socio-political on water resources and a changing in the context of growing pressure transformations that affect them focuses The “Social water management” team ater-related risks research on & Frédéric Grelot, [email protected] Jean-Stéphane Bailly, [email protected] Nathalie Saint-Geours, [email protected] Contacts: analyses. Rhône of outputindicators. The results obtainedwillguidetheStateorPlan influence ofthenature andspatialextentofinputdataontheresolution The project alsoexplores purely scientificissueslike thecrossed and associatedsensitivities. and acomputerisedtoolfor theanalysis ofcosts-benefits, uncertainties produced towards theoperationalworld, through amethodologicalguide scientific collaborationisdesignedtofacilitatetransfer oftheknowledge andconsequent sensitivity ofeconomicindicators.of uncertainties This and thePlanRhônepartners, hasdeveloped aframework for theanalysis of thiskindtoolsinFrance, with inpartnership AgroParisTech, UM2, its performance andusefulness. IRSTEA, aleaderinthedevelopment The control linked ofuncertainties tothistoolisanessentialpointof vulnerability. spatial datawithinformation aboutrisklevel, landuseandusage linked todifferent highwaterscenarios, obtainedby crossing random flood. These indicatorsrely onanestimationofthepotentialdamage the economiceffectiveness ofdifferent policiesimplementedtoprevent authorities. Suchatoolproduces variousspatialindicatorstocompare analysis tool, basedonthemethodofavoided damagefor contracting economic relevance. To thisend, the TETIS JRU develops acost-benefit framework offloodmanagementbesystematically assessedfor their The French government requires thatpoliciesimplementedinthe rural stakeholders. specifically future strategiesondatacollectiontoimplementcost-benefit societies,

focuses It studying deals on of public policies. ideological and cognitive dimensions different the costs and benefits attached to the questions and incentive structures. It thus and the introduction rules of formal transformation of water regimes as a pivotal stakeholder in the public The team also works on defining different levels to facilitate changes. frameworks at while intervening hampered collective stakeholders who are on the strategies of individual and situations. naturehistoric of the trajectories and

policy, public the by It focuses the

and social policy existing ••• thus distribution more options on institutional the specifically State and of the 43 Water resources: preservation and management © K. Erdlenbruch 44 Water resources: preservation and management Information – Technology –Environmental Laboratory for the Study of Interactions for theStudyofInteractions Laboratory Water: New Resources andEconomics Other teamsinvolved Director: Jean-Christophe Maréchal [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Analysis – Agricultural Processes Director: MiguelLopez-Ferber between Soils,between Agrosystems Montpellier HydroSciences ( Director: JérômeMolénat Inra, IRD, MontpellierSupAgro) ( www.mines-ales.fr/LGEI Engineering Laboratory www.hydrosciences.org Industrial Environment Irstea, MontpellierSupAgro) [email protected] Director: ÉricServat Director: Tewfik Sari [email protected] (CNRS, IRD, UM1, UM2) and Hydrosystems www.irtsea.fr/itap     www.umr-lisah.fr  Presentationpage15 Presentationpage28 Presentationpage16 Presentationpage12 UR EAU/NRE Presentationpage8 UMR LISAH UMR ITAP UMR HSM UMR HSM 40 scientists 45 scientists 57 scientists 14 scientists 34 scientists UR LGEI (BRGM) (EMA) Management of resources and uses:

combines three approaches: LAMETA directions. students exchanges in both involves researchers and Ph.D. University Australian University State, of Australian network, cooperationits international LAMETA modelling. for for for of with several other research units LAMETA relative to agricultural activities. quantitative the developsfor economic instruments policies. natural resource management” “sustainable development and works, among other themes, on Montpellier SupAgro, UM1) UMR LAMETA Economics” Joint Research Unit of Theoretical and Applied The management agricultural water Economics to improve Primary the social agronomic hydrological improvement “Montpellier Laboratory University regional In research has works especially aspects National institutions of of Products Over particular, water also Western Sydney), aspects, (CNRS, INRA, community: in aspects, the of and strengthened of on collaboration management Melbourne, with University, past qualitative of water Australia, systems which LAMETA (Ministry Victoria G-EAU various SYSTEM five

LISAH

years,

institutions, territories and societies

and

–

management programmes. planning and water patterns, territorial interdependences between land-use These models take into account the based on in-depth field studies. agronomy, other requiring  Integrated modelling approaches, experiments. mobile site economics LAMETA with respect to public intervention. the behaviour of economic agents experiments” tools are used to assess instruments.These “testbed proposed better picture of their reactions to the or in the field with water users, give a approaches,  the volumes in advance, so as to guarantee “book” which provide incentivesto for farmers have of been pricing developed forms Systems (Novel of are and when water resourcesauthorities agricultural users and public is lacking betweeninformation proposed in situations where management tools and mechanisms to and public economics approaches microeconomics  Theoretical Experimental the analyse uncertain. availability (LEEM, disciplines European Integrated their laboratory for has coordination the ecology, laboratory Montpellier) Southern either required an  Irrigation in Lot (France). Within efficiency of economics experimental NOVIWAM (hydro-geology, the Water to in etc.), facilitate resource. the the irrigation Europe), on with Management of and are laboratory framework the water ••• project usually Richter a field new water analysis andexperimental economics. project isbasedupondynamicmodellingmethods, econometric LAMETA JRUs, IRSTEA, INRAandMontpellierSupAgro. The in France. Itbringstogethereconomistsfrom theG-EAU and issuesandrelatedan economicanalysis ofwatershortage risks The RISECOproject (fundedby ANR) proposes out tocarry prime importance. tools toefficiently regulate waterdemandappears tobeof forecast more frequent drought occurrences. Thus, providing used for irrigation. Moreover, mostglobalwarmingscenarios shortages, withlow waterlevels inreservoirs orwatertables In anumber ofplaces, prolonged droughts inducedstructural consuming sectorandeconomically themostaffected one. impact ofthisphenomenononagriculture, mainwater periods (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011)recalling theimportant Recently, Francehasbeenconfronted toseveral drought for the management of water scarcity and drought risk RISECO project: resources economics >Prevention and mana gement of w ater-related risks Katrin Erdlenbruch, [email protected] Contact: water pricingby regional development companies. applications, for themanagementofextractablevolumes orfor availability oftheresource. These questionshave practicalfield aboutthe waterpricedependingonuncertainty on avarying Finally, itproposes anoriginalmethodofwaterpricing, based of rights”, dependingontheway risks. they manageshortage enabling farmerstobuildupamore orlesssure “portfolio rights” systems, withdifferent watersupply guaranteelevels, of bothresource andrisk. Itevaluates theinterest of “water farmers. Itassesseshow “water rights”canpromote ashare guaranteesinthemanagementofdroughtand harvest riskby example, theproject proposes toanalyse therole ofirrigation terms ofefficiencyfor themanagementofwatershortages. For Different economicinstrumentsare analysed andcompared in For more information: https://riseco.cemagref.fr  Decree about limitation of water use in France in July 2011.

45 Water resources: preservation and management 46 Water resources: preservation and management © Agence de l’eau Artois-Picardie an overview of the spatial structures measurement devices and provides resolution notably biodiversity. of characterisation and management TETIS stakeholders. spatial for the and appropriation use of of systems; environmental and territorial analysis spatial data; the spatio-temporal acquisition approach chain: to the information thematic research usinganintegrated conceptual, methodological and and and management of environments methods to enhance knowledge management spatial information CIRAD, IRSTEA) Unit Information” Joint Research Remote Sensing and Spatial The and territories resources, environments insight into and manage to gain information Managing spatial >Prevention and mana to limit the water pollution by pesticides to limit the water pollution by pesticides Systems for the allocation of agro-environmental contracts aquatic information territories. “Territories, Environment, – UMR TETIS (AgroParisTech, carries information with and design environments – – supplements Satellite modelling very notably out systems; TETIS and aims to develop research high by management imagery by conducts territorial spatial of processes satellite The POPSYproject “Field crops and production systems, Environment, the Public policies”(2009-2013)is agro- funded by ANR andcoordinated by Management of resources and uses: on the “Public economics”research unit ofINRA Versailles-Grignon. It bringstogethereconomists and agronomists. The aimofthis project is(1)todevelop methods gement of for thedesignofecologically- their performing production systems, field – the using lesspesticide, (2)tostudy the socio-economicconditions presentation of the “water and agriculture” programme of  Auction advertisement for the creation of herbal covers published in the document of for theemergence, the development andtheadoption of suchsystemsand(3)to assess theimpactofcurrent – of w change setting. atmosphere parameters in a climate processes or for combining surface- physical which is essential for information soil (active TETIS the bottom and estimate flow rates. deduce water level, slope and speed), and watercourse (width, variables surface French d’Études Spatiales) with are developed in collaboration associated mathematical methods altimetry, habitats. models simulating the functioning of in LIDAR measurements,and airborne are monitoring. methods for watercoursesairborne TETIS of rivers, lakes and lagoons; modelling dynamics, phenomena involved (sediment study analysis the pressures upon them. Spatial of the watercourses, spatial distribution environments and ater-related risks pressures/status). habitats, order mapped features temporal CNES the is is microwave Aerospace the to and developing developing modelling Radar natural interferometry) monitoring feed (Centre National hydraulic etc.) Watercourse using such modelling dynamics (hydro-morphology techniques hydro-biological while and as Lab) optical data) and of radar satellite moisture parameters & Laure Kuhfuss, [email protected] Raphaele Preget, [email protected] SophieThoyer,Contacts: permanent green cover through auctions. Artois-Picardie Water Agency, ofcontractsallocationfor LAMETA inapilotexperiment, alsoparticipates withthe farmers (especially thevinegrowers ofLanguedoc-Roussillon). contracts, whichare more effective andmore motivatingfor the allocationofindividualorcollective agro-environmental “water” isastrong stake. Itexperimentsnew systemsfor reduction are leftaheadby stakeholders interritories where why territorialised agro-environmental measures for pesticide Within thisproject, LAMETA studiesthereasons particularly ones. “Ecophyto2018” policiesandtopropose support more effective anthropogenic hydrological quantifying vegetation to ONERA are to of depths imagery quantify and imagery these quantify (imagery, used and – (the to institutions, territories and societies of in of Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie. management policies. economic evaluation of flood risk the TETIS autonomy of the emergence and increasing knowledge collection and legitimisation of local mapping according to stakeholders), consultation (3D models, territorial spatial representations of in support processes: functions and uses of role in governance of information spread, water management) and the of complex phenomena (urban work deals with spatial modelling observatories. of territorial This project out a researchde Thau carried and the planning to public policies for territorial of an integratedAs part approach a limited land setting. strategies for water access and use in the sub-Saharan region, focused on areas out on irrigated also carried in measurements. Some research is imagery, up infrared infrared and thermal or satellite images or close- aerial of stress fromindices derived Research is focused on the evaluation and enhancing water management. assessing agricultural production field of researchan important for of plant water stress represents In the spatial [email protected] agriculture is on Syndicat Mixte du Bassin also and and the of sensitivity and undertaking the surface management, analysis know-how, territories, domain, temperature of and methods work the analysis design etc. TETIS study on for

