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Explaining First Impressions: Modeling, Recognizing, and Explaining Apparent Personality from Videos
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Explaining First Impressions: Modeling, Recognizing, and Explaining Apparent Personality from Videos Hugo Jair Escalante∗ · Heysem Kaya∗ · Albert Ali Salah∗ · Sergio Escalera · Ya˘gmur G¨u¸cl¨ut¨urk · Umut G¨u¸cl¨u · Xavier Bar´o · Isabelle Guyon · Julio Jacques Junior · Meysam Madadi · Stephane Ayache · Evelyne Viegas · Furkan G¨urpınar · Achmadnoer Sukma Wicaksana · Cynthia C. S. Liem · Marcel A. J. van Gerven · Rob van Lier Received: date / Accepted: date ∗ Means equal contribution by the authors. Hugo Jair Escalante INAOE, Mexico and ChaLearn, USA E-mail: [email protected] Heysem Kaya Namık Kemal University, Department of Computer Engineering, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Albert Ali Salah Bo˘gazi¸ci University, Dept. of Computer Engineering, Turkey and Nagoya University, FCVRC, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Furkan G¨urpınar Bo˘gazi¸ciUniversity, Computational Science and Engineering, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Sergio Escalera University of Barcelona and Computer Vision Center, Spain E-mail: [email protected] Meysam Madadi Computer Vision Center, Spain E-mail: [email protected] Ya˘gmur G¨u¸cl¨ut¨urk,Umut G¨u¸cl¨u,Marcel A. J. van Gerven and Rob van Lier Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands E-mail: fy.gucluturk,u.guclu,m.vangerven,[email protected] Xavier Bar´oand Julio Jacques Junior Universitat Oberta de Catalunya and Computer Vision Center, Spain arXiv:1802.00745v3 [cs.CV] 29 Sep 2019 E-mail: fxbaro,[email protected] Isabelle Guyon UPSud/INRIA, Universit´eParis-Saclay, France and ChaLearn, USA 2 H.J. -
Short and Deep: Sketching and Neural Networks
SHORT AND DEEP: SKETCHING AND NEURAL NETWORKS Amit Daniely, Nevena Lazic, Yoram Singer, Kunal Talwar∗ Google Brain ABSTRACT Data-independent methods for dimensionality reduction such as random projec- tions, sketches, and feature hashing have become increasingly popular in recent years. These methods often seek to reduce dimensionality while preserving the hypothesis class, resulting in inherent lower bounds on the size of projected data. For example, preserving linear separability requires Ω(1/γ2) dimensions, where γ is the margin, and in the case of polynomial functions, the number of required di- mensions has an exponential dependence on the polynomial degree. Despite these limitations, we show that the dimensionality can be reduced further while main- taining performance guarantees, using improper learning with a slightly larger hypothesis class. In particular, we show that any sparse polynomial function of a sparse binary vector can be computed from a compact sketch by a single-layer neu- ral network, where the sketch size has a logarithmic dependence on the polyno- mial degree. A practical consequence is that networks trained on sketched data are compact, and therefore suitable for settings with memory and power constraints. We empirically show that our approach leads to networks with fewer parameters than related methods such as feature hashing, at equal or better performance. 1 INTRODUCTION In many supervised learning problems, input data are high-dimensional and sparse. The high di- mensionality may be inherent in the domain, such as a large vocabulary in a language model, or the result of creating hybrid conjunction features. This setting poses known statistical and compu- tational challenges for standard supervised learning techniques, as high-dimensional inputs lead to models with a very large number of parameters. -
Arxiv:2006.04059V1 [Cs.LG] 7 Jun 2020
Soft Gradient Boosting Machine Ji Feng1;2, Yi-Xuan Xu1;3, Yuan Jiang3, Zhi-Hua Zhou3 [email protected], fxuyx, jiangy, [email protected] 1Sinovation Ventures AI Institute 2Baiont Technology 3National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Abstract Gradient Boosting Machine has proven to be one successful function approximator and has been widely used in a variety of areas. However, since the training procedure of each base learner has to take the sequential order, it is infeasible to parallelize the training process among base learners for speed-up. In addition, under online or incremental learning settings, GBMs achieved sub-optimal performance due to the fact that the previously trained base learners can not adapt with the environment once trained. In this work, we propose the soft Gradient Boosting Machine (sGBM) by wiring multiple differentiable base learners together, by injecting both local and global objectives inspired from gradient boosting, all base learners can then be jointly optimized with linear speed-up. When using differentiable soft decision trees as base learner, such device can be regarded as an alternative version of the (hard) gradient boosting decision trees with extra benefits. Experimental results showed that, sGBM enjoys much higher time efficiency with better accuracy, given the same base learner in both on-line and off-line settings. arXiv:2006.04059v1 [cs.LG] 7 Jun 2020 1. Introduction Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) [Fri01] has proven to be one successful function approximator and has been widely used in a variety of areas [BL07, CC11]. The basic idea is to train a series of base learners that minimize some predefined differentiable loss function in a sequential fashion. -
