Tribal Water Quality Accomplishments in EPA's Pacfific Southwest

Pacific Southwest Region 9 Water Division

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Page 44Page Water Pollution Control Program

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Page 55Page Definition of Accomplishments

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Page 66Page Snapshot of Accomplishments ~ 0) 0 ~ ~ 0 N ~ 0 ~ 0 0 Tribes of ex:, 0 25 - 0) 0 83 Standard Number - Assessment 46 6 64 - ~ - ~ 0 Program Source Plans Assurance Qua,ity Quali~ WQSl-26 N 0 Ap~roved Wat~r Project Quality Completed Water Tribal Nonpoint Programs Wetlands 0 ~ ~ )> o3 CD (/) 54. 0) "U 3 () 0 <" !::!': a cc cq,

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Page 77Page Funding

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Historical CWA I 06 Funding for Region 9 100 $9,000,000 - --- 90 ---- -$8,000,000 ~ J-• - 80 ,,_. -- -$7,000,000 "'(I) .,--- - .c 70 - 'i: ------$6,000,000 (I) ,./ > ~ r (I) 60 V .!! ..J .c ,/ -$5,000,000 c, ..... I ·-.2> 50 C: ,.---v -$4,000,000 "C w -- C: 40 I I ::::, ca -$3,000,000 LL 30 I I -~ " -~ ~ ~ -$2,000,000 20 v- ~ ~ _/ 10 - --=--.- - $1,000,000 V. = I - ___,?, V - 0 - $0 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Fiscal Year -11- Eligible Tribes -11- Funding Level

Page 88Page Navajo~ . Hualapai ~- ~ Navajo \ • Hualapai • Yavapai- Apache ' • Yavapai-Apache Navajo\) Yavapai- Pre~ott • Chemehuevi --l Tonto-Apache• ~ '------.J \ nFort McDowell

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Indian Lands Arizona i Reservations 0 20 40 60 ao -EPA Ei=i:=a::======::::::i Mies 0 Sept, 2004 WfR0401045.1 Regt0nlGISC.nte, Gt`k`o`h M`shnm

Introduction The reservation’s surface waterbodies consist of small seeps,springs,and meandering creeks. The tribu- The Hualapai Reservation encompasses approx- taries drain three major watersheds — Diamond imately one million acres of land on the southern rim Creek, Spencer Canyon, and Truxton Wash — which of the Grand Canyon in Arizona. It is bordered on supply water to the Colorado River. The Colorado the north by a section of the Colorado River that River contains human waste from numerous rafters extends 108 miles, on the south by the lands of the and power boat vacationers on the river,and the drain- State of Arizona, on the east by the Cononino Pla- age from these tributaries contributes additional sedi- teau,and on the west by the Lake Mead National Park. ment and nutrient loadings from flash floods and runoff There are two satellite areas of the Reservation which into the river. As a result of all this pollution, the are noncontiguous to the main body. One of these Colorado River has become impaired for recreation satellite areas is located at the community of Valen- and freshwater habitat use. tine, about fifteen miles west of Peach Springs, and the other area is on the Big Sandy River, about fifty Description of Program miles southwest of Peach Springs. Approximately 2,300 tribal members live on the reservation. The tribe’s Water Pollution Control Program began in 1991, when it received its first Clean Water Act (CWA) Section §106 grant. Using CWA §106 funds, the tribe developed its first EPA-approved Quality Assurance Program Plan (QAPP) and developed and implemented its water quality monitoring program.

The Tribe’s monitoring network currently consists of three U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow-gauging stations, eleven miscellaneous surface- water sites, and fifty-two springs. These sites have been continually monitored for basic water quality R`lokhmf a`rhb v`sdq pt`khsx o`q`ldsdqr itrs adknv Ch`lnmc parameters, which include pH, total dissolved solids, Roqhmf ax @msgnmx Q`xlnmc+ V`sdq Qdrntqbdr Sdbgmhbh`m- salinity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, fecal coliform, and temperature. In addition, the tributar- Historically, the tribe has maintained a society ies on the reservation have been continually moni- based on hunting, gathering, and farming. In recent tored to ensure that they are not contributing to fur- years, the economic base of the Tribe has shifted to ther impairment of the Colorado River. forestry, recreation, tourism, wildlife, and livestock. Most of the business and infrastructure is located in Peach Springs, the principal city of the Reservation. Since 1995,the tribe has hosted approximately 14,000 Rstcdmsr qdoqdrdms, hmf rdudq`k sqhadr visitors per month every summer at its Grand Can- o`qshbho`shmf hm ` yon West river-raft launching and heliport facilities. qdbdms v`sdq pt`khsx The tribe operates a river-rafting business that runs lnmhsnqhmf bk`rr bnronmrnqdc ax sgd on sixty miles of the Colorado River, from Diamond Gt`k`o`h Sqhad `mc Creek to Pierce Ferry. DO@ Qdfhnm 8 `s sgd Gt`k`o`h Qdrdqu`shnm- Page 1010Page database. The system uses Microsoft Access applica- tions for multivariate approaches to looking at data. Currently,the system is used for entering and storing all water quality data, including all applicable field pic- tures which will be used to perform water quality trend analysis.

In 1995, the tribe developed its Water Quality Assessment Report in accordance with CWA §305(b). This report was updated in 2005, and contains monitoring data which indicates significant environmental improvement, with respect to use-support. This Sgd Ltrhb Lntms`hm Ghfg Rbgnnk Rbhdmbd Bk`rr ne sgd Gt`k`o`h improvement is the result of the implementation of Qdrdqu`shnm r`lokhmf enq l`bqn,hmudqsdaq`sdr hm Od`bg Roqhmf the NPS and wetlands restoration projects which B`mxnm Bqddj- primarily focused upon feral animal exclusion from primary wetland habitats. The data indicates that there Water Quality Accomplishments are decreased levels of fecal coliform, conductivity, and Environmental Results TDS,and turbidity,and soil erosion and increased wetland vegetation. Many of the tribe’s Nonpoint Source (NPS) projects are targeted at springs, streams, and seeps The tribe’sWater QualityAssessment Report also which were identified as impacted or potentially indicates that all 170 perennial river and stream miles impacted by NPS because they were water sources were assessed along with fifty-two springs,represent- for livestock and wildlife. This livestock and wildlife ing all of the perennial stream miles on the Reserva- watering resulted in sediment loading of the springs tion and approximately ninety-eight percent of all and water quality problems caused by bacteria, springs. Since the implementation of the NPS and nitrogen, and phosphorus. Through the installation wetland projects, these waters now support certain of management measures, these impacted water- types of recreation, wildlife, livestock, and municipal bodies were either restored or protected from fur- and domestic uses. ther degradation. The removal of feral animals and the construction of reservation boundary fencing to exclude their access has significantly improved the water quality on the reservation. In addition, the removal of sagebrush and the fostering of native grasses to reduce erosion and sediment loading have also helped to improve the water quality. Coliform counts indicate that these improvements have significantly lowered the nutrient and total and fecal coliform levels, as well as the ambient temperature of the waterbodies.

The tribe developed its Water Quality Standards and Certification Programs under the CWA §303 and V`sdq Pt`khsx Sdbgmhbh`mr @msgnmx Q`xlnmc `mc G`qqx §401. It also developed its EPA Network Readiness R`gmdx`g+ r`lokhmf a`rhb v`sdq pt`khsx o`q`ldsdqr hm grant application and workplan. Funding from this Rodmbdq Bqddj- grant was used to develop the tribe’s water quality

Page 1111Page M`u`in M`shnm

Introduction

The Navajo Nation encompasses 17,627,262 acres and is situated in the Four Corners Region, with the Reservation extending into the states ofArizona,New Mexico, and Utah. The Navajo Nation has 255,543 enrolled members with approximately 180,000 residing on the Reservation. There are approximately 39,184 miles of streams, mostly intermittent or ephemeral, 17,057 acres of lakes and ponds, and five major drainage systems: San Juan River, Little Colo- rado River,Lower Colorado River-Lake Mead,Upper Ldkhmc` Cdrvnnc,Qdtrs s`jhmf ` stqahchsx ld`rtqdldms eqnl Ktj`bgtj`h Bqddj Colorado River-Dirty Devil,and Rio Grande-Elephant Butte. These five systems are further divided into From 1996 to 1998, the program developed a thirty-three watersheds. Other water resources on water quality database, drafted the initial Navajo the Navajo Nation include groundwater (five major Nation Water Quality Assessment Report in accor- hydrologic basins), wetlands, springs, and seepages. dance with CWA §305(b), established an educational Surface water on the Navajo Nation historically outreach component, including the Adopt-A-Stream served as the primary source of potable water. program (a program that gives middle school and Today, potable water comes primarily from ground- high school students an opportunity to learn about water sources. Currently, surface water is used as a water quality monitoring), and prepared a Nonpoint dependable water source for farming and livestock Source Assessment Report and Management Plan production and plays a significant role in Navajo (NPS A&MP). culture. In 1999,the nation implemented a new water quality monitoring strategy, drafted annual water quality Description of Program watershed monitoring reports, began collecting The Navajo Nation’s Water Quality Program benthic macroinvertebrate data, and implemented began in October 1992, and its first CleanWater Act extensive rulemaking and associated enforcement. (CWA) §106 grant was received in August 1993. The nation also used other EPA grants including From 1993 to1995,the program began assessing avail- Nonpoint Source (NPS) grants to implement the able Navajo Nation water quality data in the U.S. management measures outlined in the (NPS A&MP), Geological Survey (USGS) and EPA databases. It and the recommendations from the wetlands grants established a water quality monitoring network to further its water pollution control efforts on criti- utilizing active USGS and Navajo Water Resources cal waterbodies. The management measures identi- stream-gauging sites, collected water quality samples fied sediments and nutrients such as nitrogen and that were analyzed for conventional water quality phosphorous water quality parameters that they plan parameters, planned for the tribal water quality code to address. In addition, surface water quality assess- and standards, and drafted a Tribal Nonpoint Source ment reports have been developed for the Chinle Assessment Report. Creek Watershed (2001), Lower San Juan-Four Corners Watershed (2003) and the Lower Lake Powell Watershed (2005).

