The Sensitivity of Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Fusobacterium Nucleatum to Different Pseudo)Halide-Peroxidase Combinations Compared with Mutans Streptococci
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Streptococcus Mutans: Has It Become Prime Perpetrator for Oral Manifestations?
Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation Review Article Open Access Streptococcus mutans: has it become prime perpetrator for oral manifestations? Abstract Volume 7 Issue 4 - 2019 Human beings have indeed served as an incubator for a plethora of microorganisms and Vasudevan Ranganathan, CH Akhila the prominence of oral microbiome from the context of the individual’s health and well being cannot be denied. The environmental parameters and other affiliated physical Department of Microbiology, Aurora’s Degree and PG College, India conditions decide the fate of the microorganism and one of the niches in humans that supports innumerable amount of microorganisms is the oral cavity which houses Correspondence: Vasudevan Ranganathan, Department of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. However, majority of microorganism Microbiology, Aurora’s Degree and PG College (Affiliated to associated with humans are opportunistic pathogens which are otherwise referred to Osmania University), India-500020, Tel 8121119692, as facultative pathogens. This level of transformation in the microorganism depends Email upon the physical conditions of the oral cavity and personal hygiene maintained by the individual. The contemporary review tries to disclose the role of streptococcus Received: June 09, 2019 | Published: July 17, 2019 mutans in dental clinical conditions. The current review focuses on the prominence of Streptococcus mutans and its influence on the oral cavity. The article attempts to comprehend the role of the bacteria in causing clinical oral manifestations which depends upon the ability of the organism to utilize the substrate. The review also encompasses features like molecular entities and they role in the breakdown of the substrates leading to the formation of acids which could in turn lead to demineralization which as a consequence can negatively influence the enamel quality. -
Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century. -
Structural Changes in the Oral Microbiome of the Adolescent
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Structural changes in the oral microbiome of the adolescent patients with moderate or severe dental fuorosis Qian Wang1,2, Xuelan Chen1,4, Huan Hu2, Xiaoyuan Wei3, Xiaofan Wang3, Zehui Peng4, Rui Ma4, Qian Zhao4, Jiangchao Zhao3*, Jianguo Liu1* & Feilong Deng1,2,3* Dental fuorosis is a very prevalent endemic disease. Although oral microbiome has been reported to correlate with diferent oral diseases, there appears to be an absence of research recognizing any relationship between the severity of dental fuorosis and the oral microbiome. To this end, we investigated the changes in oral microbial community structure and identifed bacterial species associated with moderate and severe dental fuorosis. Salivary samples of 42 individuals, assigned into Healthy (N = 9), Mild (N = 14) and Moderate/Severe (M&S, N = 19), were investigated using the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The oral microbial community structure based on Bray Curtis and Weighted Unifrac were signifcantly changed in the M&S group compared with both of Healthy and Mild. As the predominant phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes showed variation in the relative abundance among groups. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio was signifcantly higher in the M&S group. LEfSe analysis was used to identify diferentially represented taxa at the species level. Several genera such as Streptococcus mitis, Gemella parahaemolysans, Lactococcus lactis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, were signifcantly more abundant in patients with moderate/severe dental fuorosis, while Prevotella melaninogenica and Schaalia odontolytica were enriched in the Healthy group. In conclusion, our study indicates oral microbiome shift in patients with moderate/severe dental fuorosis. -
The Vicrk Two-Component System Regulates Streptococcus Mutans Virulence
