DOCSLIB.ORG

Growth Inhibition of Trichophyton Species by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Growth Inhibition of Trichophyton Species by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa STUDY Growth Inhibition of Trichophyton Species by Pseudomonas aeruginosa James Treat, MD; William D. James, MD; Irving Nachamkin, DrPH, MPH; John T. Seykora, MD, PhD Objective: To assess the ability of Pseudomonas aeru- Results: There was a 73% and 46% reduction of total ginosa to inhibit the growth of Trichophyton menta- fungal units and a final hyphal-spore ratio of 0.16 and grophytes (TM) and Trichophyton rubrum (TR). 0.04, respectively, when TM and TR were co-cultured with P aeruginosa. The number of fungal units increased when Design: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli,or TM and TR were cultured with E coli (28% and 42%, re- Staphylococcus epidermidis were grown in co-culture with spectively), S epidermidis (13% and 18%, respectively), either TM or TR. and control media (44% and 62%, respectively), and the hyphal-spore ratio increased to above 30 in the pres- ence of S epidermidis, E coli, and control media. Setting: An academic medical center. Conclusion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits growth in- Main Outcome Measures: The total fungal units hibitory properties against TM and TR. and hyphal-spore ratio were measured at days 1, 5, 10, and 15. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143:61-64 NTERDIGITAL TOE WEB SPACE IS A co-culture experiments examining how warm, moist, protected environ- Trichophyton species grow in the pres- ment that predisposes to the ence of various bacteria. The ability of proliferation of both derma- P aeruginosa to affect fungal growth was tophytes and gram-negative or- evaluated, given its association with ganisms.1 Tinea pedis is by far the most bacterial toe web infections. Escherichia I 2 common fungal infection. Maceration, coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis were scaling, and fissures result, allowing for chosen as controls to evaluate other rel- overgrowth of bacteria that normally in- evant bacterial species. The fungal spe- habit this interspace.3 Proliferation of these cies evaluated were Trichophyton organisms, which include most promi- rubrum (TR) and Trichophyton menta- nently Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other grophytes (TM) because they represent gram-negative bacteria (eg, Escherichia coli the most common causes of tinea and Proteus mirabilis), and gram-positive pedis.8-10 bacteria, leads to an aggressive, painful infection.4 Once these bacterial species propagate, fungi, which initiated the toe METHODS For editorial comment Both TR and TM were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manas- see page 105 sas, Va) and were reconstituted in 1.0 mL of distilled water for 24 hours. Aliquots (30 µL) web infection, cannot usually be recov- were inoculated separately onto plates of Sab- ered via culture.3 Therefore, growth of bac- ouraud dextrose agar (Becton Dickinson BBL, teria associated with toe web infections Sparks, Md) and grown for 2 weeks at 25°C. Author Affiliations: may exhibit fungistatic and/or fungicidal Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reconstituted per Departments of Dermatology properties. In fact, P aeruginosa has been American Type Culture Collection instruc- (Drs Treat, James, and Seykora) tions. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, control bacte- shown to inhibit both Candida albicans and ␣ and Pathology and Laboratory 5-7 ria, E coli DH-5 , and S epidermidis (provided Medicine (Dr Nachamkin), Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro. by the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania To extend these observations to addi- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, tional fungal species relevant to toe web Philadelphia), were freshly plated on sheep Philadelphia. infections, we conducted a series of blood agar 2 days prior to each co-culturing (REPRINTED) ARCH DERMATOL/ VOL 143, JAN 2007 WWW.ARCHDERMATOL.COM 61 ©2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/02/2021 A B Control 100 S epidermidis 100 E coli P aeruginosa 75 75 50 50 Hyphal-Spore Ratio Hyphal-Spore Ratio 25 25 0 0 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 Days of Incubation Days of Incubation Figure 1. Fungal growth inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial-fungal co-cultures (A, Trichophyton mentagrophytes;B,Trichophyton rubrum) were evaluated to determine the hyphal-spore ratio at days 1, 5, 10, and 15. The ratios are presented graphically for Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and P aeruginosa. Note the increase in hyphal-spore ratio in each control strain and the dramatic decrease in the P aeruginosa samples. