The Impact of International Migration on Developing Countries
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DEVELOPMENT CENTRE SE] THE IMPACT 01 INTERNATIONA ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EDITED BY REGINALD APPLEYARD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE SEMINARS THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EDITED BY REGINALD APPLEYARD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to article 1 or the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: - to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; - to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and - to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971) and New Zealand (29th May 1973). The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia takes part in some of the work of the OECD (agreement of 28th October 1961). The Development Centre of the Organisation/or Economic Co-operation and Development was established by decision of the OECD Council on 23rd October 1962. The purpose of the Centre is to bring together the knowledge and experience available in Member countries of both economic development and the formulation and execution of general economic policies; to adapt such knowledge and experience to the actual needs of countries or regions in the process of development and to put the results at the disposal of the countries by appropriate means. The Centre has a special and autonomous position within the OECD which enables it to enjoy scientific independence in the execution of its task. Nevertheless, the Centre can draw upon the experience and knowledge available in the OECD in the development field. Publié en Trancáis sous le litre : L'INCIDENCE DES MIGRATIONS INTERNATIONALES SUR LES PAYS EN DÉVELOPPEMENT ©OECD, 1989 Application for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be made to: Head of Publications Service, OECD 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France. This volume 1s published on behalf of the sponsors of a Conference on "Migration and Development" held 1n Paris 1n February 1987. The sponsors were: OECD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION IN NATIONAL RESEARCH IN DEMOGRAPHY INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR MIGRATION Also available "Development Centre Studies" TWO CRISES: LATIN AMERICA AND ASIA 1929-38 AND 1973-83 by Angus Maddison (1985) (41 85 03 1) ISBN 92-64-12771-2 106 pages £7.00 US$14.00 FF70.00 DM31.00 DEVELOPING COUNTRY DEBT: THE BUDGETARY AND TRANSFER PROBLEM by Helmut Reisen and Axel Van Trotsenburg (1988) (41 88 011) ISBN 92-64-13053-5 196 pages £14.00 US$26.40 FF120.00 DM52.00 'Development Centre Seminars" DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND THE CRISIS OF THE 1980s edited by L. Emmerij (1987) (41 87 031) ISBN 92-64-12992-8 178 pages £11.00 US$23.00 FF110.00 DM47.00 Prices charged at the OECD Bookshop THE OECD CA TALOGUE OF PUBLICA TIONS and supplements will be sent free of charge on request addressed either lo OECD Publications Service, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, or to the OECD Distributor in your country. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 8 Preface 9 Introduction 11 Part I THEORY, MEASUREMENT AND POLICIES Chapter 1 International Migration and Developing Countries by Reginald Appleyard 19 Chapter 2 Typologies and the Likelihood of Reversible Migration by H. Domenach and M. Picouet 37 Chapter 3 Causes of International Migration by N. FedeMci 47 Chapter 4 Problems of Measurement by Chantal Blayo 63 Chapter 5 State Intervention and the International Labour Market: A Review of Labour Emigration Policies 1n the Arab World by I.J. Seccombe and R.I. Lawless 69 Part II TYPES OF MIGRATION A. TEMPORARY Chapter 6 International Labour Migration from the ESCAP Region by J.W. Huguet 93 Chapter 7 The Consequences of Temporary Emigration and Remittance Expenditure from Rural and Urban Settlements: Evidence from Jordan by I.J. Seccombe and A.M. Findlay 109 B. CLANDESTINE Chapter 8 Irregular Migration: An Emerging Issue 1n Developing Countries by Reinhard Lohrmann 129 C. TRANSIENT PROFESSIONALS Chapter 9 Long-Term Immigration and Emigration: Its Contribution to the Developing World (with particular reference to movement between Australia and Asia and the Pacific) by Charles A. Price 143 Chapter 10 International Migration of Highly-skilled Manpower: Theoretical and Developmental