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Acanthocephala, Rhadinorhynchidae) from Marine Fish in Halong Bay, Vietnam, with a Key to Species

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Acanthocephala, Rhadinorhynchidae) from Marine Fish in Halong Bay, Vietnam, with a Key to Species DOI: 10.2478/s11686-011-0004-3 © W. Stefan´ski Institute of Parasitology, PAS Acta Parasitologica, 2011, 56(1), 67–77; ISSN 1230-2821 Description of two new species of Rhadinorhynchus (Acanthocephala, Rhadinorhynchidae) from marine fish in Halong Bay, Vietnam, with a key to species Omar M. Amin1*, Richard A. Heckmann2 and Nguyen Van Ha3 1Institute of Parasitic Diseases, 11445 E. Via Linda # 2-419, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, USA; 2Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA; 3Department of Parasitology, IEBR, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract Two rhadinorhynchid species of acanthocephalans, Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus sp. nov. and Rhadinorhynchus la- terospinosus sp. nov. are described from the redtail scad, Decapterus kurroides Bleeker, and the trigger fish Balistes sp., re- spectively. The hosts were collected off Cat Ba Island, Halong Bay, Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam in May, 2009. This brings the total number of species of Rhadinorhynchus Lühe, 1911 to 38. Specimens of the first species are characterized by having 11–12 pro- boscis hook rows with 30–31 hooks each, large dorsal and ventral spines in the posterior field of trunk spines, large eggs (100 × 20), and subterminal gonopore in both males and females. It is further characterized by many prominent fragmented nuclei in the body wall. The 1 female of the second species has 18 proboscis hook rows with 24 hooks each, smaller eggs (62 × 17), lateral trunk spines connecting those in the anterior and the posterior fields, and subterminal female gonopore. Notes on the genus Rhadinorhynchus, lists of the invalid and valid species, and a key to species are provided. Raorhynchus Tripathi, 1959 is pro- posed to be a junior synonym of Rhadinorhynchus pending a revision of the species of Raorhynchus. Keywords Acanthocephala, Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus sp. nov., Rhadinorhynchus laterospinosus sp. nov., key to species, ma- rine fish, Halong Bay, Vietnam Introduction Materials and methods A number of acanthocephalan species from freshwater fish Of the 45 species of marine fish netted at Cat Ba Island, Ha- and other vertebrates were previously described in Vietnam long Bay, Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam (107°05΄E, 20°45΄N) during by Amin and Ha (2008) and Amin et al. (2000, 2004, 2008a, b, the spring of 2008 and 2009, 13 species were found infected c). Eleven species of acanthocephalans were collected from with acanthocephalan parasites. Of these, 2 fish species, De- marine fish off the eastern seaboard of Vietnam at Halong Bay capterus kurroides and Balistes sp. harbored specimens of 2 in 2008 and 2009. Of these, 6 new species belonging to species of acanthocephalans belonging to Rhadinorhynchus Neoechinorhynchus Stiles and Hassall, 1905 one new species in May, 2009. of Heterosentis Van Cleave, 1931, and 3 new species of Acan- Upon collection, fish were measured and photographed thocephalus Koelrouther, 1771, Gorgorhynchus Chandler, then brought to the laboratory for examination. Worms were 1934, and Neorhadinorhynchus Yamaguti, 1939 were recently placed in water for 2–5 h or until fully extended then fixed described (Amin et al. 2010a, b, c). Two new species of Rhadi- in 70% ethanol. Worms were punctured with a fine needle norhynchus Lühe, 1911 are reported herein from marine fishes and subsequently stained in Mayer’s acid carmine, destained in the same Bay. Three other species of Rhadinorhynchus were in 4% hydrochloric acid in 70% ethanol, dehydrated in as- previously reported from marine fishes in Vietnam (see Arthur cending concentrations of ethanol (24 h each), and cleared in and Te 2006). graduated concentrations of terpineol in 100% ethanol to *Corresponding author: [email protected] Unauthenticated Download Date | 8/6/19 12:39 PM 68 Omar M. Amin et al. 100% terpineol, then 50% terpineol in 50% Canada balsam of the structures were obtained using digital imaging software (24 h each). Whole worms were then mounted in Canada attached to a computer. balsam. Measurements are in micrometers, unless otherwise stated. For SEM, a few specimens of Rhadinorhynchus dorsoven- Range values are followed by the mean in parentheses. Length trospinosus previously fixed in 70% ethanol were placed in measurements are given before the width; the latter refers to CPD baskets and dehydrated using ETOH series of 95% and maximum width. Trunk length does not include the neck, pro- 3N 100% for at least 10 minutes per soak followed by critical boscis, or bursa. Eggs refer only to fully developed eggs usually point drying (Lee 1992). Samples were then mounted on SEM removed from the body cavity. Specimens were deposited in sample mounts, gold coated and observed with a scanning the University of Nebraska’s State Museum’s Harold W. Man- electron microscope (FEI X L30 ESEMFEG). Digital images ter Laboratory (HWML) collection in Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Figs 1–6. SEM of Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus sp. nov. from Decapterus kurroides in Vietnam. 