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. experiment. Colonies of P aeruginosa, E coli, and S epidermidis recorded so that a ratio could be calculated. Photomicro- were each inoculated into Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth, and graphs were taken using light microscopy and epifluores- the bacterial density was adjusted to 4ϫ107 colony-forming cence. The duplicate 15-day samples were reconstituted with units (CFU)/mL, as determined by optical density 600 nm. a pipette in 30 µL of gentamicin solution (1 mg/mL) and cul- tured on Sabouraud agar at 25°C. The growth of these isolates FUNGAL LAWN ASSAY was observed at 96 hours. Separate 15-day samples were re- constituted with 30 µL of MH media and then grown on sheep Fifty-microliter aliquots of P aeruginosa or E coli grown in MH blood agar and observed at 96 hours. Samples incubated for media or MH control media were inoculated on mature lawns 15 days were also reinoculated onto sheep blood agar to assess of both TR and TM and observed at 96 hours for morphologic viability. changes in the fungal lawn. RESULTS BACTERIA-FUNGAL CO-CULTURE Approximately 10 mg of TM (8ϫ107 CFU) or TR (3ϫ106 Co-culture of TM and TR with P aeruginosa resulted in CFU) was plated on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Then, 30 µL of a 73% and 46% reduction of total fungal units (hyphae 4ϫ107 CFU/mL of P aeruginosa, E coli, S epidermidis,orMH plus spores), respectively (Figure 1). Numbers of fun- media alone were separately inoculated into a 1.3-cm demar- gal units increased when TM and TR were cultured with cated area in the center of plates from each fungus and grown E coli (28% and 42%, respectively) and S epidermidis at 25°C. Inhibition of fungal growth was evaluated at 5, 10, (13% and 18%, respectively), although at a slightly and 15 days. slower rate than when cultured with MH media alone (44% and 62%, respectively). There was one slide of TR DIRECT VISUALIZATION OF grown with P aeruginosa at 15 days that did show a sig- BACTERIAL-FUNGAL INTERACTIONS nificant number of spores, but this slide had dried out, potentially destroying the P aeruginosa and its inhibi- One milligram of TM (8ϫ106 CFU) and TR (3ϫ105 CFU) was smeared evenly onto separate polarized glass slides to cover the tory ability. area with a thin layer of fungus in a 1.3-cm diameter circle de- Co-culture of TM and TR with P aeruginosa marcated with a wax pencil. Thirty microliters of MH broth con- decreased the hyphal-spore ratio to 0.16 and 0.04 com- taining 4ϫ107 CFU/mL of P aeruginosa, E coli, S epidermidis, pared with control TM and TR cultures, respectively. In or broth alone were inoculated onto the slides containing fun- contrast, the hyphal-spore ratio increased to above 30 gus. Each of the slides marked “15 day” contained a duplicate in the presence of S epidermidis, E coli, and control circle with the same bacteria and fungi or control media. The media (Figure 1). No fungal organisms could be recov- slides were kept moist by suspending them in a 50-mL tube ered by culture from a 15-day co-culture of TM or TR with 20 mL of deionized water. At 1, 5, 10, and 15 days, slides with P aeruginosa, while fungi were easily recoverable were removed from the tubes and 2 drops of calcofluor white from co-cultures using Ecolior S epidermidis. There (Becton, Dickinson, and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ) were applied and the slides were coverslipped. The number of fungi, was bacterial growth in each control after 15 days of including yeast and hyphal forms, in 9 representative high- coculturing. powered fields (original magnification ϫ40) was evaluated us- The fungi, which had been co-cultured for 15 days with ing epifluorescence. A maximum of 100 fungal units was re- control broth, S epidermidis, or E coli, grew successfully corded in each field, and if no spores could be found,a1was at 96 hours when restreaked on Sabouraud agar. The fungi, (REPRINTED) ARCH DERMATOL/ VOL 143, JAN 2007 WWW.ARCHDERMATOL.COM 62 ©2007 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 10/02/2021 A B A B Figure 2. Gram stains of control bacteria with Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM ) at day 10. Gram stains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (A) and Escherichia coli (B) co-cultured with TM. Note the vigorous growth of TM in the presence of S epidermidis and E coli. Figure 4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa eroded through the mature Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM ) fungal lawn at 96 hours. Mature lawn of TM on Sabouraud agar with a 50-µL droplet of control Mueller-Hinton media Table. Inhibition (؉) or No Inhibition (−) of Fungal Growth sitting on top of the fungal lawn, demonstrated by the fact that it has rolled by 30 µL of Control Media, Staphylococcus epidermidis, to the side of the lawn (A); a 50-µL aliquot of P aeruginosa shown eroded through the fungal lawn (B). Escherichia coli,orPseudomonas aeruginosa Inoculated in the Center of Freshly Plated TR or TM Inhibition of TM Inhibition of TR Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day Day Day Day Day Day Control Bacteria 5 10 15 5 10 15 S epidermidis −−−−−− E coli −−−−−− S epidermidis P aeruginosa ϩϩϩϩϩϩ E coli Abbreviations: TM, Trichophyton mentagrophytes; TR, Trichophyton rubrum.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fermented Rapeseed Meal As a Component of the Mink Diet (Neovison Vison) Modulating the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota
    animals Article Fermented Rapeseed Meal as a Component of the Mink Diet (Neovison vison) Modulating the Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiota Łukasz Wlazło 1 , Bozena˙ Nowakowicz-D˛ebek 1,* , Anna Czech 2 , Anna Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska 1, Mateusz Ossowski 1,* , Marek Kułazy˙ ´nski 3,4 , Marcin Łukaszewicz 4,5 and Anna Krasowska 4,5 1 Department of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Hazards, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] (Ł.W.); [email protected] (A.C.-K.) 2 Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Gda´nska7/9, 50-344 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 4 InventionBio, Wojska Polskiego 65, 85-825 Bydgoszcz, Poland; [email protected] (M.Ł.); [email protected] (A.K.) 5 Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.N.-D.); [email protected] (M.O.); Tel.: +48-81-445-69-98 (B.N.-D.); +48-81-445-69-85 (M.O.) Citation: Wlazło, Ł.; Nowakowicz-D˛ebek,B.; Czech, A.; Simple Summary: The high protein requirement in the diet of mink is currently met using extruded Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska, A.; Ossowski, M.; Kułazy´nski,M.;˙ cereals, meat and bone meal, which raises the cost of mink farming. At the same time, there are waste Łukaszewicz, M.; Krasowska, A.
    [Show full text]
  • TS Sabouraud + Actidione + Chloramphenico Agar V3 11-08-11
    V3 – 11/08/11 Sabouraud + Actidione 355-6559 Chloramphenicol/Agar DEFINITION Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Sabouraud agar with the addition of actidione Trichophyton rubrum; and chloramphenicol is recommended for the Epidermophyton flocosum etc. isolation of Dermatophytes and other pathogenic fungi from heavily-contaminated However, this medium does not allow the specimens. isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans or Monosporium apiospermmum . PRESENTATION • Ready-to-use Chloramphenicol inhibits most bacterial 100 ml x 6 bottles code 355-6559 contaminants. PERFORMANCES / QUALITY CONTROL OF THEORETICAL FORMULA THE TEST Peptone 10 g The growth performances of the media are Glucose 20 g verified with the following strains: Actidione (cycloheximide) 0.5 g Performance 24-48H Chloramphenicol 0.5 g STRAINS Agar 15 g at 30-35°C Distilled water 1,000 ml Candida albicans Good growth, white Final pH (25°C) = 6. 0 ± 0.2 ATCC 26790 Candida tropicalis STORAGE Inhibited • Ready-to-use: + 2°C to 25 °C ATCC 750 • Expiration date and batch number are shown on the package. Candida glabrata Inhibited PROTOCOL 7 days at 30-35°C and Inoculation and incubation STRAINS Proceed to isolate of the specimen to be 7 days at 20-25°C analyzed or its decimal dilutions on the Sabouraud + Actidione + Chloramphenicol Good growth downy, Trichophyton rubrum agar. Incubate at 32°C for 3-7 days back red-brown PRECAUTIONS Trichophyton Good growth Comply with Good Laboratory Practice. violaceum Violet pigment UTILISATION Epidermophyton Good growth, powdery, Actidione inhibits the development of certain floccosum brown back light brown fungi ( Candida krusei. Candida tropicalis, Fusarium, aspergillus fumigatus , etc) and has Good growth, downy, Microsporum canis no action on the following pathogenic fungi, back yellow-orange which can be isolated on this medium: All Dermatophytes; Fusarium Inhibited All Candida (except for C.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Bacterial Communities Associated