© J.F. Faure in the different reservoirs of the seasonal and inter-annual variations through spatial measurements, Amazon mass the variations: case of the  countries: in cooperation with developing and water domain through research ESPACE-DEV sustainable development. for environment observatories to the emergence of networks of process. The aim is to contribute acquisition development from of territories, data knowledge for the sustainable spatialisation of environmental innovative methodologies for the UR) UMR ESPACE-DEV Development” Joint Research Unit – The of territories sustainable development knowledge for the of environmental Spatialisation scales. climatic andsocietal conditions, andatgiven temporalandspatial the mostefficientonein Amazonia), tospecificenvironmental, areefforts usually mainly limitedtoonevector (Anophelesdarlingi, to predict thelevel of “health risk”, remains achallenge. Research modelling thetransmissionmechanisms intimeandspace, inorder climatic andsocietalmechanisms. Inthisrespect, identifying and transmission riskdependsonaset ofcomplexbiological, ecological, including thespeciesAnopheles, amalariavector. Butmalaria Water isgenerally associatedwiththepresence ofmosquitoes – in French Guyana.  RiverThe Sinnamary Hydrological dynamics >Prevention and mana The “Spatial Analysis for transfer is developing and implementing programme Basin” to programmes, is the aims involved decision-making “Flood (IRD, UM2, UAG,

at

estimating, in flows notably the gement of and w water levels, to gain a better insight assessment tools for high- and low- operational forecasting and risk objective of the project is to develop along which affects the habitats situated supplies or severe high-water levels, lead to breakdowns water in drinking or flooding phenomena, which can is hampered with extreme low-water seasonal is the highest. As a result of marked which three large regions of the world in adaptation” is focused on one of the Guiana: hydrological  institutions and universities). between large tropical basins (cooperation type aims to implement a rainfall-flow forecasting” and medium-term short- analysis assimilation  and/or sensors, using between comparison different spatial and continental

The programme “Spatial data ater-related risks The validating hydrological programme river the and malaria in Amazonia modelling. forecasts, of IRD variations, per-capita the banks. hydrological for phenomena and

in situ measurements Amazon these the model Brazilian The impacts “Extreme hydrological French estimates adri PedroWanderli Tadei, Naziano Filizola, [email protected] Laurent Durieux, [email protected] Contacts: Emmanuel Roux, [email protected] involves Brazilian, American andFrench teams. National Centre for Scientificand Technological Research (CNPq), approach.multi-disciplinary This project, fundedby theBrazilian and malariaintheregion ofManaus, following amulti-scale and DEV studiestherelationship between socio-environmental factors attempt todecipherthecomplexityoftheseprocesses, ESPACE- Amazonia, according tostillpoorly understoodprocesses. In an character ofmalariadependsonregions andlandscapes of seasonal andannual variabilityontheepidemicandendemic However, therole played by hydrological dynamicsandtheir are found inonly onecase. studied outofthree, whilesignificantcorrelations withprecipitations between smaller scale, inFrench Guiana, significantcorrelations were found one ofthemainnaturalfactorscontrolling malarialincidence. Ona Basin scale, rivers andflooding areas hydrological dynamicsconstitute A study, basedonwetlands mapping, showed thatatthe Amazon interpretation, todevelop tools. applications anddecision-support notion ofspatiality, from theacquisitionofdatauptotheir from French GuianaandBrazil, ESPACE-DEV focuses onthe In closecollaborationwithentomologistsandepidemiologists

water primary Basin tailored cycle in

and supply

Guiana French An. darlingiabundanceandhydrological dynamics ontwo sites and

by

to

are hard to reach. remote control of the state of sites that project explores new methods for Guiana sampling it other watercourses is difficult since type Water in (notably increasing anthropogenic pressures quality involves the regular control of the of remotethe contribution sensing” of evaluation  decision-making assistance. and resilience indicators and provide define Maroni river). The project proposes to inhabitants adaptation strategies of local The project will highlight potential evaluate the mitigation potential. and their living conditions and to flooding phenomena on communities the impacts of low-water level and phenomena. characterise the associated extreme into The programme “Alternatives to the is [email protected] watercourses order impossible the of Framework and surveillance of due hydrological to linked throughout watercourses, comply of develop (notably to The the access to to in ecological study ••• carry illicit Directive. French with many of

on resources constraints. most the aims out gold the the subjected vulnerability rivers Guiana: of regular European edge quality This mining), to French and analyse and

of This

to

the

47 Water resources: preservation and management 48 Water resources: preservation and management National programme Similarly, between basin, which marks the border water ecosystems, to develop indicators to monitor the on the South continent, American and benefits to several cooperation for environmental monitoring remote ESPACE-DEV The d’Études Spatiales) and Madagascar. d’Observations(Agence Gabonaise et Ethiopia (National Space Research Institute), New Island International Campus), La Reunion locations in ESPACE-DEV of surveillance and a network for operational ESPACE-DEV general will be tested with respect to their downstream of the watercourses parts the representativenessinformation, of features the biological and environmental satellites with from the observation receivedlinkage of the information Remote sensing tools will enable coast vulnerability to sea level rise MISEEVA project: >Adaptation to climate change linked toclimatechange, inLanguedoc- inthecomingcentury for theevaluation ofeconomicimpactsasealevel rise engineering company), hassetupandtestedamethodology with theLAMETA JRU andSOGREAH(an The EAU/NRE research unit, inpartnership hazard provoked by climatechange. the coastalzonemarinesubmersion and environmental vulnerabilityof is toassessthesocial, economic inOrléans,“Risks” department coordinated by theBRGM The aimofthisproject, programme.Climate” ANR by the “Vulnerability, Environment, global changes, 2008-11)isfunded Vulnerability Assessment inregard to Economic andEnvironmental hazard exposure modellingandSocial, The MISEEVA project (MarineInundation rivers Montpellier, GUYAMAPA transfer expertise Caledonia resources, (Université de la Réunion), sensing status. of in Water Brazil (African a in the French bilateral between French including of programmes. on will acquired is sites. Based the and Agency with techniques (IRD), mainly programme on the Union), develop Guiana. ecological French the cooperation Guiana From secondary use the on the Brazil and by Oyapock based this of Brazilian

this Gabon status a Hence,

Management of resources and uses: Guiana. the method (IRD-UAG aims research, quality

IRD

of

© M . S ou lié Congo River of the and ecological monitoring the in navigation monitoring concerns of the programmethe orientations and the programme environmental African surveillance ESPACE-DEV altimetry. in system Basin Spatial the reconfiguration of territories ART-Dev develops research on sociologists and political scientists. together geographers, economists, approaches, favouring and social sciences field, while conducts research in the humanities Qualifications). d’ the andincorporatesassociated partners I and Perpignan Domitia asVia Mediterranean Basin and societies in the water, territories Relationship between involves ART-DEV (UM3, CNRS, CIRAD) also Process” Joint Research Unit – UMR Territories in the Development The é the tude et de Recherche sur les Oubangui African local the “Stakeholders, Resources and is Amazon Basin. Observatory for European running Universities team On inter-disciplinary monitoring Union (AMESD), essentially the is branch Basin of participating ART-DEV to African CEREQ Commission Union. develop of using & HélèneRey-Valette, [email protected] Cécile Hérivaux, [email protected]  The city of Sète, France. of Montpellier the funded water the Roussillon. This evaluation, coupledwithamodelofrisk bringing continent, One (Centre Amazon otcs CharlotteVinchon,Contacts: mainly radar a Congo spatial distribution, takes intoaccounttheimpactson

levels

to by of both merchant andnon-merchant typesofgoods

changes. the

(beaches, lagoons andwetlands, ground water)and institutions, territories and societies policies response typestobetter anticipatethese

on thedifferent associatedeconomicsectors, for

behaviour types, andintheevaluation ofpublic

various scenariosofpublicauthoritiesreactions

study ofhazard perception by populations, of (anticipation and/oradaptation, refusal, laisser- LAMETA involved wasparticularly inthe faire, protection, withdrawal). CNRS of the2011, the unit was also part ecosystems between urban projects and riparian colleagues on linkagesAmerican now collaborating with their North- group and several researchers are 2008-2011). IRSTEA/Ministry “Water Africa and social sciences between North cooperation in the humanities provide backing for research CNRS/MSH Environment, CNRS/SHS Territories” topic (programme and the programmes 2004, and societies.territories Since on the relationships between water, Peninsula). This research is focused Lebanon, the related to water management in analyses been For stakeholders. resources, through a diverse range of an and mobilisation ofconstruction reconfiguration dynamics. play social standpoints, into bringing from economic, political and

array French Mediterranean the IRSTEA, both carrying it 2524 and and past has of of France, globalisation France; It material Ministry “Res-eau-ville” 2004-2005 issues Territories” been quality Between Paris 20 focuses on launched [email protected] Society”; out years, especially the contributing of 2006-2009 and and multidisciplinary programme Basin in “Water Environment and of analysis 2003 ART-DEV Canada. “Water, the challenges Environment by CNRS/ and programme immaterial (Maghreb, Iberian CNRS, and on research and local to of

the

to

has this

up public policies and assessing production. It also involves drawing rangelands, management on collective renewable resources sciences. Research is concentrated on the humanities and social focusing considerable attention tools from different disciplines while systems. techniques and inventories, representation This locations for regulation.as prime and social groups and territories coordination between stakeholders covers innovation processes and scales.wide or international It forest on individual farm, undertaken with social natural resource management and relationships between agriculture, Societies” The CIRAD’s “Environments and processes resource management collective renewable systems to support Modelling complex to climatechange. to hydrological changesand, onthelongterm, totheiradaptation to improving theresilience ofMediterranean anthropo-ecosystems waterexchanges.virtual This shouldcontribute, term, ontheshort identifying andassessingwatermanagementpolicies, including  for waterallocationanduse. of agriculture andtourism, illustrative particularly oftheconflicts sites. The project focuses onthesensitive andvulnerablesectors resources anduses, through scientificexperimentsonthefive pilot  reference sites. tools for thesimulation ofscenarios oneachofthefive selected models, by refining existinghydrological modelsandby developing Mediterranean hydrology, by exploitingoutputsfrom climatic  systems. The aimof WASSERMed ishencetocontributeto: and socialfactorsincreasing the vulnerabilityofhydrological run-off, theproject isalsointerested inthemultitude ofeconomic extreme precipitations andchangesinsurfaceground water withanevaluation ofthefrequencyStarting andamplitudeof threatens waterresources andusesintheMediterranean area. environmental andsocialimpactsofclimatechange, which The WASSERMed European project (2010-2012)studiesthe Southern Europe and the Mediterranean WASSERMed: water availability and security in >Adaptation to climate change Providing astronger knowledge basefor watersecurityby Improving theregional evaluation ofclimaticeffects onwater abouttheimpactofclimatechangeon Reducinguncertainty involves public area, dynamics, It department focuses on department is regional, and policy. wild based surveys, and modelling fauna in use This on association country- – opinion concepts – work water, linked of complex is forests, polls to and levels; at differentnon-experts) organisation stakeholders’ and to consider the broad range of ecological, spatial and temporal) dimensions (economic, social, ecological technical tools to represent the socio-  To develop conceptual and threefold: The challenges are therefore modelling, etc.) (legal highly ecological capacity and collective management processes of and tools based on the modelling to provide knowledge, methods Unit – UPR GREEN and Environment” Internal Research “Renewable Resources Management Within negotiation between stakeholders. and the development of standards and market organisation through to the management of public assets improve decision-making in relation environment. their impact on agriculture and the complex to by anthropology, interdisciplinary improve providing this to systems system manage department, systems, viewpoints One stakeholders’ assistance through objective in (CIRAD) aims their agronomy, to & ZohraLiliChabaane, [email protected] Contacts: Christian Leduc, [email protected] projects. and Tunis, inthecontextofbilateralEuropean andinternational research work carried outearlierby teamsfrom Montpellier Kairouan, incentral Tunisia) benefitsfrom amultitude ofjoint Among thefive studysites, thecatchmentarea ofMerguellil(near For more information: www.wassermed.eu