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. (2019) 32: 167-200. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21775/cimb.032.167 The VicRK Two-Component System Regulates Streptococcus mutans Virulence Lei Lei1,3#, Li Long2#, Xin Yang2, Yang Qiu2, Yanglin Zeng2, Tao Hu1, Shida Wang2*, Yuqing Li2* 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China 3 Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA # Co-first author * Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Streptococcus mutans is considered the predominant etiological agent of dental caries with the ability to form biofilm on the tooth surface. And, its abilities to obtain nutrients and metabolize fermentable dietary carbohydrates to produce acids contribute to its pathogenicity. The responses of S. mutans to environmental stresses are essential for its survival and role in cariogenesis. The VicRK system is one of the 13 putative TCS of S. mutans. The conserved caister.com/cimb 167 Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. (2019) Vol. 32 VicRK Two-Component System Lei et al functions of the VicRK signal transduction system is the key regulator of bacterial oxidative stress responses, acidification, cell wall metabolism, and biofilm formation. In this paper, it was discussed how the VicRK system regulates S. mutans virulence including bacterial physiological function, operon structure, signal transduction, and even post-transcriptional control in its regulon. Thus, this emerging subspecialty of the VicRK regulatory networks in S. -
Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals
molecules Review Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Streptococcus Species by Phytochemicals Soheila Abachi 1, Song Lee 2 and H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe 1,* 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS PO Box 550, Canada; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS PO Box 15000, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-902-893-6623 Academic Editors: Maurizio Battino, Etsuo Niki and José L. Quiles Received: 7 January 2016 ; Accepted: 6 February 2016 ; Published: 17 February 2016 Abstract: This review paper summarizes the antibacterial effects of phytochemicals of various medicinal plants against pathogenic and cariogenic streptococcal species. The information suggests that these phytochemicals have potential as alternatives to the classical antibiotics currently used for the treatment of streptococcal infections. The phytochemicals demonstrate direct bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects, such as: (i) prevention of bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces of the pharynx, skin, and teeth surface; (ii) inhibition of glycolytic enzymes and pH drop; (iii) reduction of biofilm and plaque formation; and (iv) cell surface hydrophobicity. Collectively, findings from numerous studies suggest that phytochemicals could be used as drugs for elimination of infections with minimal side effects. Keywords: streptococci; biofilm; adherence; phytochemical; quorum sensing; S. mutans; S. pyogenes; S. agalactiae; S. pneumoniae 1. Introduction The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of the antimicrobial activity of naturally occurring molecules isolated from plants against Streptococcus species, focusing on their mechanisms of action. This review will highlight the phytochemicals that could be used as alternatives or enhancements to current antibiotic treatments for Streptococcus species. -
Biology, Immunology, and Cariogenicity of Streptococcus Mutanst SHIGEYUKI Hamadat and HUTTON D
MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, June 1980, p. 331-384 Vol. 44, No. 2 0146-0749/80/02-0331/54$02.00/0 Biology, Immunology, and Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutanst SHIGEYUKI HAMADAt AND HUTTON D. SLADE* Department of Oral Biology, School ofDentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 INTRODUCTION 332 ORAL MICROBIAL FLORA 332 ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF S. MUTAINS AND OTHER ORAL STREPTOCOCCI ......... 333 Characteristic Properties of Oral Streptococci ... 333 S. mutans 333 S. sanguis 334 S. mitior 334 S. salivarius .............. 335 S. milleri ..... ... ............ 335 Selective Isolation of S. mutans ....... 335 CLASSIFICATION OF S. MUTANS 335 Immunological Typing of S. mutans 335 Serotype-Specific Antigens of S. mutans .... 336 Reactivity of S. mutans with Lectins .... ... 340 Cell Wall Structure of S. mutans and Other Streptococci .................... 340 POLYMER SYNTHESIS BY S. MUTANS 342 Extracellular Polysaccharides ............... ................. 342 Glucans .... ... 342 Fructans ....... 344 Polysaccharide-Synthesizing Enzymes ............................... 344 Intracellular Polysaccharides ............................... 345 Lipoteichoic Acid ............................... 345 Interaction of Glucosyltransferase with Various Agents , 346 Invertase 347 a(1-- 6) Glucanase .............................. 348 SUGAR METABOLISM BY S. MUTANS ....................................... 348 ADHERENCE OF S. MUTANS 348 Initial Attachment of S. mutans to Smooth Surfaces ........................ 348 Interaction -
Mutans Streptococci: Acquisition and Transmission Robert J