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Characterization of bacterial communities associated with blood‑fed and starved tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus (F.) (Hemiptera): a high throughput metabarcoding analysis Li Lim & Abdul Hafz Ab Majid* With the development of new metagenomic techniques, the microbial community structure of common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, is well‑studied, while information regarding the constituents of the bacterial communities associated with tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus, is lacking. In this study, the bacteria communities in the blood‑fed and starved tropical bed bugs were analysed and characterized by amplifying the v3‑v4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene region, followed by MiSeq Illumina sequencing. Across all samples, Proteobacteria made up more than 99% of the microbial community. An alpha‑proteobacterium Wolbachia and gamma‑proteobacterium, including Dickeya chrysanthemi and Pseudomonas, were the dominant OTUs at the genus level. Although the dominant OTUs of bacterial communities of blood‑fed and starved bed bugs were the same, bacterial genera present in lower numbers were varied. The bacteria load in starved bed bugs was also higher than blood‑fed bed bugs. Cimex hemipterus Fabricus (Hemiptera), also known as tropical bed bugs, is an obligate blood-feeding insect throughout their entire developmental cycle, has made a recent resurgence probably due to increased worldwide travel, climate change, and resistance to insecticides1–3. Distribution of tropical bed bugs is inclined to tropical regions, and infestation usually occurs in human dwellings such as dormitories and hotels 1,2. Bed bugs are a nuisance pest to humans as people that are bitten by this insect may experience allergic reactions, iron defciency, and secondary bacterial infection from bite sores4,5.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Routin Microbiological Media and a Selective Fungal Medium for Recovery of Yeast from Mixed Clinical Specimens
    World Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2): 147-150, 2006 ISSN 1817-3055 © IDOSI Publications, 2006 Evaluation of Routin Microbiological Media and a Selective Fungal Medium for Recovery of Yeast from Mixed Clinical Specimens 12Abbas Ali Jafari1, Abdul Hossein Kazemi and 3Hossein Zarrinfar 1Parasitology and Mycology Group, College of Medicine, Yazd Medical University, Safaieh Bo Ali Street, Yazd, Iran 2Tabriz Medical University, Immunology Group, Tabriz, Iran 3Parasitology and Mycology Group, College of Medicine, Yazd Medical University, Safaieh Bo Ali Street, Yazd, Iran Abstract: The recovery of yeast from clinical specimens cultured on routine bacteriological media was compared with recovery on a selective fungal medium. Overgrowing of bacteria in mixed bacterial and yeast specimens was suppressing the yeast growth on bacteriological media. Totally 229 pus specimens used for evaluating of bacteriological and fungal selective media. The specimens were cultured on bacteriologic media (blood and chocolate agar) as well as on Sabouraud agar containing Chloramphenicol (50 mg l 1) to inhibit bacterial growth. Finally the yeast growth was reported semi-quantitatively as light, moderate, or heavy and the results analyzed using SPSS software. The number of specimens yielding yeast growth in bacterial and sabouraud agar was compared using Chi-square test. Using Sabouraud agar particularly in cases of mixed infections was very useful for recovering of yeast, because yeast was only recovered from 29.3% of 41 yeast-positive pus specimens (Chi-square = 7.74, Pval = 0.005) and also from 24% of 25yeast-positive throat specimens (Chi-square = 11.09, Pval = 0.00008) using bacteriologic cultures. Using selective fungal medium for culturing of specimens containing a mixture of bacteria and yeasts is very helpful and necessary for accurate detection of yeasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: an Audacious Pathogen with an Adaptable Arsenal of Virulence Factors
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An Audacious Pathogen with an Adaptable Arsenal of Virulence Factors Irene Jurado-Martín † , Maite Sainz-Mejías † and Siobhán McClean * School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; [email protected] (I.J.-M.); [email protected] (M.S.-M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this review. Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contribut- ing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to cause chronic infections. The adaptability and flexibility of the pathogen are afforded by the extensive number of virulence factors it has at its disposal, providing P. aeruginosa with the facility to tailor its response against the different stressors in the environment. A deep understanding of these virulence mechanisms is crucial for the design of therapeutic strategies and vaccines against this multi-resistant pathogen. Therefore, this review describes the main virulence factors of P. aeruginosa and the adap- tations it undergoes to persist in hostile environments such as the CF respiratory tract. The very large P. aeruginosa genome (5 to 7 MB) contributes considerably to its adaptive capacity; consequently, genomic studies have provided significant insights into elucidating P. aeruginosa evolution and its interactions with the host throughout the course of infection. Citation: Jurado-Martín, I.; Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; virulence factors; adaptation; cystic fibrosis; diversity; genomics; Sainz-Mejías, M.; McClean, S. lung environment Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An Audacious Pathogen with an Adaptable Arsenal of Virulence Factors.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for Common Infections
    Antimicrobial Treatment Guidelines for Common Infections June 2016 Published by: The NB Provincial Health Authorities Anti-infective Stewardship Committee under the direction of the Drugs and Therapeutics Committee Introduction: These clinical guidelines have been developed or endorsed by the NB Provincial Health Authorities Anti-infective Stewardship Committee and its Working Group, a sub- committee of the New Brunswick Drugs and Therapeutics Committee. Local antibiotic resistance patterns and input from local infectious disease specialists, medical microbiologists, pharmacists and other physician specialists were considered in their development. These guidelines provide general recommendations for appropriate antibiotic use in specific infectious diseases and are not a substitute for clinical judgment. Website Links For Horizon Physicians and Staff: http://skyline/patientcare/antimicrobial For Vitalité Physicians and Staff: http://boulevard/FR/patientcare/antimicrobial To contact us: [email protected] When prescribing antimicrobials: Carefully consider if an antimicrobial is truly warranted in the given clinical situation Consult local antibiograms when selecting empiric therapy Include a documented indication, appropriate dose, route and the planned duration of therapy in all antimicrobial drug orders Obtain microbiological cultures before the administration of antibiotics (when possible) Reassess therapy after 24-72 hours to determine if antibiotic therapy is still warranted or effective for the given organism or
    [Show full text]
  • Respiratory Microbiome of Endangered Southern Resident
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Respiratory Microbiome of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales and Microbiota of Received: 24 October 2016 Accepted: 27 February 2017 Surrounding Sea Surface Microlayer Published: xx xx xxxx in the Eastern North Pacific Stephen A. Raverty1,2, Linda D. Rhodes3, Erin Zabek1, Azad Eshghi4,7, Caroline E. Cameron4, M. Bradley Hanson3 & J. Pete Schroeder5,6 In the Salish Sea, the endangered Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW) is a high trophic indicator of ecosystem health. Three major threats have been identified for this population: reduced prey availability, anthropogenic contaminants, and marine vessel disturbances. These perturbations can culminate in significant morbidity and mortality, usually associated with secondary infections that have a predilection to the respiratory system. To characterize the composition of the respiratory microbiota and identify recognized pathogens of SRKW, exhaled breath samples were collected between 2006– 2009 and analyzed for bacteria, fungi and viruses using (1) culture-dependent, targeted PCR-based methodologies and (2) taxonomically broad, non-culture dependent PCR-based methodologies. Results were compared with sea surface microlayer (SML) samples to characterize the respective microbial constituents. An array of bacteria and fungi in breath and SML samples were identified, as well as microorganisms that exhibited resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. The SML microbes and respiratory microbiota carry a pathogenic risk which we propose as an additional, fourth putative stressor (pathogens), which may adversely impact the endangered SRKW population. Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are among the most widely distributed marine mammals in the world with higher densities in the highly productive coastal regions of higher latitudes. In the eastern North Pacific, the Southern Resident Killer Whale (SRKW) population ranges seasonally from Monterey Bay, California to the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.
