Agric. Sci. Digest., 34 (1) : 56 - 59, 2014 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE DOI- 10.5958/j.0976-0547.34.1.012 www.arccjournals.com

EFFECT OF GREEN MANURING AND DRY POWDER ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND NEMATODE INFECTING MAIZE

S.K. Thakur* Department of Nematology, Rajendra Agriculture University Pusa - 848 125, India Received: 19-09-2012 Accepted: 01-04-2013 ABSTRACT Parthenium hysterophorus, sativa, Celotropis procera Anagelis arvensis, Catheranthus roseus and hirta, when used as green manure increased the plant growth and reduced the Meloidogyne incognita, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Tylenchorhynchus nudus and Pratylenchus zeae population significantly. Application of dried power of tested in soil was found to be useful in reducing nematode multiplication; however the increase in plant growth was not encouraging.

Key words: Angelis arvensis, , Catheranthus roseus, Celotropis procera, Euphorbia hirta, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Maize, Meloidogyne incognita, Parthenium hysterophorus, Pratylenchus zeae, Tylenchorhynchus nudus.

The use of the plants having nematicidal irrigation to provide condition for proper property for nematode management has been decomposition of plant parts. advocated by a number of workers (Patel and Dessi Preparation of dry plant powder: Tender 1964., Gommers, 1973; Mansoor et al 1988, Nandal shoot portion of freshly collected test plants at and Bhatti, 1983b). Locally available plants having flowering stage were collected into 2-3 cm size and nematicidal properties have been tested in the dried plant parts were grinded at 5000 rpm for 30 present investigation as green manure as well as seconds in grinder and passed through 25 mesh plant dust under pot condition for their performance sieve (Table-1). against phytonematodes. Nematodes infected soil Determination of soil property: The soil from maize field was collected. Plant debris soil properties were determined before mixing the plant lumps were removed by passing it through 8mm parts as well as after their proper rotting. Standard sieve. Estimation of nematode population procedure as given Jackson(1973) were employed preamendment, post amendment and at harvest was for estimation of soil pH, Electrical conductivity(EC), done according to Cobbs sieving and decanting Organic carbon (OC) while Nitrogen, Phosphorus followed by modified Barman’s funnel methods. and Potash were determined according to Jackson(1967). The data (Table2 and 3) revealed Soil amendment: One kg of such soil was mixed separately with 100g chopped (2-3 cm size) that plant growth characters were superior in all the tender shoot portion of freshly collected plants or amended soil when compared with both the with 100g their dried powder on a polythene sheet controls. The fresh and dry root weight in Calotropis and then transferred to 15cm diameter plastic pots. procera, Anagelis arvensis and Euphorbia hirta Each test plant incorporated in soil comprised of amended soil decreased considerably when one treatment, which was replicated six times. Two compared to check 1 and 2. Soil amended with sets of control, one with untreated infested soil and E.hirta dry powder had significantly adverse effect another of well sterilized soil as check 2. The pots on plant growth when compared with rest of the were left for 25 days at 25± 300C with frequent treatments including control. Cannabis sativa, *Corresponding authore’s e-mail: [email protected] Vol. 34, No. 1, 2014. 57 TABLE1: Effect of fresh weed /wild plants as soil amendment on maize plant growth Average of six replication Treatments Length in cm Weight in gram Fresh Dry Shoot Root Shoot Root Shoot Root P.hystophorus 57.23 59.48 19.83 6.16 6.66 3.16 C.procera 59.77 61.64 13.33 5.6 4.58 2.25 C.sativa 56.50 63.08 29.33 7.83 8.41 4.56 A.arvensis 65.53 65.69 13.33 5.33 4.25 2.75 E.hirta 66.89 58.25 18.50 5.00 4.83 3.00 C.roseus 50.17 56.22 21.33 6.75 6.50 3.33 Untreated infested 47.41 45.30 12.00 6.83 4.26 3.16 Control 54.19 50.59 15.41 7.83 4.62 3.62 CV% 2.60 2.80 13.25 12.39 13.62 13.87 S EM± 0.86 0.92 0.96 0.32 0.30 0.183 Cd = 5% 1.74 1.86 2.76 0.92 0.87 0.523

TABLE 2: E Effect of dry weeds /wild plants powder as soil amendment on maize plants growth Average of six replication Length in cm Weight in gram Fresh Dry Treatments Shoot Root Shoot Root Shoot Root P.hystophorus 55.24 51.44 44.50 21.50 10.33 6.75 C.procera 52.28 50.17 34.66 14.33 9.50 6.00 C.sativa 58.20 55.00 54.16 28.83 12.33 10.41 A.arvensis 36.28 47.07 13.41 7.83 4.50 3.08 E.hirta 31.86 49.32 4.83 4.25 2.50 1.91 C.roseus 36.62 49.95 10.00 8.83 4.25 2.91 Untreated infested 46.99 46.99 27.50 25.66 9.41 8.16 Control 52.79 53.98 28.75 28.75 9.83 9.16 CV% 2.60 2.50 23.00 21.33 17.10 13.79 S EM± 0.70 0.73 2.55 1.52 0.54 0.34 Cd = 5% 1.42 1.48 7.31 4.35 1.56 0.97