Page 1212Page Biological assessments are also being conducted at Water Quality Accomplishments five reference sites to characterize base-line biologi- and Environmental Results cal conditions in surface waters. All water quality In August 1999, the Navajo Nation Clean Water monitoring and biological assessments are conducted Act (NNCWA) was signed into tribal law after pas- in accordance with EPA-approved Quality Assurance sage by the Navajo Nation Council (NNC). In Program Plans (QAPPs). November 1999 and July 2004, the Navajo Nation Surface Water Quality Standards (NNSWQS) were The NPS A&MP identified the following sources approved and amended by the NNC Resources Com- of water quality impairment on tribal land: livestock mittee. Uses currently designated for surface waters grazing and irrigated agriculture; hydromodification; in the NNSWQS include primary human contact, habitat modification; land disposal; resource extrac- secondary human contact, domestic water supply, tion;construction projects;and land development. The agriculture water supply, fish consumption, aquatic management measures developed to address these habitat, and livestock and wildlife watering. The sources of water quality impairment on tribal lands NNSWQS and associated program authorization include: diminishing the impact to upland areas; application are currently undergoing review for EPA intercepting tributary runoff and directing it onto field approval. plots using low-tech constructions;improving the han- dling and disposal of pesticides and herbicides; work- During the past six years, water quality assessing with EPA to identify, inspect, and assess poten- ments have been conducted in over seventy water- tial pollution sites,manage cleanups and enforcement bodies in twenty-three watersheds. Long-term sur- activities, and participate in emergency re- face water quality monitoring sites have been estab- sponses; remediating abandoned mines; sequencing lished and are monitored at least yearly in order to clearing and grading activities; limiting vegetation re- characterize the quality of Navajo Nation waters. moval;using temporary fencing,buffers and additional Long-term water quality monitoring consists of building setbacks; limiting land use; developing site obtaining samples of metals, nutrients, bacteria, management plans; restoring the site; and reducing organics, and inorganics for analyses by a contract streambank and channel erosion. laboratory. Program staff collects physical parameters (pH, temperature, conductivity/TDS, reduction/ In addition, the nation implemented a NPS pro- oxidation potential,dissolved oxygen,salinity) at each ject to address sediment loading from the Asaayi monitoring site. All field and laboratory water qual- (Bowl) LakeWatershed into the Asaayi Lake because ity data collected for surface waterbodies since 1995 the lake is a major recreation area and irrigation are organized by watershed into a water quality source. The main logging and fire access roads re- database. Queries within the database provide quick ceived erosion mitigation treatments, minor roads determinations of compliance with the Nation’s were closed, and Water Quality Standards. in some cases recontoured, and Findings of the nation’s water quality monitoring livestock controls program indicate numerous numeric NNSWQS were installed. As exceedances from mining operations including those a result, there has for mercury, aluminum, and other compounds. The been a decrease in nation is in the process of creating a methodology to sediment loading determine if individual waterbodies are in attainment that is benefiting of their designated uses based on Navajo’s numeric the flora and fauna surface water quality standards. Once these deter- in the area. minations are made,the waterbodies and watersheds can be managed to protect the designated uses. @m dw`lokd ne rdchldms cdonrhshnm hm Anvk Bqddj- Page 1313Page Vghsd Lntms`hm @o`bgd

ies by free range cattle, and the occurrence of Introduction droughts, which cause water levels to drop and The White Mountain Apache Tribe is located in water temperatures to rise, were identified as areas the east-central region of Arizona, 194 miles north- of concern in previous assessments. As a result, in east of Phoenix. It encompasses 1.7 million acres accordance with the tribe’s EPA-approved QAPP, the (more than 2,600 square miles) in Gila,Apache, and environmental staff has continuously monitored Navajo Counties on its ancestral homeland on the fecal coliform and temperature in priority water- Fort Apache Reservation. The Reservation ranges in bodies. These water bodies are used for swimming, elevation from 2,600 feet above mean sea level,in the camping, and other recreational purposes, and it is Salt River Canyon on the southwest corner, to more important to theTribe to keep them safe and clean. than 11,400 feet at the top of Mount Baldy, one of the tribe’s sacred peaks. It includes oak woodlands and an 800,000-acre Ponderosa pine forest,which sup- ports a large stand of spruce and fir and is the resource base for a thriving tribal forest products industry.

Within the reservation,there are twenty-six coldwater lakes and more than 400 miles of streams. The major water bodies are the East Fork River, North Fork River, Cedar Creek, Carizo Creek, Cibecue Creek, Canyon Creek, White River, Salt River, and Black River. The streams are home to the Apache trout, a species brought back from the brink of ex- tinction through the efforts of the Tribe and its many partners. The primary source of groundwater used for drinking water is the Coconino aquifer. The Res- ervation also provides some of the richest wildlife Rnkhcdqr Roqhmf � bqnrr rdbshnm lnmhsnqhmf- habitats in the state for elk, deer, sheep, bears, tur- keys, and eagles. The Watershed Department is also conducting cross section monitoring to assess the changes in Description of Program channel shapes and pebble counts to determine the size of the sediments in streams at specific locations The White Mountain Apache Tribe began its on the reservation. A multi-parameter probe is used Water Quality Program in 1994, when it developed to monitor pH, temperature, turbidity, and specific itsWatershed Department and received its first Clean conductivity. In addition,stream morphology studies, Water Act (CWA) §106 grant. Its Quality Assurance which examine rock and channel type, are conduct- Program Plan (QAPP) was completed and approved ed in order to compare the number of pools formed by EPA in 1996,and an addendum FishTissueAnalysis in different streams at the same elevation and in dif- was approved by EPA in 2003. The use of water bod- ferent streams at different elevations.

Page 1414Page The tribe’sWatershed Department has also been Ordinance, which requires that tribal waters be free developing a tribal water quality database to ensure of toxic substances, such as metals, for the protec- reliable, easy, and secure access to all of the water tion of human health and wildlife. The tribe also quality data that has been collected over the years by developed and adopted Water Quality Standards, environmental staff, including information on pH, approved by EPA on September 27,2001. As required temperature, fecal coliform, metals, fish tissue, and by the CWA,theTribe initiated a tri-annual review of nutrients. The Datasight software program is used to itsWater Quality Standards in 2005. store and analyze the data. In June 2002, the Rodeo-Chediski Fire marked a big change in watershed conditions in the Cibecue Water Quality Accomplishments and Carrizo watersheds, which are located upstream and Environmental Results of two White Mountain Apache Tribe communities. About 470,000 acres were destroyed in the fire,mak- In 1997, the White Mountain Apache Tribe’s ing it the largest fire that ever occurred in the South- Watershed Department developed a Nonpoint west. Nearly 275,000 acres of the reservation were Source Assessment and Management Plan (NPS destroyed, including vast areas of the Ponderosa pine A&MP) which was approved by EPA in 1998. The forest. Tribe also became eligible for funding under the CWA §319 Nonpoint Source Pollution Control The White Mountain Apache Tribe’s Water Qual- Program. Since then,the tribe has been awarded mul- ity Department has been monitoring and document- tiple Nonpoint Source (NPS) competitive grants to ing changes in water quality resulting from the fire. implement its NPS control program and help protect Their findings show that,as a result of the fire,stream and restore watershed health through integrated land flow levels, which used to be 10 to 15 cfs during the management planning and the Tribal project review winter, are now about 3000 to 4000 cfs. These high process. levels are causing increased flooding and turbidity, resulting in a scouring effect which wipes out wet- One of the tribe’s ongoing NPS restoration land vegetation. As a result,replanting of spring-heads, projects is at Lofer Cienega, where an eight-foot-tall revegetation, and bank stabilization has been imple- fence is being constructed to keep elk from entering mented to help prevent additional erosion. and trampling the stream, destroying wetland springheads, and causing increased sedimentation and turbidity in the water. Another ongoing NPS project is at Sunrise Ski Resort, where a stream runs through the parking lot of the resort. In the spring, when the plowed snow melts and water flow is high, the resort’s parking lot becomes flooded with water that is sediment loaded and high in turbidity. To correct this problem, the tribe is replanting wetland springheads that will help reduce erosion and reroute the stream so it will no longer run through the parking lot. V`sdq pt`khsx r`lokhmf ne v`sdqrgdcr- Using CWA §106 funds,White Mountain Apache Tribe developed their Water Quality Protection