    [Show full text]
  • Diseases and Causes of Mortality Among Sea Turtles Stranded in the Canary Islands, Spain (1998–2001)
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 63: 13–24, 2005 Published January 25 Dis Aquat Org Diseases and causes of mortality among sea turtles stranded in the Canary Islands, Spain (1998–2001) J. Orós1,*, A. Torrent1, P. Calabuig2, S. Déniz3 1 Unit of Histology and Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain 2 Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Tafira Baja, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain 3 Unit of Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Trasmontaña s/n, 35416 Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain ABSTRACT: This paper lists the pathological findings and causes of mortality of 93 sea turtles (88 Caretta caretta, 3 Chelonia mydas, and 2 Dermochelys coriacea) stranded on the coasts of the Canary Islands between January 1998 and December 2001. Of these, 25 (26.88%) had died of spon- taneous diseases including different types of pneumonia, hepatitis, meningitis, septicemic processes and neoplasm. However, 65 turtles (69.89%) had died from lesions associated with human activities such as boat-strike injuries (23.66%), entanglement in derelict fishing nets (24.73%), ingestion of hooks and monofilament lines (19.35%), and crude oil ingestion (2.15%). Traumatic ulcerative skin lesions were the most common gross lesions, occurring in 39.78% of turtles examined, and being associated with Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio alginolyticus and Staphylococcus spp. infections. Pul- monary edema (15.05%), granulomatous pneumonia (12.90%) and exudative bronchopneumonia (7.53%) were the most frequently detected respiratory lesions. Different histological types of nephri- tis included chronic interstitial nephritis, granulomatous nephritis and perinephric abscesses, affect- ing 13 turtles (13.98%).
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting the Burkholderia Cepacia Complex
    viruses Review Advances in Phage Therapy: Targeting the Burkholderia cepacia Complex Philip Lauman and Jonathan J. Dennis * Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-780-492-2529 Abstract: The increasing prevalence and worldwide distribution of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens is an imminent danger to public health and threatens virtually all aspects of modern medicine. Particularly concerning, yet insufficiently addressed, are the members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of at least twenty opportunistic, hospital-transmitted, and notoriously drug-resistant species, which infect and cause morbidity in patients who are immunocompromised and those afflicted with chronic illnesses, including cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). One potential solution to the antimicrobial resistance crisis is phage therapy—the use of phages for the treatment of bacterial infections. Although phage therapy has a long and somewhat checkered history, an impressive volume of modern research has been amassed in the past decades to show that when applied through specific, scientifically supported treatment strategies, phage therapy is highly efficacious and is a promising avenue against drug-resistant and difficult-to-treat pathogens, such as the Bcc. In this review, we discuss the clinical significance of the Bcc, the advantages of phage therapy, and the theoretical and clinical advancements made in phage therapy in general over the past decades, and apply these concepts specifically to the nascent, but growing and rapidly developing, field of Bcc phage therapy. Keywords: Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc); bacteria; pathogenesis; antibiotic resistance; bacterio- phages; phages; phage therapy; phage therapy treatment strategies; Bcc phage therapy Citation: Lauman, P.; Dennis, J.J.
