doi 10.15296/ijwhr.2017.03 http://www.ijwhr.net doi 10.15296/ijwhr.2015.27 OpenOpen Access Review Review Article InternationalInternational Journal Journal of Women’s of Women’s Health Health and Reproduction and Reproduction Sciences Sciences Vol.Vol. 3, No.5, No. 3, July 1, January 2015, 126–131 2017, 11–17 ISSNISSN 2330- 4456 2330- 4456 SexualWomen Abstinence on the Other and Side Sperm of War Quality and Poverty: Its Effect on the Health of Reproduction Ahmed AlAwlaqi1, Mohamed E. Hammadeh1* Ayse Cevirme1, Yasemin Hamlaci2*, Kevser Ozdemir2 Abstract Background:Abstract Previous research has documented that sexual abstinence can improve sperm quality. Sexologists have reported that spermsWar and stored poverty in area latex ‘extraordinary condom decreaseconditions at createda rate ofby 60% human per intervention’ minute. and ‘preventable public health problems.’ War and Objective:poverty have The many objective negative of effects the current on human review health, is especiallyto explore women’s the relationship health. Health between problems sexual arising abstinence due to war duration and poverty and areother factors thatbeing affect observed standard as sexual and abuse substandard and rape, allsemen kinds production. of violence and subsequent gynecologic and obstetrics problems with physiological Design:and psychological A scientific courses, review and of pregnanciespublished literature. as the result of undesired but forced or obliged marriages and even rapes. Certainly, Mainunjust Outcometreatment suchMeasure: as being Specific unable focusto gain is footing to discuss on the how land sexual it is lived abstinence (asylum seeker,behaviours refugee, relate etc.) to and the being production, deprived ofquality and efficiencysocial security, of sperms citizenship and rightssemen and in humanrelation rights to the brings different about characteristics the deprivation such of access as duration to health of services abstinence, and of age, provision and psychological of behaviours.service intended The forstudy gynecology will also and seek obstetrics. to verify The if purposethere is ofa linkthis articlebetween is to sexual address abstinence effects of warand and semen poverty production on the health or what of triggers semenreproduction production of women in men. and to offer scientific contribution and solutions. Results:Keywords: From Poverty, the Reproductivereviewed literature, health, War data analysis on oligozoospermic samples indicated a peak motility of 30% after 1 day of abstinence. After 2 days of abstinence, the recorded average percentage of the normal sperm morphologies among the moderate and mild oligozoospermic samples ranged from 7% to 8.5%. The increase of the normal sperm morphology was statistically significant (P < 0.003) and sperm motility (P < 0.001) that were in line with the average percentage production of 7.5% and 31.9%, respectively. Introduction thought that severe military conflicts in Africa shorten The significant sperm production was recorded between day 3 and day 8 of abstinence. Throughout the history of the world, the ones who had the expected lifetime for more than 2 years. In general, Conclusion: The data obtained supports the literature on abstinence in facilitating male infertility treatment. Thus, the data argues confronted the bitterest face of poverty and war had al- WHO had calculated that 269 thousand people had died that so as to present the best semen samples for fertility treatment, men should collect semen sample after 3-8 days of abstinence ways been the women. As known poverty and war affects in 1999 due to the effect of wars and that loss of 8.44 mil- as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Patients that present normal sperms give sperm donations for human health either directly or indirectly, the effects of lion healthy years of life had occurred (2,3). cryopreservation ought to be informed not to exceed the 10-day abstinence duration as the quality of the sperms is compromised. this condition on health and status of women in the so- Wars negatively affect the provision of health services. Keywords: Sperm quality, Oligozoospermia, Sexual abstinence, Total motile sperm count, Sperm morphology ciety should not be ignored. This study intends to cast Health institutions such as hospitals, laboratories and light on the effects of war and poverty on the reproductive health centers are direct targets of war. Moreover, the wars health of women. For this purpose, the face of war affect- cause the migration of qualified health employees, and Introductioning the women, the problem of immigration, inequalities thus theOver health time, services it has hitches. been Assessmentsnoted that spermsmade indi quality- im- Thein distribution scientific