their support approach the (experts socio- a multiple in

is to the and been installed.  role of the small reservoirs that have Ghana comparative approach to watersheds in launched in 2010 and involves a of rainwater and small dams” was of sub-watersheds and governance page 61). The project “Management Program in the framework ofthe “Challenge Philippines) (Thailand, several concerning Asian countries resilient water resource management modelling project (ComMod) for as a follow-up to a companion a multi-use and multi-user setting, water management in concerning GREEN changes. institutions and knowledge in these socio-ecological tools these approaches, initiatives and  negotiation; apprenticeship and decision-making to processes ranging from collective and scientists, in management these tools, involving local stakeholders  To of assess the contributions To develop approaches for using so  Drinking water access in Tunisia. and is as on developing Vietnam, to Burkina Water (coordinated analyse

systems, and Faso Bhutan, changes several Food”, to the by analyse

GREEN projects role see see in the of the

© R. Calvez 49 Water resources: preservation and management 50 Water resources: preservation and management

© T. Ruf in North Africa and the Near-East Water and hydro-systems governance >Integrated of waterlevel regulation withinthecontextofclimatechange. news managementmethodstakingintoaccountitsobjectives mid andlongtermstopropose toEPTBSeineGrands Lacs sustainability ofcurrent managementmethods intheshort, Seine basintoclimatechange. The objective istoassessthe of themanagementdams-reservoirs inthe The French sitestudiestheadaptation change. water managementtoclimate strategies for theadaptation of Its objective istodraw up and EPTBSeineGrands Lacs). andFrenchdi Bari) (IRSTEA Mediterraneo (Istituto Agronomico of KasselUniversity), Italia Environmental SystemsResearch Management andCentre for Engineering and Water Resources Germany ofHydraulic (Department frombrings togetherpartners The CLIMAWARE project (2010-2013) CLIMAWARE: >Adaptation to climate change of the dams-reservoirs of the Seine Basin to climate change – Case study on the management w ater resourcemana elaboration of strategies for adaptation Management of resources and uses:

acs Draining gallery in  Draining gallery s L nd ra G ne ei S B T

gement P E © Morocco. & François Molle, [email protected] Ruff,Thierry [email protected] Francis Laloë, [email protected] Contacts: ChristineRecalt, [email protected] irrigated area of Tadla. Maroc Vert” (“Green Morocco Plan”)anditsimpact onthe “Plan management principles, aswell astheimplementationof of hydrographic basinagencies, supposed toapply integrated regional hydrographic basinscale, arecently introduced system France (Montady)andinEgypt. Finally, GREDalsoanalyses, atthe concentric landsystemsinSaïs(SouthofMeknèsMorocco), in Another investigation area concernsthecomparisonofradio- similar toqanâtsintheMiddle-East) isamaincentre ofinterest. Particularly, thecollective managementofkhettaras (draininggalleries focuses ontherole ofirrigated landsinfamily andfarmeconomies. concerns mountainandoasisagriculture inSouthMorocco and governance ofwaterandlandresources. A firstinvestigation area In Morocco, research iscarried outonseveral scalesaround the farmers, aswell asintheelaborationofwaterpublicpolicies. in therelationships oftheStatewithitstechnicalministriesand irrigation channels(mesqas), the level andtertiary ofsecondary In Egypt, GREDisinterested incollective actionsintheNile delta, at International Water ManagementInstitute. and the Andes, andthe incollaborationwithvariouslocalpartners North Africa andtheNear-East andsecondarily inSouth-East Asia GRED studieswaterandhydro-systems governance mainly in For more information: www.uni-kassel.de/fb14/wasserbau/CLIMAWARE  The Marne reservoir-lake. Contact: David Dorchies, [email protected] adaptation options willbetested. This may result inreal timemanagementadaptations. henceforth beevaluatedhenceforth inthiscontextandvarious An initialphaseofwork consisted insettingupasemi- The viabilityofcurrent managementstrategieswill distributed hydrological modelonthebasinscale, taking intoaccountthespecificitiesofvarious level are much lesssignificant. tributaries. Calibratedonreal timeonaround and durationoflow water. Trends for highwater institutions, territories and societies 25 flow stations, themodelwasthenfed with (2046-2065) shows adownward trend ofthelevel disaggregated outputsfrom climaticmodels (1961-1990) andafutureperiod middle-century comparison between thereference period (temperatures andprecipitations). Results

water resource perhydrographic entity. decided tomove towards integratedmanagement of the and questiontheirsustainability. Recently, thegovernment pressure crisisleadtotheiroverexploitation andtheenergy water flows allyear long. Globalwarming, demographic store waterfrom rainfallandglaciers melting, regulating situated over 3,500minaltitude, whosesoilsfilterand Large watertransfers are operatedfrom “páramos”, lands competing sectors, greatly overpasses theavailable resource. uncontrolled urbanisation. Water demand, involving several andreducing agriculturallanduseto the profitservices of strong demographic growth, increasing thedemandfor basic of mountainbasins. The populationdensityishigh, there isa 5,000 km², itisfacingvariouscomplexissuesrepresentative between 2,000and5,900metersinaltitude, spreading over The Quitosupply basininEcuadorisanexample: situated hydraulic infrastructure. bioclimatic levels andstructured around awell-developed agricultural waterusestrategiesconceived onseveral management, thehighnumber ofinter-basin transfers and oftherun-of-riverspecificities suchastheimportance Water managementinmountaincatchmentshasseveral in the Andes hydro-systems AGUANDES: water allocation >Integrated management policies. the setting up of integratedsupports water  In Equator, the G-EAU research unit w ater resourcemana gement & OdileFossati, [email protected] Roger Calvez, [email protected] Jean-Christophe Pouget, [email protected] Contacts: Patrick LeGoulven, [email protected] ofaMaster’ssupervision degree student. Enterprise andtheIRSTEAcentre ofLyon, through the jointly withtheMunicipalDrinking Water andSanitation National Polytechnic School. isbeingcarriedThe fourth out National InstituteofMeteorology andHydrology andthe three themesare beingdeveloped incollaborationwiththe pumping orstorageinstallationsinmountainareas. The first of waterresources (5)ecologicalimpactsofhydraulic decision-making support, for fairsharingandfuture planning the Quitobasin, (4) constructionofsimulation modelsfor (3) failure riskoftheexistingwaterdistributionsystemin demand according todifferent scenariosofglobalchange, past 50years, (2) identificationandrecent evolution ofwater spatial andaltitudinaldistributionevolution duringthe developed onfive themes: (1)stateofthewater resources, and universitythecurrent tosupport changes. Activities are develop scientificcollaborationswithEcuadorianinstitutions Scientists from G-EAU thussetupinQuitoorder to © R. Calvez Artisanal irrigation irrigation  Artisanal channel in Equator.

© R. Calvez 51 Water resources: preservation and management 52 Water resources: preservation and management

© W. Daré in Ghana and Burkina Faso Participative and multi-level management of water >Integrated on themanagementofsocio-ecologicalsystemsandrenewable decision-making processes andtheproduction ofknowledge developing participativemodellingapproaches tosupport (ComMod) framework, theGREENresearch unithasbeen Since 1998, withinthemulti-institutional CompanionModelling accepted by all. as tocomeinstitutionalandtechnicalinnovations whichare methods allowing expression ofthesevarious points ofview, so involved stakeholders. The difficultyistodraw upconsultation depending onthescaleconsidered, sectorprioritisation and economic andecologicaleffects, whichmay becontradictory accepted, raisesquestions abouttoolstoregulate thesocial, policies. Multi-level watermanagement, whichisnowadays fully has becomeaprincipleintheelaborationofdecentralisedpublic the different stakeholders involved indecision-makingprocesses gradually beenimposed inwaterpolicies. of The participation Since 1992, theprinciplesofintegratedwatermanagementhave situations previously identified; acomparisonwith the governance in afew districtsrepresentative ofthe various Councils); thecharacterisationoflocaldrinkingwater water policiesdrawn by theConseilsGénéraux (General The mainoutputsoftheproject were: ofdrinking atypology decision-making process. was developed operationalstakeholders tosupport intheir steering systemofterritorial governance (indicatorssystem) targeted “research-intervention” ontheinformation and to territorial scaleandgovernance. At thesametime, amore framework ofdrinkingwatermanagement, notably withregard and toclarifythetermsofdebateaboutinstitutional policies. Itsoughttogainabetterknowledge ofthesepolicies characterisation, ofdrinkingwater evaluation andsupport governance atthedistrictlevel. Itsmainobjectives were the The AQUADEP project studiedthedrinkingwater AQUADEP: drinking water >Integrated Participatory workshop Participatory for water management in Ghana. w w ater resourcemana ater resourcemana Management of resources and uses: gement gement governance at local level Jean-Philippe Venot,& Daré,Contacts: William's integrated managementofwaterresources. modes ofinteractionbetween thestakeholders involved inthe innovation will reside intheimplementationof new multi-scalar for thispurpose (role playing, multi-agent systems, etc.). Intime, and decision-makinglevels. Participativeworkshops are organised organisations likely totake intoaccountthedifferent management theemergenceofnew formsis supporting ofmulti-stakeholders Ghana, where theseintermediateplatforms donotexist, GREEN level, whichhave beencreated butare functionalyet. notvery In kinds ofmulti-stakeholders platforms atthesmallcatchment scales. GREENtherefore localwatercommittees, supports Faso, multiple watermanagementstructures existondifferent the production ofmanagementrulesandstandards. InBurkina constraints ofeachothers, tobuildnew modesofinteractionin Through dialog, theobjective is thateveryone beinformed about political decision-makers. stakeholders from localandintermediatelevels togetherwith this purpose, aComModinitiative isbeingdeveloped by the the integratedmanagementofwaterresources effective. For decision-making inBurkinaFasoandGhana, soastomake interactions between thedifferent levels ofmanagementand of rainwaterandsmallreservoirs” project istofacilitatethe The mainobjective ofthe “Sub-basin managementandgovernance Programme for theIntegratedManagementof Water Resources. Resource Commission, thePermanent Secretariat oftheSupport the International Water ManagementInstituteandthe Water Water andFood” -phase 2(seepage 61) , incollaborationwith the Volta area, inthecontextof “Challenge Program on natural resources. For instance, GREENdevelops activitiesin For more information: www.commod.org &www.ecole-commod.sc.chula.ac.th/pn25/index.php Stéphane Ghiotti, [email protected] Contact: from ENGEES-IRSTEA hascoordinated theproject. Paulunit ofCNRS/Université Sabatierin Toulouse). RémiBarbier research unitofIRSTEABordeaux andtheCERTOP research Strasbourg, G-EAU and ART-Dev inMontpellier, the“Réseaux” Génie del'Eauetl'Environnement deStrasbourg –IRSTEAin researchers from five teams(ENGEES: ÉcoleNationaledu and IRSTEA. Itbrought together12researchers andteachers- programme ofEnvironment, oftheFrench Ministry CNRS (2008-2011), fundedby the “Water and Territories” AQUADEP 3years isaninterdisciplinary research project information systemsandindicators. situation inItaly andDenmark; methodologicalproposals for institutions, territories and societies [email protected] [email protected]