Arxiv:1811.04918V6 [Cs.LG] 1 Jun 2020
Learning and Generalization in Overparameterized Neural Networks, Going Beyond Two Layers Zeyuan Allen-Zhu Yuanzhi Li Yingyu Liang [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Microsoft Research AI Stanford University University of Wisconsin-Madison November 12, 2018 (version 6)∗ Abstract The fundamental learning theory behind neural networks remains largely open. What classes of functions can neural networks actually learn? Why doesn't the trained network overfit when it is overparameterized? In this work, we prove that overparameterized neural networks can learn some notable con- cept classes, including two and three-layer networks with fewer parameters and smooth activa- tions. Moreover, the learning can be simply done by SGD (stochastic gradient descent) or its variants in polynomial time using polynomially many samples. The sample complexity can also be almost independent of the number of parameters in the network. On the technique side, our analysis goes beyond the so-called NTK (neural tangent kernel) linearization of neural networks in prior works. We establish a new notion of quadratic ap- proximation of the neural network (that can be viewed as a second-order variant of NTK), and connect it to the SGD theory of escaping saddle points. arXiv:1811.04918v6 [cs.LG] 1 Jun 2020 ∗V1 appears on this date, V2/V3/V4 polish writing and parameters, V5 adds experiments, and V6 reflects our conference camera ready version. Authors sorted in alphabetical order. We would like to thank Greg Yang and Sebastien Bubeck for many enlightening conversations. Y. Liang was supported in part by FA9550-18-1-0166, and would also like to acknowledge that support for this research was provided by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. -
Analysis of Perceptron-Based Active Learning
JournalofMachineLearningResearch10(2009)281-299 Submitted 12/07; 12/08; Published 2/09 Analysis of Perceptron-Based Active Learning Sanjoy Dasgupta [email protected] Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0404, USA Adam Tauman Kalai [email protected] Microsoft Research Office 14063 One Memorial Drive Cambridge, MA 02142, USA Claire Monteleoni [email protected] Center for Computational Learning Systems Columbia University Suite 850, 475 Riverside Drive, MC 7717 New York, NY 10115, USA Editor: Manfred Warmuth Abstract Ω 1 We start by showing that in an active learning setting, the Perceptron algorithm needs ( ε2 ) labels to learn linear separators within generalization error ε. We then present a simple active learning algorithm for this problem, which combines a modification of the Perceptron update with an adap- tive filtering rule for deciding which points to query. For data distributed uniformly over the unit 1 sphere, we show that our algorithm reaches generalization error ε after asking for just O˜(d log ε ) labels. This exponential improvement over the usual sample complexity of supervised learning had previously been demonstrated only for the computationally more complex query-by-committee al- gorithm. Keywords: active learning, perceptron, label complexity bounds, online learning 1. Introduction In many machine learning applications, unlabeled data is abundant but labeling is expensive. This distinction is not captured in standard models of supervised learning, and has motivated the field of active learning, in which the labels of data points are initially hidden, and the learner must pay for each label it wishes revealed. -
The Sample Complexity of Agnostic Learning Under Deterministic Labels
JMLR: Workshop and Conference Proceedings vol 35:1–16, 2014 The sample complexity of agnostic learning under deterministic labels Shai Ben-David [email protected] Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CANADA Ruth Urner [email protected] School of Computer Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA Abstract With the emergence of Machine Learning tools that allow handling data with a huge number of features, it becomes reasonable to assume that, over the full set of features, the true labeling is (almost) fully determined. That is, the labeling function is deterministic, but not necessarily a member of some known hypothesis class. However, agnostic learning of deterministic labels has so far received little research attention. We investigate this setting and show that it displays a behavior that is quite different from that of the fundamental results of the common (PAC) learning setups. First, we show that the sample complexity of learning a binary hypothesis class (with respect to deterministic labeling functions) is not fully determined by the VC-dimension of the class. For any d, we present classes of VC-dimension d that are learnable from O~(d/)- many samples and classes that require samples of size Ω(d/2). Furthermore, we show that in this setup, there are classes for which any proper learner has suboptimal sample complexity. While the class can be learned with sample complexity O~(d/), any proper (and therefore, any ERM) algorithm requires Ω(d/2) samples. We provide combinatorial characterizations of both phenomena, and further analyze the utility of unlabeled samples in this setting. -
Fast and Scalable Polynomial Kernels Via Explicit Feature Maps *
