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Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration

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Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration Chapter 4 Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 1 Solid Dosage Forms • A dosage form is the physical manifestation of a drug: – Solid – Liquid – Gas • Drug delivery system affects how the drug is released in the body. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 2 Terms to Remember dosage form the physical manifestation of a drug (e.g., capsule, tablet) drug delivery system a design feature of the dosage form that affects the delivery of the drug; may protect the stomach or delay the release of the active drug © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 3 Solid Dosage Forms Safety Note Although tablets and capsules may have distinctive markings and colors, the pharmacy technician should rely on the drug label and the NDC (National Drug Code) number, not the look of the medication, when confirming the identity of a drug. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 4 Solid Dosage Forms • Tablets • Capsules • Lozenges, Troches, or Pastilles • Powders and Granules © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 5 Tablets • Available in a variety of sizes and shapes • Produced by compression • Contain one or more active ingredients plus inactive ingredients (see Table 4.1) © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 6 Tablets © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 7 Tablets Multiple compression tablet (MCT) is either a – Tablet on top of another tablet, or – Tablet within a tablet – Core and shells or layers each contain different medicine © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 8 Terms to Remember tablet the solid dosage form produced by compression and containing one or more active and inactive ingredients multiple compression tablet (MCT) a tablet formulation on top of a tablet or a tablet within a tablet, produced by multiple compressions in manufacturing © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 9 Tablets • Caplet just tablet shaped like capsule • Solid interior, unlike capsule • Advantages – Easier to swallow than large tablet – Longer shelf-life than capsule – More tamper-proof than capsule © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 10 Tablets • Chewable tablets contain a flavored and/or colored base: – Antacids – Antiflatulents – Vitamins – Children’s tablets • Oral disintegrating tablets (ODT) melt in the mouth; preferred for those who have difficulty swallowing © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 11 Terms to Remember caplet a hybrid solid dosage formulation sharing characteristics of both a tablet and a capsule © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 12 Terms to Remember chewable tablet a solid oral dosage form meant to be chewed; readily absorbed; commonly prescribed for school-age children oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) a solid oral dosage form designed to dissolve quickly on the tongue for oral absorption and ease of administration without water Tablets Coatings can be used to improve – Appearance – Flavor – Ease of swallowing © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 14 Tablets Common tablet coatings – Sugar-coated tablet (SCT): improves taste and appearance; harder to swallow – Film-coated tablet (FCT): improves appearance; can lessen side effects – Enteric-coated tablet (ECT): designed to bypass stomach and be absorbed in small intestine © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 15 Terms to Remember sugar-coated tablet (SCT) a tablet coated with an outside layer of sugar that protects the medication and improves both appearance and flavor © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 16 Terms to Remember film-coated tablet (FCT) a tablet coated with a thin outer layer that prevents serious GI side effects enteric-coated tablet (ECT) a tablet coated in a way designed to resist destruction by the acidic pH of the gastric fluids and to delay the release of the active ingredient © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 17 Tablets Safety Note ECT or delayed-release tablets should not be split. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 18 Capsules • Consist of a gelatin shell that encloses the drug • Contain powders, granules, or liquids • May also contain – Inert filler (diluent) – Disintegrants – Solubilizers – Preservatives © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 19 Terms to Remember capsule the dosage form containing powder, liquid, or granules in a gelatin covering diluent an inactive ingredient that allows for the appropriate concentration of the medication in the tablet or capsule; also used to reconstitute parenteral products © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 20 Capsules • Most tablets and capsules are immediate-release. • Some are not immediate-release: – Controlled-release: intended to regulate the rate at which a drug is released – Sustained-release (SR): dosing reduced from immediate-release – Extended-release : dosing reduced from immediate-release and most sustained- release forms © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 21 Terms to Remember controlled-release dosage form the dosage form that is formulated to release medication over a long duration of time; also called delayed release © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 22 Terms to Remember sustained-release (SR) dosage form a delayed-release dosage form that allows less frequent dosing than an immediate-release dosage form extended-release (XL) dosage form a tablet or capsule designed to reduce frequency of dosing compared with immediate-release and most sustained- release forms Capsules Safety Note Watch drug labels very carefully! A sustained-release (SR) dosage form is not the same as an extended- release (XL) dosage form of the same drug. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 24 Lozenges, Troches, or Pastilles • Contain active ingredients and flavorings that are dissolved in the mouth • Usually have a local therapeutic effect • Examples include – OTC lozenges for sore throat – Prescription drugs such as nystatin or clotrimazole – Some narcotic medications © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 25 Terms to Remember lozenge a medication in a sweet-tasting formulation that is absorbed in the mouth © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 26 Powders and Granules • Powders are milled and pulverized by machines. • Examples include – Bacitracin zinc – Antacids – Brewer’s yeast – Laxatives © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 27 Powders and Granules • Granules are larger than powders. • Granules are formed by adding small amounts of water to powders. • Granules can be compressed into tablets or enclosed in capsules. • Granules generally have – An irregular shape – Excellent flow characteristics – Greater stability than powders © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 28 Powders and Granules • Effervescent salts are coarse powders or granules containing both – Medicinal agent(s) – Sodium bicarbonate with an acid • When dissolved in water, effervescent salts release carbon dioxide gas, causing distinctive bubbling. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 29 Terms to Remember powders fine particles of medication used in tablets and capsules © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 30 Terms to Remember granules a dosage form larger than powders that is formed by adding very small amounts of liquid to powders effervescent salts granular salts that release gas and dispense active ingredients into solution when placed in water Semisolid Dosage Forms • An emulsion is a mixture of two unblendable substances. • An oil-in-water emulsion contains a small amount of oil dispersed in water as a cream or lotion. • A water-in-oil emulsion contains a small amount of water dispersed in oil as an ointment. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 32 Terms to Remember emulsion the dispersion of a liquid in another liquid varying in viscosity © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 33 Terms to Remember oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion an emulsion containing a small amount of oil dispersed in water, as in a cream water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion an emulsion containing a small amount of water dispersed in an oil, such as an ointment Semisolid Dosage Forms • Ointments • Creams • Gels • Suppositories © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 35 Ointments • Can be medicated or nonmedicated • May contain various bases – Oleaginous, such as mineral oil or petroleum jelly – W/O emulsions such as lanolin or cold cream – O/W emulsions such as hydrophilic ointment – Water-soluble bases such as polyethylene glycol © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 36 Terms to Remember ointment a semisolid emulsion for topical use on the skin © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 37 Ointments • A paste is like an ointment but with more solids, such as zinc oxide paste. • A plaster is a preparation that adheres to the body and contains a backing material. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 38 Terms to Remember liniment a medicated topical preparation for application to the skin, such as Ben Gay © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 39 Terms to Remember paste a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion containing more solid material than an ointment plaster a solid or semisolid, medicated or non- medicated preparation that adheres to the skin Creams • Creams are a O/W emulsion and are usually invisible once applied. • Lotions are topical O/W emulsions that are easily absorbed: – Calamine lotion (to relieve itching) – Benzoyl peroxide (for acne) © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 41 Terms to Remember cream a cosmetically acceptable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for topical use on the skin lotion a liquid for topical application that contains insoluble dispersed solids or immiscible liquids © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 42 Gels • A gel contains solid particles in liquid. • A jelly is a type of gel that contains a higher proportion of water. • A glycerogelatin is a topical preparation made with gelatin, glycerin, water, and medicine. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 43 Terms to Remember gel a dispersion containing fine particles for topical use on the skin © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 44 Terms to Remember jelly a gel that contains a higher proportion of water in combination with a drug substance, as well as a thickening agent glycerogelatin
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