Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Cross-Border Voluntary Network for Disaster Prevention (Hungary-)

Kristóf J. Plébán1 István Endrődi2, 1National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Military Sciences, Tel: +36 70 3842660; ORCID: 0000-0003-3194-3565 2National University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Disaster Management; Tel: +36 20 3509998; ORCID: 0000-0002-3376-1389; Corresponding Auther: Kristóf J. Plébán

ABSTRACT Košice (Slovakia) and Miskolc (Hungary) are connected not only by historical, social and cultural roots, but also by common threats (river Hernád, industrial vulnerability, transport of dangerous goods). The European Union's cooperation environment promotes the achievement of interregional goals. The elimination of the border line and the creation of processes and legislation to promote regional territorial cooperation have resulted in a more favorable project environment, and cross-border cooperation between authorities and public administrations at regional and local level has developed rapidly. Practical experience with prevention and similar financial terms and dissemination opportunities is ready to implement cross-border networking and to present results in policy. Creating a cross-border voluntary network supporting disaster prevention and ensuring its sustainable operation cannot be achieved without scientific research, analysis of events, existing infrastructures and needs without a methodological background based on the evaluation of processed information. This article examines areas that present the current environment of the network that it generates, thus indicating the circumstances and sustainability of its operation. Keywords: Cross-border disaster management, preparedness, voluntary network ------Date of Submission:03-05-2018 Date of acceptance: 19-05-2018 ------

I. INTRODUCTION a cornerstone of sustainability, and the Political and economic development implementation of both the budgets of the local requires paradigm shift in the approach of disaster governments and the call for EU funds must be taken prevention. Prevention is not a narrow professional into account.The disaster prevention clearly shows circle, but an integrated, multifaceted effort in that the most cost-effective form of defense and its society that cannot be achieved without involvement development is not only a national but a European of civil society and the public, and which must rely interest. Of course, as the national and European on the exercise of a conscious and active citizenship. experiences show, the general societal challenge can Involvement of professionals in the decision-making only be solved on a social level, so the activities of process is an element of democratic government civil society and volunteer organizations, both at culture and the emergence of local and regional national and international level, are indispensable to authorities in the political environment ensures the responsible public and municipal organizations. In effectiveness and social acceptance of disaster order to achieve the principle of subsidiarity, the prevention policy.An important element in the policy active role of citizens in this area is also paramount. role of a volunteer network in the field of disaster In a democratic state, citizens have a natural need to prevention is the development of awareness of local define the changes they need in their own society. This is a prerequisite for residents to know environment and to decide independently on issues about the hazards, including all its important directly affecting them. Self-defense capabilities and parameters. Training, education and information not civilian self-help against disasters must be supported only develop a culture of emergency behavior, but by the state and the local government, as these efforts also the need to protect the built and natural reinforce and extend the authority's protection environment and avoid damage.Volunteering does measures. not mean that there is a lack of financial support. The In the framework of these principles, we infrastructure, the logistics background, and the examine the environment of the establishment and satisfaction of individual conscious needs require operation of the interregional network of disaster financial input.The provision of financial resources is management experts and civil society organizations