Fast and Scalable Polynomial Kernels via Explicit Feature Maps * Ninh Pham Rasmus Pagh IT University of Copenhagen IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark Copenhagen, Denmark [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT data space into high-dimensional feature space, where each Approximation of non-linear kernels using random feature coordinate corresponds to one feature of the data points. In mapping has been successfully employed in large-scale data that space, one can perform well-known data analysis al- analysis applications, accelerating the training of kernel ma- gorithms without ever interacting with the coordinates of chines. While previous random feature mappings run in the data, but rather by simply computing their pairwise in- O(ndD) time for n training samples in d-dimensional space ner products. This operation can not only avoid the cost and D random feature maps, we propose a novel random- of explicit computation of the coordinates in feature space ized tensor product technique, called Tensor Sketching, for but also handle general types of data (such as numeric data, approximating any polynomial kernel in O(n(d + D log D)) symbolic data). time. Also, we introduce both absolute and relative error While kernel methods have been used successfully in a va- bounds for our approximation to guarantee the reliability riety of data analysis tasks, their scalability is a bottleneck. of our estimation algorithm. Empirically, Tensor Sketching Kernel-based learning algorithms usually scale poorly with achieves higher accuracy and often runs orders of magni- the number of the training samples (a cubic running time tude faster than the state-of-the-art approach for large-scale and quadratic storage for direct methods). -
Arxiv:2008.08516V1 [Cs.LG] 19 Aug 2020
Automated Machine Learning - a brief review at the end of the early years Hugo Jair Escalante Computer Science Department Instituto Nacional de Astrof´ısica, Optica´ y Electronica,´ Tonanzintla, Puebla, 72840, Mexico E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Automated machine learning (AutoML) is the sub-field of machine learning that aims at automating, to some extend, all stages of the design of a machine learning system. In the context of supervised learning, AutoML is concerned with feature extraction, pre processing, model design and post processing. Major contributions and achievements in AutoML have been taking place during the recent decade. We are there- fore in perfect timing to look back and realize what we have learned. This chapter aims to summarize the main findings in the early years of AutoML. More specifically, in this chapter an introduction to AutoML for supervised learning is provided and an historical review of progress in this field is presented. Likewise, the main paradigms of AutoML are described and research opportunities are outlined. 1 Introduction Automated Machine Learning or AutoML is a term coined by the machine learning community to refer to methods that aim at automating the design and development of machine learning systems and appli- cations [33]. In the context of supervised learning, AutoML aims at relaxing the need of the user in the loop from all stages in the design of supervised learning systems (i.e., any system relying on models for classification, recognition, regression, forecasting, etc.). This is a tangible need at present, as data are be- arXiv:2008.08516v1 [cs.LG] 19 Aug 2020 ing generated vastly and in practically any context and scenario, however, the number of machine learning experts available to analyze such data is overseeded. -
Robust Deep Learning: a Case Study Victor Estrade, Cécile Germain, Isabelle Guyon, David Rousseau
Robust deep learning: A case study Victor Estrade, Cécile Germain, Isabelle Guyon, David Rousseau To cite this version: Victor Estrade, Cécile Germain, Isabelle Guyon, David Rousseau. Robust deep learning: A case study. JDSE 2017 - 2nd Junior Conference on Data Science and Engineering, Sep 2017, Orsay, France. pp.1-5, 2017. hal-01665938 HAL Id: hal-01665938 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01665938 Submitted on 17 Dec 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Robust deep learning: A case study Victor Estrade, Cecile Germain, Isabelle Guyon, David Rousseau Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique Abstract. We report on an experiment on robust classification. The literature proposes adversarial and generative learning, as well as feature construction with auto-encoders. In both cases, the context is domain- knowledge-free performance. As a consequence, the robustness quality relies on the representativity of the training dataset wrt the possible perturbations. When domain-specific a priori knowledge is available, as in our case, a specific flavor of DNN called Tangent Propagation is an effective and less data-intensive alternative. Keywords: Domain adaptation, Deep Neural Networks, High Energy Physics 1 Motivation This paper addresses the calibration of a classifier in presence of systematic errors, with an example in High Energy Physics. -
Sinkhorn Autoencoders
