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A button from ’s inauguration ᮣ

Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO

SECTION Instruction The First Inaugural When gave his Inaugural Address in 1789, he was well aware of the extraordinary respon- SECTION sibility of leading “the experiment entrusted to the Objectives hands of the American people.” An official at the inau- As you teach this section, keep students guration described the ceremony in a letter to his wife: focused on the following objectives to help “It was with difficulty a passage could be made by the them answer the Section Focus Question and troops through the pressing crowds, who seemed to be master core content. incapable of being satisfied by gazing at this man of the • Describe the steps Washington’s administra- people. . . . The streets were lined with the inhabitants as thick as the people could stand. . . . The houses were tion took to build the federal government. filled with gentlemen and ladies, the whole distance • Analyze ’s plans for the economy being half a mile, and the windows to the highest stories and the opposition to them. were illuminated by the sparkling eyes of innumberable • Explain how a two-party system emerged companies of ladies, who seemed to vie with each other to show their joy on this great occasion. in the new nation. ” —Elias Boudinot, April 30, 1789 ᮡ Women pay respect to the new President. Prepare to Read Government and Party Politics Background Knowledge L3 Explain to students that there were not Objectives In 1789, the leaders of the new federal govern- always political parties in the United Why It Matters ment of the gathered in New York City. Besides ideals, States and that, when they did develop, • Describe the steps Washington’s administration they had very little to guide them. The newly ratified Constitution parties were not the same as they are took to build the federal government. was clear on some points but vague on others. It was also entirely today. Discuss predictions about why par- • Analyze Hamilton’s plans for the economy untested. Those who had written the Constitution, along with the and the opposition to them. ties might have emerged, and then have new President, George Washington, knew full well that a good start students read to check their predictions. • Explain how a two-party system emerged in would secure the daring experiment in republican union. But early the new nation. mistakes could doom it. Section Focus Question: How did debate over Set a Purpose L3 the role of government lead to the formation of political parties? Terms and People ½ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- tion aloud, or play the audio. administration strict construction precedent Building the Federal Government Witness History Audio CD, Cabinet political party The new government started out with huge problems. It had The First Inaugural tariff Democratic Republican inherited a national debt of $52 million from the Confederation—a loose construction huge burden for a nation with a farm economy and only about 3 million Ask What was the purpose of this people. With no navy and an army of only around 400 men, the United letter? (to describe what happened States was not respected by other countries. At New Orleans, the Reading Skill: Summarize Summarize the day that George Washington Spanish closed the Mississippi River to American trade. Along the information about the early American government became President to someone who Great Lakes, the British kept forts within American territory. was not present) Why were people in an outline like the one below. so excited to see Washington? Electing a President Fortunately, the new government enjoyed I. Building the Federal Government extraordinary leaders. In 1789, the new electoral college unani- (Sample: He was a popular war hero, A. Electing Washington as President and his inauguration signaled a B. FormingImage the 3349-TK Cabinet mously elected George Washington as President of the United C. Setting up the Judiciary States. As a revolutionary leader, Washington enjoyed widespread great moment in the country’s his- II. tory.) respect and popularity. Yet he took the difficult job reluctantly. ½ Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this ques- tion as they read. (Answer appears with Section 1 Assessment answers.) Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use word from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 11 ½ Preview Have students preview

the Section Objectives and the list High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence of Terms and People. suppress v. to put an end to with force ½ Using the Structured The British government tried to suppress the protests against the Stamp Act. Read Aloud strategy (TE p. T20), have students read this section. As they read, have students use an outline to summarize information about the early American government. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide 192 The New Republic 0197_hsus_te_ch06_s01_su.fm Page 193 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:24 AM