Page 1515Page Fhk` Qhudq Hmch`m Bnlltmhsx

and Management Plan (NPS A&MP); water quality Introduction ordinance development and implementation, includ- The Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) encom- ing a Groundwater Quality Management Ordinance, passes approximately 580 square miles in centralAri- associated protection strategy, inventory and map- zona, adjacent to the Phoenix metropolitan area. ping of all community water wells, and oversight of There are approximately 20,000 Pima and Maricopa groundwater remediation of a petroleum product tribal members living in the community. The plume; providing water quality education to elemen- community’s water resources are influenced by seven tary schools; conducting water quality inspections major watersheds. Within the community, there are and providing compliance assistance at GRIC facili- approximately 20 million acre-feet of groundwater, ties, and; conducting a Comprehensive Environmen- which is used industrially and commercially, and is tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act the sole source of the community’s drinking water. (CERCLA) type investigation of groundwater for an The community has more than eight miles of peren- approximately twelve-square-mile area for contami- nially flowing riverine habitat, including the Salt River nants, including but not limited to the chemicals and the Lower Gila River, and 116 miles of ephem- TCE, PCE, PCA, DCE, DCA, carbon tetrachloride, eral surface waters, including the Upper Gila River, 1,4-dioxane, benzene, and perchlorate. The objec- the Santa Cruz River, and the Santa Rosa,Vekol, and tives of this investigation are to locate contaminant McClellanWashes that only flow in response to pre- source areas, identify responsible parties, and miti- cipitation. It also has more than 1,500 acres of wet- gate the source to protect three local drinking water lands, including the Lower Gila River Wetlands and sources. the Pee Posh Wetlands, more than eighty miles of canals,and twenty miles of spillage and riparian areas. The current uses of the community’s surface water resources include recreation, wildlife habitat, fisheries, livestock watering, and agriculture irrigation.

Description of Program On March 30, 1990, the Gila River Indian Com- munity was the first Region 9 tribe approved for Financial Assistance Eligibility (FAE) under the Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 grant program. Since then, XRH rnmcd hmrs`kk`shnm enq bnmshmtntr v`sdq pt`khsx GRIC has been receiving CWA §106 grant funds to lnmhsnqhmf `s sgd OddOnrg Vdsk`mcr- conduct a variety of water quality activities, including The tribe is also conducting a nitrate investiga- but not limited to: water quality monitoring in tion that evaluates the magnitude of nitrate accordance with its EPA-approved QualityAssurance contamination across the community, including an Program Plan and Sampling and Analysis Plan; devel- evaluation of vertical distribution and stratification opment of a water quality database for over 19,000 of the contaminant in the drinking water aquifer. The analyses; development of a Geographic Information study compared nitrate in groundwater conditions System (GIS) database for geospatial data, including on the community with other groundwater basins over twenty complex surface and groundwater map- across the state to better understand the extent ping projects; assessments, characterizations, and of the problem and possible innovative solutions for studies, including a Nonpoint Source Assessment mitigation.

Page 1616Page criteria exceedances. ing waterbodiesthathave ismeasured byand DesignatedUsesSupport track nutrients, pH, DO), andmacroinvertebrate richness, stability, (e.g., changesinambientstream chemistry Protection ismeasuread by trackingstream channel Ecosystems For example,Aquatic quality programs. Environmental Qualitywater of GRIC Department munity Water QualityGoalsandtheeffectiveness of Indicators thatare ofCom- usedtoevaluate support to advancewaterqualityassessments, promote the their integratedwaterqualitydatabase, andare used Datafrom theseinvestigations are enteredpling. into continuous monitoringandstreambed sedimentsam include surfacewaterandgroundwater samplingand andEnvironmental Results Water QualityAccomplishments In addition, GRIChasdeveloped Water Quality GRIC’s ongoing waterqualityinvestigations

Stqahchsx U`ktdr ' M@ST( 100 110 120 130 60 70 so 20 80 30 90 40 1 1 O 0 ~ E. coli 1998 _____ , nutrient, andmetals D · 999 @udq`fd Stqahchsx U`ktdr 6 ._ hm sgd Fhk` Qhudq 200() ______- - Page 17 Page 17PagePage 17Page 17 17 2001 bidity from 99NATU to33NATU ( has shown areduction intheaverage value oftur SamplingattheGilaRiver (1998-2004) charges. to monitorstream baseflows andstormwaterdis with two continuously recording streamflow gauges ductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, andturbidity, along quality sensorsystemtomeasure temperature,con at theGilaRiver wetlands withadata-loggingwater Continuous surfacewatermonitoringisconducted ture, conductance, dissolved oxygen, andturbidity). measurements andin-situparameters(pH,tempera withmanual streamflow pesticides),along metals,and anddissolved sampler (basicionsandinorganics,total flow-weighted compositesusing theDH-81 Teflon7 quality trends. managementdecisions,support andevaluate water Source (NPS)managementprograms withdatato Quality Standards (WQS), helpdevelop Nonpoint development andimplementationof Surface watersamplingiscollectedseasonallyas 2002

2003

, 0 2004 33 0 _ see graph below). tribal Water - - - - Groundwater sampling is conducted at drinking invertebrates — and evaluation techniques, includ- water wells, agriculture production wells, and moni- ing best professional judgment. The assessment toring wells to measure the presence of pesticides, identified the following NPS impacts to the Pee Posh TDS, nitrates, metals, and organic contaminants. Moni- Wetlands: groundwater containing nitrates and toring wells are sampled using the low-flow “micro- naturally occurring metals (arsenic and fluoride), purge” sampling technique. To conduct continuous and surface water containing nutrients, pathogens, groundwater monitoring,GRIC installed continuously TDS, turbidity, sedimentation, toxics, and trash in recording water level sensors in four monitoring wells. the rivers and wetlands. The primary sources of This data assists GRIC with understanding the these NPS impacts include natural, industrial, open effects of land uses on the Community’s ground- space,rangeland,residential,commercial,agricultural, water system, the dynamic hydrologic and water and waste disposal sources and hydrological modi- quality nature of the Gila River Wetlands, and appro- fication from both on and off of the Community. priate timing of future groundwater quality investigations,since monitoring wells are typically shallow and To improve the water quality at the Pee Posh are used as an early indicator of potential future Wetlands, GRIC will implement on-the-ground water quality problems at deeper depths. management measures with NPS grant funds to miti- gate the effects of nutrients, pathogens, sediment and turbidity, toxics, trash, and salt cedar. Short- term plans include removal of illegal trash dumps, installation of signs,and other measures to prevent future dump sites. Future activities will include the installation of water quality improvement cells and an inflowing trash reduction feature for both low flows and larger stormwater flows, and the mitigation of salt cedar and replacement with native riparian vegetation. @m dw`lokd ne fq`a r`lokhmf 'v`sdq( hm sgd Fhk` Qhudq vdsk`mcr-

Using tribal funds, GRIC purchased a Mobile Water Quality Processing Lab that provides a clean, air-conditioned room in the field for sampling activities,including wet-sieve processing of streambed sediment samples, and “micro-purge” groundwater sampling using plastic sample chambers to ensure no sample contamination. In addition, a utility trailer houses a generator, air compressor, pressure washer, welding equipment, crane, and various tools for convenience in the field.

