Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K

www.norden.org

This brochure gathers information on gender equality in the Nordic region. It briefly describes some important areas of life and society, such as family, work, Nordic Gender education, health, power, income and influence. This data will hopefully be useful for everyone who seeks reliable Equality and comparable data on gender equality in the Nordic countries. Please visit www.norden.org for more information. in Figures

ISBN 978-92-893-4039-7 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4040-3 (PDF) ISSN 0908-4339 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2015-733 2015 ANP 2015:733

2015_733_omslag .indd 1 23-02-2015 12:50:44 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

ISBN 978-92-893-4039-7 (PRINT) ISBN 978-92-893-4040-3 (PDF) ISSN 0908-4339 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/ANP2015-733 ANP 2015:733 © Nordic Council of Ministers 2015 Cover design: Erling Lynder/SignElements

Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K

www.norden.org/en/publications

Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland.

Nordic co-operation has firm t aditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe.

Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive.

2015_733_omslag .indd 2 23-02-2015 12:50:44 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

ANP 2015:733

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 1 23-02-2015 12:51:26 Content

1. Demography 4 4. Education 21 1.1 Population pyramid 4 4.1 Educational attainment 21 1.2 Fertility rates 6 4.2 Early leavers from education 1.3 Mean age at birth of first child 7 and training 22 4.3 Graduated students at tertiary level 23 2. Family and Care 8 4.4 Attained tertiary education 2.1 Families 8 by field of education 24 2.2 Childlessness 9 2.3 Parental leave 10 5. Labour market 25 2.4 Children in daycare 11 5.1 Labour market status 25 2.5 Time use on domestic work 12 5.2 Segregation 26 5.3 Part-time work 27 3. Health 13 3.1 Life expectancy at birth 13 6. Income 29 3.2 Self-perceived limitations due to health 6.1 Gender pay gap 29 problems 14 6.2 Mean annual earnings 30 3.3 Daily smoking 15 6.3 People at risk of poverty 31 3.4 Mortality rates from cancer 16 6.4 Relative median income ratio 32 3.5 Mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system 17 7. Influence and power 33 3.6 Suicides 18 7.1 Candidates elected to the national 3.7 Abortion 19 parliaments 33 3.8 Absence from work for at least a week due 7.2 Gender balance on boards 34 to illness 20 7.3 Gender differences among employers 35 7.4 Leaders and managers 36

Symbols Nil - Less than half 0 Not applicable . Data not available ..

Denmark (DK) Greenland (GL) Åland (AX) Norway (NO) Faroe Islands (FO) Finland (FI) Iceland (IS) Sweden (SE) EU

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 2 23-02-2015 12:51:26 Foreword

The co-operation on gender equality between the Nordic countries, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland is driven by a shared vision of a gender-equal Nordic Region with equal opportunities, rights and obligations for all who live in the Region, regardless of gender. Gender equality is a fundamental value to the Nordic countries and is vital for economic and social growth.

Gender equality means that women and men, girls and boys have equal power and influence, and equal rights, responsibilities, obligations and opportunities in every area of life. This brochure briefly describes some important areas of life and society, such as family, work, education, health, power, income and influence. This data will hopefully be useful for everyone who seeks reliable and comparable data on gender equality in the Nordic countries.

The brochure, together with more information, is available online at www.norden.org.

This publication has been published with financial support by the Nordic Council of Ministers. However, the contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or recommendations of the Nordic Council of Ministers.

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 3 23-02-2015 12:51:26 1. Demography

1.1.1 Demography Population pyramid

1.1The populationPopulation pyramid pyramid illustrates the composition of the population by age and sex. During the last 20 years the young population, 0–19 years, The population pyramid illustrates the composition of the population by age and has decreased in all countries, except Denmark where it remains sex. During the last 20 years the share of the young population, 0–19 years, has unchanged. The older population, 65 or older, has increased in all Nordic decreased in all countries, except Denmark where it remains unchanged. The sharecountries. of the There older ispopulation, a slight increase 65 or older, in the has working-age increased in population, all Nordic countries. 20–64 Thereyears, is in a Greenland,slight increase Iceland in the and share Norway. of the working-age population, 20–64

DK FO

90+ 1995 90+ 1995 2014 2014 80-89 80-89 70-79 70-79 60-69 60-69 50-59 50-59 40-49 40-49 30-39 30-39 20-29 20-29 10-19 10-19 0-9 0-9 500 250 0 0 250 500 4 2 0 024 Thousand

GL FI

90+ 1995 90+ 1995 2014 2014 80-89 80-89 70-79 70-79 60-69 60-69 50-59 50-59 40-49 40-49 30-39 30-39 20-29 20-29 10-19 10-19 0-9 0-9 7 3,5 0 03,57 500 250 0 0 250 500 Thousand Men are shown to the left and women to the right

4 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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The opposite applies in Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Åland and years, in Greenland, Iceland and Norway. The opposite applies in Denmark, Sweden. This is a general pattern that can be seen in many EU countries. Faroe Islands, Finland, Åland and Sweden. This is a general pattern that can be Since all Nordic countries, except the Faroe Islands have a fertility rate seen in many EU countries. Since all Nordic countries, except the Faroe Islands havebelow a fertilityreplacement rate below level, replacement it implies that level, relatively it implies fewer that relativelypeople than fewer before peopleare refilling than beforethe working are refilling age group. the working age group.

AX IS

90+ 1995 90+ 1995 2014 2014 80-89 80-89 70-79 70-79 60-69 60-69 50-59 50-59 40-49 40-49 30-39 30-39 20-29 20-29 10-19 10-19 0-9 0-9 01,53 30 15 0 0 15 30 3 1,5 0 Thousand

NO SE

1995 90+ 90+ 1995 2014 2014 80-89 80-89 70-79 70-79 60-69 60-69 50-59 50-59 40-49 40-49 30-39 30-39 20-29 20-29 10-19 10-19 0-9 0-9 500 250 0 0 250 500 700 350 0 0 350 700 Thousand Men are shown to the left and women to the right

Source: POPU01 in the database Nordic Statistics

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1.2 Fertility rates

The Total fertility rate is the number of live births per woman of child- bearing age. 1.5 children per woman is a critical level of fertility rate. If fertility is below this level the proportion of elderly in the population increases and also the dependency ratio. 2.1 children are considered as a level where the population increases without support of immigration. Good access to childcare can facilitate the possibility of combining gainful employment and family life. In the Nordic countries good childcare and parental allowance are likely to keep up the fertility rate.