Issues by John Salt and Allan Findlay 159 D. PERMANENT MIGRATION Chapter 11 The Brain Drain and Developing Countries by D. Chongo Mundende 183 Chapter 12 The Brain Drain Issue 1n International Negotiations by J. d'OTIveira e Sousa 197 Chapter 13 The Immigration Policies of Developed Countries and the "Brain Drain" from Developing Countries by Chen Chin Long 213 E. REFUGEES Chapter 14 The Consequences of Influx of Refugees for Countries of Asylum 1n Africa by A. Adepoju 219 Chapter 15 The Impact of Refugees 1n Receiving Countries 1n Africa: The Cases of Refugee Women and Refugee Professionals by Shanyisa Anota Khasiani 235 Chapter 16 Australian Refugee Policy and Developing Countries: Evolvement of Australian Refugee Policy, 1945-85 by D. Cox 249 F. RETURN Chapter 17 Role Models and Parallel Lives: Mexican Migrant Women Return Home by A. Perez-Itriago and S. Guendelman 269 Chapter 18 Occupation and Status 1n the Ideology of Caribbean Return Migration by E.M. Thomas-Hope and R.D. Nutter 287 Chapter 19 Colombian Immigrants In Venezuela by A. Pellegrino 301 Chapter 20 Measures to Encourage Return Migration and Reintegration of Returned Migrants In Their Home Country by J. Condé 323 Part III GENERAL AND OVERVIEWS Chapter 21 Some Consequences of Third World Migration to Canada by Anthony H. Richmond, Lawrence Lam, Fernando Mata and Lloyd Wong 335 Chapter 22 Overview: Economic Perspectives by Charles W. Stahl 361 Chapter 23 Overview: Sociological and Related Issues by Maurice D. Van Arsdol, Jr 391 The Contributors 401 Acknowledgements This project would not have been brought to completion without the strong and continuing support of many persons 1n CICRED, 1CM and the OECD Development Centre. I am especially grateful to Christine Johnson of OECD who typed so accurately the final draft. The University of Western Australia has provided ongoing administrative and clerical support and special thanks are due to Caroline Baird, Jane Cozens and Sue Larcombe of the University's Department of Economics. Bill Highes of Westwools and George Schaffer of Cal s 11 Ltd., provided generous financial support for the Initiating meeting held 1n Perth during 1980. The final editing was done while 1 was Fellow-1n- Residence at the Netherlands Institue for Advanced Study 1n the Humanities and Social Sciences. R.A. March 1988 PREFACE This volume contains twenty-three papers contributed to a project sponsored jointly by the three International, organisations undersigned -- the Committee for International Co-operation 1n National Research 1n Demogra- phy (CICRED), the Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) and the Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop- ment (OECD). The general co-ord1natorsh1p was assumed by Professor Reginald Appleyard of the University of Western Australia at Nedlands, Australia. Three International research meetings led to the results of the proj- ect presented here. An Initiating meeting was held 1n Perth, Australia, 1n 1980 following a decision taken by the CICRED Executive Council In 1977 to select International migration as the subject of one of four major co-operative research projects aimed at strengthening collaboration between demographic research centres the world over. The meeting emphasized the Increasingly significant role being played by International migration 1n developing countries while at the same time noting a marked deficit 1n research 1n this field. It consequently supported the choice of "Impact of International migration upon developing countries" as the subject of an International research project. The following four topics were Identified as priority areas for Investigation: clandestine migration, transient pro- fessionals, transient workers, return migration. A second meeting took place 1n 1984 at ICM Headquarters 1n Geneva. Its purpose was to discuss progress with research carried out by the partici- pating demographic centres and International organisations and to decide how their findings could be best Integrated Into a publication. The meeting con- cluded with the adoption of a detailed research plan proposed by the project co-ord1nator. This plan 1s reflected almost unchanged 1n the table of con- tents of the present volume although several new topics were added to the Initial research plan approved 1n Perth, 1n particular theoretical Issues, typology, aspects of measurement, policies, permanent migration