In preparing the NPS A&MP, GRIC used monitored data — 19,000 separate water quality analyses for five key parameter groups of physiochemical, pathogens, nutrients, metals, and toxics from stormwater, rivers, canals, agricultural related spillage riparian areas, sumps and tailwater, groundwater, L`bqnhmudqsdaq`sd r`lokhmf hm sgd Fhk` Qhudq sediment in river bottoms, fish tissue, and macro- vdsk`mcr-

Page 1818Page Smith River • Karuk .,Fo Bidwell • Elk Valley .iCalifornia i oaring Creek • Table Bluff Reservations, Rancherias, Colonies • Rohnerville Montgomery Creek ~ edding 0 25 50 75 100 j Susanville ======'==::::i Miles &EPA • Sep~ 2004 WTR04010452ca ~•G1ac- Greenville ..:-f •. Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians • Round Valley~ • Laytonville• Grindstone Creek •Chico Sherwood Valley• Berry Creek Guidiville• Mooretown I Enterprise Redwood Valley Potter Valley • . COY.O.te Val)eyt• t;,-Upper Lake i olusa (Cach,I Dehe) Pmolev,lle• "t-Bobinson Scotts Valley\ Big_Valley Cortina Manchester . Hopland ..,_S 1' h B k (El E ) (Point Arena) Lower Lake• u ~~~m~~ - m Auburn Cloverdale• Y Stewarts Point• Dry C~ ek Middletown • i hingle Springs Lytton 11Graton Buena Vista J ackson

California Valley Miwok• Tribe • Tuolumne Chicken Ranch • •

Picayun~ / orth Fork • Big Pine • Big Sandy Table Mountai'b • Cold Springs j ort Independence •Lone Pine Santa Rosa (Rancheria) • • Timbisha Shoshone Tribe . Tule River

•Santa Ynez J

:=,an Manuel • Twenty- Nine Palms

~ Morongo Sobob, c Agua Caliente · , cabazon Ramona A ,gust,n& Cahu,lla~ D.,, .....-~ . Pechanga,.. Santa Rosa reTorres- Martinez. Pala~ Paum11;,Yu1ma 1J La~plla ~ ~ Los Coyotes San /\'~~u:1 ~ Santa Ysabel Mesa Grande • lnaja- Cosmit Baron~ capijan Grande Sycu~i~j•1a Post'I C~x~~:~ Jamul Indian Village• ampo Svdmsx,Mhmd O`klr A`mc ne Lhrrhnm Hmch`mr

The State of California lists theWhitewater River on Introduction the CleanWater Act (CWA) §303(d) list of impaired The Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians surface waters because of exceedances of the bacte- has two noncontiguous land areas in Southern Cali- rial and chemical water quality objectives. Ground- fornia. The 250-acre Riverside County portion of water is also a concern for the Tribe because there the Reservation, in the eastern Coachella Valley, is are increasing water demands from agriculture, approximately 30 miles east of Palm Springs and 13 recreation, and population growth on lands adjacent miles west of the Salton Sea. The 150-acre San to the reservation. This has resulted in chronic over- Bernardino County portion is next to Joshua Tree draft of the tribe’s groundwater basin. In addition, National Park in the City ofTwenty-Nine Palms. The groundwater recharge from the Colorado River tribe’s water quality efforts have focused primarily water is having an impact on further degradation of on the Riverside County Reservation lands. The pri- the area’s groundwater quality. This is because the mary surface water on the Riverside portion of the Colorado River water is of considerably lesser qual- reservation is the Whitewater River, a perennial ity than area groundwater. water body which begins its flow near where it bisects the reservation and, after exiting the Reser- vation, flows toward the Salton Sea. Tribal monitoring data has revealed that the surface water quality on the reservation is directly related to the groundwater and the impaired Whitewater River. In addition to the intermittent natural flows, the river conveys wastewater plant discharge, agricultural, and stormwater runoff through the lower Coachella Valley.

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Description of Program Twenty-Nine Palms Band began receiving CWA §106 funding in 1997. Since that time, long-term sampling programs for surface water (Whitewater River) and groundwater have been implemented. Most laboratory analyses are performed in-house using the Twenty-Nine Palms Laboratory. The lab Rtqe`bd v`sdq r`lokhmf nm sgd Vghsdv`sdq Qhudq- (owned, operated by the tribe, and funded by EPA’s General Assistance Program [GAP], Bureau of Indian The Whitewater River poses a problem for the Affairs [BIA], and the tribe) provides laboratory reservation and for the lower watershed down to services to theTribal EPA,other tribes,and non-tribal the Salton Sea. There is intensive agriculture and entities. The lab is certified by the State of California explosive population growth in the northern two- and EPA Region 9. The lab’s capabilities include: thirds of the watershed. Impacts to the Whitewater microbiology, wet chemistry, organic chemistry, River stem from both point and nonpoint sources. inorganic chemistry, and molecular biology.

Page 2020Page The tribe uses seven groundwater monitoring software. This sampling data is being used to identify wells (four in the semi-perched aquifer, two in the trends and changes in water quality on the Reserva- upper aquifer and one deep well in the lower aqui- tion and in the watershed as a whole, as well as to fer). Monitoring wells are sampled routinely for nu- update theTribe’s CWA §305(b) Report. trients, microorganisms, organic contaminants such as pesticides, petroleum products, MTBE and other The tribe has been working with federal, state, volatiles, toxic trace metals,and perchlorate. In addi- and local government entities including BIA,Coachella tion, surface water samples are collected at four Valley Water District, the Valley Sanitation District, locations on the Reservation, along the Whitewater and State Water Quality Control Boards towards River where preliminary data indicates high developing Water Quality Standards and ultimately heterotrophic plate counts, total fecal coliform, and Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) for the White- fecal coliform. water River. The Valley Sanitation District discharg- es wastewater just upstream of the reservation. Besides bacteria and nutrients, the wastewater may Water Quality Accomplishments contain endocrine disrupting chemicals which flow and Environmental Results through the Reservation and towards the Salton Sea. Setting standards and developing TMDLs would ulti- The tribe prepared a Preliminary Water Quality mately reduce pollutant loading of the Whitewater Assessment Report in accordance with CWA §305(b) River and the Salton Sea. in 1998 which identified contamination of both surface and groundwater on the Reservation. Sampling and analyses have been conducted for multiple years along the Whitewater River and in various well locations under EPA-approved QualityAssurance Project Plans (QAPPs) for water quality, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), pesticides, and nonpoint source. In 2000, the tribe developed and received approval for the NPSAssessment and Man- agement Program Plan (NPS A&MP) and became eligible for CWA §319 funding. The Tribe has developed a multi-user geodatabase system to store monitoring data, which is then integrated with the Geo- Rtqe`bd v`sdq r`lokhmf sq`hmhmf dwdqbhrd `s K` Onrs`- graphic Information System (GIS) and modeling With the water quality monitoring efforts that the tribe has conducted over the past several years, it has been able to identify more specifically the surface and groundwater quality problems on the Res- ervation and is recognizing trends for both quantity and quality. The tribe has noted seasonal and spatial trends for bacteria, nitrates, and sulfates. It has also found evidence of perchlorate. The data collected enables the tribe to prevent further degradation of water quality on the Reservation and engage in con- structive dialogue with off-reservation jurisdictions and parties who share an interest in the health of the Fqntmcv`sdq r`lokhmf sq`hmhmf dwdqbhrd vhsg u`qhntr water resourcess. sqhadr `s Svdmsx,Mhmd O`klr Qdrdqu`shnm-

Page 2121Page Bnxnsd U`kkdx A`mc ne Onln Hmch`mr

Introduction The Coyote Valley Reservation encompasses 76 acres located 10 miles north of Ukiah, in Mendocino County in northwestern California. The Reservation is bordered by the Russian River and one of its tributaries, Forsythe Creek, and is also traversed by busy U.S. Highway 101. A key beneficial use for these waters is as a coldwater fishery, since both water bodies are anadromous fish streams supporting Chi- nook salmon and steelhead trout. The tribe has depended upon these waters for food as well as for its cultural and spiritual well being. However, over Rs`ee bnmctbshmf ` ro`vmhmf rtqudx nm Enqrxsgd Bqddj- the years, siltation from timber harvesting, agricul- tribal youth. This was in keeping with the current tural runoff, cattle grazing, gravel mining, and devel- mission of Coyote Valley Tribal EPA, which is to con- opment by upstream and off-reservation landowners duct environmental projects that spring from tradi- have contributed to the decline of this coldwater fish- tional tribal mores, and to educate tribal youth to ery. There are 1.6 acres of wetlands on the Reser- their full potential. Since then,tribal youth,under the vation, and groundwater sources include three ac- supervision of the tribal technical staff, have moni- tive and two inactive wells. tored surface waters bordering the reservation using an EPA-approved Quality Assurance Program Plan (QAPP). The Tribal EPA has monitored Forsythe Creek and the West Bank of the Russian River for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Monitoring methods include sampling using temperature loggers, grab sampling, and rapid bioassessment. Most of the sampling involves continuous field measurements including Onset Hobo temps,although a small number of grab samples are sent to a contract lab. Rapid bioassessment is conducted to assist with the determination of the health of the river for fish and other aquatic life. Data is collected into Boxcar® software which is used to graph hourly Rs`ee oqdo`qhmf sn bnmctbs ` ahn`rrdrrldms 'ro`vmhmf rtqudx( temperatures on a 24-hour basis from May through nm sgd Qtrrh`m Qhudq- October,which is the period critical to juvenile salmonoid survival. Tribal EPA conducts winter and spring Description of Program spawning surveys and fish counts in its water quality monitoring program in order to measure progress Coyote Valley’s water quality program began in in the tribe’s restoration activities in and along the 1991 as a summer program in water monitoring for Russian River and Forsythe Creek.