���������������� Mutans Streptococci: Acquisition and Transmission Robert J. Berkowitz, DDS1 Abstract Dental caries is an infectious and transmissible disease. The mutans streptococci (MS) are infectious agents most strongly associated with dental caries. Earlier studies demonstrated that infants acquire MS from their mothers and only after the eruption of primary teeth. More recent studies indicate that MS can colonize the mouths of predentate infants and that horizontal as well as vertical transmission does occur. The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate that these findings will likely facilitate the development of strategies to prevent or delay infant infection by these microbes, thereby reducing the prevalence of dental caries. (Pediatr Dent 2006;28:106-109) KEYWORDS: MUTANS STREPTOCOCCI, ACQUISITION, TRANSMISSION Acquisition 10 primary teeth. Berkowitz and coworkers4 reported that The mouth of a normal predentate infant contains only MS were detected in 9 of 40 (22 %) infants who had only mucosal surfaces exposed to salivary fluid flow. Mutans primary incisor teeth. In addition, these organisms were not streptococci (MS) could persist in such an environment detected in 91 normal predentate infants, but were detected by forming adherent colonies on mucosal surfaces or by in 2 of 10 infants with acrylic cleft palate obturators. In living free in saliva by proliferation and multiplying at a a subsequent study, Berkowitz and colleagues5 reported rate that exceeds the washout rate caused by salivary fluid that these organisms were not detected in 16 predentate flow. The oral flora averages only 2 to 4 divisions per day1 infants, but were detected in 3 of 43 (7%) infants (mean and swallowing occurs every few minutes. -
Protein Secretion Systems in Fusobacterium Nucleatum
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1713 (2005) 92 – 112 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/bba Protein secretion systems in Fusobacterium nucleatum: Genomic identification of Type 4 piliation and complete Type V pathways brings new insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis Mickae¨l Desvauxa,b, Arshad Khana, Scott A. Beatsona, Anthony Scott-Tuckera, Ian R. Hendersona,* aThe Institute for Biomedical Research (IBR), The University of Birmingham-The Medical School, Division of Immunity and Infection, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK bInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, Unite´ de Recherche 370, Equipe Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Gene`s Champanelle, France Received 23 February 2005; received in revised form 11 April 2005; accepted 2 May 2005 Available online 8 June 2005 Abstract Recent genomic analyses of the two sequenced strains F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii ATCC 49256 suggested that the major protein secretion systems were absent. However, such a paucity of protein secretion systems is incongruous with F. nucleatum pathogenesis. Moreover, the presence of one or more such systems has been described for every other Gram- negative organism sequenced to date. In this investigation, the question of protein secretion in F. nucleatum was revisited. In the current study, the absence in F. nucleatum of a twin-arginine translocation system (TC #2.A.64.), a Type III secretion system (TC #3.A.6.), a Type IV secretion system (TC #3.A.7.) and a chaperone/usher pathway (TC #1.B.11.) was confirmed. -
The Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE HEALTH OF FARM-RAISED WHITE- TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS) WITH EMPHASIS ON RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION BY FUSOBACTERIUM SPP. A Dissertation in Pathobiology by Jason W. Brooks © 2010 Jason W. Brooks Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2010 ii The dissertation of Jason W. Brooks was reviewed and approved* by the following: Bhushan Jayarao Professor of Veterinary Science Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Arthur Hattel Senior Research Associate Avery August Professor of Immunology Gary San Julian Professor of Wildlife Resources Sanjeev Narayanan Assistant Professor College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Special Member Vivek Kapur Professor and Head of the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT White-tailed deer farming is an established and growing industry in Pennsylvania. Managers of deer farming operations often struggle with animal health problems, the most common of which is pneumonia associated with Fusobacterium sp. infection. Fusobacterium is a genus of anaerobic, gram negative, rod-shaped bacteria that have been associated with many infectious disease processes in humans and animals. It is important to the deer industry, as well as the cattle and sheep industries, to more clearly understand fusobacterial disease pathogenesis and determine -