The fertility rates in the Nordic countries are higher than the average of EU which is 1.6 children per woman. The highest fertility rate is found in the Faroe Islands, 2.5 and the lowest in Finland and Denmark, 1.7.

1.2 Fertility rates

Fertility rates 1995-2013 3.0

FO 2.5 GL

2.0 IS NO

AX DK 1.5 SE EU FI

1.0 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Source: CHIL02 in the database Nordic Statistics

The Total fertility rate is the number of live births per women of child- 6 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 bearing age. 1.5 children per woman is a critical level of fertility rate. If fertility is below this level the proportion of elderly in the population increases and also the dependency ratio. 2.1 children are considered as a level where the population increases without support of immigration. Good access to childcare can facilitate the possibility of combining gainful 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 6 23-02-2015 12:51:27 employment and family life. In the Nordic countries good childcare and parental allowance are likely to keep up the fertility rate.

1.3 Mean age at birth of first child

The mean age of mothers at birth of their first child is about 29 years in all Nordic countries, except Iceland where the mothers are almost two years younger. In all countries, except Finland, the age is about two years higher compared to 1995, in Finland the increase is one year.

The fathers are two to three years older than the mothers when their first child is born. In the Nordic countries they are between 30 in Iceland, and 31.5 years in Sweden. Also the father’s age has increased by between two and three years since 1995.

1.3 Mean age at birth of first child

Mean age at birth of first child 32

22 DK FI IS NO SE DK FI IS NO SE Mothers Fathers 1995 2013

Source: Nordic Statistical Institutes

The mean age of mothers at birth of their first child is about 29 years in all Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 7 Nordic countries, except Iceland where the mothers are almost two years younger. In all countries, except Finland, the age is about two years higher compared to 1995, in Finland the increase is one year.

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.inddThe fathers are two to three 7 years older than the mothers when their first 23-02-2015 12:51:27 child is born. In the Nordic countries they are between 30 in Iceland, and 31.5 years in Sweden. Also the father’s age has increased by between two and three years since 1995.

2. Family and Care 2. Family and Care 2.1 Families 2.1 Families The family and housing circumstances of an individual change over the courseThe family of a andlifetime. housing A family circumstances consists either of an of individual one person change or several over the personscourse of related a lifetime. to each A family other. consis Most familiests either correspond of one person to a or household. several A household includes all people, related or not, living at the same address, persons related to each other. Most families correspond to a household. A sharing a house or a flat. Consequently, households may include more household includes all people, related or not, living at the same address, than one family. sharing a house or a flat. Consequently, households may include more Nearlythan one 40 family.per cent of the families in Iceland have children, in Norway and Denmark this is true of 27 per cent. Sweden and Finland have the lowest shareNearly of 40 families per cent with of thechildren families in the in NordicIceland countries. have childr Abouten, in four Norway out of and fiveDenmark families this withis true children of 27 inper the cent Nordic. Sweden countries and Finlandconsist haveof married the lowest or cohabitingshare of families couples. with The children majority in of th singlee Nordic parents countries. are mothers. About four Sweden out of hasfive thefamilies highest with proportion children inof thesingle Nordic fathers. countries consist of married or cohabiting couples. The majority of single parents are mothers. Sweden has the highest share of single fathers.

Families with and without children 0-17 years by type of family 2013 100

0 DK FI IS NO SE DK FI IS NO SE With children Without children Married couples Cohabiting couples Single men Single women

Note: DK: Children aged 0–24. SE: Married include cohabiting couples Source: NOSOSCO: “Social protection in the Nordic Countries”

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2.2 Childlessness

The indicator on childlessness shows the share of women and men born in 1965 who have not had any children at the age of 45.

Finland has the highest proportion of both men and women who have not become parents. 22 to 27 per cent of the men are childless where this is true for 10 to 19 per cent of the women in the Nordic countries.

2.2 Childlessness

The indicator on childlessness shows the share of women and men born in 1965 who have not had any children at the age of 45.

Finland has the highest share of both men and women who have not become parents. 22 to 27 per cent of the men are childless where this is true for 10 to 19 per cent of the women in the Nordic countries.

Childlessness for women and men born in 1965 by the age of 45 30

0 DK FI NO SE Women Men

Note: DK: age 44 years. FI: age 45–49 years Source: Nordic Statistical institutions

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2.3 Parental leave

The indicator shows the number of days in which maternity and paternity benefits where drawn per new-born baby in the year. Both the number of recipients and days in which maternity and paternity benefit is payable vary considerably from one country to the other. Sweden has the longest parental leave period with an income-related parental benefit up to 70 weeks. Finland and Denmark both have 50 weeks. Iceland has the shortest with less than 40 weeks, and in Norway parents can choose up to 57 weeks. Denmark is the only country with no father’s quota, where Iceland has the highest father’s quota of 13 weeks.

Iceland and Sweden are in the lead with respectively 28.5 and 25.5 per cent of the number of days taken by the father in 2013. For all the Nordic countries there has been an increase in the father’s share of the parental benefits as well as in the number of days taken per new-born in total from 2000 to 2013.

2.3 Parental leave

Number of days in which parental benefits where drawn per new-born 500

400

300

200

100

0 DK FI IS NO SE DK FI IS NO SE 2000 2013 Women Men

Source: NOSOSCO: “Social protection in the Nordic Countries”

The indicator shows the number of days in which maternity and paternity benefits where drawn per new-born baby in the year. Both the number of

10days inNordic which Gender maternity Equality and in Figures paternity 2015 benefit is payable vary considerably from one country to the other. Sweden has the longest parental leave period with an income-related parental benefit up to 70 weeks. Finland and Denmark both have 50 weeks. Iceland has the shortest with less than 40 weeks, and in Norway parents can choose up to 57 weeks. Denmark is the only country with no father’s quota, where Iceland has the highest father’s 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 10 23-02-2015 12:51:27 quota of 13 weeks.

Iceland and Sweden are in the lead with respectively 28.5 and 25.5 per cent of the number of days taken by the father in 2013. For all the Nordic countries there has been an increase in father’s share of the parental benefits as well as in the number of days taken per new-born in all from 2000 to 2013.

2.4 Children in daycare

A characteristic feature in the Nordic countries is the high rate of both parents participating in the labor force. This increases the need for child care options during working hours.