Page 2222Page variables, such as year-to-year weather cycles (hot Water Quality Accomplishments years, cold years) and rainfall fluctuation. In the and Environmental Results meantime, three additional grant programs from Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), U.S. Fish and Wildlife, Coyote Valley’s Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 and California Fish and Game augment the tribe’s program has been instrumental in identifying sites for CWA §106 grant program to help support an ongo- restoration in theTribe’s CWA §319 Nonpoint Source ing assessment of the watershed through upstream Pollution Control Program, which began in 2001. stakeholder outreach,education,and cooperation. The After identifying areas of the Russian River and assessment includes stream channel surveys, hydro- Forsythe Creek most in need of restoration through logical flow models, road/culvert impacts, and a site- water quality monitoring,theTribe began stream bank by-site prescription for repairs. Now,landowners who restoration, using funds from EPA’s Nonpoint Source wish to repair stream banks have a comprehensive Program. Since the start of the restoration project, framework to base restoration efforts on. These ef- the Tribe has prevented nearly 10,000 cubic yards of forts will ultimately benefit CoyoteValley tribal lands sediment from entering Forsythe Creek by installing as less silt will enter the channel from overburden. In stream way laybacks and using native plants as vegeta- addition, planted trees in the riparian zone will help tive cover to stabilize the banks. to hold the banks and provide shade,which yield cool temperatures for improved salmonoid conditions. Improvement in water quality has been demon- strated through field monitoring and spawning surveys.These studies indicate that, as a result of using bioengineering techniques to create more and deeper pools of water,the summer habitat for juvenile salmo- noids has become cooler. Late springtime surveys of juvenile Chinook and steelhead populations, using a snorkel survey protocol as standard operating pro- cedure,are providing a baseline gauge of stream health by which the tribe can judge the success of their restoration efforts.

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Data from the tribe’s water quality CWA §106 program have also been used to identify other polluted runoff on the Reservation. CoyoteValley is located adjacent to U.S.Highway 101 and has approximately 300-500 visitors per year. During storm events, oil and other auto fluids enter the streams. In addition to water quality data, runoff was observable as oil film disappeared into the drain and then into the stream. In 2003, the tribe installed a riparian buffer zone, the largest in Mendocino County, with a 100 ft. Xntsg rs`ee bntmshmf itudmhkd Rsddkgd`c `mc Bghmnnj R`klnm setback from the high water mark, and native plants nm Enqrxsgd Bqddj- and grasses were planted to act as a filter. As a result Overall stream temperature improvement will of water quality program efforts, no oil film has been take time to demonstrate empirically due to many observed entering the stream during storm events.

Page 2323Page L`my`mhs` A`mc ne sgd Jtldx``x M`shnm

Introduction

The Manzanita Band of the Kumeyaay Nation (Manzanita) is situated in southeastern San Diego County, California within 10 miles of the Mexican Border, and approximately 60 miles east of the Pacific Ocean. The Manzanita Reservation occupies approximatelyIntroduction 3,580 acres and is comprised of high chaparral and grazing lands, with elevations ranging from 3,900 to 5,100 feet above mean sea level. Sur- face water resources of the Manzanita Reservation include 7.5 miles of Tule Creek and La Posta Creek and their tributaries,9.1 miles of intermittent streams, Bnkhenql r`lokhmf `s L`my`mhs` K`jd- 21 acres of freshwater wetlands, 14 springs, and the surface water in accordance with an EPA-approved 1.8 acre Manzanita Lake formed by the Manzanita Quality Assurance Program Plan; issuing Water Dam. Groundwater from springs and wells is the QualityAssessment Reports in accordance with Clean sole source of drinking water for the Manzanita Res- Water Act (CWA) §305(b); developing and imple- ervation. Surface and groundwater uses include rec- menting a Nonpoint Source Assessment and Man- reation, cultural/traditional, agriculture, wildlife and agement Plan (NPS A&MP) in March of 2000; and warm freshwater habitats,and groundwater recharge. developing and implementing a source water protection program. Manzanita’s surface water monitoring activities have been severely limited due to several years of drought in the region.

Manzanita determines its critical water quality sampling needs using the information from previous years’ CWA §305(b) reports and conducts groundwater monitoring at least twice a year. Tribal wells are sampled and the analysis for nitrate-nitrogen is performed in the Manzanita laboratory using its Hach DREL-2000 spectrophotometer. For coliform analysis, Colisure media, an incubator, and a UV lamp are used to determine the presence or absence of total Bnkhenql r`lokhmf `s L`my`mhs` K`jd- and fecal coliform. Manzanita has recently purchased supplies for the enumeration of E. Coli and Entercocci Description of Program bacteria for use in 2005. In addition, groundwater samples are collected and sent to a laboratory to Manzanita’s water pollution control program measure the presence of pollutants, including began in 1998 in order to implement its water qual- general minerals,dissolved metals,radionuclides,vola- ity management program, including the following tile organic chemicals, pesticides, and bacteria. activities: monitoring the quality of groundwater and

Page 2424Page following components: regular monitoring of water Water Quality Accomplishments supply wells and inspection of each wellhead and and Environmental Results surrounding area using a wellhead inspection form; remediation of existing contamination pursuant to To ensure that its sole source of drinking water is an applicable remediation plan and a special monitor- protected,Manzanita has developed and implemented ing plan; prevention of future contamination by post- a Wellhead Protection Program. Using EPA’s Well- ing signage denoting WHPAs; pollution prevention head Analytic Element Model (WhAEM2000) along education and outreach to residents and visitors with the Calculated Fixed Radius Capture Zone through literature and workshops; and implementa- method, Manzanita delineated fourteen wellhead tion of management measures per its NPS A&MP. protection areas (WHPAs),comprised of sixteen wells. These methods used several input parameters,includ- In addition, Manzanita’s NPS A&MP identified the ing discharge (pumping rate), aquifer base following priority categories of NPS pollution and elevation, ravel time (pumping duration), aquifer associated needs that contribute to diminished porosity, groundwater flow direction, hydraulic water quality: unrestricted livestock grazing, land gradient, transmissivity, and saturated aquifer thick- disposal (septic systems, animal waste disposal), ness. TheWHPA delineations and well locations were construction (road grading and drainage),erosion and mapped on United States Geological Survery (USGS) sedimentation control, spring development and Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle (DOQQ) rehabilitation,and wetlands restoration. During 2000 infrared aerial photograph base maps, using Manzan- through 2004,Manzanita, with NPS grant funding and ita’s Geographic Information System (GIS). The GIS with guidance from the National Resource Conser- system also facilitates the identification of potential vation Service (NRCS), improved water quality by areas of contamination and well interference, and is implementing the following successful management instrumental in the public education and outreach measures that focused on livestock control, erosion activities of itsWellhead Protection Program. control, revegetation, and stream bank restoration: installation and inspection of livestock restriction fencing around the wetland areas and springs; establish- ment of alternate water sources for livestock; use of straw bale and sediment basins during grading activities; construction of check dams made of natural materials to reduce bank scour by trapping sediment, slowing water velocity, building up the bottom of the creek bed, and filling the bank areas scoured by erosion; and clearing of sagebrush and thinning of willows to encourage willow growth and native plant revegetation. Bnkhenql r`lokhmf `s L`my`mhs` K`jd- Initial review of the WHPA aerial maps identified potential contaminant sources for each well, including septic wastewater disposal systems, vehicular activities, agricultural activities, and solid waste disposal sites. The immediacy and degree of risk associated with each potential contaminant source will be evaluated after field inspection and monitoring, which will be conducted regularly to ensure that information is updated and accurate. Manzanita’sWell- head Protection Program includes a management plan for water supply protection and is comprised of the Rsqd`l md`q Gtaakd Qn`c- Page 2525Page Gnno` U`kkdx Sqhad

ancient floodplains, the topography is relatively flat. Introduction These areas are suitable for habitation and have been designated into “fields” throughout the reservation. The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation is the largest in California, encompassing 89,572 acres. The During the rainy season,surface water on the Res- Reservation is located in the northeastern corner ervation is abundant. In contrast, groundwater aqui- of Humboldt County in Northern California, about fers are quite limited. The total amount of wetlands 50 miles inland from the Pacific Ocean, and 300 miles on the reservation is estimated at 3,200 acres with north of San Francisco. The reservation is nearly a over 98 percent categorized as riparian or wet brush perfect square with each side 12 miles in length, field. The groundwater basin in the Hoopa Valley is making it approximately 144 square miles, and it restricted to alluvial fans which encompass the area encompasses roughly 50 percent of Hupa (Hoopa’s where streams deposit sediment and enter into the traditional name) aboriginal territory. Trinity River. The reservation is bisected by the north flowing Trinity River. The west flowing Klamath River flows through a small portion of the far northeastern part of the reservation. A number of smaller streams,with watersheds less than 6,000 acres in size, flow into the Trinity and Klamath Rivers within the reservation. The largest of these include: Mill Creek, Hos- tler Creek,Tish-Tang Creek, Campbell Creek, Supply Creek,Soctish Creek,and Pine Creek. Although these streams are relatively small, each of them provides habitat for anadromous fish. Knvdq Shrg S`mf Bqddj Bnmshmtntr C`s` Qdbnqcdqr 'BCQr( rhsd- The Hupa people’s cultural integrity, along with the physical health of the people is dependant on clean, Description of Program healthy water. Since time immemorial, the Hupa people have inhabited the banks of the Trinity River, Hoopa Valley’s water quality program began in dwelling in pit houses near the mouths ofTrinity River 1990 when it received its Financial Assistance Eligi- tributaries. The Trinity River and its tributaries have bility (FAE) approval for a Clean Water Act (CWA) proven to be an abundant source of life for the Hupa, §106 Water Pollution Control grant. This grant was providing fish,drinking water,bathing and many more used to assist with the development of the Tribal beneficial uses throughout the course of the year. Environmental ProtectionAgency (TEPA) to conduct water quality planning and management programs on The hydrology of Hoopa Valley is characterized the Reservation. by relatively wet,cool winters and dry summers. The reservation is mountainous,ranging in elevation from Since 1990,the tribe has continuously monitored 320 feet to 5000 feet above mean sea level. The its streams for water level, conductivity,pH,tempera- Valley floor consists of a sequence of prominent ture, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform. stream terrace benches carved out by the meander- Hoopa Valley’s Water Quality Standards (WQS), ing channel of the Trinity River. The terraces repre- approved by EPA in 2002,contain water quality crite- sent ancient to modern flood plain levels. Along the ria that are monitored by environmental staff and are