    [Show full text]
  • Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta Caretta (Linnaeus 1758)
    OF THE BI sTt1cAL HE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLE CAC-Err' CARETTA(LINNAEUS 1758) Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Biological Report This publication series of the Fish and Wildlife Service comprises reports on the results of research, developments in technology, and ecological surveys and inventories of effects of land-use changes on fishery and wildlife resources. They may include proceedings of workshops, technical conferences, or symposia; and interpretive bibliographies. They also include resource and wetland inventory maps. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Publications Unit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC 20240, or may be purchased from the National Technical Information Ser- vice (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dodd, C. Kenneth. Synopsis of the biological data on the loggerhead sea turtle. (Biological report; 88(14) (May 1988)) Supt. of Docs. no. : I 49.89/2:88(14) Bibliography: p. 1. Loggerhead turtle. I. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. II. Title. III. Series: Biological Report (Washington, D.C.) ; 88-14. QL666.C536D63 1988 597.92 88-600121 This report may be cit,-;c1 as follows: Dodd, C. Kenneth, Jr. 1988. Synopsis of the biological data on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758). U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Rep. 88(14). 110 pp. Biological Report 88(14) May 1988 Synopsis of the Biological Dataon the Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta(Linnaeus 1758) by C. Kenneth Dodd, Jr. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Ecology Research Center 412 N.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudomonas Syringae : Disease and Ice Nucleation Activity, Vol. 12
    Dr. Larry W. Moore March-April ORNAMENTALS Department of Botany and Plant 1988 Pathology NORTHWEST Vol.12, Issue2 Oregon State University ARCHIVES Pages 3-16 Corvallis, OR 97331 PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE: DISEASE AND ICE NUCLEATION ACTIVITY Editor's note: Because of the recent awareness of the seriousness of Pseudomonas syringae in the nursery industry, and because of the many unanswered questions, this special report is rather technical and indepth. It is intended as a review of what is known and what is unknown and as a basis for continued research and development of controls. Plant symptoms caused by Pseudomonas syringae ……………………………………………1 Severity of Pseudomonas syringae ……………………………………………………… …2 Predisposing factors increase severity ………………………………….3 (Wounding, Plant Dormancy, Soil factors, Dual infections) …………… 3 Classification of Pseudomonas syringae Isolates……………………………………………5 Sources and survival of Pseudomonas syringae Inoculum ………………………………… . 9 Buds and cankers, Systemic invasions, Latent infections, Epiphytes ……….10 Weeds and grasses, Soil ……………………………………………… …..11 Dissemination of Pseudomonas syringae Inoculum …………..……………..12 Host Specificity ……………………………………………………………………………13 Controls ………………………………………………………………………………… .1 4 Summary of control recommendations …………………………………………………..17 Plant Symptoms Caused by Pseudomonas syringae A variety of symptoms are associated with woody plants infected by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae a bacterium distributed widely on plants. Apparently, kinds of symptoms and symptom development are dependent upon the species of plant infected, plant part infected, the infecting strain of Pseudomonas syringae, and the environment. More than one symptom can occur simultaneously on a plant. Plant species, plant part, Pseudomonas syringae strain, and environment determine symptoms and severity. Symptoms: A) Flower blast where flowers and/or flower buds turn brown to black. B) Dead dormant buds, especially common on cherries and apricots.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae a Microbiological Overview of (CRE) Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
    PREVENTION IN ACTION MY bugaboo Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae A microbiological overview of (CRE) carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. by Irena KennelEy, PhD, aPRN-BC, CIC This agar culture plate grew colonies of Enterobacter cloacae that were both characteristically rough and smooth in appearance. PHOTO COURTESY of CDC. GREETINGS, FELLOW INFECTION PREVENTIONISTS! THE SCIENCE OF infectious diseases involves hundreds of bac- (the “bug parade”). Too much information makes it difficult to teria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The amount of information tease out what is important and directly applicable to practice. available about microbial organisms poses a special problem This quarter’s My Bugaboo column will feature details on the CRE to infection preventionists. Obviously, the impact of microbial family of bacteria. The intention is to convey succinct information disease cannot be overstated. Traditionally the teaching of to busy infection preventionists for common etiologic agents of microbiology has been based mostly on memorization of facts healthcare-associated infections. 30 | SUMMER 2013 | Prevention MULTIDRUG-resistant GRAM-NEGative ROD ALert: After initial outbreaks in the northeastern U.S., CRE bacteria have THE CDC SAYS WE MUST ACT NOW! emerged in multiple species of Gram-negative rods worldwide. They Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections come have created significant clinical challenges for clinicians because they from bacteria normally found in a healthy person’s digestive tract. are not consistently identified by routine screening methods and are CRE bacteria have been associated with the use of medical devices highly drug-resistant, resulting in delays in effective treatment and a such as: intravenous catheters, ventilators, urinary catheters, and high rate of clinical failures.
    [Show full text]