Most children of the ages 3 to 5 years are in day care institutions. With the exception of Finland, between 92 and 98 per cent of all children age 3–5 are in daycare institutions. This accounts for 74 per cent in Finland. The percentage2.4 Childre isn generallyin dayca muchre lower for children between 0 and 2 years. Due toA characteristicparental leave featurevery few in of the the Nordic youngest countries children is are the in high daycare. rate of both parents participating in the labour force. This increases the need for child care options during working hours.

Most children of the ages 3 to 5 years are in day care institutions. With the exception of Finland, between 92 and 98 per cent of all children age 3-5 are in daycare institutions. The percentage is generally much lower for children between 0 and 2 years. Due to parental leave very few of the youngest children are in daycare.

Share of children in daycare by age groups 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 DK FO FI AX IS NO SE DK FO FI AX IS NO SE 0–2 year 3–5 year 1995 2013 Note: FO: 2004 and 2013. FI: 1997 and 2013. AX: 2000 and 2013. In 2000 no account for age 0. NO: 1995 and 2012 Source: CHIL03 and POPU01 in the database Nordic Statistics

Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 11

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 11 23-02-2015 12:51:27 2.5 Time use on domestic work

2.5 Time use on domestic work

Domestic work includes the work we are doing at home on a day-to-day basis, e.g. cooking and cleaning, repairs and also caring for children. Time is given in hours and minutes, and is shown as the average for all types of domestic work.

Men’s time used on household work has increased in all the Nordic countries between 1990 and 2010. Women, on the other hand, are increasingly spending less time on household work. Although the time spent on household work has been more evenly distributed over the last decade, women still contribute significantly more to household work than men. 2.5 Time use on domestic work

Time used on domestic work for women and men 20–74 years. Hours 5,0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 1990 2000 2010 1990 2000 2010 /2001 /2011 /2001 /2011 Women Men DK FI NO SE

Note: DK domestic work includes the age group 18–74, and it also includes fewer codes for domestic work, than for FI, NO and SE Source: UNECE, Nordic Statistical Institutes and “Hvad bruger vi tiden til”, Rockwool Fonden 2012

Men’s time used on household work has increased in all the Nordic 12 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 countries between 1990 and 2010. Women, on the other hand, are increasingly spending less time on household work. Although the time spent on household work has been more evenly distributed over the last decade, women still contribute significantly more to household work than men. 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 12 23-02-2015 12:51:27

3. Health 3. Health

3.13.1 LifeLife eexpectancyxpectancy a att b birthirth

TheThe indicatorindicator lifelife expectancyexpectancy at at birth birth indicates indicates how how many many years years a anewborn newborn isis expectedexpected toto live,live, based based on on the the current current patterns patterns of of mortality. mortality. It It is is frequent - lyfrequently used to reflect used to the reflect health the of health a population. of a population. As the mortality As the mortalityrate differs rate betweendiffers between women womenand men and (women men (women tend to livetend longer), to live longer),life expectancy life is calculatedexpectancy separately is calculated for womenseparately and formen. women and men.

EvenEven thoughthough womenwomen still still tend tend to to live live longer, longer, life life expectancy expectancy for for men men is is increasing,increasing, soso thethe gap gap is is narrowing narrowing between between the the sexes. sexes.

Nordic women,women, exceptexcept in in Denmark Denmark and and Greenland, Greenland, have have a a life life expectancy expectancy betweenbetween 83.283.2 andand 84.284.2 yearsyears compared compared with with 83.2 83.2 years years of of the the average average EuropeanEuropean womanwoman (EU27).(EU27). Except Except for for men men in in Greenland, Greenland, men men in in the the Nordic Nordic countries can expect to live longer than the average European, whose life countries can expect to live longer than the average European, whose life expectancy is 77.4 years. expectancy is 77.4 years.

Life expectancy at birth. Years. 2013 90

60 DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE EU27 Women Men

Note: AX 2010 and EU27 2011 Source: INDIC106 in the database Nordic Statistics and NOMESCO: “Helsestatistik for de nordiske lande 2014”

Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 13

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3.2 Share with self-perceived longstanding limitations (some/severe) i3.2n u sSelfual aperceivedctivities d limitationsue to health due pro btole healthm problems

The indicator shows the limitation in activities peoplepeople usuallyusually havehave duedue toto one or more health problems. The limitation should havehave lastedlasted forfor atat least least the past six months, and is perceived to have either severely limited or the past six months, and is perceived to have either severely limited or limited their activities in daily life (or not limited at all). Health problems limited their activities in daily life (or not limited at all). Health problems may affect people differently by sex and age. Here, the data refers to those maywith affectlimited people or severely differently limited by limitations sex and age. combined. Here, the data refers to those with limited or severely limited limitations combined. Women perceive themselves to have a higher degree of long-standing Womenlimitations perceive in their themselves activities than to have men a do.higher This degree applies of to long-standing both age-groups, limitationswith the exception in their ofactivities Danish thanwomen men 65 do. and This over applies where to their both share age-groups, is a withlittle thelower exception than men´s. of Danish This applies women both 65 and to the over Nordic where countries their share as wellis a as littlethe average lower than for EU28. men´s. This applies both to the Nordic countries as well as the average for EU28. There seems to be more differences between countries than between Therewomen seems and men to be within more the differences countries, between reflecting countries cultural than differences between in how people perceive their limitations. The proportion of those with women and men within the countries, reflecting cultural differences in how perceived limitations is lowest in Norway and highest in Finland. people perceive their limitations. The proportion of those with perceived limitations is lowest in Norway and highest in Finland.

Self-perceived limitations. Per cent of age group. 2012 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Women Men Women Men 45–64 65 and older DK FI IS NO SE EU28

Source: Eurostat

14 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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3.3 Daily smoking

The indicator refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 years and over who report smoking every day – with slight deviations in age groups for the different countries. Smoking is one of the life style factors that has 3.3 Daily smoking an impact on the status of health. Smoking habits of women and men can

be reflected in different patterns of illnesses and mortality. The indicator refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 years and Theover proportion who report of smoking daily smokers every dayhas –decreased with slight for deviations both women in ageand groupsmen in allfor the the Nordic different countries countries. and Smoking in some of is themone of by the half life since style 1995. factors Men that used has toan smoke impact more on the than status women of health. and this Smoking is still the habits case of in women Denmark, and Norway men can andbe reflected Finland, inbut different in Iceland patterns and Sweden of illnesses a higher and percentage mortality. of women than men are daily smokers, although the difference is small. The highest percentageThe proportion for female of daily smokers smokers is hasin Denmark decreased with for 15.5 both per women cent and and for men in maleall the smokers Nordic countriesit is in Finland and inwith some 20.9 of per them cent. by half since 1995. Men used to smoke more than women and this is still the case in Denmark, Norway and Finland, but in Iceland and Sweden a higher percentage of women than men are daily smokers, although the difference is small. The highest percentage for female smokers is in Denmark with 15.5 per cent and for male smokers it is in Finland with 20.9 per cent.