Page 2626Page designed to protect the uses of the reservation’s surface waters. Two of these criteria, temperature and turbidity, are the keys to the Tribe’s efforts to maintain and restore the natural populations of migratory salmon and steelhead.

In September of 2002, the Trinity and Klamath Rivers experienced a massive fish kill, where an estimated 34,000 salmon were killed. The Fish Kill of 2002 was caused by a number of factors in combina- tion with one another. Increased in-river temperatures and decreased flow, coupled with a large run size, created stress on returning salmon,which led to wide spread pathogen infection. Increased water temperatures are closely associated with and probably caused by decreased flows, which are ultimately con- trolled by upstream dams. The tribe’s temperature criterion is based on temperature-flow relationships, 1//1 Sqhmhsx `mc Jk`l`sg Qhudqr ehrg jhkk- and is designed to protect the holding and spawning theTrinity River. TEPA has fifty stations on the reser- of adult salmon in theTrinity River and its tributaries. vation where probes record the temperature in the Trinity River and its tributaries. TEPA also has 13 Logging is the main economic industry on the Res- locations where Continuous Data Recorders moni- ervation. The Tribe has been concerned about the tor temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen soil runoff into streams from logging, which affects (DO) along with other parameters (see chart below.) salmon spawning as well as other aquatic life. TEPA All monitoring data is collected and added to TEPA’s has established, under its WQS, turbidity criteria for database for analysis.

Trinity River Dissolved Oxygen Levels Over a 5-year Period (2000-2005)

160

140

120

100

00 % BJ

a AVG0O% EO ■MAX DO%

0 ;;om 2001 :i:002 2003(a) 2003(b) 2004 :;oos DAVG0O% 95.64 95.42 100.53 103.49 80.85 100.28 89.91 ■ MAlC 00% 112.93 118.16 126.99 126.92 149 4 93.23 Year

Page 2727Page The data is then analyzed for trends and noticeable areas has been reduced, and auto fluids are no longer violations of existing water quality standards in the seen in the water. ordinances that are stated in the tribe’s Water Qual- ity Control Plan (WQCP). The tribe can enforce these The Hoopa Valley Tribe has completed a Water ordinances against violators both on and off the QualityAssessment Report in accordance with CWA Reservation for degrading, through point source or §305(b) and developed EPA-approved Tribal Water nonpoint source pollution, the Reservation’s water Quality Standards. The tribe has also developed a bodies. database to store monitoring data, ordinances, and reports related to water quality. The database stores all the environmental data in its raw form and all analy- Water Quality Accomplishments sis files. The analysis files contain all the information and Environmental Results that has been compiled and graphed so that it can be easily disseminated to the public. The database also Since 1990, the Hoopa Valley Tribe has been suc- contains standard operating procedures and the soft- cessful in monitoring and investigating water quality ware necessary to carry out the functions of the wa- on the Reservation,based on its EPA-approved Quality ter quality program. Assurance Program Plan (QAPP). Other water quality accomplishments include the completion and CWA §106 funding has also enabled the Hoopa approval of its Nonpoint Source Assessment Report Valley Tribe to foster relationships with various fed- and Management Program (NPS A&MP), which made eral, state, and tribal agencies to promote and fur- it eligible for CWA §319 NPS funding. The tribe uses ther protect the waters of the Hoopa Indian Reser- its NPS funding to address other pollutants such as vation. It now has cooperative agreements with inte- dissolved oxygen (DO),pH,conductivity,phosphates, gral agencies such as the US Fish & Wildlife Service nitrates, and soil runoff from logging into the streams (USFWS),North CoastWater Quality Control Board within the reservation. An example of an NPS project (NCWQCB),and all of the Klamath BasinTribes. The is theAbandonedAutomobile Clean-up Project,where working relationships are intended to protect the over 180 abandoned autos were removed from the long-term beneficial uses and anadromous fisheries banks of nearby creeks/streams, wells, and other of the Trinity and Klamath Rivers. Through inter- water sources on the reservation. These vehicles were agency cooperation, the tribe has been able to leaking brake fluid, antifreeze, and hydrocarbons accomplish several things including recognizing and including diesel and gasoline into the creeks and incorporating tribal cultural beneficial uses into the streams that could be seen with the naked eye. This NCWQCB Basin Plan, and working with USFWS leakage was harmful to the aquatic life and posed a personnel to develop dissolved oxygen (DO) water threat to groundwater quality. As a result of the quality criteria for theTrinity River. cleanup, the number of abandoned vehicle in these

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Introduction The Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe has been investi - gating its water quality since 1975 and, in 1989, The Pyramid Lake Paiute Indian Reservation is received its first CleanWaterAct (CWA) §106 grant. located in western Nevada, about 30 miles northeast Since that time, the Pyramid Lake Fisheries Depart- of Reno, and encompasses about 474,000 acres. ment staff (from 1989 – 1997) and the Environmen- Pyramid Lake, a slightly saline terminal desert lake, tal Department staff (from 1997 – present) have is located entirely within the reservation. The lake continuously monitored the water quality of creeks, covers approximately 114,000 acres and is the focal Truckee River, and Pyramid Lake on the Reservation, point of the reservation. The Truckee River, which sampling water for nitrates + nitrites, total ammonia, originates in Lake Tahoe, flows through the reserva- total phosphorus,and dissolved reactive phosphorus. tion for 31 miles and terminates in Pyramid Lake. The Water is monitored, using a YSI sonde, for water beneficial uses of Pyramid Lake and Truckee River temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, salinity, include provision of a cold freshwater habitat, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. All water quality protection of threatened or endangered species, monitoring data are kept in the Tribe’s water quality preservation of indigenous aquatic life, and the database and used for trend analysis. protection of aquaculture. Other water resources at Pyramid Lake include groundwater, streams, creeks, The Environmental Department staff has wetlands, springs, and seepages. The beneficial uses conducted Rapid Bioassessment to help evaluate the of groundwater and wetlands include cultural, indig- biological conditions at multiple sites on the Lower enous aquatic life, livestock watering, and water Truckee River. This involves the collection of aquatic quality enhancement. The tribe has depended upon insects, riparian/bank/vegetation/river substrate Pyramid Lake and Truckee River for food, clothing assessments, and the collection of water samples at and shelter materials, and cultural and spiritual health each site. The data helps the tribe track the health of for time immemorial. the river for the benefit of aquatic life, wildlife, and the fish of Pyramid Lake. A multi-year Pyramid Lake Bioaccumulation Mercury Study is underway on Pyra- Description of Program mid Lake to address concerns that elevated mercury loading and bioaccumulation in theTruckee River may affect the fisheries in downstream Pyramid Lake. This study includes the collection of fish to determine the extent and causes of mercury in the lake. Recent findings show that mercury came from the upstream Truckee RiverWatershed.