© A.Brun management ofnaturalresources? as acorollary, interrogations abouttherole oftheStatein empowerment, increased territorial competition, globalisationand so oftenatodds witheachother, inacontextoflocalauthorities’ required for the ofpolicies,“de-compartmentalisation” whichare policies interactwithwaterpolicies? What are theconditions catchment level? Inwhatways planning dothetown andcountry what istheirreal impactonthe evolution oflanduseatthe water policiesraisequestionsaboutthescopeofthesepolicies: urban spread. The publicorassociative organisationsinchargeof aware ofthelimitsplanninginstrumentsintendedtocontrol water managers. The French andQuebecoispublicauthoritiesare penetration ofterritories, whichposesanumber ofproblems to The current landscapes evolution ischaracterisedby aninter- of aquatic environments in France and Quebec and urbanisation policies integration for the protection IDEAUX: water, development, town planning >Integrated w ater resourcemana gement Contact: Alexandre Brun, [email protected] ofEnvironment.the French Ministry It isfundedby the “Waters & Territories” programme (2008)of andseveral FrenchArtelia) andQuebecoispublicorganisations. between theprivatecompany SOGREAHconsultants(Groupe This Franco-Quebecoisprogramme isbaseduponapartnership approach oftheprocesses ofdevelopment attheheart policies. project methodologicalframework isbasedonacomparative evolution oftheplanningparadigminFranceandQuebec. The pointisacriticalexaminationoftherecentIts mainstarting These questionsare centralto theresearch project IDEAUX.

Gatineau, Quebec (Canada).  The Brasserie River at

53 Water resources: preservation and management 54 © A.© Vidal Water resources: preservation and management International Cooperation and Partnerships The Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF) works on the links between water, food and poverty in developing countries.

of majorFrench groups whoseinternationalpresence benefiting from andrepresentativeness theexpertise especially richin innovative SMEs, whileatthesametime and “Risks” clusters. The regional watersectoris through two competitiveness clusters: the “Water” oflocalauthoritiesandthegovernmentwith thesupport Actions withtheeconomicsectorare beingdeveloped scientific activitiesatnationalorinternationallevel. local authorities–andthoserepresenting andmanaging and involved inpolicy-making–theState, itsagenciesand two categories: thoseworking intheeconomicsector and exchanges. These organisations canbegrouped into of several jointorganisationsfostering many discussions specialists, theregion hasseenthearrival oremergence French water scientificcommunity ofmulti-disciplinary national andinternationallevel. Hostingtheleading to othereconomicandpublicstakeholders at regional, day-to-day life ofhumansocieties, the labsare alsoopen inthe of thewatersectoranditscrucialimportance previous chapters. However, given theextensive diversity in theSouth. This hasbeen underlinedinseveral ofthe Europe andtherest oftheworld, especially countries R and with other scientific partners inFrance,and withotherscientificpartners region share many programmes witheachother esearch laboratoriesintheLanguedoc-Roussillon International Hydrology Programme (IHP)ofUNESCO. Group for International Agricultural Research) andthe on Water andFood oftheCGIAR(Consultative coordinated from Montpellier: theChallengeProgramme organisation programmes are entirely orpartly the nationallevel. Furthermore, two majorinternational Française pourl’Eau, etduDrainage l’Irrigation (AFEID), at (IAHS), attheinternational level, andoftheAssociation and theInternational Association ofHydrological Sciences the International Water Resource Association (IWRA) scientific community ishighly involved. This isthecaseof inMontpellierand/orwhichtheregionalheadquarters with scientificassociationshaving chosentosetuptheir pursuesscientificgoals The secondsetofpartnerships regional SWELIAorganisation. and watercompanies, most ofwhomarethe part economic relays, especially thecompetitiveness clusters labs, publicdecision-makers, internationalinstitutionsand VERSeau Développement,mediatingbetween scientific facilitating contactsbetween SMEs andlaboratories complete thisweb oforganisations: Transferts LR, usefulasset.is aparticularly Two interfacingstructures AscainVReu Développement) (Association VERSeau Pierre Chevallier &MarieMojaisky

55 Water resources: preservation and management 56 Water resources: preservation and management Challenge Program on Water andFood C http://armspark.msem.univ-montp2.fr soito ESa Développement Association VERSeau Consultative Group for International http://afeid.montpellier.cemagref.fr GIAR http://verseaudeveloppement.com Flow RegimesFrom International and ExperimentalNetwork Data [email protected] French Association for Water,FrenchAssociation President: Pierre Chevallier ietr Yunona Director:Videnina Contact details President: François Brelle Contact: François Brelle www.waterandfood.org Irrigation andDrainage [email protected] ...continued onpage 58 Land and Ecosystems” Land andEcosystems” Research Programme “Water,Research Director: SimonCook Agricultural Research Director: Alain Vidal Director: Contact: GilMahé [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] (UNESCO)  FRIEND  CGIAR AFEID CPWF CPWF CRP5 CRP5

International Cooperation

demand, products/services In order to fit to markets of water and decisions. approaches of stakeholders in terms  Institutional and societal  Reuse of water from all sources. water resources. in contexts with high pressure on  Concerted management and uses resources.  Identification and use of water areas are targeted: after its return to the natural environment water linked to the stages various of the Cluster Thus, the uses, and industrial sanitation, farming water supplies,all uses: drinking eco-technologies, for the benefit of points of view, using the associated the manage water resources, both from goal of this cluster is to assess and competitiveness cluster. The main centred, led energy, pressures to produce more food, uncertainty global changes, of climatic with a rise available water resources depend on levels, Both “Water” competitiveness cluster to quantitative different at energy cycle the the etc. is active at different levels, regional worldwide characterised “Water” Competitiveness creation quality These (from

and and uses). and Partnerships and and anthropogenic leisure water and considerations and of “Water” Four qualitative international a quantity water technology- by drawing activities. strategic a of to

market water stakeholders in international It promotes the involvement of water relating to water resource management. suitable and answers, in order to provide enterprises). SMEs, creation and development of (economic the field of water use and management value through innovative projects in The environments) in Centre region. regions management) in Alsace and Lorraine France: with the two other water clusters in regions. It leads the coordination and Languedoc-Roussillon, Development. It includes the Committee ministerial on Local in The products/services. more suitable and integrated water to global changes” through new, of water resources and uses subjected to the contribute “better management competitiveness 2015, Millennium the it is also the deadline to achieve Water will has changing regulations, the cluster and to high internationalisation, May United adopted see “Water” “Water” Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur the Framework SMIs 2010 dynamics. and HYDREOS the solutions ambition growth, Nations term and DREAM Development by cluster cluster It a global gathers the intermediate-sized cluster of

to Directive (continental French employment, of seeks the Organisation’s was the (water outlook. the skills, Midi-Pyrénées European approved many is to “Water” Inter- to Goals. and create and questions effectively 2015 issues

water

By

 Coastal Monitoring.  Coastal Monitoring. particularly hence providing information forecasts based on scientific models, equipments resource and coastal erosion. Such and fitted areas. It relies on an infrastructure management of water bodies and to ensureauthorities sustainable coastline. for autonomous (FUI), French ESECO System (see page 42), example, deal regional and local organisations), cluster Many wheel. stages of the risk management, and hence covers all areas, from prevention to post-crisis and addresses issues linked to chronic Roussillon regions. This cluster Côte since Research and Development projects the emergence of collaborative as the Management” cluster, also referred to The management problems solutions to risk- designing pragmatic “Risks” cluster: monitoring continuously accidental “Local Vulnerability and Risk with d'Azur 2005 with projects aims “Risks” cluster, has supported (and Inter-ministerial the the This equipments in to useful and funded are and HYDROGUARD risk the developed develop and labelled system hazards waterways able Languedoc- Provence-Alpes- automatic of check upon supported by flooding. to will

a national, by to make in the by reliable, Single crisis monitor specific the and allow the water system project local For “Risks” by the Fund SME local the in current services. flowsriver is not taken into account The impact of tidal surges on coastal about tidal surgeinformation risks. current lack of available and precise aims coastal flooding and submersion. It and real-time management of Ingénierie, focuses on forecasting project, and karst indicators. The second based on relevant ground saturation etc.) management tool with a crisis on-call flooding Services, seeks to improve karstic runoff project, received and Two other projects, linked to flooding storms, etc.). (floods, accidental pollution, winter innovation, transfer. through of Languedoc-Roussillon firms to the competitivenesscontributes the and local general councils, and authority Created region Languedoc-Roussillon innovation in the fostering water Transferts LR: Transferts LR association submersion, today to and services alleviate LITO-CMS, KRHU in forecasts support innovation Its and supported humidity”), 2005 main technology the (standing (forecasters, local by from have by activity government, led the

and providing authorities’ by recently FUI. led by regional transfer for Europe technology BRL is by The “karst, analysts, to Predict foster first

and

technical service providers.technical service concerned Water facility. conditions, on site or in a public often developed in real operating Roussillon. Methodologies are Water private (Risk Sciences Institute in Alès) or EMA, laboratories, arePilot experiments out in carried   processes; and  water bodies and events; ofcharacterisation and monitoring combinations of indicators for the uses, weather forecasting tools and unconventional resources) and their of water resources (including  and water pollution risks; management  association’s cluster.competitiveness The or working SWELIA some of which belong to the laboratories water and involveconcern research Several development stakeholders. It networks with all economic and skills in regional companies. the integration of new know-how Transportnetworks; The water treatment, purification managementThe concerted The knowledge, prevention and Water are sanitation UM2), Agency, management) members centres They Transferts LR and group in and the energy. and specialised actions involve technology of the (group by-products water of local hydrological, of firms excellence government the authorities’ target: in the sector) actions of “Water” of Languedoc- institutes French halls companies all

reuse ••• sizes, and/ (IBM health (LBE,

offices

© S. Pistre

57 Water resources: preservation and management 58 Water resources: preservation and management www.agroparistech.fr/-OpT-EaupourTous-.html Management” Competitiveness Cluster Contact: (ParisTech, SuezEnvironment Foundation) “Water” Competitiveness Cluster [email protected] Director General: Yannick Ponton [email protected] International Water Resources President: ChristopheCarniel Contact: “Local Vulnerability andRisk Director: Jean-Antoine Faby Pôle deCompétitivitéRisques [email protected] President: Pr. Gordon Young Contacts: Jean-Michel Clerc President : MichelDutang Contact details for Hydrological Sciences Contact: International Association International Association Contact: GuillaumeRiou Pôle decompétitivitéEAU www.pole-risques.com [email protected] President: Joël Chenet “Water for All” Chair www.transferts-lr.org & Christian Drakides & ChristianDrakides Contact: ÉricServat [email protected] www.pole-eau.com Director: Tom Soo http://iahs.info www.iwra.org Transferts LR Association [email protected] [email protected] IWRA IAHS