Daily smokers. Per cent of ages 15 and over 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1995 2013 1995 2013 Women Men DK FI IS NO SE

Note: FI and SE 2012 Source: OECD

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3.4 Mortality rates from cancer 3.4 Mortality rates from cancer The indicator refers to the mortality rate from cancer (malignant Theneoplasms) indicator which refers is to one the of mortality the main rate groups from of cancer causes (malignant of death covering many different types of cancer. It accounts for one-fourth of all deaths in neoplasms) which is one of the main groups of causes of death covering the Nordic countries. Mortality rate is the number of deaths per 100 000 of many different types of cancer. It accounts for one-fourth of all deaths in the average population. Mortality rates differ by gender and are generally theshown Nordic separately countries. for womenMortality and rate men. is the number of deaths per 100,000 of the average population. Mortality rates differ by gender and are generally shownIn all the separately Nordic countries for women the andmortality men. rates for cancer are higher for men than women. Greenland accounts for the lowest gender difference Inwhere all the the Nordic rates forcountries women the and mortalit men arey almostrates for the cancer same, are whereas higher the for men thanFaroe women. Islands, Greenland Finland and accounts Iceland havefor the the lowest highest gender gender difference difference. where The thehighest rates cancer for women mortality and ratesmen arefor bothalmost women the same, and men whereas are in the Denmark, Faroe Islands,where 262 Finland women and and Iceland 289 men have per the 100 highest 000 died gender from difference. cancer (2012). The The highestlowest rates cancer are mortality in Iceland, rates where for 160both women women and and 192 men men are per in Denmark, 100 000 died from different types of cancer (2009). where 262 women and 289 men per 100,000 died from cancer (2012). The lowest rates are in Iceland, where 160 women and 192 men per 100,000 died from different types of cancer (2009).

Mortality rates from cancer. Per 100 000. 2012 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE Women Men

Note: FO, GL and AX average 2008–2012. IS 2009 Source: HEAL03 in the database Nordic Statistics and NOMESCO

16 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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3.5 Mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system

3The.5 Mindicatorortality refers rates to fr othem dmortalityiseases rateof t hfrome ci rthecul adiseasestory sys ofte mthe circulatory system which is one of the main groups of causes of death. It accounts for

one-third of all deaths in the Nordic countries. Mortality rate is the number The indicator refers to the mortality rate from the diseases of the of deaths per 100 000 of the average population. circulatory system which is one of the main groups of causes of death. It accountsDifferent fromfor one-third cancer mortality of all deaths women in thehave Nordic higher countries. mortality Mortalityrates than rate ismen the from number the diseases of deaths of per the 100, circulatory000 of thesystem average in all population. the Nordic countries, except the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland. The gender gap for these Differentcauses of from death cancer is the mortalitynarrowest wome in Denmarkn have buthigher the mortalitywidest in ratesÅland. than The menmortality from rate the diseasesfor women of is the the circulator highest iny systemÅland 410 in all deaths the Nordic per 100 countries, 000 exceptpeople, the followed Faroe Islands,closely by Iceland Finland an andd Greenland. Sweden and The the gender similar gap accounts for these causesfor the mortalityof death isrates the ofnarrowest men. The in rates Denmark are at buta lower the widestlevel in in the Åland. other The mortalitycountries ratewith forthe women lowest isbeing the highestin Greenland, in Åland both 410 for deaths women per and 100,000 men people,with 158 followed and 199 closely deaths byper Finland 100 000, an drespectively. Sweden and the similar accounts for the mortality rates of men. The rates are at a lower level in the other countries with the lowest being in Greenland, both for women and men with 158 and 199 deaths per 100,000, respectively.

Mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system. Per 100 000. 2012 500

400

300

200

100

0 DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE Women Men

Note: FO, GL and AX average 2008–2012. IS 2009 Source: HEAL04 in the database Nordic Statistics and NOMESCO

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3.6 Suicides

The indicator refers to the mortality rate from suicides. The mortality rate 3is. 6the Su numbericides of deaths per 100 000 of the average population. Mortality rates differ by gender and are generally shown separately for women and men. Practices for coding suicides differ from one country to another and, The indicator refers to the mortality rate from suicides. The mortality rate is thethus, number comparisons of deaths of mortalityper 100,000 rates of from the average suicides population. should be made Mortality with ratescaution. differ by gender and are generally shown separately for women and men. Practices for coding suicides differ from one country to another and, thus,Suicides comparisons are more commonof mortality among rates men from than suicides women. should The rate be made of suicides with caution.has generally declined in the Nordic countries, both for men and women. It is by far the highest in Greenland and that accounts for both men and Suicideswomen. Finlandare more has common the second among highest men thratean ofwomen. suicide The for ratemen of or suicides 25 per has100 generally 000, followed declined by Iceland in the Nordicand Sweden. countries, The bothlowest for rate men for and both women. women It isand by men far the is in highest the Faroe in Greenland Islands, one and for that women accounts and eightfor both for menmen. and The women.rate of suicide Finland for has women, the second is between highest one rate and of ten suicide per 100 for men000 inor the25 per 100,000,Nordic countries followed apart by Iceland from in and Greenland. Sweden. The lowest rate for both women and men is in the Faroe Islands, one for women and eight for men. The rate of suicide for women, is between one and ten per 100,000 in the Nordic countries apart from in Greenland.

Number of suicides per 100 000 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Women Men Women Men 1995 2012 DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE

Note: FO, GL and AX 1996 and 2011. Average 2007–2011. IS 1995 and 2009 Source: HEAL05 in the database Nordic Statistics

18 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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3.7 Abortion

Total abortion rate refers to the number of legal abortions performed on 13 .0007 Ab womenortion during their fertile period (from 15–49 years).