“About ten o’clock I bade farewell to , to private life, and to domestic felicity, and with a mind oppressed with more anxious and Teach painful sensations than I have words to express, set out for New York.” —George Washington, April 16, 1789 Massachusetts patriot was elected Vice President. Washington’s Building the Federal administration, or the officials in the executive branch of government, began Government L3 with just himself, Adams, and about a dozen clerks. Besides the newly elected Congress, there were few other federal officers. There were also few set rules to Instruct guide the administration. Quickly after taking office, Washington began setting ½ important precedents, or acts or statements that become traditions to be followed. Introduce: Key Terms Ask stu- dents to find the key terms adminis- Setting Up the Judiciary The Constitution called for one Supreme Court tration and Cabinet (in bold) in the and several smaller ones, but intentionally left to Congress the details of organ- text. Ask What is the difference izing a federal court system. Madison, who had been elected to the House of between an administration and Representatives in the first Congress, helped to pass the . a Cabinet? (The administration This act established a judiciary, or a system of courts. The U.S. judiciary was made refers to all members of the executive up of thirteen federal district courts, one for each state. Three circuit courts would branch. The Cabinet refers to the hear appeals from the state courts and a six-member Supreme Court would heads of major departments who decide contested cases. The Supreme Court also served as a trial court in certain The First Cabinet advise the President.) cases involving states or foreign affairs. The act also established the office of An engraving from the 1800s shows ½ Attorney General to prosecute and defend cases on behalf of the federal govern- the first Cabinet. was Teach Display Color Transpar- ment. Washington appointed John Jay as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme the Secretary of War, and Edmund ency: The First President, and have Court. Randolph was the Attorney General. students review the Primary Source quotation. Discuss how Washing- Setting Up the Cabinet One of Washington’s most ton’s emotions on taking office dif- important precedents was the formation of a Cabinet, fered from the public’s emotions or the group of federal leaders who headed the major about his presidency. Using the departments of the executive branch and advised the Numbered Heads strategy (TE, President. The first four executive departments were George Washington p. T23), discuss the main aspects of the departments of State, Treasury, and War, and the the new U.S. federal government. Attorney General. The State Department, led by Edmund Randolph Thomas Jefferson, conducted foreign policy. The War Ask What was one precedent Department supervised national defense. The Secretary that Washington set? (Sample of the Treasury, , managed the response: He formed a Cabinet of nation’s finances. Nominated by the President, the department heads to advise him.) Cabinet members were approved by the Senate. In Why did later Presidents follow 1907, the Cabinet was officially recognized by law. his precedents? (Possible response: They probably respected his judg- Why was setting up the Cabinet an ment and had seen how well his important precedent? actions worked for his administra- tion.) Color Transparencies A-21 Hamilton’s Plans Stir Debate ½ Analyzing the Visuals Direct Hamilton was tasked with paying off the young students’ attention to the engraving nation’s immense debts and setting it on a course of eco- of the first Cabinet. Ask How do nomic security. An ardent Federalist, he believed that a you think Washington decided strong, centralized government was necessary to pre- whom to choose for his Cabinet? serve the Union. As he developed his plans, Hamilton (Possible answer: He probably selected faced fierce and vocal opposition from Antifederalists, Henry Knox men whom he respected or who had who feared that a strong national government would good reputations.) threaten states’ rights and people’s freedoms. Their struggles and debates made clear that two very different Alexander Hamilton views of government were solidifying in the new nation. Independent Practice Have students organize the informa- tion about the early form of the federal government in the form of a concept web with a center oval labeled “Early U.S. Government.”

L1 Special Needs Students L2 English Language Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers Monitor Progress Write the word precedent on the board. Explain response: formed a Cabinet) Explain to students that As students fill in their outlines, circu- to students that the prefix pre- means “first” or the things that Washington did first set precedents late to make sure that they construct the “before” and that the Latin root cede means “to for other Presidents. Then, ask students to suggest outline in the correct format. For a com- go.” Have students use that information to write a other words they may know with the prefix pre-. pleted version of the outline, see Note meaning for the word. To help students understand (Note for students that one of these is the word pre- Taking Transparencies, B-34. the significance of Washington’s presidency, ask fix.) As they read the chapter, have students list other What kinds of things did George Washington words they find that have this prefix. Answer do first that later Presidents also did? (Sample The Cabinet members provided leader- ship for the various parts of the executive branch and helped advise the President. Chapter 6 Section 1 193 0197_hsus_te_ch06_s01_su.fm Page 194 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:24 AM

Hamilton’s Plan for Restructuring Debt Hamilton’s Plans Action Result Lasting Legacy