treated waste water. abstraction water treatment, protection of water led outside the clusters, concern by biodiversity environmentcluster), and marine submersion of flooding and tidalrisks (approved technologies, water management the development of water eco- of Euros), and (with targeted ten collaborative projects November 2011, this support Between fund, Fund the Languedoc-Roussillon region), regional out million tens of thousands and several investments (amounting to between They value focused projectshigh added offering to givetangible, rise integration- laboratories and major groups the medium-sized region’s The projects. for technical evaluation of the scientific advice to project funders districts. companies business meetings with specialised European particularly (over 600 members), which is to the European have regional, national and The it sets up and monitors projects. researchconcerned laboratories, it establishes relations with the part technological projects. It takes of innovativeperformance for the setting up andsupport multi-disciplinary Transferts LR various the European synergy with investments dynamic products/services to correspond a and EcoIndustrie and ANR). and “Europe Enterprise” network “Sea” firms’ duration headed Euros), very authorities the November Transferts LR provides the meeting partners applications. sizes by in systems, between helpful monitoring (approved cluster). support small provides concrete, early the approach government Regional other enterprises and by concerned of of “Water” to consortiums and and users’ project 24 and 1.2 are when International Cooperation European substantial 2010 (notably and research Other of to developed lasting by to small Development carried French setting of It (approved 36 reuse and needs. 4 cluster), belongs looking the the (FUI design, and with projects, million months the

to

“Risks”

up

of Oséo,

for

cooperation of the decentralisedfor the support Europe, the Mediterranean basin, Central cooperation the for experience its international VERSeau Développement charter. Roussillon the promotion of the Languedoc- trainees and leads projects such as search of for partners, supervision To do so, studies, out expert it carries and to research and training institutes. working industries in the water sector public policies, to local companies and offices) for the design and setting up of (and governmentto local authorities VERSeau Développement organisation of events, etc. through the provision of expertise, the and programmes in the field of water, coordination of networks and projects through activities of management and These missions are accomplished providing advice and training.  public water policies;  research or development programmes;  technological networks; and promotion of scientific and  partners; and public scientific, industrial facilitation missions between the  management to strengthen and improve water VERSeau Développement aims aspects). (institutional, technical and legal focusing on water management working together to foster projects and local authorities, industries members from research organisations, Développement association gathers Founded association dedicated coordination and an interfacing VERSeau Développement:

Performing studies and expert Helping Putting to good use the results of Contributing to the running Contributing to the running Carrying implementation Caucasia in with sanitation out 1983, of projects, through consultation and Partnerships the the and the Hérault implementation of network VERSeau especially Central key European calls for gives support gives support missions: General and Asia, quality in of  On-site water analysis. is to improve the understanding resources. IWRA has also hosted the executive office of institutional stakeholders. private,international scientific and Montpellier, and in association with sustainable with theinstitutions concerned individuals, corporations and for professionals,forum students, l'Eau et l'Environnement de RechercheLanguedocien sur with the 59) in partnership Water 1971. organisation was established in non-governmental, educational water resources. This non-profit, Congress of network is an international IWRA association Water Resources IWRA: International organised the XIII In 2008, networks.international and for the animation of scientific Council (in Tunisia and Morocco)  On-site water analysis. multidisciplinary IWRA since Resources VERSeau Développement of The April IWRA use provides objective of Association, 2010. th (International the

World experts a world’s global and of Water VERSeau Institut IWRA on

ENJOY

see page water

Thus, theXIV theme linked to current water issues. world. years Congress Since goals. to advance common interests and  and expertise; information  used in decision-making;  relevant data and information; by  water resources;  for water resource issues;  To this end, the association: aspects of water. institutional, social and economic the thanks to a better understanding of management of water resources deeply and exchange among countries research and information of water issues through education, was Improves exchanges of

Performs advanced research on Provides forum an international Networks Enhances Promotes improving physical, across organised in 1973, Each committed different has disciplines. the with water the edition ecological, th been global

in World IWRA quality other Porto-de-Galinhas cities education to held has access the Water World organizations IWRA across of a every chemical, sound central knowledge to Congress Water notably is

three the

of water resources in the world. to improvingcontribution the state organisations receive awards for their Congress, individuals, authors and during and made to water managementcontribution IWRA discussions, etc. from conferences, reviews, books, information publishing important across academic and operating members and connected to a network of keeps members informed journal inter-disciplinary and governance and target a broad memos in resources. and technical Articles focus and of research in terms information 2008. by the Since (Spain). 2014 next edition will be co-organised in “adaptable water management”. The (Brazil) an IWRA’s researchers. international with The on 1975, international by recognises the the in organisations, water journal the 2011 “Water International” entire IWRA official “Water International” is University management, and This world World the is readership. policy journal, publisher focused a major is key by Water professionals why, on of

source published

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© N.© Arnaud

59 Water resources: preservation and management 60 Water resources: preservation and management Resources International (HSM) on of the International Commission (Espace-DEV) on of the International Commission Éric association. in hydrologists published). of the“Red Series” Book (350 and conference proceedings as part English “Hydrological Sciences Journal” in technologies. on water resources and on specific aspects commissions focus on various The hydrologists. and developingto train countries to publishing a medium for discussing and on coordinate research international activities are to initiate and of water management. Its main science and a founding pillar promote 130 5,000 national committees and over the hydrologists. international hydrological a scientific organisation serving Hydrological Sciences, The Hydrological Sciences of Association IAHS: International IAHS support Remote Surface hydrological association countries. association’s International Association ofInternational Association Servat individual is and of and hydrology an the Systems. Water, hydrological (HSM) hydrological Sensing Many associate French Currently, continue

have sciences Founded community Commission IAHS hydrological is IAHS has issues, members the ten Frédérique become Montpellier-based is

publishes over and as (8 goal Vice-President the international and member to issues an for in IAHS, to sciences Gil research, President sixty work is 1922, earth of provide example, the from involved on to cycle, Mahé

volumes a

is Seyler

the Water for year)

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(French Agence Française de Développement cooperation together with the approach based on technical AFEID Forums. conferences, and at international authorities the AFEID l’Eau of the and Drainage” review. As part publications of ICID “Irrigation conferences, to and contributes working groups and annual It Irrigation and Drainage (ICID). the International Commission on AFEID conferences. national meetings and international regularly and to debates on water-related farming issues. The association contributes supply exchanging ideas about water AFEID associations and foundations. research organisations, R&D offices, regional development structures, professionals,organisations: farming members are and individual experts supply on issues of waterexpertise 1954. interest association created in (AFEID) Water, Irrigation and Drainage The agriculture water for sustainable AFEID: Managing takes French environmental French (French AFEID Partenariat Français pour is helps is offers and and part

Development is a non-profit, general- committed the organising position rural rural Association for Association in represents to French especially an Water the prepare ideal development development. commission’s challenges International Cooperation before Partnership), regional chapter to forum Agency) an World and French

major expose for of or Water

by

Its

water resources management. system about irrigation sharing experience and co-engineering; of irrigation pressure; of water under global changes for water management; the future financial and fiscal instruments for use; environmentalright engineering work: The Aquatic guide into thematic working groups that on a technical committee divided French Transport Ecology, support organisations and businessesprivate the hundreds centres working in collaboration with Hydrotechnique de France Hydrotechnical donors, and Technical themes with the Scientific and gathering In development. the framework of public aid for CGIAR International Agricultural Research). of the and the Since 2010, Montpellier has hosted systems at CGIAR agricultural production Research on water in and France, restoring French headquarters association’s the European the the the CGIAR (Consultative Group on is management; National supporting Environment, French Environments. of Sustainable a participatory right association’s of 64 Association and AFEID the strategic Water government, waterways; public Housing Affairs French and Partnerships water Ministry Association) Agency organisation Academy works of 15 and partnership the Development, quality within underground for Ministry the Société international

thinking management and Consortium on private for economic, of Water civil (French Foreign common with Water the

for and is society

of

and

the the based

and

in the Tafilalet palm grove, Morocco.  Modern techniques irrigation basins. communities in watervarious specialists, together scientists, development development approach that brings CPWF services. To fulfil this objective, the and strengthening rural communities poverty, water, with the goal of reducing fosters innovation in the field of programmecountries. This food the link betweenexploring water, Since Water and Food CPWF: Challenge Program on implemented in 2012. Land running Program programmes: addressed production research on water in agricultural around maintaining and and 2002, uses the improving since on poverty Ecosystems” through policy a world. the systems Water novel the 2002 CPWF ecosystem in CPWF makers Currently, and two research food and developing is has mainly Food), programme, CGIAR the (Challenge security, and been

“Water, and

rural

sustainability until to meet the population needs up Indeed, there are enough resources most precious natural resource”. of people without exhausting our and alleviate the poverty of millions ways to meet our development needs today, there are some relatively direct of the pressure exerted on our basins surprising discovery is that, in spite of According to Simon Cook, director food conclusions In among the poorest in the world. 1.5 and These Mekong Africa; the Limpopo, Nile and Volta in and “pilot” basins including the Andes many The the 2011, billion accommodate São CPWF and 2050, innovations, CRP5 basins the the Francisco and poverty people, Ganges, but has CPWF programme, of Yellow cover depends the a always vast in half in path published notably roughly Indus, 13.5 River these study South produced of on towards million “the most whom in ten Karkheh, policies

in on

America; Asia. the basins. ten water, km²

are

access, etc.). improving markets (infrastructures, on productivity produced. times more foodstuffs could be in Sub-Saharan two to three Africa, breeding. areas is used for agriculture and only Africa. fed productivity  ecosystem (water, from basinsthe products and services water leads to populations competing for water challenge is much more complex than between  major Below respect to benefit-sharing. and Considerable gains in farming

There improving agriculture institutions, 4% and scarcity findings is The food, is of a poverty With only summary to Similarly, available services). CPWF is can

energy the ••• technology, alone. not a zones, modest of limited unequal be especially and this has only achieved

and water of an Water water. study: observed especially some improvements increase dependent connection regulation sharing but in scarcity with The

of these in also the that

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© T. Ruf

61 Water resources: preservation and management 62 Water resources: preservation and management  Traditional system in irrigation Tunisia. (International rural reducing preserving the environment and increase Ecosystems” programme: the This ecosystems an irreversible impact on the of producingwithout the risk of our environment,the detriment possible food be intensified to meet the increased production inhabitants population will reach 9 billion According Ecosystems” Programme “Water, Lands and CRP5: The CGIAR Research water to different sectors. than should be identified rathersharing policies. New approaches to benefit- generate conflicts and unfair This institutional split can indeed than managed at basin level, rather  (agriculture, water is used for other purposes taking into account the fact that based  productivity. activities) and improve their by to deal with difficult situations farmers’ technologies and policies strengthen  conditions linked to irregularto risks climatic 