Members of the Environmental Department have been active in stakeholder efforts with state and local officials,water quality coordination meetings,and Truckee River Implementation Team meetings for ongoing Truckee River water quality monitoring and restoration efforts. Lnmhsnqhmf vhsg ` XRH rnmcd nm sgd Sqtbjdd Qhudq-

Page 3030Page Water Quality Accomplishments trees. The environmental results of the NPS projects and Environmental Results show reduction in velocity and sedimentation and increased bank stability in the Truckee River. Specifi- Since 1989, the Pyramid Lake Fisheries Depart- cally,nitrate and nitrite levels have declined from 0.17 ment and the Pyramid Lake Environmental Depart- mg/l in May 2000 to about 0.01 mg/l in July 2004 (see ment have been successful in investigating the water chart below). The riparian areas restored under the quality on the reservation, based on the tribe’s 1992 NPS grant program will continue to recover through EPA-approved Quality Assurance Program Plan, in the intensive management of cattle grazing,which will order to better protect Tribal waters. In 1994, the allow the water level to rise back to support native tribe’s Nonpoint Source Assessment Report and vegetation and become properly functioning systems. Management Program Plan (NPSA&MP) was approved by EPA and the tribe became eligible for funding un- The water quality monitoring conducted over the der CWA §319 Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution past several years has enabled the tribe to identify Control Program. The tribe has been awarded mul- water quality trends,particularly for drought seasons tiple competitive NPS grants to carry out its NPS versus wet seasons. With macro-invertebrate and pollution control program to address pollutants found fish data collected during the drought years,the envi- through its water quality monitoring program. Spe- ronmental staff has found that increased nutrients have cifically, the NPS program mitigated and prevented resulted in increased algal blooms and higher tem- the effects of uncontrolled grazing by cattle that led peratures in the river which have taken their toll on to turbidity from soil erosion, nutrient loads, loss of water quality and aquatic life. In contrast, during wet native vegetation, and destabilized streambanks. This years,water quality monitoring during high river flows was accomplished through the implementation of has shown improved water quality and increased management measures such as fencing and providing abundant species richness values. alternate water sources. Recently,the tribe developedWater Quality Stan- During 1999 to 2004, water quality monitoring dards (WQS) to protect tribal waters. In 2004, the and sampling on the Lower Truckee River has shown Tribal Council approved theWQS and a“Water Qual- that riparian habitat has improved as a direct result ity Enabling Ordinance,” which implements theWQS of the implementation of NPS on-the-ground projects within the Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation. As of including the fencing out of livestock and improved 2006, the Tribe’s WQS and program authorization water flow management for cottonwood and willow application are undergoing review for EPA approval.

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Introduction

The Shoshone-PaiuteTribes of DuckValley reside on the Duck Valley Indian Reservation located in southwestern Idaho and northeastern Nevada. The reservation encompasses approximately 289,820 acres, and has two major terrain types according to elevation. The first is the basin where the developed resources are located (community of Owyhee, rural residences and productive farmlands), and the sec- ond is the upper elevations on the east and west sides L`qx�r Bqddj � rdbshnm ne ` 0//,ldsdq ld`rtqhmf s`od hr uhrhakd of the reservation, consisting of rim-rock from nm sgd toodq qhfgs ne sgd ognsn- Sghr rhsd hr ` ahn`rrdrrldms `mc ` v`sdq pt`khsx lnmhsnqhmf rhsd- ancient volcanic flows. The Owyhee River system, which is made up of the Upper (East Fork and South Fork), Middle (Middle and North Forks) and Lower Before 2003, water quality monitoring occurred Forks of the Owyhee River,is on the southern end of annually,and aquatic insects were collected from three the Columbia River Basin and flows into the Snake sites in 2001 and seven sites in 2002. In 2003, water River. The East Fork Owyhee River provides water quality monitoring was increased to allow for sea- to the Billy Shaw, Sheep Creek and Mountain View sonal characterization of the water quality and Reservoirs, which are used primarily for fishing. The included Rapid Bioassessment. Rapid Bioassessment river itself is used mainly for irrigation and livestock includes collecting aquatic insects and physical habi- watering. The streams flowing from the high eleva- tat such as epifaunal substrate assessment data, bank tions provide recharge water to the East Fork all year. stability information, and riparian vegetation assess- The primary land uses on the reservation are agri- ment. Rapid Bioassessment is conducted on the East culture and livestock grazing. Other water resources Fork Owyhee River and five of its major tributaries. at DuckValley include groundwater,wetlands,springs, It is used to help theTribes evaluate the health of the and seeps. Owyhee River system for aquatic life and wildlife.

The tribes have also completed a well monitor- Description of Program ing program. An agreement with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation resulted in the collection of ground- The Shoshone-Paiute Tribes of Duck Valley’s water depth measurements of seven monitoring wells water quality program began in 1997,when the tribes dispersed on the reservation and located mostly on received their first Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 agricultural land. Water samples were analyzed for funds. Since that time, the tribes have continuously nutrients, trace metals, and pesticides. When com- monitored the water quality of creeks, the Owyhee paring the results with National DrinkingWater Stan- River, reservoirs, and groundwater on the Reserva- dards, it was found that one of the seven wells has tion in accordance with its EPA-approved Quality exceedance above secondary standards for iron, but Assurance Management Program (QAPP). The tribes’ no pesticides were detected. The interpretation of monitoring program includes water quality param- these monitoring results on well depth trends and eters for nutrients,temperature,turbidity,pathogens, possible contamination from iron and pesticides will pesticides, and petroleum hydrocarbons. be submitted toTribal Resource Management.

Page 3232Page The confluence of the Mill Creek Tributary/East The water quality data collected by the tribes Fork of the Owyhee River is located approximately were used to develop the tribe’s Nonpoint Source three miles southeast of the Duck Valley Indian Assessment Report and Management Plan (NPS Reservation boundary, and the Rio Tinto Mine is A&MP) which indicated that nonpoint source pollu- located about a mile and a half west of the confluence. tion is the primary source of water pollution on the In 2000, in support of EPA efforts to close Rio Tinto Reservation. As a result, the tribes became eligible Mine, the tribes’ water quality program began water for funding under the CWA §319 Nonpoint Source quality monitoring of Mill Creek and found that it is Pollution Control Program in 2000, and received impaired by metals, temperature, pH,TDS, turbidity, several competitive NPS grants to carry out its NPS andTSS. In addition, acid mine drainage continues to pollution control program. move from the tailings at the closed mine into the creek. Data from the tribes’ water quality monitor- Through the NPS grants,the tribes have mitigated ing of Mill Creek are being used to design the NPS pollution from poorly maintained roads and re- remediation plan for the Rio Tinto Mine site. All cent wildfires on the reservation, worked to in- water quality monitoring data are kept in the tribes’ stall alternative livestock watering, restored springs EPA water quality database. The tribes will be work- previously used for watering,and completed bank res- ing with a contractor to input the data into EPA toration along the Owyhee River. As a result of man- Storage Retrieval Database (STORET). Data entry is agement measures implemented on the Reservation, scheduled to begin in early 2006. the tribes hope to realize water quality improvement by showing decreases in temperature, turbidity, and nutrients found in the streams and tributaries of the Water Quality Accomplishments Owyhee River. The recent change from annual to and Environmental Results monthly water quality monitoring collection should allow the tribes to show water quality trends and Since 1997,the tribes have been successfully moni- improvements. This information will then allow the toring water quality on the Reservation. They have tribes to make adjustments to future management learned that as a result of the seasonal effects of live- measures implementation to ensure the effectiveness stock grazing, bacteria counts at some locations of their projects. In addition, the tribes are planning increase substantially from midsummer to Novem- to integrate the biological monitoring data and the ber. For this reason, beginning in 2003, three sites water quality data to give a better picture of the health are monitored in December, January and February, of the reservation waters. and sixteen sites are monitored from March through November. Physical habitat data are also collected at this time.

The tribes drafted theirWater Quality Standards in 2001, but the water quality criteria did not reflect the seasonal effects of livestock grazing. With the monthly data that is now being collected,the numeri- cal criteria in the Water Quality Standards will be reviewed and modified as necessary. In addition, the tribes’ comprehensive monitoring program will provide information that is needed for the Water Nvxgdd Qhudq `s sgd Sqha`k Q`mbg+ ` ahn`rrdrrldms r`lokhmf rhsd- QualityAssessment Report in accordance with CWA §305(b) and for interpretive reports that the tribal government will use for management purposes.

Page 3333Page V`rgnd Sqhad ne Mdu`c` `mc B`khenqmh`

Tribal members is focused around Lake Tahoe, the Introduction numerous springs/hot springs, and the Carson,West Walker, andTruckee Rivers.

Description of Program

Washoe Tribe’s water quality program began in 1998 when it received its first CleanWaterAct (CWA) §106 grant. Since then, the Washoe Environmental Protection Department (WEPD) staff has put in place a regimented routine water quality monitoring program, based on their EPA-approved Quality Assurance Program Plan (QAPP), defining the water B`qrnm Qhudq V`sdqrgdc+ rtqe`bd v`sdq r`lokhmf torsqd`l ne Mnmonhms Rntqbd Rsdv`qs Q`mbg Oqnidbs- quality conditions that will allow the tribe to better understand their surface water resources. The pro- The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California is gram will also help to ensure that tribal natural comprised of four communities located in western resources are used in a traditional and customary Nevada and eastern California. Carson, Stewart, and manner to better promote the health and well being Dresslerville Communities are located in Nevada of the tribe and members of the tribal communities. while Woodfords Community is located in Alpine County, California. The tribe also has at least ten additional uninhabited parcels and holds interests in about 61,000 acres of allotment land. These lands are located in the southeastern region of traditional Washoe territory, which encompasses both the east and west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and adjoining valleys centered around LakeTahoe.