Stir Debate L3 Pay foreign debt and interest Restore national credit Established United States as in full trustworthy Instruct Federal government assumes Bring stability to country; Unified country state debts stimulate economy ½ Key Term Ask stu- Introduce: Impose excise taxes and tariffs Pay debts and increase Established precedent of nation dents to find the key term tariffs (in manufacturing paying its debts bold) in the text, and have a volun- Create national bank and Help government regulate Created model on which today’s teer read the definition. Ask What national currency economy and commerce; Federal Reserve System is based do you think is the purpose of a generate income through loans tariff? (to raise revenue for the gov- ernment and encourage U.S. busi- nesses by making foreign goods more expensive than domestic goods) Handling the National Debt Hamilton despised the nation’s ½ Teach Discuss aspects of Hamil- agricultural economy as backward. He wanted to quickly develop a ton’s economic plans and how they commercial and industrial economy that could support a large fed- eral government along with a strong army and navy. He saw the began the evolution of political par- national debt of $52 million and the additional $25 million in debts ties. Ask What were the two main owed by the individual states as assets. Rather than pay down those economic problems facing the debts using cash reserves, he meant to fund them by selling govern- country in 1789? (debt and insta- ment bonds, which would pay annual interest to the holders. Such bonds bility) How did Hamilton’s Feder- Stabilizing the Economy delighted investors, who welcomed an opportunity to reap annual profits. alist views affect his role as Though Jefferson and Madison To pay the annual interest on the bonds, Hamilton proposed new excise taxes Secretary of the Treasury? (He fiercely opposed Hamilton’s plans, and high tariffs, or taxes on imported goods, to raise revenue for the federal gov- believed in a strong federal govern- Congress eventually adopted them. ernment and protect struggling American manufacturers from foreign competi- ment and pushed for greater federal The first bank of the United States, tion. He also asked Congress to charter a Bank of the United States that could influence over the economy.) Why do founded in 1791, stands in Philadelphia. regulate state banks, strengthen the national government, and ensure that you think Antifederalists might The check above was drawn from the business interests were closely aligned with those of the government. be against a National Bank? bank in 1794. What did Hamilton plan (because it would give the federal to do about states’ debts? Hamilton’s Strategy Hamilton saw three great benefits from his system. government control over state banks) First, it would establish the nation’s financial credibility, making it easier to Have students describe Hamilton’s borrow money in the future. Second, it would buy political support from the economic strategy. Then, ask stu- wealthiest Americans, which Hamilton believed was essential for the govern- dents to discuss how farmers and ment’s stability. Third, it would enrich investors, who could then build new ships, wharves, storehouses, and factories. In other words, his plan would pro- southerners might have viewed mote the accumulation of capital needed for commercial and industrial growth. Hamilton’s strategy. Hamilton’s program was intended to redistribute wealth in two ways: from ½ Analyzing the Visuals Have stu- farmers to merchants and from the South to the North. About eighty percent of dents examine the chart on this the nation’s debt was owed to merchants in the seaport cities of the Northeast. page, and note the emphasis on pay- During the 1780s, they had bought up notes issued by the Congress or by the ing foreign debt. Ask students why states. Those notes had lost most of their value but the merchants had bought they agree or disagree with Hamil- them anyway as an investment. Because they paid only a fraction of the original ton’s reasoning that it was beneficial value of the notes, and because Hamilton proposed paying them at full value, to add to the nation’s overall debt to the merchants would profit under Hamilton’s plan. But to pay those debts, the pay off foreign debts. federal government would tax the American people, who were mainly farmers. Why did Hamilton want to add to the national debt? Independent Practice Have students review the information Opposing Hamilton below this blue heading and write a The southern states, which were overwhelmingly agricultural, had done a letter from Hamilton to George Wash- better job of paying their own debts. Why, southerners wondered, should they ington, explaining Hamilton’s plans pay federal taxes to bail out the northern states? And why should their tax and the reasons behind them.

Monitor Progress As students complete their letters, make sure that they correctly recall L4 Advanced Readers L4 Gifted and Talented Students Hamilton’s plans and his views about the nation’s economy. Have students read more about Alexander Hamilton Then, have students conduct further research on the and his ideas on the national economy. Then, have stu- economy around 1790. Specifically, they should find dents conduct research on a recent national economic the total debt of each state, as well as the types of Answers adviser, such as former Federal Reserve Chair Alan industries common to each state. Have them use this Greenspan. Ask students to write a dialogue information to create an illustrated economic map of Caption He wanted the federal govern- between these two economic leaders, comparing the United States around 1790. Have them use sym- ment to take over those debts. their views on what role the government should play bols and construct a map key as well as data to He wanted to stabilize the economy in stabilizing the economy. present economic information. first, which required increasing the debt to pay off earlier debt and give the nation financial credibility. 194 The New Republic 0197_hsus_te_ch06_s01_su.fm Page 195 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:24 AM