It that new is important

Water Water Farmers adapting CGIAR’s “Water, Lands and is demand. focusing at families? on the country resources management to farming resilience the a are to challenge intensify and sector’s will underpinning by or

industry, poverty forecasts, increasingly Water only However, 2050. Coordinated transforming to obviously or productivity should market sector (their on needs agriculture Management Agricultural underlying of is etc.). allocating the millions usually it ability how can we level. be without have instability. will farming. earth’s exposed

by their while not

IMWI to

to of

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anthropogenic changes. to current environmental and pastoral adaptation of agricultural and The objective is to improve the and minimising externalities. increasing resilience Each   And two cross-cutting themes:      strategic research themes: The programme addresses five policies? land and water management and to improve of decisions in terms How respect to the basin and landscape? impacts on natural resources with ecosystem affectto these changes in turn in which management responses production factors influencechanges in external The programme will examine how and health. security, other Underlying degradation issues: notably natural resources. The programme to research on the management of of an integratedas part approach centres on Institute), this programme relies Institutions and governance

Ecosystem Information Hydrological Harvesting Rain-fed Irrigated the can theme all-pervasive resources water and focuses production poverty this of the systems systems services: these

systems many aims and the services scarcity, and information systems services basins on ecosystems reduction, ecosystem of primary reuse to external questions: three the International Cooperation what and promote systems land they 15 of the critical are issues CGIAR resources

be partners nutrition services. provide

while way used the the food

are

community Hydrologists discussions, etc. conferences, training, scientific scientific workshops, international under been developed. Various activities have researchers, via the websites and is accessible to associated been set up in each regional group resources. A shared database has change on flow regimes and water modelling, the impact of global underground eco-hydrology, erosion and sediment transport, to each The major research topics studied in management. in water resources planning and improve the methods applicable gained processes and flow regimes advanced and mutual exchange of data, knowledge across time and space through the hydrological develop a better understanding of researchinternational in order to goal is to promote collaborative countries.100 participating The across the world and involves over between Programme UNESCO’s FRIEND is the flagship programme of Data NetworkExperimental from International and FRIEND: Flow Regimes regions techniques FRIEND developed the through roughly knowledge aegis and International take (IHP). variability of waters, group mainly and Partnerships low the FRIEND of at as part ten UNESCO: regional It part flows regional vary is regional hydrological of to concern shared and of hydrological this helps Hydrological and according FRIEND level. similarity scientific major groups to © R. Calvez The © R. Calvez

F. Boyer © IRD committee to 2006 and continues to sit on the Coordination Committee from 2002 chaired researchers. partner years of technical and financial coordination has also been in charge of the of charge of the overall coordination Servat HydroSciences and the Caribbean).(Latin America Western basin), groups: the databases of several regional François programme.international Jean- especially services. Lack of knowledge, badly thousand inhabitants suffer from Thousands of cities with several water and sanitation for universal access to The “Water for All” Chair FRIEND-AOC MEDFRIEND and managed then FRIEND-AOC for the MEDFRIEND Africa), Boyer continues with together this FRIEND Gil Finally, Mahé) (HSM) Montpellier community respect urban since and for almost Éric with Inter-Group to FRIEND (Central (Mediterranean 1999. has coordinates water act to Servat Gil been the as ten (Éric of HSM Mahé.

a

AMIGO and African key in skills and initiating changes in urban It alternatively in Montpellier Executive an AgroParisTech International countries. To doso, thechairdelivers and network sanitation in these watermanaging urban drinking how and operational practices for the spread of knowledge, know- The countries. developing, emerging or transitional access to water and sanitation in on the development partnership of from a wish to initiate a long-term ParisTech), the chair was born schools (AgroParisTech and Mines managed Hosted ParisTech in June 2009. Environnement research a countries. from being reached in the poorest Millennium can preventsanitation services, the management of urban water and “Water aims “Water at by chair For by strengthening Master Based Institut de France For Development two All” in was (see page 68), French All” Foundation of on education training set the chair this up and ParisTech managers’ observation, promotes by course Goals English. and

and and the

Suez

developing and emerging countries. in water and sanitation services  accessing these services;  sanitation services; sustainable access to water and  on: G-EAU, etc.). The research axes focus (Scientific Management Centre, and AgroParisTech research units to tie in with the Mines ParisTech structure and content are designed sanitation. to developing access to water and a research programme dedicated by referenceup an international centre The chair is also involved in setting all stages of the training course. and roles is to create a network of auditors water

Studying Analysing Facilitating linking professionals services. the the The the universal training governance Another centre’s conditions largely resource in Niger.  Water is a rare course and scientific of involved the of

for drinking to

chair’s

UMR

in

63 WaterRessources resources: en eau preservation : préservation and et management gestion 64 Water resources: preservation and management Daniel Babre (Cirad) US Analysis– Water, Soils andPlants Analyses Miguel Lopez-Ferber (EMA) UPR LGEI –Industrial Environment Laboratory Engineering Jean-Philippe Steyer (Inra) UPR LBE–Environmental Laboratory Biotechnology Jean-Christophe Maréchal (BRGM) UPR EAU/NRE – Water: New Resources andEconomics Antona Martine (Cirad) UPR GREEN–Management ofNatural Resources andtheEnvironment Nicolas Arnaud (CNRS, IRD, UM2) UMS OREME–Mediterranean Environmental Research Observatory Jean-Philippe Tonneau (AgroParisTech, Cirad UMR TETIS – Territories, Environment, Remote Sensingand Spatial Information Jérôme Molénat (Inra, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro) forthestudyofInteractionsUMR LISAH–Laboratory between Soils, Agrosystems andHydrosystems Jean-Michel Salles (CNRS, Inra,Montpellier SupAgro, UM1) UMR LAMETA –Montpellier of Laboratory Theoretical and Applied Economics Tewfik Sari (Irstea, Montpellier SupAgro) UMR ITAP –Information-Technology-Environmental Practices Analysis-Agricultural Philippe Miele (CNRS, ENSCM,UM2) UMR IEM–European Membrane Institute Éric Servat (CNRS, IRD, UM1,UM2) UMR HSM–Montpellier HydroSciences Francis Laloë (IRD, UM3) UMR GRED–Governance, Risk, Environment, Development Jean-Louis Bodinier (CNRS, UM2) UMR GM–Montpellier Geosciences Patrice Garin (AgroParisTech, Irstea,Ciheam-IAMM,irad UMR G-EAU – Water Management, Stakeholders, Uses Frédéric Huynh (IRD, UM2,UAG, UR) UMR ESPACE-DEV –Spatial AnalysisforDevelopment Liliana DiPietro (Inra, UAPV) UMR EMMAH–Mediterranean Environment andAgro-Hydrosystems Modelling Genevieve Cortès (CNRS, UM3,Cirad UMR ART-Dev –Actors, Resources and Territories intheDevelopment Process table below. T document are listed in the in this and teams appearing he different research units , UM1,UPVD) , Irstea) by the research teams , IRD, Montpellier SupAgro) and societies and uses: institutions, territories 3. Management of water resource water 2. Conservation and restoration of functioning, mobilisation 1. The resource: identification, Units quality Topics covered indicated in ( Each Page: research unit presentation team’s (January “main” • ) in the table below. topics page 31 12 29 16 49 13 46 13 44 28 26 42 10 40 47 14 48 8 are 2012) 1 • • • • • • • • • • • 2 • • • • • • • • • •

3 • • • • • • • • • • • • range oftraining programmes, institutes) offersacomplete specialised vocational training schools(and and engineering (3-years post- (2-years post- in the field of “Water” training and education Agropolis International (6-years post- (5-years post- (3-years post- A secondary) secondary) secondary) secondary) secondary) Bac +2 Bac +3 Bac +3 Bac +6 Bac +5 Level Level institutions, universities through itsaffiliated gropolis International,

professionnelle professionnelle Programmes entirely (Engineering (Engineering professional professional technology) (Specialised (University diploma of (BSc with Ingénieur spécialisé (BSc with Degree Mastère Licence Licence Degree degree) Licence Licence scope) Master scope) (MSc) (BSc) (BSc) DUT MSc) Sustainable Management andPlanning of Territories andResources Biological Option Engineering, Environmental Engineering ChemicalAnalysisApplied totheEnvironmentChemistry: Polytechnic Engineer - Water – Automated Management of Agronomy Engineer -Option and Sciences-Earth Life andEarth Chemical AnalysisApplied totheEnvironment Environmental Impacts andRisks Professions specialised master’s, PhD, etc.). bachelor’s degree (licence),master’s, technician,engineer,secondary: to8-years post- post-secondary –2-years school leavingcertificate (from thebaccalaureate –high with over 80degree programmes Water – Water – Cultivated LandsandtheEnvironment” Water – Control of Industrial RisksProfessions “Contaminants, Hydrogeology, Soils andEnvironment Dismantling, Programmes focused Geosciences, Biology, Environment &EnvironmentalEarth Sciences “Water andAgriculture” Speciality “Water andResources” Speciality “Water andSociety” Speciality Water m Biology, Ecology focused on the theme of “Water” Water forAll Geography Waste andDepollution, Water Sciencesand Biology Title Title Water andHealth” Speciality anagement Water “Management of Treatment Systems

Water focus

having a Technologies

Water, the institutionswhere itisdelivered. levels, thetitleoftraining and to training-education coursesrelated The tablesbelow outlinethe “Water”. on other themes water component They specifythediploma

AgroParisTech, IAMM, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier SupAgro UM2, Montpellier EPLEFPA (Lozère) UM1, UM2,UM3 AgroParisTech, AgroParisTech AgroParisTech Institutions Institutions UM1, UM2 SupAgro, UNîmes UNîmes UNîmes UPVD UPVD UPVD UPVD UAPV UAPV UM2 UM2 UM2 UM3 UM2 UM2 UM2 65 Water resources: preservation and management 66 Water resources: preservation and management (8-years post- (6-years post- (5-years post- secondary) secondary) secondary) Bac +6 Bac +8 Bac +5 Level Montpellier SupAgro AgroParisTech Institution UM2 (Engineering (Engineering (Specialised Ingénieur spécialisé Doctorat Mastère Degree degree) Master (PhD) (MSc) MSc) Rural Societies, Territories andNatural Resource Management inthe andBioprocessingChemistry forSustainable Development (Green Financial to reinforce instruments (4days) anddevelop waterandsanitationservices Hydrosystems: hydromorphology, hydroecology, environmental assessment(4days) Territories, Agronomy Engineer, European Master Sustainable Development inAgriculture Territories andResources: Public Policy andStakeholders Ecology-Biodiversity, specialities:Biodiversity Evolution, Agri ICT-InformationAgri &Communication Technologies Integrated Systems inBiology, Agronomy, Geosciences, Territories andSocieties, Planning andDevelopment management (4days) Principles andtools ofwaterandsanitationservices Hydrosciences, Environment (ED477 SIBAGHE) andAquaticMarine Geosciences Environments Water Coast -speciality: andSea Management Human resource (4days) management inwaterandsanitationservices Engineer inInternational Agri-Development ...programmes focused Environment andSustainable Development DU Project andOperations Manager inaquaculture andhalieutics and Engineering Agricultural Management and Territories (ED536 SAS) Sciences andAgriSciences Sustainable Development andPlanning Flood prevention anddynamic floodslowing structures (5days) Time, Societies andDevelopment (ED60 Risk Management andEnvironment –SustainableChemistry Chemistry) Strategic (12days) planningforwater andsanitationservices Preparation delegation forthenegotiation ofapublicservice Industrial Safety andEnvironment Greenways andblueways:landuseplanningtools (4days) embankments(5days) ofexisting river Engineering ICTS fortheEnvironment Reuse (21hours) ofwastewater forirrigation (AGRIS MUNDUS) “Water and DU Mediterranean contract forwaterorsanitation (4days) Geosiences Technician specialisedinaquaculture Water qualityand health (4days) Territorial Management Agropolis International Short non-degree Title Water Engineering” Major Title having a TTSD) on other themes water component training and education programmes 5 European universities Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier SupAgro Montpellier SupAgro UM2, Montpellier UM3, UM2,UM1 UM1, UM2,UM3 AgroParisTech, AgroParisTech IAMM, UM3 Institutions UM1, UM2 SupAgro ISTOM IAMM UPVD UAPV UM3 UM2 UM2 UM3 UM3 EMA EMA

the Water Master.the Water with the students of Field experiments & Graduate schools masters' chosen of the student isfinal orientation proposed water. covering all aspects related to IAMM) offer training programmes SupAgro, city water. institutions in theThe partner potentials best research and higher education diversity, Thanks degree with five specialities “Water” Master: a unique centred on water some Focus on linked tothethemeofwater (UM1, For in to Master’s degrees AgroParisTech, Montpellier in the its the in UM2, the Europe unique second

five “Water” UM3, specialities in disciplinary year has Montpellier the Master, CIHEAM- one of field master

of

of the the

Environmental Consultancy, Management; Environmental fields programme lie in the following The main openings after this degree Environment” and pathway “Hydrology,      specialities offered are: (professional orientation). The five or in according