SinceTotal abortionthe mid-1970s rate refers induced to the abortions number have of legal been abortions available performed in most Nor on- dic1,000 countries. women In during Denmark, their Greenland,fertile period Norway (from and15–49 Sweden, years). it is entirely up to the pregnant woman in the early stages of pregnancy to determine whetherSince the to mid-1970s have an abortion. induced In abortions the Faroe ha Islands,ve been Finland, available Åland in most and Nordic Iceland,countries. a leave In Denmark, based on Greenland, social and/or Norway medical and Sweden,criteria is it required. is entirely up to the pregnant woman in the early stages of pregnancy to determine whether Theto have total an abortion abortion. rate In has the decreasedFaroe Islands, in all Finland, the Nordic Åland countries and Iceland, between a 2000leave andbased 2012, on social except and/or for Sweden, medical Åland criteria and is Denmark. required. Greenland has the highest total abortion rate with 2014 abortions per 1 000 women dur-

ing their reproductive period (from 15–49 years). Sweden has the second The total abortion rate has decreased in all the Nordic countries between highest rate at 621. The Faroe Islands has the lowest rate at 133. 2000 and 2012, except for Sweden, Åland and Denmark. Greenland has the highest total abortion rate with 2014 abortions per 1000 women during their reproductive period (from 15–49 years). Sweden has the second highest rate at 621. The Faroe Islands has the lowest rate at 133.

Total abortion rate 2 500

2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE 2000 2012

Note: FO 2000 and 2008. GL and AX 2000 and 2009. IS 1999 and 2012 Source: HEAL15 in the database Nordic Statistics

Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 19

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3.8 Absence from work for at least a week due to illness

The3.8 indicatorAbsence showsfrom w absenceork for a fromt lea sworkt a w foree atk d leastue t oa iweekllnes sbecause of illness calculated as per cent of all employed. The figures have been calcu- latedThe indicator on the basis shows of absencelabor force from surveys work asfor an at averageleast a week of the because censuses. of In principle,illness calculated everyone as with per gainfulcent of employmentall employed. is The entitled figures to havedaily beencash ben- efitscalculated in the on event the basisof illness. of labor The fostructurerce surveys varies as considerablyan average of by the country. Benefitscensuses. paid In principle, in connection everyone with withillness gainful are taxable employment in all countries. is entitled to daily cash benefits in the event of illness. The structure varies considerably Theby country. percentage Benefits of absence paid in from connection the workplace with illness due toare illness taxable for in more all than onecountries. week is generally higher for women than men with the widest gap in Norway and the narrowest in Denmark. Absence is markedly the highest inThe Norway percentage for both of absencewomen and from men the in wo 2013,rkplace or due4.3 perto illness cent and for 2.7more per than cent,one week respectively, is generally and higher has increased for wome comparedn than men with with 1995. the widestThe per gap cent in of absence has decreased for both sexes in Sweden and increased in Finland. Norway and the narrowest in Denmark. Absence is markedly the highest in Iceland and Denmark account for the lowest absence. Norway for both women and men in 2013, or 4.3 and 2.7, respectively, and has increased compared with 1995. The per cent of absence has decreased for both sexes in Sweden and increased in Finland. Iceland and Denmark account for the lowest absence.

Absence from work for at least a week due to illness. Per cent of all employed 5

0 1995 2013 1995 2013 Women Men DK FI IS NO SE

Note: DK aged 15–66 years Source: SOCI02 in the database Nordic Statistics

20 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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4. Education

4.1 Educational attainment

The indicator defines the per cent of the population aged 15–74 years who have reached ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) levels 1–6. Not specified education is categorised together with Primary education.

In 2012 almost 57 per cent of the people who attained a higher education at tertiary level were women. Comparisons between sexes in educational 4attainment. Educa showtion a lower educational level for men than for women. This is partly due to male-dominated vocational training and education not being 4counted.1 Edu cina ttertiaryional a level.ttainm Finlandent and Norway have the highest proportion in tertiary education for both women and men. Sweden has the highest

share of women and men in upper and post-secondary education. The pro- The indicator defines the per cent of the population aged 15-74 years who portion of people having a tertiary education has increased in all the Nordic havecountries reached as well ISCED as in (International the EU since theStan latedard 1990s. Classification of Education) levels 1-6. Not specified education is categorised together with Primary education.

Educational attainment/Level of education attained, people aged 15–74 years. Per cent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women Women Women Women DK GL FI AX IS NO SE Tertiary (ISCED 5+6) Secondary (ISCED 3+4) Primary (ISCED 1+2) and not specified

Source: EDUC01 in the database Nordic Statistics

In 2012 almost 57 per cent of the peNordicople Genderwho attained Equality ina Figureshigher 2015 education21 at tertiary level were women. Comparisons between sexes in educational attainment show a lower educational level for men than for women. This is partly due to male-dominated vocational training and education not being counted in tertiary level. Finland and Norway have the highest proportion 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.inddin tertiary education for 21 both women and men. Sweden has the highest 23-02-2015 12:51:29 share of women and men in upper and post-secondary education. The proportion of people having a tertiary education has increased in all the Nordic countries as well as in the EU since the late 1990s.

4.2 Early leavers from education and training

Early leavers from education and training are defined as the proportion of the population aged 18 to 24 with a lower secondary level of education as the highest attained and who are no longer in further education or training.

EU has adopted a benchmark share of less than ten per cent early leavers from education and training to be achieved by 2020. In Sweden, Finland and Denmark the proportion of early leavers is lower than the EU28 average at 12.7 per cent, but in Norway (only boys) and in Iceland the shares are higher. The higher drop-out rate for young boys has in particular been debated in many European countries during the last decade. In all the Nordic countries boys have a higher share of early leavers than girls, when the gender differences are compared in each country. However, there is a higher share of early leavers among Norwegian and Icelandic girls, than of

Swedish, Finish and Danish boys. 4.2 Early leavers from education and training

Early leavers from education and training by sex. Per cent 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 2000 2013 1996 2000 2013 Women Men DK FI IS NO SE

Source: Eurostat

EU has adopted a benchmark share of less than ten per cent early leavers 22from educationNordic Gender and Equality training in Figuresto be ac 2015hieved by 2020. In Sweden, Finland and Denmark the proportion of early leavers is lower than the EU28 average at 12.7 per cent, but in Norway and Iceland the shares are higher. The higher drop-out rate for young boys has in particular been debated in many European countries during the last decade. In all the Nordic

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.inddcountries boys have a higher 22 share of early leavers than girls, when the 23-02-2015 12:51:29 gender differences are compared in each country. However, there is a higher share of early leavers among Norwegian and Icelandic girls, than of Swedish, Finish and Danish boys.