ofliterature income based estimates on gender that and male the effectsinfertility cate thatproves the aftereffect aof short destruction period in of the abstinence. infrastructure Much of research accountsof all these for on 30% the toreproductive 40% of infertility health of among women couples will be (1- healthhas continues been done for 5-10to verify years andeven validateafter the thefinalization above statement 3).addressed. Before fertility treatments can be initiated, it remains of conflicts(9). Moreover, (3). Due mostto resource medical requirements practitioners in thehave re concurred- unclear on what should be the optimal period of sexual structuringthat a investmentslimited absence after fromwar, the sexual share activity allocated increases to the self-restraintWar and Women’s required Health to warrant maximum quality sperm healthquality has decreased of semen (1). produced by a male person (10). In as isFamine, achieved. synonymous According with to warthe andWorld poverty, Health is clearerOrganization for much as sperm quality is affected by periods of abstinence, (WHO),women; warthe abstinencemeans deep timedisadvantages before medical such as examination full de- Mortalitiesseveral and factors Morbidities also need to be considered when it comes shouldstruction, be lossbetween of future 2-7 and days uncertainty (4). The abstinencefor women. hasWars been The onesto sperm who are motility; most affected lifespan from and wars morphology are women and(11). Sperm reportedare conflicts to helpthat destroyin concentrating families, societies semen, and improving cultures the children.quality While is, amongdeaths dependingothers, affected on direct by nutritionviolence af and- diet of that negatively affect the health of community and cause fect the male population, the indirect deaths kill children, percentage of the morphology of sperms, and increasing the person, lack of exercise, time of ejaculation, extended violation of human rights. According to the data of World women and elders more. In Iraq between 1990-1994, in- theHealth percentage Organization of sperm (WHO) motility and World (5). Bank,Nonetheless, in 2002 the fant deathslong periods had shown of stress, this reality drug andin its substance more bare abuse, form physical basiswars hadof this been abstinence among the recommendationfirst ten reasons which is still killed debat - with traumaan increase and ofexposure 600% (4). to healthThe war hazards taking suchfive yearsas radioactiv - ablethe most since and it iscaused not cleardisabilities. from Civilthe scientific losses are atliterature. the rate To increasesity (12). the child This deaths confirms under the age partial of 5 by role 13%. of Also abstinence 47% in en- someof 90% extent, within scholarsall losses (1).agree that no lubricants should be of all suringthe refugees that the in the quality world of and sperm 50% isof adequatelyasylum seekers maintained. usedWar hasas theymany may negative contain effects bacteria on human that health.can kill One or ratherof and displacedAs a result, people we couldare women only useand abstinencegirls and 44% as aref function- of destroythese is theits producedeffect of shortening sperms (6). the The average sperms human should life. then ugeessperm and asylum quality seekers while areholding children other under factors the age constant of (13). beAccording stored in to non-spermicidalthe data of WHO, containersthe average tohuman increase life is their 18 (5).Despite this, medical research conducted revealed that the lifespan.68.1 years For for instance, males and sperms 72.7 years produced for females. for testing It is being should As thegreatest result factorof wars affecting and armed the sperms’conflicts, quality women is are the level of not be stored in condoms as it may affect their lifespan abstinence. Most studies are interested in looking at the (7).Received Sperms 12 December stored 2014, in Accepted a latex 25 Aprilcondom 2015, Available decrease online at 1 Julya rate 2015 issues of sperm quality (14). Therefore, this means that of1Department 60% per of Nursing, minute. Sakarya Before University, this Sakarya, masturbation, Turkey. 2Department the ofman Midwifery, Sakaryaabstinence University, is Sakarya, a weighty Turkey. issue that influences the quality should*Corresponding have abstainedauthor: Yasemin from Hamlaci, sexual Department activities of Midwifery, for a periodSakarya University, of Sakarya,sperms Turkey. in both Tel: +905556080628, normal male individuals and men with ofEmail: between [email protected] two and seven days (8). infertility problems. Received 12 February 2016, Accepted 9 September 2016, Available online 1 January 2017 1Department of obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Saarland,