Contaminants, water and health

Water Water Water Water a in laboratory Quantitative a of company/organisation and and and and activity: or to H3E Risk, resource coasts society agriculture the Mediation, Public pathway). (research Law, Sciences; “Qualitative Water type Hydrogeology, Environment” Insurance; Policy; (either of and internship: Evaluation; orientation) Regional

HYDRE

programme. of a vocationalas part training M2 prerequisites. depending on availabilities and on from other Master programmes, completed theM1,thentoapplicants students in law, different university level Students are selected at the M1 or Water Ecotoxicological Water Higher M2 public level economics, from is Quality Supervision Education reserved is who fields structures; degree applicants also ••• have Entry department (sciences, open health...). and in or / and successfully Research; at priority equivalent Agronomy. Health to with the Analysis; employees geography, M1 Enrolment a in for 3-year Risks; private

or

in

© H. Jourde

67 Water resources: preservation and management 68 Water resources: preservation and management Contacts andaddresses mini-site/miniagro/master-hydrogeologie- “Hydrogeology, SoilsandEnvironment” (UM2, “Integrated SystemsinBiology, Agro - Contact: (UM3, UM1, MontpellierSupAgro, IRD, ENSA) http://agrosciences.univ-avignon.fr/fr/ www.agroparistech.fr/International- “Water for All” SpecialisedMaster [email protected] nomy, Geosciences, Hydrosciences, [email protected] Executive-Master-OpT,2132.html (UM1, UM2, UM3, Montpellier SupAgro, Development” Graduateschool “Territories, Time, Societies and Environment” Graduateschool [email protected] www.univ-montp1.fr/recherche [email protected] [email protected] Secretariat: DominiqueBasty “Sciences and Agri-Sciences” “Sciences www.sibaghe.univ-montp2.fr Manager: Jean-Antoine Faby AgroParisTech, MontpellierSupAgro, UM1) http://ed536.univ-avignon.fr Director: Bernard Godelle (AgroParisTech, Mines-ParisTech) AgroParisTech, Director: DenisBrouillet Director: Philippe Obert [email protected] www.master-eau.um2.fr Manager: Séverin Pistre et-environnement.html Manager: Vincent Marc (ED 477SIBAGHE) [email protected] “Water” Master Graduate school E 60TTSD) (ED (ED 536SAS) (HSE) Master (UAPV, UR) (OpT) (UAPV) Ciheam-IAMM)

in Additional the They Sciences after Students are selected at the M1 level organisation). a research lab or in a professional on into the professional world depends pursuit of a Ph.D. thesis or entrance and research orientations. The HSE graduate school UAPV the of research, the Master is linked to from affiliatedpublicbodies. In terms water resource, as well as researchers protection or exploitation of the or companies specialised in the organisations, firms engineering and environmental management professionals from public water the teaching made it possible to put together a and environmental sectors have companies working in the water laboratories, research units and Long-standing relationships with  Modelling.   on three topics: acquisition regard to pollution). To this end, the this (quantitative and in its relationship with the soil land use change on the resource) resource in its setting (impact of able to understand the water Master is to train practitioners and engineering. The aim of this 80s, in water sciences research University programmes delivered at the Avignon in Environment” The Environment” Master programme “Hydrogeology, Soils, and M2. Functioning Functioning continuity zone; the M1 EMMAH teachers interface Master Master a automatically “Sciences The bachelor’s type is or team successfully (UAPV) students second of “Hydrogeology, Environmental of has from JRU, and with and knowledge internship (HSE) comprising of of both and (see page 69). The Agropolis International degree aquifers; the qualitative that vulnerability outside the since year integrate may Agrisciences” is professional non-saturated completed. educational is proposed of the in part be chosen is the the 40% Earth Sciences. Soils focused recruited early role M2 of UAPV: with of the and if (in of supervisory suggestion 5-year The students are recruited at the internship service in in Montpellierperiods with periods programme training alternates issues, this cooperative education understanding of all the operational Moreover, to provide a better mission. in and backthe teaching periods their mission in Montpellier during the auditors throughoutsupports professionals, which trains and  plan  mission of its auditor;  operational with: partnership centre in Montpellier, is based on an delivered This 12-month training programme, them.  services; financial   technologies to: in this sector tools, methods and professionalsoffers confirmed (delivered All”. This training programme executive All” chair proposes an international transition in developing, emerging and urban water and sanitation services capacities of future managers of In order to train and build the building for future managers  of internships. the supervision in specific courses and participate of partners La Master The training team, including The auditor that builds the action

Assess the technical, social and Drive changes in these services; The Elaborate “Water for All” Master: capacity Earth the their Réunion satisfying company auditor’s post-graduate training and education is in service Sciences from sustainability jointly by master’s Europe. countries, in in of University strategies authority. the French an their the the to organisation, that accredited AgroParisTech equivalent are UR’s carry “Water defined company defines and the in level, to (UR). Department of charge out improve “Water English) their for mission; with at their reference The the

or plus the of

the for

an

concerned by thethemeofwater. future. Three graduateschoolsare and tobetterprepare theirprofessional scientific educationofthePhDstudents aim ofthesemodulesistoimprove the modules throughout the3 years. The scientific conferences ortraining additional training, suchasseminars, PhD students, andsecondly, toprovide ensure directtothe scientific support Their missionistwo-fold: firstly, to themes. laboratories working onmajorsetsof schools compriseresearch unitsor attached toagraduateschool. Graduate registering inadoctoralprogramme are researchlaboratory work. All students and involves producing andpresenting A doctoralprogramme laststhree years > student external and several supervisors associated units, which in There SupAgro, accreditation with Montpellier Sciences section. It has a joint part Hydrosciences, Biology, SIBAGHE The Graduate School (SIBAGHE, ED477) Hydrosciences, Environment” Biology, Agronomy, Geosciences, “Integrated Systems in to the theme of water Graduate schools linked Graduate schools the graduate of 450 are SIBAGHE has UM2 in Agronomy, research UM1 (Integrated roughly approved 40 the in affiliated school SIBAGHE and the Environment) graduate teams. 400 Life AgroParisTech. Geosciences, research ED477 Systems PhD research and graduate Each school, students

Earth

is PhD in

 The 2010-2011 students of the “Water for All” Master. (territories, resources,(territories, etc.); companies, etc.) andtheenvironment (human groups, institutions,  of naturalconservation areas; preventiondevelopment, risk and the  the main lines of research are: and offers PhD in 13 fields. Some of students 65 Montpellier Supérieure d’Architecture de SupAgro, IRD, and École Nationale Montpellier: centres from different institutes in It encompasses 10 research Development) (Territories, Time, Societies and The (TTSD, ED60) Development” Graduate school “Territories, Time, Societies and microbiology. ranging a largeof disciplines spectrum are examined, sweeping through quantitative and quality, functioning focusing their theses on the school hosts PhD candidates In the field of water, the graduate guidance. the thesis courses and professional is respected,charter and organises that the verifies thesissupervision, registrations, ensures PhD student graduate school manages thesis and two professional modules. The two scientific training modules school Relationships between societies Rural areas, sustainable research graduate risk must use from management. of which supervisors, (ENSA). dynamics of UM3, and successfully school hydrogeology is hydrosystems, located qualitative 32 UM1, TTSD ED60 % and are Both 280 at Montpellier complete gathers TTSD foreigners UM3. resource PhD to the aspects

water

ecophysiology, functioning focusing their theses on the school hosts Ph.D. candidates In the field of water, the graduate to interdisciplinary school units making up the graduate geographic which 80 research supervisors. The 151 recognised research units, gathering Its computing. mathematics, agrisciences, waterand linked local thus federates research teams at the (Provence-Alpes-Côte Avignon Health” the encompasses research units in (Sciences and Agri-Sciences) The Graduate School (SAS, ED536) “Sciences and Agri-Sciences” and use conflicts, amongst others. resource management, access to water their theses on governance and school hosts PhD candidates focusing In the field of water, the graduate rural or urban areas, etc. resources (natural or technological) of  Physical the research field teachers graduate level school’s to (university from (UAPV) of biology, characteristics in “Sciences, proximity potential of and complementary the school hydrosystems, ambitions. water and nature University researchers, physics, and ED536 INRA quality, is of Technology, d'Azur). INRA) based are the and

chemistry, PACA essential © Chaire Eaupour Tous SAS of research etc. and fields, plant of