The tribe has employed a Watershed Protection Approach (WPA) as the framework for meeting the Tribe’s water resources challenges. The WPA coor- Rtqe`bd v`sdq r`lokhmf ctqhmf roqhmf qtmnee 'ehqrs shld sghr dinates any point source, nonpoint source, wetland dogdldq`k rsqd`l g`r g`c eknvr hm nudq 6 xd`qr(+ Ohmd Mts area, surface water, groundwater, and drinking water Lntms`hmr- programs in support of the watershed approach. The The WEPD monitors surface water at fourteen tribe’s Unified Watershed Assessment identified six sites, primarily in the Carson River and Clear Creek hydraulic areas, prioritized based on water quality: Watersheds, for physical, inorganic, biological, and Doud Springs, Bryant Creek, Jacks Valley Creek, metals parameters including total phosphorus, color, Indian Creek,and James Canyon Creek in the Carson temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids, total Watershed; and Upper and Lower Clear Creek in coliform, nitrate, and iron. In addition, during spring the Clear Creek Watershed. The designated benefi- and fall runoff periods, the tribe monitors for organic cial uses of all surface water include, at a minimum, parameters and pesticides. Clear Creek at Stewart the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and Community has been monitored closely for total wildlife, and recreation in and on the water. The phosphorus, temperature, and turbidity due to traditional, spiritual, and physical life of Washoe historical conditions, including a high flooding event Page 3434Page in 1997, which caused negative impacts such as The tribe developed an approved Nonpoint degradation of the creek channel and the floodplain; SourceAssessment Report and Management Program loss of riparian vegetation; and surrounding Plan (NPS A&MP) and became eligible for funding development pressure. under the CWA §319 Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program in 2000. The tribe carried out a For several years, WEPD has been conducting multi-year project funded by the Nonpoint Source aquifer characterization studies to investigate the (NPS) program on the Carson River. The program quality of the tribe’s groundwater resources and iden- addressed temperature and turbidity water quality tify potential impacts for future management. Washoe concerns, as identified in the water quality monitor- Tribe is developing their own water quality labora- ing program, by stabilizing and revegetating the tory to increase institutional capacity and provide riverbanks within the boundaries of the reservation. faster turnaround time in receiving water quality analytic results. WEPD staff conducts community outreach and education programs including“Washoe on the River Day,” which allows staff to discuss water quantity and quality issues with their local tribal youth and community members. WEPD staff participation at meetings on local, state, and federal levels for water quality protection on tribal lands has provided the WEPD staff the ability to bring issues to the forefront and build partnerships.

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Over time, Washoe Tribe’s water quality monitoring results have shown seasonal trends in parameters such as high turbidity, temperature, and bacterial levels in the Carson River and the Clear Creek water systems. The tribe’s EPA-approved Sampling andAnalysis Program (SAP) and QAPP provide a systematic means to obtain and evaluate data V`rgnd Nm Sgd Qhudq C`x9 Dctb`shnm `mc Ntsqd`bg that will allow the tribe to more effectively manage enq v`sdq oqnsdbshnm- its surface water resources. WEPD plans to continue its monitoring program to determine the causes Water Quality Accomplishments of these water quality pollutants. and Environmental Results Water quality monitoring on Clear Creek at TheWEPD staff has been successful in investigat- Stewart Community has enabledWEPD staff to iden- ing the water quality on tribal lands in order to bet- tify water quality pollutants that are negatively ter protect their waters. In 1999, the Tribal Council impacting the riparian area such as heavy sediment approved a water code which protects the quality of loading, turbidity, high fecal coliform, low dissolved Washoe’s water resources for present and future oxygen, and physical (high sediment loading) param- generations. WEPD developed a water quality data- eter trends. In 2004 and 2005,the tribe was awarded base in 2003 to track water quality and surface water NPS grants to begin restoration work on Lower Clear data trends over time. The tribe is in the process of Creek including streambank restoration. Long-term developing and revising its Water Quality Standards results will reduce turbidity and sediment, and for approval by the Washoe Tribal Council. correct temperature impairments.

Page 3535Page Xdqhmfsnm O`htsd Sqhad

Introduction

Yerington Paiute The Yerington Paiute Tribe is located in western Tribe Reservation Nevada, approximately 85 miles southeast of Reno, nearYerington,Nevada. The reservation has two noncontiguous land areas: a 22-acre parcel located within the City of Yerington’s boundaries, and a larger reservation of 1,631 acres located 10 miles north of the City of Yerington.

The Yerington PaiuteTribe recognizes that protection of groundwater is vital to the subsistence of its Yerington tribal members because groundwater is the only Mine Site source of drinking water on the reservation. The tribe owns and operates a municipal water system Xdqhmfsnm+ Yerington Paiute Mdu`c` `qd`- that serves ninety homes and provides water to Tribe Colony multiple administrative buildings including the Tribal Administration building,Tribal Health Clinic,and Social the mine site.Currently,the mine site includes a large Services/Education building. The remainder of the pit containing groundwater and numerous unlined residents on the reservation get their drinking water evaporation ponds containing primarily storm water. from private domestic wells. Groundwater is also being pumped and stored in lined evaporation ponds on the site to prevent contami- There are two surface water conveyances on the nated groundwater from migrating to the north reservation. The Campbell Canal is a partially un- toward the Reservation. lined irrigation water delivery canal that originates from the diversion of water from the Walker River, Description of Program just southeast of the Yerington Anaconda Mine site, and flows north through the Reservation. The The Yerington Paiute Tribe’s water quality pro- Wabuska Drain is an irrigation return-flow drain that gram began in 2000, when the tribe received its first originates immediately north of the Yerington Clean Water Act (CWA) §106 grant and established Anaconda Mine site and flows north through the a Water Quality Monitoring Program. Since May reservation to theWalker River. TheWabuska Drain 2002, the Yerington Paiute Environmental Office has operates primarily by collecting return flows from been monitoring water quality on the Reservation crop irrigation and by intercepting shallow ground- under an EPA-approved Sampling and Analysis Plan water (see map of the area above right.) (SAP). The Environmental Office conducts quarterly sampling on the reservation to evaluate potential In response to concerns expressed by local resi- impacts from the Yerington Anaconda Mine site and dents, U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) offi- other potential nonpoint sources, such as naturally cials investigated and determined that the Yerington occurring mineral deposits and agricultural runoff. Anaconda Mine site exhibits radiation levels 200 times above probable naturally occurring levels in soils. The tribe collects groundwater samples from a Although elemental uranium occurs naturally in the network of municipal supply and monitoring wells. area, in addition to past Vat Leach extraction pro- In addition, when surface water is present, samples cessing (mining activities), appear to have resulted in are collected from three locations in the Campbell a significant increase in uranium concentrations at Canal, and two locations in the Wabuska Drain. The Page 36 tribe’s water quality technicians measure and record occuring, has been detected above the MCL in one field parameters, using a YSI 600 XL Sonde and a YSI monitoring well (MW-7 [see figure below]) on the 500. Field parameters include water levels, pH, reservation. In October 2004, EPA sampled private temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. residential drinking water wells on the reservation Groundwater and quality control samples, which are and uranium was detected in several residential wells collected using a submersible pump,are submitted to at concentrations up to three times the current MCL a contract laboratory for analysis of contaminants of (0.030 mg/L). As a result, ARCO, the potentially concern. Current site investigations being conducted responsble party for theYerington Anaconda Mine, is at the site by the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) voluntarily supplying bottled drinking water to as a result of a Unilateral Administrative Order for residents and administrative buildings on the Initial ResponseActivities (UAO 0-2005-2011) at the reservation. The tribe continues to routinely monitor Yerington Anaconda Mine site have identified con- these contaminants to ensure safe drinking water for taminants of concern including uranium, thorium, ra- tribal members. dium, gross alpha and gross beta. As a result, the tribe added uranium analysis to the monitoring pro- In an effort to protect water quality on the reser- gram inAugust 2002. The tribe will also add radium vation, theYerington Paiute Tribe has also developed 226/228,gross alpha,and gross beta to the list of field and implemented a Source Water Assessment and parameters to be analyzed during the 2005 – 2006 Protection Plan and prepared an EPA-approved quarterly monitoring period. Nonpoint Source Assessment and Management Plan (NPS A&MP). In addition, it conducts ongoing oversight and monitoring of the progress on theYerington Water Quality Accomplishments Anaconda Mine site, and provides community and Environmental Results outreach and environmental education. The tribe is also in the process of developing a water quality The Yerington Paiute Tribe has identified arsenic database to store data collected from the tribe’s and uranium as contaminants of concern in Water Quality Monitoring Program and from other groundwater on the reservation. Arsenic concen- monitoring activities conducted on or near the trations, which may be naturally occurring, routinely reservation, and will use this data for historical exceed the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) in reference. the municipal wells. Uranium,which may be naturally Uranium -+- DW-4/5 --- MW-10 0.100 ..,._ MW-12 0 ~ MW-7* 0.090 o Private Residential Wall

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Page 3939Page ACRONYMS

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