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IGOROT Traditional Ways of Life and Healing Among Philippine Mountain Tribes

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IGOROT Traditional Ways of Life and Healing Among Philippine Mountain Tribes Traditional W ays of Life and Healing among Philippine Mountain Tribes by Norbert Kohnen & Perta Kohnen I GO ROT I GOROT Traditional Ways of Life and Healing among Philippine Mountain Tribes by Norbert Kohnen & Petra Kohnen Translated by Loui se Nieroba & Dagmar Winkler Acknowlcclgcmcnl s J shoul d lik c lo th ank Mrs. !Jrigillc Khan Mayli s f'or her hclp wilh lhc dcscriptions of lh c tex tiles, anrl Mr. Kur1 Jfangst of thc ,Museum f'llr Os! asiati sche Kunsl der Star!! Köln (Colognc Museum of Ea st Asian Ar1 ), who analyscd Iomb relics such as bart cr rin gs and gold lcclh (cxhibils A ~12, 250 -- 257 and 121 -- 123) for lh cir mcl;rl contcnts. rmm G.IJ.T. !Juschan: Die Sill en und Völker. Vol.l , l sl ed. Union Ph otograph acknowledgemenls Deulsche V erlagsgesell schafl, Stuttgart -Dcrlin-Lcipzig I 91 ~ All thc photographs apart from thosc mcntioncd bclow havc been - 1922: pmvidcrl by f' c l r~ and Norb crt Kohncn. I 1: 327 p. 227 12: 332 p. 228 f'rom lhe Eduanlo Masferrc Coll ccti on (!Jo nl oc, Mountai n Province, :H : 310 p. 263 l'hilippincs): 14: no. 74 29: 11 0 . 55 3: fro m A.R. Roccs, C. Quirino, G. Cordero- f'emando 30: no. 120 (c.ds.): f'ilipino hcritage. The making of a nation. Vol. 4., 3 1: no. 3 Lahing Filipino Pub!. s. l. 1977 p. 941) 66: no. 130 f'rom the J. Ktlppers Foundalion in IIre Cologne 42: from r. Paul: The prcscrvation of' corpses in ancienl Iimes. Ra lrl cnslrauch-Jocst-Muscum: Ciba Z. Dasel 4 (1937) 1476 5: 110. 67R6 32: no. 7228 t15 : from R. F Darton: l'hilippinc Pagans. Reprint (I st cd. 33: no. 7229 1938), Roulledges & Sons, London 1979, counlcrpage ltl 35: no. 70 1~ 57: no. 69!!4 Front cnvcr: A trcat ln evcryday IIre - rnlllng a clgar wllh a tohaccn lr.ar i\bbrcvi;lli ons: i\bbrcvialions in t11 c invcntory: 'Il1e cx hibil s arc list ed with an inventory nmnbcr in t.hc catalogue 'll1e Philippine tenns uscd are lfugao tcnns. lf other languages section. Exhib it s referrcd to in lh e tcx t ha ve an .,i\" in front arc uscd, t11 e following abbrcviations apply: of lhe last thrce numbers o f the in vcnlory numhcr. 'I11e cxhibits Do: !Jo nt oc, lb: Jbaloi (lnibaloi), Ka : Kankaney, ·n: Tinguian. arc cla~s ifi e cl according to tl1 e seclions givcn at the bcginning i\bbrcv iations of mcasuremcnts: of lhc ch apl cr .,Calalogue of Exhibil s". All cxhibits bclong to JJ : hcight, L: lcngth, W : widtl1 , D: diamcter, D: basc, S: sizc. the privale coll ccli on of Mr. and Mrs . K.ohncn. i\ II ri ghl s rcscrvcrl . Printer! anrl hound by SDK. Syslcrndnrck Köln Gmbll West Gerrnany 191!6 Sa mga mamamayang Pilipino To the Philippine people 0 i' )Uth hina :!8 Pacific Ocean Sulu- Fig. I: The Philippines. Thc scction shows the di stribution of 1ove 500m thc different clhnic groups in lgorot tcrritory. The thick black !§Okm39<}~ lincs indicatc th c prcscnt boundarics of thc provinces. Contents lntroduction 9 History of Medicine in the Philippines 11 Prehistoric times 11 The Spanish era 13 The American period 15 The period of independence 17 Ethnographie survey 19 Geography and climate 19 EtJmic groups 20 Religion 20 Housing and diet 25 House-construction and hygiene 25 Staple foods and t11e economy 31 Life cycle 35 Pregnancy and childbirth 35 Marriage 43 Headhunting 44 Death and mummification 48 Health and sickness 57 Anatomy and physiology 57 Origin and cause of disease 58 Diagnostic techniques 65 Healers and their methods 66 Treaunent of disease 73 Domestic and decorative possess ions 78 Tools and household utensils 78 Ceremonial objects 81 Jewellery 84 Bibliography 87 Introduction The lgorot inhabit the Cordillera Central, the mountan chain in the Congregation of tl1e Immaculate Conception (CICM). The latter have north of the Philippine island of Luzon. They have never formed a been living in Igorot territory since 190711908. political unity and the term "Igorot" in common use is a collective The lgorot's generat state of health is nowadays relatively good. term which was introduced by the Spaniards and adopted by the Malnutrition is rare. The most common ailments are chronic lowlanders to distinguish the mountain tribes from inhabitants of the bronchitis, lung disease and feverish upper respiratory tract infections. lowland. Worm infestation is endemic and is often associated with aernia. Even today this term is used to refer to many different mountain tribes The traditional healing system is gradually being replaced by western and their members, of whom there were 700,000 in 1983. The lgorot scientific medicine, which is taught at school