4.3 Graduated students at tertiary level

The indicator shows the share of graduated students with tertiary level for women and men in 2012.

In the Nordic countries the majority of graduates at tertiary level (ISCED 5 & 6) are women. Men account for less than 40 per cent of those graduating. In Sweden 45 per cent of the female graduates from 2012, graduated at the tertiary level, which is the highest share in the Nordic countries. For men the proportion is the highest in Sweden as well, 34 per cent. Åland has the lowest share of graduated students at this level, for both men and women.

4.3 Graduated students at tertiary level

The indicator shows the share of graduated students with tertiary level for women and men in 2012.

Graduated students. Per cent with tertiary level. 2012 50

0 DK GL FI AX IS NO SE Women Men

Note: SE 2011 Source: EDUC03 in the database Nordic Statistics

In the Nordic countries the majority of graduates at tertiary level (ISCED 5 & Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 23 6) are women. Men account for less than 40 per cent of those graduating. In Sweden 45 per cent of women have reached the tertiary level, which is the highest share in the Nordic countries. For men the proportion is the highest in Sweden as well, 34 per cent. Åland has the lowest shares of graduated students at this level, for both men and women. 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 23 23-02-2015 12:51:29

4.4 Attained tertiary education by field of education

The indicator shows the gender distribution in the six largest fields of education in 2012.

Female graduates dominate within fields such as health and social services, whereas males dominate in fields such as engineering, manufacturing and construction. The share of men in health, education and social services is still very low in all the Nordic countries. The share of women in engineering, manufacturing and construction is also still low, but increasing. Teacher training and education science are common fields for women in Iceland and Norway, but it is also more common for men in these two countries than in the other Nordic countries.

4.4 Attained tertiary education by field of education

The indicator shows the gender distribution in the six largest fields of education in 2012.

Tertiary education attained by field of education. Per cent. 2012 100

0 DK FI IS NO SE DK FI IS NO SE Women Men Other Teacher training, education science Natural science, mathematics and computing Health and social services Arts, humanities and religion Engineering, manufacturing and construction Social science, business and law

Source: EDUC03 in the database Nordic Statistics

24Female Nordic graduates Gender dominateEquality in Figureswithin 2015fields such as health and social services, whereas males dominate in fields such as engineering, manufacturing and construction. The share of men in health, education and social services is still very low in all the Nordic countries. The share of women in engineering, manufacturing and construction is also still low,

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.inddbut increasing. Teacher 24 training and education science are common fields 23-02-2015 12:51:29 for women in Iceland and Norway, but it is also more common for men in these two countries than in the other Nordic countries.

5. Labour market

5.1 Labour market status

The employment rate is the percentage of employed persons of the popula- 5tion.. L aThebo EUur 2020 mar goalket for the employment rate, for both women and men aged 20–64, is 75 per cent. Among the Nordic countries, Iceland, Norway 5and.1 LSwedenabour m havearke alreadyt statu sreached the target in that age group.

TheFor ageindicator group shows15–64 theit looks employment slightly different. rate, unemployment Men in the Faroe rate Islands, and percentageIceland, Sweden, of the Norway population and Denmarkoutside the have labour achieved force. the goal, but the other countries have a long way to go. Among women, only women in the Faroe TheIslands, employment Iceland and rate Åland is the have percentage an employment of employed rate of persons 75 per cent of the or more. population. The EU 2020 goal for the employment rate, for both women andÅland men and aged Norway 20–64, has isthe 75 lowest per cent. unemployment Among the Nordicrate, 2 andcountries, 3 per cent Iceland, Norwayrespectively and Swedenfor both havewomen already and men. reac Otherhed the Nordic target countries in that age have group. an unemployment rate between 6 and 7 per cent. Finland has the highest For age group 15–64 it looks slightly different. Men in Faroe Islands, proportion of both women and men, who are outside the labour force. They Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark have achieved the goal, but the are neither employed nor unemployed. other countries have a long way to go. Among women, only women in Faroe Islands, Iceland and Åland have an employment rate of 75 per cent or more.

Labour market status, aged 15–64 years. 2013 100 80 60 40 20 0 Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women Women Women Women Women Women DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE EU27

Not in the labour force Unemployed Employed

Note: GL 2012 and AX 2011 Source: WORK02 in the database Nordic Statistics

Åland and Norway has the lowest unemployment rate, 2 and 3 per cent Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 25 respectively for both women and men. Other Nordic countries have an unemployment rate between 6 and 7 per cent. Finland has the highest

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5.2 Segregation

The labour market in the Nordic countries is highly segregated by sex. The indicator5.2 Segr eshowsgatio nthe share of all employed women and men in, respectively, the largest female-dominated industries ”Education” and “Human Health

and Social activities,” and the largest male-dominated industries , The labour market in the Nordic countries is highly segregated by sex. The ”Manufacturing”, “Construction” and “Transportation and Storage”. indicator shows the share of all employed women and men in, respectively, the largest female-dominated industries ”Education” and “Human Health The two female-dominated industries employ in total just above one and Social activities,” and the largest male-dominated industries , quarter of all employed in the Nordic countries. 43 per cent of all employed ”Manufacturing”, “Construction” and “Transportation and Storage”. women work in these two industries, but just 11 per cent of all employed

men. The two female-dominated industries employ in total just above one quarter of all employed in the Nordic countries. 43 per cent of all employed The opposite prevails in the three male-dominated industries, which in totalwomen employ work almost in these one two quarter industries, of all butemployees. just 11 per These cent three of all industries employed employmen. 37 per cent of all employed men, and 10 per cent of all employed women. The opposite prevails in the three male-dominated industries, which in total employ almost one quarter of all employees. These three industries employ 37 per cent of all employed men, and 10 per cent of the employed women.

Per cent of employed aged 15–64 years in the largest female- dominated and male-dominated industries. 2013 50

0 DK FI IS NO SE DK FI IS NO SE Female dominated Male dominated Women Men Source: Eurostat

26 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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5.3 Part-time work

Working part-time facilitates the possibility to combine gainful employment with parenthood or studies. In some industries, it is more common with part-time employment than in others, for example health-related work.