on SAS

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69 Water resources: preservation and management 70 Water resources: preservation and management ESPACE-DEV Ifremer EPLEFPA ECOSYM CEFREM Ciheam ART-Dev CERTOP EMMAH FRIEND ENSCM AMESD GREEN Cirad G-EAU CGIAR DPSIR AFEID BRGM CPWF IAMM CNPq GRED CNRS CNES EPTB CRP5 ENSA ELSA INPT IAHS AISH HSM CIID ITCS EMA List ANR CEA IEM FP7 FUI GM DU ED Network andExperimental Data Flow Regimes From International Fond Unique Interministériel Gestion de l’Eau,Gestion Acteurs, Usages Information andCommunicationTechnologie Sciences Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen deMontpellier International Association ofHydrological Sciences HydroSciences Montpellier Gouvernance, Risque, Environnement, Développement Géosciences Montpellier l’Exploitation delaMerl’Exploitation Institut Français deRecherche pour Institut Européen desMembranes ENvironnement des Re Gestion Institut National Polytechnique deToulouse Challenge Program on Centre National delaRecherche Scientifique Development (CNPq) National Council forScientificand Technological Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Développement Centre International deRecherche Agronomique pourle Drainage Commission Internationale desIrrigations etdu Méditerranéennes Centre International deHautes Etudes Agronomiques Research Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Pouvoir Centre d’étude etdeRecherche Travail Organisation Environnements Méditerranéens Centre deFormation etdeRecherche surles Agence Nationale delaRecherche Development MonitoringAfrican ofEnvironment forSustainable et auxÉnergiesAlternatives Commissariat àl’ÉnergieAtomique Bureau desRessources GéologiquesetMinières Acteurs, Ressources, Territoires pourleDéveloppement InternationaleAssociation desSciencesHydrologiques et duDrainage FrançaiseAssociation pourl’Étudedel’Irrigation Formation Professionnelle Agricole Etablissement Public Locald'Enseignement etde école Nationale Supérieure deChimieMontpellier European Union 7 pourleDéveloppementEspace Établissement Public Territorial deBassin école Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture deMontpellier des Agro-Hydrosystèmes Environnement Méditerranéen etModélisation école desMines d’Alès École Doctorale Laboratoire écologiedessystèmesmarinscôtiers d'UniversitéDiplôme Environmental Lifecycle &Sustainability Assessment Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses CGIAR Research Programme 5 of ssources naturelles renouvelables et th acronyms Framework Programme Water andFood and abbreviations UNESCO LAMETA UNîmes SCHAPI OREME OMERE Irstea SOERE ISTOM LISAH UPVD TETIS UAPV IWRA WDM IWMI NASA NGRI PACA LSBB WHO INSU Inra IPCC UMR INSA LGEI WFD UMS UM3 UM2 UM1 ITAP R&D UPR SME UAG UAG NRE UPS NSZ LCA LBE SMI IRD JRU UR US LR et Information Spatiale Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection International Water Demand Management Unité deService Université delaRéunion Université desAntilles etdelaGuyane au longtermepourlaRecherche enEnvironnement Systèmes d'Observation etd'Expérimentation Small andMedium Industries Joint Research Unit International Procédés agricoles Information –Technologie –Analyse environnementale– World Health Organisation Water Framework Directive Université dePerpignan Via Domitia Unité Mixte de Recherche Université deMontpellier 3 Université deMontpellier 2 Université deMontpellier 1 Université d’Avignon etdesPays de Vaucluse Small andMedium Entreprises à laPrévision desInondations Service Central d’Hydrométéorologie etd’Appui Recherche etDéveloppement Life Cycle Assessment Laboratoire deGéniel’Environnement Industriel Laboratoire deBiotechnologie del’Environnement Théorique etAppliquée Laboratoire Montpelliérain d’Economie Ecole supérieure d'agro développement international Cemagref(former ) pour l'Environnement etl'Agriculture Institut nationaldeRecherche enSciencesetTechnologies Université Paul Sabatier(Toulouse) Unité Mixte de Service Provence -AlpesCôted'Azur l’Environnement Observatoire deRecherche Méditerranéen de de l’Environnement Rural etdel’Eau Observatoire Méditerranéen Non Saturated Zone Nouvelles Ressources etEconomie National Reseaprch Geophysical Institute National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Laboratoire Souterrain Bruit Bas Hydrosystèmes Laboratoire d’étude desInteractions Sols–Agrosystèmes– Institut deRecherche pourleDéveloppement Institut National desSciencesdel’Univers Unité Propre deRecherche Université deNîmes and Cultural Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific Languedoc-Roussillon Intergovernmental Panel onClimateChange Institut National desSciencesAppliquées Institut National delaRecherche Agronomique Water Ressource Association Water Management Institute UNESCO LAMETA UNîmes SCHAPI OREME OMERE Irstea SOERE ISTOM LISAH UPVD TETIS UAPV IWRA WDM IWMI NASA NGRI PACA LSBB WHO INSU Inra IPCC UMR INSA LGEI WFD UMS UM3 UM2 UM1 ITAP R&D UPR SME UAG UAG NRE UPS NSZ LCA LBE SMI IRD JRU UR US LR World Health Organisation Water Framework Directive Water Demand Management Unité deService Université delaRéunion Université dePerpignan Via Domitia Université Paul Sabatier(Toulouse) Unité Propre deRecherche Université deNîmes and Cultural Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific Unité Mixte de Service Unité Mixte de Recherche Université deMontpellier 3 Université deMontpellier 2 Université deMontpellier 1 Université d’Avignon etdesPays de Vaucluse Université desAntilles etdelaGuyane et Information Spatiale Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection au longtermepourlaRecherche enEnvironnement Systèmes d'Observation etd'Expérimentation Small andMedium Industries Small andMedium Entreprises à laPrévision desInondations Service Central d’Hydrométéorologie etd’Appui Recherche etDéveloppement Provence -AlpesCôted'Azur l’Environnement Observatoire deRecherche Méditerranéen de de l’Environnement Rural etdel’Eau Observatoire Méditerranéen Non Saturated Zone Nouvelles Ressources etEconomie National Reseaprch Geophysical Institute National Aeronautics andSpace Administration Laboratoire Souterrain Bruit Bas Languedoc-Roussillon Hydrosystèmes Laboratoire d’étude desInteractions Sols–Agrosystèmes– Life Cycle Assessment Laboratoire deGéniel’Environnement Industriel Laboratoire deBiotechnologie del’Environnement Théorique etAppliquée Laboratoire Montpelliérain d’Economie Joint Research Unit International International Procédés agricoles Information –Technologie –Analyse environnementale– Ecole supérieure d'agro développement international Cemagref(former ) pour l'Environnement etl'Agriculture Institut nationaldeRecherche enSciencesetTechnologies Institut deRecherche pourleDéveloppement Intergovernmental Panel onClimateChange Institut National desSciencesdel’Univers Institut National desSciencesAppliquées Institut National delaRecherche Agronomique Water Ressource Association Water Management Institute Maxime Martine Benoît Roger Pierre-Alain Véronique Bernard Layout andcomputer graphics: Olivier Frédéric Flavie Vidal, Dominique Stéphane Agropolis International ScientificCoordinators andIllustrations: Charles Marina Hélène Nicolas Marie-George Jean-Christophe François Roger Philippe Laurent James Pierre Moussa, Dewandel, Odile Raphael Thibon, Antona, Yunona Katrin Cernesson, Nathalie Godelle, Chalikakis, Sophie Sauvagnargues, Michel Seranne, Servat, Éric Tom Soo, Grelot, Xavier Héry, Fenet, Calvez, Danquigny, Rousseau, Bernet, Yannick Clarkes, Ruy, Renault, Ayral, Jourde, Pascal Kosuth, Laure Kuhfuss, Philippe Lagacherie, Fossati, This document was published with the support This documentwaspublishedwiththesupport Brelle, Patrick Miele, Prévot, Illustrations: Basty, Participated inthisissue: Karine Laurent Erdlenbruch, Philippe Soubeyran, Videnina, Scientific Coordinators: Thierry Sophie Sandra Frédéric Nathalie Olivier Lalande, Litrico, Naziano Catherine Liliana Tournoud, Corinne Daniel Jean-Louis Zohra Stéphan Ponton, Chantal Printing: Christelle Jean-Michel Cédric Le Jochen Maréchal, Hélène Christian Emmanuel William's Durieux, Thoyer, Goulven, Ardoin-Bardin, Obert, Grünberger, Miguel Di Huynh, Babre, ISSN: Saint-Geours, Lili Marc Serge Member andpartners organizations Filizola, Casiot, Champollion, we of Agropolis International involved Jean-Philippe and Languedoc-Roussillon Region. Pietro, Gonzalez, Froebrich, Jean-Christophe Jean-Christophe Communication: Brosillon, Miralles, Rey-Valette, Jean-Philippe Mélanie Chabaane, Les Petites Affiches Bodinier, Batiot-Guilhe, Kenji Puech, thank Gilles Bruno Vinches, 1628-4240 Michel Lallemand, Lopez-Ferber, Jean-Stéphane Pôle decompétitivitéRisques Daré, Clerc, Christian Frédéric Roux, Scientific Editor: Isabelle Amsallem Philippe Perrine David Director inChief: Bernard Osé, Jérôme and all contributors to this and all contributors Pôle decompétitivitéEAU the Massardier, VERSeau Développement Marie Tisseyre, Damien Broin, Philippe Aurélia Denis of theFrench government Patrice Nicolas Simon Dutang, Philippe Fabien Jean-Michel [email protected] Charlotte Thierry Isabelle INDIGO Charles Dorchies, Piau Steyer, Jean Jacob, Fleury, Leduc, • Venot, Cattan, Montpellier SupAgro Lucile Mojaisky, Copyright: Hamelin, Véronique Brouillet, Paul Fabre, Pouget, Decherf, Cook, Garin, (Agropolis Productions) (Agropolis Gil Raclot, Chéry, Nathalie Jean-Philippe Arnaud, Boulier, Gouze, Alary, Bailly, Christophe Roux, Anne Rieu, Wanderli Chaffaut, (Montpellier, Perrin, Jean-Claude Rieu Sébastien pictures Mahé, Michael Véronique Luu Lallié, Vinchon, Emmanuelle Christian Ciheam-IAMM Jean-Antoine AgroParisTech Salles, Geneviève : in thisDossier Stéphane Raphaëlle Transferts LR Patrick Pierre Jérôme Pierre Christine Guillaume Cécile Johannet, Alexandre (AgroParisTech) Denis & Alain André Sami Bellon-Maurel, Marc Villeméjeanne February Séverin Vincent Francis Michel Productions) Pedro library Victor, Kostantinos Tewfik Fonbonne, Emblanch, Marc Chevallier, UNîmes Balzergue, Grasmick, ENSCM Irstea Bouoarfa, Hérivaux, Andrieux, Ruelland, Leonardi, Tonneau, Drakidès, Audibert, Molénat, ISTOM Cirad Deratini, CGIAR Menaut, BRGM UPVD France) Ghiotti, UAPV CNRS Hubert Cortès, Dossier Preget, Recalt, Inra UM3 UM2 UM1 Celier, Soulié Pistre, Tadei, Hervé Laloë, EMA Marc, Brun, Riou, (IRD) Alain Faby, Voltz IRD 2012 Sari,

Fourteen dossiers published in the same collection, including: French /English 28 pages February 2010 French /English 68 pages October 2007 and exchange. our scientific community, butalsoto facilitatecontactsfor the development ofscientific andtechnicalcooperation This seriesismeanttoboost theawareness andpotentialavailable ofourdifferent on theexpertise within partners laboratories andteamsassociated with Agropolis Internationalthatare conductingresearch onthetargettheme. Each Dossierisdevoted to abroad scientifictheme, andincludesaclear overview thatisaready reference for all of itsmissiontopromote ofthescientific community. expertise The Les dossiers d’Agropolis International Dossiers d’AgropolisDossiers Internationalseriesisadeliverable of Agropolis International thatisproduced withinthescope French /English 48 pages June 2010 French /English 68 pages December 2008 ensc CHIMIE Montpellier French /English 68 pages July 2010 French /English 52 pages June 2009 SO SCIENCES HU AR T CIALES S, LETTRES,LANG m M AIN ES ET U ES, French /English 84 pages August 2011 French /English 68 pages February 2010 71 Water resources: preservation and management WWaterater rresouresourcesces Avenue Agropolis F-34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5 France PrePreserservvationation andand managementmanagement Tel.: +33 (0)4 67 04 75 75 Fax: +33 (0)4 67 04 75 99

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