Sinkhorn AutoEncoders Giorgio Patrini⇤• Rianne van den Berg⇤ Patrick Forr´e Marcello Carioni UvA Bosch Delta Lab University of Amsterdam† University of Amsterdam KFU Graz Samarth Bhargav Max Welling Tim Genewein Frank Nielsen ‡ University of Amsterdam University of Amsterdam Bosch Center for Ecole´ Polytechnique CIFAR Artificial Intelligence Sony CSL Abstract 1INTRODUCTION Optimal transport o↵ers an alternative to Unsupervised learning aims at finding the underlying maximum likelihood for learning generative rules that govern a given data distribution PX . It can autoencoding models. We show that mini- be approached by learning to mimic the data genera- mizing the p-Wasserstein distance between tion process, or by finding an adequate representation the generator and the true data distribution of the data. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) is equivalent to the unconstrained min-min (Goodfellow et al., 2014) belong to the former class, optimization of the p-Wasserstein distance by learning to transform noise into an implicit dis- between the encoder aggregated posterior tribution that matches the given one. AutoEncoders and the prior in latent space, plus a recon- (AE) (Hinton and Salakhutdinov, 2006) are of the struction error. We also identify the role of latter type, by learning a representation that maxi- its trade-o↵hyperparameter as the capac- mizes the mutual information between the data and ity of the generator: its Lipschitz constant. its reconstruction, subject to an information bottle- Moreover, we prove that optimizing the en- neck. Variational AutoEncoders (VAE) (Kingma and coder over any class of universal approxima- Welling, 2013; Rezende et al., 2014), provide both a tors, such as deterministic neural networks, generative model — i.e. -
Learning-Based Frequency Estimation Algorithms
Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2019 LEARNING-BASED FREQUENCY ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS Chen-Yu Hsu, Piotr Indyk, Dina Katabi & Ali Vakilian Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139, USA fcyhsu,indyk,dk,[email protected] ABSTRACT Estimating the frequencies of elements in a data stream is a fundamental task in data analysis and machine learning. The problem is typically addressed using streaming algorithms which can process very large data using limited storage. Today’s streaming algorithms, however, cannot exploit patterns in their input to improve performance. We propose a new class of algorithms that automatically learn relevant patterns in the input data and use them to improve its frequency estimates. The proposed algorithms combine the benefits of machine learning with the formal guarantees available through algorithm theory. We prove that our learning-based algorithms have lower estimation errors than their non-learning counterparts. We also evaluate our algorithms on two real-world datasets and demonstrate empirically their performance gains. 1.I NTRODUCTION Classical algorithms provide formal guarantees over their performance, but often fail to leverage useful patterns in their input data to improve their output. On the other hand, deep learning models are highly successful at capturing and utilizing complex data patterns, but often lack formal error bounds. The last few years have witnessed a growing effort to bridge this gap and introduce al- gorithms that can adapt to data properties while delivering worst case guarantees. Deep learning modules have been integrated into the design of Bloom filters (Kraska et al., 2018; Mitzenmacher, 2018), caching algorithms (Lykouris & Vassilvitskii, 2018), graph optimization (Dai et al., 2017), similarity search (Salakhutdinov & Hinton, 2009; Weiss et al., 2009) and compressive sensing (Bora et al., 2017). -
Mlcheck– Property-Driven Testing of Machine Learning Models
MLCheck– Property-Driven Testing of Machine Learning Models Arnab Sharma Caglar Demir Department of Computer Science Data Science Group University of Oldenburg Paderborn University Oldenburg, Germany Paderborn, Germany [email protected] [email protected] Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo Heike Wehrheim Data Science Group Department of Computer Science Paderborn University University of Oldenburg Paderborn, Germany Oldenburg, Germany [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION In recent years, we observe an increasing amount of software with The importance of quality assurance for applications developed machine learning components being deployed. This poses the ques- using machine learning (ML) increases steadily as they are being tion of quality assurance for such components: how can we validate deployed in a growing number of domains and sites. Supervised ML whether specified requirements are fulfilled by a machine learned algorithms “learn” their behaviour as generalizations of training software? Current testing and verification approaches either focus data using sophisticated statistical or mathematical methods. Still, on a single requirement (e.g., fairness) or specialize on a single type developers need to make sure that their software—whether learned of machine learning model (e.g., neural networks). or programmed—satisfies certain specified requirements. Currently, In this paper, we propose property-driven testing of machine two orthogonal approaches can be followed to achieve this goal: (A) learning models. Our approach MLCheck encompasses (1) a lan- employing an ML algorithm guaranteeing some requirement per guage for property specification, and (2) a technique for system- design, or (B) validating the requirement on the model generated atic test case generation.