The5.3 proportionPart-time w ofo rwomenk working part-time has decreased in Norway, SwedenWorking and part-time Iceland facilitates since 1995, the butpossibility increased to combinein Finland. gainful In Finland, the proportionemployment of withpart-time parenthood working or women studies. is Insignificantly some industries, lower itthan is more in the othercommon Nordic with countries. part-time employment than in others, for example health- related work. Among men, the proportion of part-time workers increased in all the Nordic countries,The proportion except of forwomen Iceland working where part-time it has fallen. has decreased in Norway, Sweden and Iceland since 1995, but increased in Finland. In Finland, the Theproportion highest of proportion part-time ofworking part-time women working is significantly men can be lower found than in Denmark in the andother the Nordic lowest countries. proportion in Finland.

Among men, the proportion of part-time workers increased in all the Nordic countries, except for Iceland where it has fallen.

The highest proportion of part-time working men can be found in Denmark and the lowest proportion in Finland.

Per cent of employed aged 15–64 in part-time employment 60

0 Women Men Women Men 1995 2013 DK FI IS NO SE

Source: LABO03 in the database Nordic Statistics

Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 27

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Per cent of employed in part-time work by age. 2013 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 15–24 25–49 50–64 15–24 25–49 50–64 Women Men DK FI IS NO SE EU27

Source: Eurostat

Regardless of age, women work part-time to a higher degree than men, Regardlessand this has of been age, thewomen case work for many part-time decades. to a higher degree than men, and this has been the case for many decades. In all countries but Finland, both women and men in the younger ages have Inincreased all countries their but part-time Finland, work both sinc womene 1995. and Women men in have the younger reduced ages their have increasedproportion their of part-time part-time work work in since the other 1995. age Women groups have in all reduced countries their but proportionFinland. of part-time work in the other age groups in all countries but Finland. Men aged 25–49 work part-time to a higher degree in all countries since Men1995, aged except 25–49 for Iceland.work part-time At the olderto a higher ages 50–64, degree menin all work countries part-time since to a 1995,higher except degree for in Iceland.Denmark, At Finlandthe older an agesd Norway, 50–64, while men men work in part-time Sweden andto a higherIceland degree have reduced in Denmark, their Finlandpart-time and work Norway, since while 1995. men in Sweden and Iceland have reduced their part-time work since 1995.

28 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015

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6. Income

6.1 Gender pay gap

The unadjusted Gender Pay Gap represents the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees.

The gender pay gap in Denmark, Norway and Sweden is around 15 to 16 per cent, a little narrower than the average for the EU, at 16 per cent. The gap is slightly wider in Finland and Iceland. The gap has been stable or6. reduced Incom ine all the Nordic countries from 2011 to 2012. From 2010 to 2011, the gap widened in Denmark, but has decreased again in 2012, and

Denmark has now the narrowest gap in the Nordic countries. 6.1 Gender pay gap

Gender pay gap 25

10 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

DK FI IS NO SE EU27

Source: INDIC109 in the database Nordic Statistics

The gender pay gap in Denmark, Norway and Sweden is around 15 to 16 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 29 per cent, a little narrower than the average for the EU, at 16 per cent. The gap is slightly wider in Finland and Iceland. The gap has been stable or reduced in all the Nordic countries from 2011 to 2012. From 2010 to 2011, the gap widened in Denmark, but has decreased again in 2012, and Denmark has now the narrowest gap in the Nordic countries. 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 29 23-02-2015 12:51:30

6.2 Mean annual earnings

Mean annual earnings are the gross annual earnings of employees, calculated for both full-time and part-time employees, as full-time equivalents.

In 2010 Iceland had the largest gender wage gap (in purchasing power) among the Nordic countries, in terms of women’s share of men’s earnings. Iceland was at the same time the country with the lowest wage level for both sexes, lower than the level of the EU27. Also Finland had a relatively large wage gap between men and women, while in Sweden the gap was the smallest. This is due to a generally lower wage level among Swedish men in 2010, compared to the wage level of men in Denmark, Norway and Finland. Denmark was the country with the highest wage level, for both men and women, but the gender gap was still relatively large compared to that of Norway6.2 Me aandn a nSweden.nual earnings Mean annual earnings are the gross annual earnings of employees, calculated for both full-time and part-time employees, as full-time equivalents.

Mean annual earnings. PPS in Euro. 2010 50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0 DK FI IS NO SE EU27 Women Men

Note: PPS: Purchasing Power Standards eliminates the differences in price levels between the countries. Source: Eurostat

30In 2010Nordic Iceland Gender had Equality the largest in Figures gend 2015er wage gap (in purchasing power) among the Nordic countries, in terms of women’s share of men’s earnings. Iceland was at the same time the country with the lowest wage level for both sexes, lower than the level of the EU27. Also Finland had a relatively large wage gap between men and women, while in Sweden the gap was

2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.inddthe smallest. This is due 30 to a generally lower wage level among Swedish 23-02-2015 12:51:30 men in 2010, compared to the wage level of men in Denmark, Norway and Finland. Denmark was the country with the highest wage level, for both men and women, but the gender gap was still relatively large compared to that of Norway and Sweden.

6.3 People at risk of poverty

The indicator measures the proportion of men and women at risk of monetary poverty. Monetary poverty is a key dimension of social inclusion. Persons are at risk of poverty if their equivalised disposable income is below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which in the EU is set at 60 per cent of the national median income after social transfers.

The number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion has increased in all Nordic countries in recent years, with the exception of Iceland. The most dramatic increase in the five-year period from 2008–2013 has been for Swedish women. One in six Swedish women was at risk of poverty in 2013, compared to less than one in ten Icelandic women. In Denmark and Iceland more6.3 P meneopl thane at rwomenisk of p wereover taty risk of poverty in 2013. The indicator measures the proportion of men and women at risk of monetary poverty. Monetary poverty is a key dimension of social inclusion. Persons are at risk of poverty if their equivalised disposable income is below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which in the EU is set at 60 per cent of the national median income after social transfers.

People at risk of poverty or social exclusion. Percentage of total population 20

0 DK FI IS NO SE EU27 DK FI IS NO SE EU27 Women Men 2008 2013

Source: Eurostat

The number of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion has increased in all Nordic countries in recent years,Nordic with theGender exception Equality ofin FiguresIceland. 2015 The most31 dramatic increase in the five-year period from 2008–2013 has been for Swedish women. One in six Swedish women was at risk of poverty in 2013, compared to less than one in ten Icelandic women. In Denmark and Iceland more men than women were at risk of poverty in 2013.