dollars flow into the pockets of creditors in the Northeast? Opposition to Hamil- ton’s plans grew steadily in the South. Opposing Hamilton L3 Interpreting the Constitution To justify his ambitious program, Hamilton interpreted the Constitution broadly, relying on its “implied powers” and its Instruct clause empowering Congress to enact laws for the “general welfare.” His broad ½ Introduce: Key Terms Ask stu- interpretation, or loose construction, appalled his critics, including Jefferson dents to find the key terms loose con- and Madison. They favored a strict construction, or limiting the federal govern- struction and strict construction ment to powers explicitly granted by the Constitution. They opposed Hamilton’s (in bold) in the text and the definitions. plans for assuming state debts. Fearing that a national bank would benefit the Ask students to provide examples of North at the expense of the South, they also argued that the Constitution did loose construction and strict con- not authorize Congress to charter one. struction of the Constitution. Compromise Over a National Capital As Americans aligned themselves ½ Teach Explain that opposition to either with Hamilton or with Madison and Jefferson, debate heated up. Jeffer- Hamilton’s proposals involved con- son declared that Hamilton’s system “flowed from principles adverse to liberty cerns over federal power as well as and . . . calculated to undermine and demolish the republic.” Jefferson and concerns about economic fairness. Madison insisted that Hamilton was betraying the to Ask Which side did Congress establish a “kingly government.” They pointed to Great Britain, where factories support—Jefferson’s or Hamil- made owners wealthy but kept most of the workers in poverty. Fearing that ton’s? (Hamilton’s) Why did Wash- industrial development led to greater inequality, they concluded that America ington support Hamilton’s needed to keep a farm economy in order to sustain the Republic. response to the Whiskey Rebel- In 1791, by a narrow vote, Congress approved full funding of the federal debt, the implementation of new excise taxes, and the creation of a national bank. But lion? (Washington believed that the in order to get southerners to agree to the assumption of state debts, Hamilton federal government needed to dem- promised that in ten years the national capital would move southward to the onstrate that it would uphold the banks of the Potomac River, between Maryland and Virginia. To honor the first law.) What do you think Jefferson President, who was reelected in 1792, the new capital became known as Wash- is implying about the Whiskey ington, District of Columbia. Rebellion in the quotation on this page? (Possible response: that it was The Whiskey Rebellion In western Pennsylva- fabricated to make a point about the nia, mountains made it difficult to transport bulky power of the federal government) bushels of grain to eastern markets. So people dis- ½ tilled their grain into whiskey, which was more Analyzing the Visuals Ask stu- compact and of higher value. Rural farmers hated dents to study the political cartoon the excise tax on whiskey, which reminded them of on this page. Remind them that the British taxes that had led to the Revolution. In political cartoons are drawn in a 1794, farmers resisted the tax by intimidating and particular style and with a certain attacking tax collectors. viewpoint. Discuss what this cartoon Hamilton welcomed the opportunity to demon- tells them about this period in strate the new power of the nation by suppressing American government. the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington agreed, observing, “We had given no testimony to the world Independent Practice of being able or willing to support our government and laws.” Under Hamilton’s command, 12,000 mili- Have students write two brief editori- tiamen marched west into the troubled region. The als about the Whiskey Rebellion that rebellion quickly dissolved. Rather than resist Analyzing Political Cartoons might have appeared in a newspaper such overwhelming force, most rebels stayed home or in the 1790s. One letter should be from The Whiskey Rebellion A cartoon published in 1794 added a strict constructionist and the other ran away. Hamilton arrested twenty suspects, but only to the intense debate over the Whiskey Rebellion. two were convicted. Jefferson mocked that “an insurrec- 1. Which figures in the cartoon are rebels? Which represent the from a loose constructionist, with each tion was announced and proclaimed and armed against, government? defending a particular viewpoint. but could never be found.” 2. Does the cartoonist side with the government or the rebels? How can you tell? On what grounds did some people Monitor Progress oppose Hamilton’s plans? As students write their editorials, cir- culate to ensure that they understand these two interpretations, especially the strict constructionists’ opposition to Hamilton’s plan. The Whiskey Rebellion Most Americans who Some rebels in western Pennsylvania used political resented the whiskey tax simply rebelled by not paying activism to get their message across. Several coun- it. Western Pennsylvania was different. The violence in ties appointed members to an assembly to argue that region prompted federal action. At the home of tax their case before the federal government. Among Answers collector John Neville, a confrontation with an angry mob those representatives was Albert Gallatin. For his led to gunfire. Neville and his family fled in terror as the role in representing the rebels, President Washing- Analyzing Political Cartoons rebels burned his house to the ground. Then, the crowd ton ordered Gallatin arrested, although he never 1. The small figures represent the rebels, and attacked a federal postal carrier and stole the mail to find was. Ironically, Gallatin later served as Secretary of the large figure represents the government. out whether anyone in the area was aiding the govern- the Treasury under Jefferson, where he took the 2. The cartoonist seems to side with the ment. Because attacking a postal carrier was a federal opportunity to reverse some of Hamilton’s policies. rebels, showing the larger and more pow- offense and the situation in general was so dangerous, erful government stealing their whiskey. President Washington ordered troops into the area. They believed that he was interpreting the Constitution too loosely. Chapter 6 Section 1 195 0197_hsus_te_ch06_s01_su.fm Page 196 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:24 AM