and practised in the are of pre-Mongolian origin and speak their own languages, which modern medical clinics run by the Philippine government. On the belong to the Austranesie group. Amongst themselves they other hand, it is not only in remote areas but also in urban regions communicate in Ilocano, tlle language of the traders in the mountain that we find a variety of old healing methods which have been used for region, or in English, which was the standard language taught in generations. The traditional diagnoses are interpreted from dreams and schools under the American government and which still serves as tl1e often reached in a state of trance. The hidden causes of disease can be lingua franca today. rendered visible for everybody by certain metl10ds, e.g. by using a As farming communities, they live for the most part in villages of up pendulum and interpreting magic signs. The course of the disease is to 1,000 inhabitants. Their main activity is crop-farming (rice and determined by inspection of the liver and the gall bladder, the sweet potatoes) but they also do some stock-farming traditional prognostic method. Treatment is carried out with herbat (carabaos,pigs,dogs and hens) . Their staple food is rice, which they medicines and massage or with prayers and offerings to appease hostil e cultivate in irrigated terraced fields. and disease-spreading ancestors and spiri ts. Today approximately two thirds of the population are members of tl1e This "magic" system of healing has often been beyond the Christian faith, but many lgorot, especially tl1e elderly, follow comprehension of detached observers. The way of thinking of which t~aditional beliefs when practising their religion. Their religion is such a system is the logical outcome, and the conceptions which founded on animistic, manistic and monotl1eistic ideas and on a belief deternune the healers' actions have remained a mystery to them. One in nature. Their customs and rites, which had always been handed of tl1e aims of this catalogue is to elucidate the theory behind the down orally , were analysed sys tematically for the first time in 1905 treatments used by the lgorot. Although the main emphasis will be by American ethnologists and record ed by Belgian miss ionaries of the on traditional hea ling methods, this is not a tru e reflection of the state 9 of medicine t~>?ay in lgorot tcrritory. 1t is important to stress that The spread of scient.ific knowleclge to lgorot territory as a result of 11 m od~ ' : scientliic medicine exists and is used alongside of traditional education and state initiative has raised prospects of more e ffective · . medicine · Eve11 u1e 1go ro t v1·ew t1 11 s as a cultural advance. Smce, 1 medical treatment. But at the same time it is increasing ly ousting the l <~weve r, we know enough about these modern methods, this work scintillating rnixture of e mpiricisrn and mag ic. Thus more and rnore a Will focus on the lgorot's way of life and traditional healing methods. formal universalism is making itself feit which Jeaves no room for a variety of individual conceptions of mecl icine. 10 History of medicine in the Phili ppines Apart from a few Chinese accounts, there are no written documents Neolithic period (2000 B.C. - 500 B.C.) about the way of life and medical knowledge of lhe inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago in the period prior to the arrival of the Trade relalions with Settlements on the South Chinese and Vietnamese Spaniards in 1521 . Furthermore, no tomb relics have been found to coasts existed as far back as 1000 B.C. and earlier. The monsoon, date which were clearly idemificable as medical instruments. Thus we which blows from lhe south west from late April to July and from the have no insight imo medical practices in the Philippines in lhe pre­ north east from Iate September to February, had a favourable influence Spanish era. But we do have other evidence of their culture such as on seafaring; it swept lhe sailing-ships to t11e Philippine coasts and household utensils, tools, jewellery and trading products, which give back again. As a result of these trade activities, pottery which was us some insight into the way of life at lhat time. baked at Iow temperatures and objects made of bronze became common all over the archipelago. Moreover, the first evidence of urn burial in lhe Philippines dates back to this period. 1: Stone tools, armleis and ehest ornaments from the St.one Age (top row: A 294, 285, 284, 285, 278; boliom row A 290, 276 (section I)) Prehistoric times Stone Age (4000 B.C.- 500 B.C.) Attempts have been made to reconstruct the early history of lhe Philippine archipelago from tomb relics such as stone tools and jewellery.
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