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6.4 Relative median income ratio

The relative median income ratio is defined as the ratio of the median equivalised disposable income of people aged above 65 to the median equivalised disposable income of those aged 65 years or below.

In all the Nordic countries the average income of women and men above 65 years, was less than the average for those under 65. The gap was the greatest for Denmark and Finland. Also, in all the Nordic countries the average income of women under 65 was below that of men in the same age group. The gender gap is on average about ten percentage points in men’s favour. The gender gap in income for this age group is often more pronounced in countries where a relatively large proportion of women live alone, which is more common in the Nordic countries than in many other European countries.

6.4 Relative median income ratio for people aged above 65

The relative median income ratio is defined as the ratio of the median equivalised disposable income of people aged above 65 to the median equivalised disposable income of those aged below 65.

Relative median income ratio for people aged above 65. 2013 1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 DK FI IS NO SE EU28 Women Men

Source: Eurostat

In all the Nordic countries the average income of women and men above 65 32 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 years, was less than the average for those under 65. The gap was the greatest for Denmark and Finland. Also, in all the Nordic countries the average income of women under 65 was below that of men in the same age group. The gender gap is on average about ten percentage points in men’s favour. The gender gap in income for this age group is often more 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 32 23-02-2015 12:51:30 pronounced in countries where a relatively large proportion of women live alone, which is more common in the Nordic countries than in many other European countries.

7. Influence and power

7.1 Candidates elected to the national parliaments

The indicator shows the gender distribution of seats in the national parliaments in the Nordic countries after the latest election in each country.

Most of the Nordic countries have a relatively balanced gender representation in their parliaments, with an average female representation of 40 per cent. The average in the EU was 23 per cent in 2013. Sweden has the highest female representation, with 45 per cent. Åland and the Faroe Islands have a considerably lower female representation than the other Nordic countries. Åland is slightly below the EU average. All Nordic countries have a proportional representation system. 7. Influence and power

7.1 Candidates elected to the national parliaments

The indicator shows the gender distribution of seats in the national parliaments in the Nordic countries after the latest election in each country.

Candidates elected to the national parliaments, latest election 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 DK FO GL FI AX IS NO SE Women Men

Source: ELE03 in the database Nordic Statistics

Most of the Nordic countries have a Nordicrelatively Gender balanced Equality ingender Figures 2015 33 representation in their parliaments, with an average female representation of 40 per cent. The average in the EU was 23 per cent in 2013. Sweden has the highest female representation, with 45 per cent. Åland and the Faroe Islands have a considerably lower female representation than the other 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.inddNordic countries. Åland 33 is slightly below the EU average. All Nordic 23-02-2015 12:51:30 countries have a proportional representation system.

7.2 Gender balance on boards

The indicator shows the gender balance on boards of the largest publicly listed companies in the Nordic countries. Publicly listed means that the shares of the company are traded on the stock exchange. Norway and Iceland have passed legislation to secure gender balance on such boards.

On average, about three of ten board members of the largest publicly listed companies in the Nordic countries are women. In 2014 Iceland and Norway had the highest female share among the Nordic countries, at 46 and 40 per cent. Denmark had the lowest share at 23 per cent.

7.2 Gender balance on boards of publicly listed companies

Women and men on boards of listed companies. Per cent. 2014 100

0 DK FI IS NO SE Women Men

Source: European Commission, database on men and women in decision making

34On average,Nordic Genderabout Equalitythree of in ten Figures board 2015 members of the largest publicly listed companies in the Nordic countries are women. In 2014 Iceland and Norway had the highest female share among the Nordic countries, at 46 and 40 per cent. Denmark had the lowest share at 23 per cent.

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7.3 Gender differences among employers

The indicator shows the percentage of employers among all employed women and men.

In the Nordic countries the share of employers is significantly higher among men compared to women. The highest share of female employers was found in Iceland where just over two per cent of the employed women are employers. Norway had the lowest share, one per cent. This could however, also be a reflection of the general low share of employers among Norwegian employees. Two per cent of Norwegian employed men are employers compared with six per cent of Finnish men. The share of female employers has grown in Norway and Sweden over the last decade, while in Denmark, Finland and Iceland it has decreased. In this period the share of male employers with employees has increased in Norway and Finland but decreased in the other Nordic countries.

7.3 Gender differences among employers

The indicator shows the percentage of employers among all employed women and men.

Employers. Per cent of all employed 10

0 DK FI IS NO SE DK FI IS NO SE Women Men 2002 2012

Source: OECD

In the Nordic countries the share of employers is significantly higher Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 35 among men compared to women. The highest share of female employers was found in Iceland where just over two per cent of the employed women are employers. Norway had the lowest share, one per cent. This could however, also be a reflection of the general low share of employers among Norwegian employees. Two per cent of Norwegian employed men are 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 35 23-02-2015 12:51:30 employers compared with six per cent of Finnish men. The share of female employers has grown in Norway and Sweden over the last decade, while in Denmark, Finland and Iceland it has decreased. In this period the share of male employers with employees has increased in Norway and Finland but decreased in the other Nordic countries.

7.4 Leaders and managers

Managers include all employees with managerial responsibilities (ISCO 08, occupation code 1).

The proportion of women managers is still below 40 per cent for all the Nordic countries in 2013. Iceland has the highest proportion of female managers, 37 per cent. Denmark has the lowest share, 29 per cent. In the EU the share of female managers is on average 33. However, there has not been any major change in increasing the share of female managers during the last decade. This chart shows the sex distribution among managers at all levels. The proportion of women in top management is known to be considerably lower.

7.4 Leaders and managers

Managers include all employees with managerial responsibilities (ISCO 08, occupation code 1).

Share of women among employed persons with managerial responsibilities 50

10 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 DK FI IS NO SE EU28

Source: OECD

The proportion of women managers is still below 40 per cent for all the 36 Nordic Gender Equality in Figures 2015 Nordic countries in 2013. Iceland has the highest proportion of female managers, 37 per cent. Denmark has the lowest share, 29 per cent. In the EU the share of female managers is on average 33. However, there has not been any major change in increasing the share of female managers during the last decade. This chart shows the sex distribution among managers at 2015_733_nordic_gender_equality_in_figures_2015.indd 36 23-02-2015 12:51:31 all levels. The proportion of women in top management is known to be considerably lower.

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