A Two-Party System Emerges A Two-Party System The Whiskey Rebellion highlighted the growing division in American politics. Emerges L3 The federal government, headed by Washington and Hamilton, sought to secure its power and authority. Meanwhile the opposition, led by Madison and Jeffer- Instruct son, grew stronger. ½ Introduce: Key Term Write the Debating the Whiskey Rebellion The Whiskey Rebellion, and its outcome, key term political parties on the fueled disagreement. The Federalists blamed the rebellion in part on a set of board, and explain that the Framers political clubs known as the Democratic Societies. The clubs had formed to oppose of the Constitution opposed political the Federalists. Although these clubs were small and scattered, Washington parties. Ask Why do you think this was so? (Sample answer: They saw political parties as dangerous INFOGRAPHIC factions that would undermine national unity.) ½ Teach Ask What were the first American political parties? (the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans) How did they differ? (The Federalists supported a strong federal government, and the Demo- cratic Republicans believed that the states should have the greater power.) An early political cartoon honors A farmer plows a North How did the Whiskey Rebellion Washington and demonizes Jefferson. Carolina field in 1787. influence the creation of these parties? (Political groups called Democratic Societies had supported the rebellion. These clubs became the basis for the Democratic Republican Wealthy merchants stroll along With the ink barely dry on the Constitution, distinct Party. The formed in the harbor in New York City. political parties were already forming in the United States. reaction to the clubs.) The intense debate over ideas that had surrounded the ½ Quick Activity Have students writing of the Constitution shaped the rise of the Federalist examine the Infographic. Then, have and Democratic Republican parties in the new nation. them create a list of subjects on which Federalists Democratic Republicans the two parties might have agreed. • Led by Alexander Hamilton • Led by Thomas Jefferson • Favored a strong • Thought states should have centralized government more power Independent Practice • Wanted to base economy • Wanted to base economy To learn more about the differences on industry and trade on farming between America’s first political par- • Were pro-British • Were pro-French ties, have students complete the View- • Supported a loose construc- • Supported a strict construc- points: Federalists and Democratic tion of the Constitution tion of the Constitution Republicans worksheet. Teaching Resources, p. 15 Thinking Critically 1. Contrast What were the major Monitor Progress differences between the Federalists and As students complete their worksheets, the Democratic Republicans? circulate to make sure that they under- 2. Draw Inferences Though George stand how the views of Federalists and Washington supported most Federalist Democratic Republicans differed. beliefs, he refused to declare himself a Federalist. Why do you think this was so?

The Two-Party System Since the days of the has succeeded in gaining as much support and power Federalists and Democratic Republicans, the United as the two dominant parties. Answers States has had a two-party political system. For the Within each of the main parties, there are sub- first 100 years of the country’s existence, several major groups with views ranging from moderate to Thinking Critically parties have come and gone, although generally only extreme. However, in the Democratic Party, members 1. Federalists: loose constructionists; two parties enjoyed any real power at any time. Since are generally loose constructionists and support gov- favored strong federal government, pro- the rise of the Republican Party in the 1850s, however, ernment intervention in the economy and society. In industry; Democratic Republicans: strict the two major parties have been the Democrats and the Republican Party, members tend to be strict con- constructionists; favored state power, Republicans. Numerous third (and sometimes fourth) structionists and more wary of government interven- pro-agriculture parties have arisen to challenge these two, such as the tion in the economy or society. 2. Possible answer: He opposed parties and Green Party and the Libertarian Party, but so far none did not want to side with one faction over another. 196 The New Republic 0197_hsus_te_ch06_s01_su.fm Page 197 Wednesday, April 18, 2007 9:24 AM