TABLE 3: Effect of fresh weeds/ wild plant as soil amendment on nematode multiplication Average of six replication Meloidogyne Pratylenchs Tylenchorhynchus Helicotylenchus incognita zeae nudus dihystera Treatments Pi= 1517 Pi = 1404 Pi= 1400 Pi= 550 Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Control 3671 2.41 2809 2.00 4106 2.93 1310 2.38 P.hysterophorus 1105 0.72 1583 1.12 1305 0.93 695 1.26 C.procera 1206 0.79 1670 1.18 1494 1.06 612 1.11 C.sativa 1017 0.67 668 0.47 981 0.70 313 0.56 A.arvensis 517 0.37 496 0.35 621 0.44 197 0.35 E.hirta 1981 1.30 1878 1.33 2588 1.84 905 1.64 C.roseus 1176 0.77 485 0.34 1507 1.07 389 0.70 CV% 3.6 3.6 4.1 8.9 Sem ± 22.54 20.16 29.88 22.86 CD 5% 64.71 57.89 85.81 65.63

58 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST powder amendment performed best to improve plant dry powder formulation 2nd place was obtained by growth character among rest of the treatments. C.roseus. Other plants like C. Procera, and P. Others treatments were in between C.sativa and hysterophorus followed the same trend in the E.hirta. methods of application. Data related to nematode multiplications are Soil properties: The data related to these are contained in (Table 3 and 4). In all the treatments presented in (Table 4). Fresh chopped plant parts the nematodes multiplication as evidenced by final amendment in soil had marked effect on plant growth population is significantly inhibited when compared characters. The increased plant growth in green with untreated control..Anagalis arvensis was amended soil and decreased nematode population recorded the most effective inhibitor of nematode suggests that probably nematotoxic chemicals are multiplication in both cases ie.green manure as well released in soil from green additive which might as dry powder formulation. This suppressed all the inhibit the nematode population development test animals (Table 3 and 4). For endoparasitic like directly and or indirectly through plants. A wide M. incognita, A. arvensis was most toxic followed range of chemical group viz., tannins, phenols, fatty by C. sativa, C. roseus, P. hysterophorus, C. procera acids, organic acids, nitrates, ammonia, hydrogen and E. hirta in both application methods. Migratory sulphides are known to be released in the soil as a endoparasitic like Pratylenchus zeae appeared to be result of the decomposition of organic additive. These more and most sensitive to A. arvensis and C. roseus. chemicals in turn have been found to be effective Next in numbers was C. Sativa. P. hysterophorus, C against nematode Ahmad et al. (1974), Mian and .procera and E. hirta. Ectoparasitic nematode Rodriguez- Kabana, (1982) Hasan, (1992) the soil Tylenchorhynchus nudus multiplication was amended with dried plant powder revealed different suppressed maximum in A.arvensis followed by C. impact on plant growth than green amendment. The sativa, P.hysterophorus, C.roseus C. procera and E. adverse effect of E.hirta powder amendment on plant hirta. Helicotylenchus dihystera behaved differently growth could probably be attributed to the high powder in different methods of soil amendments. A. arvensis dose (100g). Differential degree of nematode inhibition as in other cases here also was most effective in by different plant might be due to release of reducing nematode final population in both allelochemicals by them. Similarly the nematode amendment methods, but in green manuring next in response to various plants as indicated by result to the number after A.arvensis was C sativa whereas in varied degree could also be attributed to some reasons.

TABLE 4: Effect of dry weeds / wild plants powder as soil amendment on nematode multiplication on maize plants Average of six replication Meloidogyne Tylenchorhynchus Pratylenchus zeae Helicotylenchus dihystera incognita nudus Treatments Pi= 1517 Pi = 1404 Pi = 1400 Pi= 550 Pf Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Pf Rf= Pf/Pi Rf= pf/pi Control 3553 2.36 2785 1.91 3628 2.59 1103 2.00 P.hysterophorus 1055 0.69 1495 1.06 1238 0.88 632 1.14 C.procera 1111 0.73 1611 1.14 1447 1.03 605 1.10 C.sativa 976 0.64 600 0.42 916 0.65 510 0.92 A.arvensis 558 0.36 478 0.34 578 0.41 193 0.35 E.hirta 1925 1.26 1873 1.11 2513 1.77 816 1.48 C.roseus 1090 0.71 490 0.34 1414 1.01 291 0.52 CV% 5.24 4.26 3.36 5.34 S.Em ± 31.40 23.20 23.03 12.93 CD 5% 90.13 66.59 66.11 37.11 Vol. 34, No. 1, 2014. 59 REFERENCES Ahmad, R; Khan, A.M.and Sexena, S.K. (1974) .Changes resulting from amending the soil with oil-cakes and analysis of oil-cakes (Abstr.).Proc.59th SASE. Indian Science Congress Calcutta, Part iii, p.164 Gommers, F.J. (1973).Nematicidal principles in composite, Dissertation .Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands, 73p Hasan, A. (1992).Allelopathy in the management of root-knot nematode.413-433 Eds.S.J.H.Rizvi and V.Rizvi, Chapman and Hall, London. Jackson, M.L. (1967). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi Jaction,M.L (1973) Soil Chemical Analysis 1st Edn., Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi, India Mansoor, A.; Siddiqui and Mashkoor, M, Alam (1988).Toxicity of different plant parts of Tagetes lucida to plant parasitic nematodes. Indian J. Nematology, 18 181-185 Mian, I.H . and Rodriguez-kabana, R (1982) Survey of nematicidal properties of some organic materials available in Alabama as amendments to soil for control of Meloidogyne arenarie.Nematologica, 12:235-246. Nandal, S.N. and Bhatti, D.S. (1983b).Preliminary screening of some weeds/shrubs for their nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica. Indian J.Nematology, 13:123-127. Patel, R.M. and Desai, MV, (1964) A possible biological bio-control of root-knot nematodes. Plant Disease Reporter, 48:167-168.