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Christian Theologies of Culture in Hull, City of Culture 2017

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Christian Theologies of Culture in Hull, City of Culture 2017 1 Christian Theologies of Culture in Hull, City of Culture 2017 Eleanor Marion Wort Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds, Leeds Trinity University, School of Arts and Communication May 2019 2 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. The right of Eleanor Marion Wort to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by Eleanor Marion Wort in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 3 Acknowledgements I wish to express my profound gratitude to Dr Suzanne Owen and Dr Jon Simons, my research supervisors, and the Revd Canon Dr Nigel Rooms, my external advisor. I wish to express my appreciation to Professor Kirsteen Kim, who supervised me for the first year of my research and supported my application for PhD research. I would also like to thank Dr Patricia Kelly for her help and support. I acknowledge with thanks the support of Leeds Trinity University for granting me a studentship which enabled me to carry out this research and complete this thesis. I would like to thank all my research participants who kindly gave me their time to conduct interviews, and allowed me to use their photographs in their research. Finally, I wish to thank my husband Paul, my parents, family, and friends for supporting me through my PhD. 4 Abstract In this thesis, I explore the theologies of culture emerging from Hull, one of the UK’s most marginalised and deprived cities, in 2017, when Hull was the UK’s City of Culture. Using visual research methods and grounded theory method, I interviewed 20 church leaders from different denominations, both before and after Hull was City of Culture 2017. My research explores these participants’ understandings of culture: their concept of culture as “high culture”, culture as lived experience, and culture as “other”, and how they saw Hull as “cultureless” because it lacked this “high culture”. I explore how the City of Culture project’s understanding of culture as the ‘brightest and best’ in human experience played into these concepts of culture. My research examines my participants’ theologies of culture, both before and after City of Culture 2017. Sitting within Hull’s context of pain and shared loss, I argue that my participants had an overwhelmingly positive approach to Hull’s culture. They saw God working in and through Hull’s culture in 2017, building self-esteem, joy, community and creativity in the city, to allow the people of Hull to flourish. I explore the literature of theologies of culture, and reject the use of models to explore theologies of culture in favour a more complex mapping of the interrelation of gospel and culture. I argue that my participants show a broadly socialist approach to culture, gently liberative, and unconsciously Trinitarian theologies of culture. My participants’ theologies of culture, regardless of their denomination, echo Timothy Gorringe’s understanding of culture as ‘furthering humanity’, enabling people to flourish and live life in all its fullness. 5 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 5 Lists of Tables and Illustrative Material .................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 12 1.1 My relationship to the field ....................................................................................... 12 1.2 Context of the research: Cities of Culture ...................................................................... 13 1.3 Aims and objectives of the research ............................................................................... 14 1.4 Research questions ......................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Methodology & Method ......................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Qualitative methods of research: grounded theory and visual research methods .......... 19 2.2.1 Grounded theory methodology ................................................................................ 20 2.2.2 Origin of grounded theory ....................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Epistemology of grounded theory ........................................................................... 23 2.2.4 Constructivist grounded theory ............................................................................... 25 2.2.5 Visual research methods .......................................................................................... 27 2.2.6 Photo elicitation ....................................................................................................... 28 2.2.7 Visual research and grounded theory method ......................................................... 30 2.3 Research procedures ....................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Selection of participants .......................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Photography for photo elicitation interview 1 ......................................................... 37 2.3.3 Photo elicitation interview 1 .................................................................................... 39 2.3.4 Photo elicitation interview 2 .................................................................................... 41 2.4 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................... 43 2.5 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 3: Culture .................................................................................................................... 46 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 46 3.2 Participants’ understandings of culture .......................................................................... 50 3.2.1 Interview 1 – what is culture?.................................................................................. 50 3.2.2 Interview 2 – changing understandings of culture ................................................... 63 6 3.2.3 Learning about culture ............................................................................................. 68 3.2.4 Summary .................................................................................................................. 70 3.3 Relationship to the literature on culture ......................................................................... 71 3.3.1 High culture and civilisation .................................................................................... 71 3.3.2 Cultural capital ........................................................................................................ 73 3.3.3 Culturalism .............................................................................................................. 73 3.3.4 Popular culture and ordinary culture ....................................................................... 74 3.3.5 The other .................................................................................................................. 76 3.3.6 Summary .................................................................................................................. 77 3.4 City of Culture ................................................................................................................ 78 3.4.1 Understanding of culture – the culture industry ...................................................... 79 3.4.2 Understanding of culture – high culture .................................................................. 82 3.4.3 Summary .................................................................................................................. 84 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 85 Chapter 4: Results - theologies of culture ................................................................................ 88 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 88 4.2 Interview 1: Hull’s context ............................................................................................. 88 4.2.1 Pain, grief, and shared loss ...................................................................................... 88 4.2.2 Isolation and flatness ..............................................................................................
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