denounced them as “the most diabolical attempt to destroy the best fabric of human government and happiness.” Jefferson and Madison defended the socie- ties, fearing that aristocracy would triumph if leaders were immune from constant Assess and Reteach

public scrutiny and criticism. They were alarmed that the Federalists had sent Vocabulary Builder so many troops to suppress popular dissent in western Pennsylvania. As debate suppress–(suh PREHS) v. to put Assess Progress L3 over the rebellion continued, the two sides gradually emerged as distinct polit- an end to with force ½ Have students complete the Section ical groups. Assessment. Political Parties Compete for Power The authors of the Constitution ½ Administer the Section Quiz. wanted to avoid organized political parties, or groups of people who seek to win Teaching Resources, p. 22 elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy. They ½ deemed these groups to be “factions” that threatened the unity of a republic. To further assess student under- Despite these intentions, politicians decided to form two parties: the Federal- standing, use Progress Monitoring ists, led by Hamilton and John Adams, and the Democratic Republicans, led by Transparencies, 42. Jefferson and Madison. Northerners, especially merchants, tended to favor the Federalists. In con- Reteach trast, southerners, especially farmers, voted mainly for the Democratic Repub- If students need more instruction, licans. Still, Federalists and Democratic Republicans could be found in every have them read the section summary. social class, in every type of community, in every region, and in every state. Political elections were closely contested most of the time. Reading and Note Taking L3 The first two Presidents and most of the governors, state legislators, and con- Study Guide gressmen were Federalists. Their electoral success indicates that many com- Adapted Reading and L1 L2 mon voters shared Federalist values. Voters credited the Federalists with the new Constitution and with the nation’s increased prosperity and stability dur- Note Taking Study Guide ing the 1790s. Spanish Reading and L2 But many common people continued to support the Democratic Republicans. Note Taking Study Guide They worried that the Federalists would concentrate wealth and power in the hands of the elite. Many voters also believed that the Democratic Republican Party offered more social mobility. Extend L4 Have students select one of the amend- Who were the leaders of the two emerging political parties? ments to the U.S. Constitution and write an essay that explains how both a strict constructionist and a loose con- structionist might view the amendment SECTION and why each would hold that opinion. 1 Assessment Progress Monitoring Online 1 For: Self-test with vocabulary practice Web Code: nca-0611 Answer Comprehension 2. Reading Skill: Critical Thinking John Adams and Alexander Hamilton for 1. Terms and People For each term Summarize Use your completed 4. Predict Consequences Would the below, explain its impact on early outline to answer the Section Focus federal government have survived if the Federalists, Thomas Jefferson and American government. Question: How did debate over the role the first President had not had for the Democratic • administration of government lead to the formation of widespread respect? Explain. Republicans • precedent political parties? 5. Analyze Information Why did • Cabinet Writing About History Hamilton believe that wealthy • tariff Americans were necessary to secure 3. Quick Write: Frame Research • loose construction the nation’s economic future? Questions Choose an event from this • strict construction 6. Recognize Ideologies How did • Whiskey Rebellion section. Write two or three questions to generate ideas for a research paper. For Americans structure their debates • political party about the economy in terms of • Democratic Republican example, if you choose the Whiskey Rebellion, you could ask, “Why was it interpreting the Constitution? in some people’s interest to call this 7. Draw Conclusions Is it possible to event a rebellion?” govern a democracy without political parties? Explain.

Section 1 Assessment 4. Possible answer: No; respect for Wash- the focus of discussions about interpreta- ington meant that most people listened tions of the Constitution. 1. Students’ sentences should reflect their to him and followed his lead and his pre- 7. Possible answer: No; parties are needed to understanding of how each term affected cedents. Without that respect, the gov- early U.S. government. organize campaigns and voters, but most ernment might have lost credibility, importantly, a strong minority party can The first parties were formed from 2. leading to the dissolution of the Union. check the power of the majority power groups divided mainly over the issue of 5. Sample response: He believed that they and prevent it from becoming tyrannical. how much power the federal government were needed to invest in new businesses should have. Federalists believed in a and to pay taxes; also, if wealthy people strong federal government, and Demo- do not support the government, they can cratic Republicans believed that power apply their resources to destroy it. should be held mainly by the states. 6. Because Hamilton was expanding con- For additional assessment, have students access 3. Students’ questions should reference a trol over the economy far beyond what Progress Monitoring Online at Web single topic from the section. the Constitution specified, that became Code nca-0611.

Chapter 6 Section 1 197