1. A collage of a paratype female showing the extent of distribution of trunk spines. Ventral trunk spines are on left. 2. A slightly invaginated proboscis of same females in Fig. 1. 3. A higher magnification of a part of the proboscis in Fig. 2 showing dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) hooks. 4. The posterior end of a proboscis of a paratype female showing the circle of the long basal hooks and 1 sensory pit directly posterior to it, and the anterior trunk spines separated from the posterior spines with an unarmed zone. 5. Epidermal micropores from the anterior trunk of a paratype female. The whole trunk was covered with similar micropores. 6. A higher magnification of the sensory pit shown in Fig. 4 Unauthenticated Download Date | 8/6/19 12:39 PM Two new species of Rhadinorhynchus from Vietnam 69 Results and discussion of 100–300 m where it feeds on small planktonic inverte- brates. It is an Indo-West Pacific species that extends from Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus sp. nov. (Figs 1–20) East Africa to the Philippines, north to southern Japan and south to western Australia (Paxton et al. 1989). A total of 34 adult specimens of the new species of Rhadi- norhynchus was collected from the intestines of 4 infected out Description of 5 examined specimens of redtail scad, Decapterus kur- roides, collected in Halong Bay, Vietnam, in May, 2009. General: With characters of the genus. Shared structures larger Twelve males and 4 females were processed and whole in females than in males. Trunk long, uniformly cylindrical, mounted for microscopical studies. The remaining specimens spinose anteriorly in 2 fields separated by apinose zone that were used for SEM studies. Scads were 18.5 to 22.0 long does not correspond dorso-ventrally (Figs 1, 4, 7, 13–15). An- (mean of 20.7 cm). The redtail scad is a reef associated pelagic terior field in 1–4 complete circles of 10–15 spines per circle marine fish that occurs in inshore waters of the continental with 2–4 dorsal and 1–3 ventral spines (Figs 7, 13–15). Pos- shelf and continental slope into deep waters with a depth range terior field extending from just past proboscis receptacle to Figs 7–12. SEM of Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus sp. nov. from Decapterus kurroides in Vietnam. 7. A high magnification of anterior trunk spines of a paratype female. Dorsal spines are on top. 8. A segment of the anterior trunk showing posterior trunk spines of the same female in Fig. 7. 9. The posterior end of a paratype females showing vertical slit (lips) of the subterminal gonopore. 10. An egg released from the body cavity of a gravid female. 11. A bursa of a male showing the subventral position of the gonopore. 12. A high magnification of the inner lip of a bursa showing elevated saucer-like sensory cups in cluster and single formations Unauthenticated Download Date | 8/6/19 12:39 PM 70 Omar M. Amin et al. Table I. Distribution and measurements of trunk spines in male and female specimens of Rhadinorhynchus dorsoventrospinosus sp. nov. Males Females anterior posterior anterior posterior dorsal ventral dorsal ventral dorsal ventral dorsal ventral No. of spines 2–4 1–3 7–16 11–28 3–4 2–3 16–27 25–43 (3.1)* (2.1) (10.4) (18.7) (3.5) (2.3) (21.3) (34.0) Spines/circle 10–13 (11.3) 7–11 (8.8) 12–15 (13.3) 7–11 (9.0) Longest spine length 65–87 60–90 72–87 69–92 95–102 80–90 95–122 90–120 (70) (76) (74) (83) (100) (86) (108) (103) Shortest ant. spine 32 50 72 69 57 75 92 90 Shortest post. spine 57 60 70 37 62 75 95 90 near mid trunk with 7–27 dorsal and 11–43 ventral spines middle. Lemnisci slightly subequal, digitiform, about 3/4–4/5 (Figs 8, 13–15). Spines more frequent in females than in males length of receptacle (Figs 13–15). Gonopore subterminal in and longer in posterior than in anterior field; anteriormost and both sexes (Figs 1, 9, 16). posteriormost spines in both fields shortest (Table I; Figs 18, Male (based on 12 adult specimens with sperm): Trunk 19). Cuticular surface flat with electron dense micropores (Fig. 10.75–20.25 (15.28) mm long by 0.47–0.82 (0.71) mm wide 5). Body wall with many prominent fragmented nuclei (Figs anteriorly. Proboscis 1.75–2.47 (2.18) mm long by 0.21–0.31 13, 14). Proboscis long, cylindrical, slightly widening anteri- (0.25) mm wide anteriorly. Neck 270–447 (389) long dorsally orly (Fig. 13), with 11–12 longitudinal rows of 30–31 hooks by 180–384 (341) wide posteriorly. Proboscis receptacle 3.12– each. Dorsal hooks slender and project more laterally than 5.12 (4.12) mm long by 0.23–0.41 (0.29) mm wide.
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