Prevotella Intermedia
The principles of identification of oral anaerobic pathogens Dr. Edit Urbán © by author Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine ESCMID Online University of Lecture Szeged, Hungary Library Oral Microbiological Ecology Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) by Jan Verkolje Leeuwenhook in 1683-realized, that the film accumulated on the surface of the teeth contained diverse structural elements: bacteria Several hundred of different© bacteria,by author fungi and protozoans can live in the oral cavity When these organisms adhere to some surface they form an organizedESCMID mass called Online dental plaque Lecture or biofilm Library © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Gram-negative anaerobes Non-motile rods: Motile rods: Bacteriodaceae Selenomonas Prevotella Wolinella/Campylobacter Porphyromonas Treponema Bacteroides Mitsuokella Cocci: Veillonella Fusobacterium Leptotrichia © byCapnophyles: author Haemophilus A. actinomycetemcomitans ESCMID Online C. hominis, Lecture Eikenella Library Capnocytophaga Gram-positive anaerobes Rods: Cocci: Actinomyces Stomatococcus Propionibacterium Gemella Lactobacillus Peptostreptococcus Bifidobacterium Eubacterium Clostridium © by author Facultative: Streptococcus Rothia dentocariosa Micrococcus ESCMIDCorynebacterium Online LectureStaphylococcus Library © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Microbiology of periodontal disease The periodontium consist of gingiva, periodontial ligament, root cementerum and alveolar bone Bacteria cause virtually all forms of inflammatory -
Streptococci
STREPTOCOCCI Streptococci are Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, catalase-negative cocci that occur in pairs or chains. Older cultures may lose their Gram-positive character. Most streptococci are facultative anaerobes, and some are obligate (strict) anaerobes. Most require enriched media (blood agar). Streptococci are subdivided into groups by antibodies that recognize surface antigens (Fig. 11). These groups may include one or more species. Serologic grouping is based on antigenic differences in cell wall carbohydrates (groups A to V), in cell wall pili-associated protein, and in the polysaccharide capsule in group B streptococci. Rebecca Lancefield developed the serologic classification scheme in 1933. β-hemolytic strains possess group-specific cell wall antigens, most of which are carbohydrates. These antigens can be detected by immunologic assays and have been useful for the rapid identification of some important streptococcal pathogens. The most important groupable streptococci are A, B and D. Among the groupable streptococci, infectious disease (particularly pharyngitis) is caused by group A. Group A streptococci have a hyaluronic acid capsule. Streptococcus pneumoniae (a major cause of human pneumonia) and Streptococcus mutans and other so-called viridans streptococci (among the causes of dental caries) do not possess group antigen. Streptococcus pneumoniae has a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; more than 90 different serotypes are known, and these types differ in virulence. Fig. 1 Streptococci - clasiffication. Group A streptococci causes: Strep throat - a sore, red throat, sometimes with white spots on the tonsils Scarlet fever - an illness that follows strep throat. It causes a red rash on the body. -
Lantibiotics Produced by Oral Inhabitants As a Trigger for Dysbiosis of Human Intestinal Microbiota
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Lantibiotics Produced by Oral Inhabitants as a Trigger for Dysbiosis of Human Intestinal Microbiota Hideo Yonezawa 1,* , Mizuho Motegi 2, Atsushi Oishi 2, Fuhito Hojo 3 , Seiya Higashi 4, Eriko Nozaki 5, Kentaro Oka 4, Motomichi Takahashi 1,4, Takako Osaki 1 and Shigeru Kamiya 1 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (T.O.); [email protected] (S.K.) 2 Division of Oral Restitution, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (A.O.) 3 Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; [email protected] 4 Central Research Institute, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo 114-0016, Japan; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (K.O.) 5 Core Laboratory for Proteomics and Genomics, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Lantibiotics are a type of bacteriocin produced by Gram-positive bacteria and have a wide spectrum of Gram-positive antimicrobial activity. In this study, we determined that Mutacin I/III and Smb (a dipeptide lantibiotic), which are mainly produced by the widespread cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, have strong antimicrobial activities against many of the Gram-positive bacteria which constitute the intestinal microbiota.