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Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11 working in the field of volunteering in Slovakia and government bodies, regional and district offices, Hungary (Košice-Miskolc) in cross-border disaster county authorities, local governments legal and protection cooperation. natural persons are responsible for the implement.4 The creation of the network is basically The legal environment of the two countries, aimed at reducing the risks and preparing people in terms of prevention, requires the involvement of living in a vulnerable area. This is demonstrated by local governments, thereby guaranteeing the lives of the European Parliament's resolution P7_TA (2010) the people living in the area, the security of their 0326 and the Community Communication on the property and maintaining the viability of the country. Prevention of Natural Disasters and Man-made The fulfillment of the role of disaster Disasters. The document clearly states the need for a management in the society requires the concept for the prevention of natural disasters and implementation of legal correction adapted to various man-made disasters, which is of paramount natural and other changes, so that the legal importance for the preservation of human background of disaster prevention is constantly communities and material goods as well as the expanding, changing content. natural and built environment. "The making massive the cross-border co- operations is a major priority for the European Situation Analysis Union."5 The main elements of the cross-border disaster European regional policy uses different protection network are as follows: types of legal agreements, protocols and contracts to • Legal and operational conditions for prevention facilitate cross-border activities and the • The protection conditions establishment of cross-border structures. The legal framework between the two states provides a I.1 The current legal regulation in the coherent framework for the participants of the co- interregional cooperation operation, which sets the framework conditions - As a member of the European Union and as hence most parties do not have to elaborate most of part of the disaster affecting our geographic region, the rules - while allowing flexibility to adapt the the Carpathian Basin, both national and EU structure to local specifics. legislation and directives should be taken into Under the Hungarian-Slovak bilateral account as far as the legal background is concerned. agreement, cross-border co-operation involves all Disaster management is a task for the Member joint activities aimed at strengthening and further States, the European Commission is coordinating at developing good-neighborly relations between local Community level and making decisions in that spirit. and regional authorities and public administrations The most important regulators in Hungary1 and related bodies.6 and Slovakia2 are responsible for the protection of In Article 1, the parties determine which disasters, providing a clear legal environment for Hungarian and Slovakian authorities and bodies are everyone to protect life and property, to prevent the covered by the Convention: natural and industrial disasters that threaten the - from the Hungarian side, local and county natural and constructed environment. self-governments; administrative body of the capital Hungarian legal regulation has a clear and the county administrative office; position on this issue: "Disaster prevention is a national matter. The management of defense is a 3 public task" . The Slovak Republic regulates the 4The Act of the National Council of the Slovak activities of the national, regional, local level of Republic No 42/1994 Coll. on Civil Protection of the disaster prevention and determines the participation Population, as worded in later amendments, of natural and legal persons in the norms defined by (Consolidation Act No. 47/2012) Civil Protection Act 42/1994: Civil Protection is 5dr. Edit Pintér: Results of Empirical Research of governed by public law and implemented by Cross-Border Cooperation, Foreign-World, Journal ministries, by the centralized administration and of International Relations, VII. year 2010/4. study http://epa.oszk.hu/00000/00039/00023/pdf/EPA0003 1 Hungary's Basic Law (April 25, 2011), CXXVIII of 9_kulvilag_2010_04_pinter.pdfdownloded:22.02.201 2011. Act LXXII of 2012. Government Decree 8 234/2011 (XI. 10), Act CXIII of 2011, Act 290/2011. (XII.22.) Government Decree, 62/2011. (XII.29.) 6200/2001. (X. 20.) Gov. Decree of the Government BM decree, 150/2012. (V.15) Government Decision of the Republic of Hungary and of the Government 2 Constitutional Act No. 227/2002, No. 319/2002, of the Slovak Republic concerning the publication of No. 321/2002, No. 570/2005, No. 387/2002, No. the Convention on Cross-Border Cooperation 42/1994, No. 129/2002, No. 179/2011, No. 82/1994 between Local Governments and Public Authorities, 3. Act. CXXVIII. Of 2011 1 § (1) signed at Budapest on 23 April 2001 Article 1 (1) www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0805030111 2 | P a g e

Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11

Under Article 4, the parties are on an equal information to the population and provides a valuable footing in cross-border cooperation. Under this management tool for spatial planning authorities. requirement, each partner must be granted the same The European Commission is collecting the conditions as within the country. According to the methods currently used by the Member States to Convention, the parties support co-operation at all identify hazards and risks, and then, based on possible levels: national, local and regional self- existing Community initiatives, plans to develop government interest representation organizations, guidelines for risk mapping.10 foundations and other legal entities, non- The dangers of natural and human activities governmental organizations and non-profit affecting the given area should be explored and the organizations, business enterprises and budgetary digital databases available in the area should be institutions.The Hungarian-Slovak Convention also explored which serve as a basis for planning states that the parties will do their utmost to eliminate prevention activities. legal and technical obstacles to cooperation. In the event of significant changes in internal legislation I.2.1 The Hungarian partner, the Borsod-Abaúj- affecting the co-operating parties, they shall Zemplén County's vulnerability immediately inform each other, in particular as Hungary is one of the vulnerable countries regards organizational and competence changes.7 in Europe because of its impact on climate change, as Participants of the co-operation will the country has the highest ecological vulnerability independently design and organize joint tasks to be category. Floods, hot waves, frequent extremes solved and encourage cross-border links, in particular (sudden snowfall) cause every year a critical Euroregions. To achieve this, they build and maintain situation.11 a direct relationship with each other, and conclude Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, one of these the necessary contracts.8 regions, lies in the north-eastern part of the country. The 212/1997. (XII.1.) Under the The county has an area of 7.242,2 km2, with a Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Convention, population of 708.371. The population of the county assistance and cooperation cover the following areas: occupies the second place in the counties of  the joint organization and implementation of Hungary. Part of the settlement structure of Borsod- preventive measures and the preparation of Abaúj-Zemplén County is dominated by Miskolc and cooperation plans; its area, and by the multitude of tiny villages. The  mutual information on disaster threats and their number of settlements among the counties is the occurrence; largest, 358 settlements.  disaster recovery; Because of the general geographic position, transport  civil defense, training of firefighters and other and industrial structure of the county, the population specialists; is endangered by the occurrence of natural and  exchanging scientific and technical information industrial disasters affecting the infrastructure and exchanging joint research programs in the differently. area of production and development in relation The threat of the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county to the Convention; Natural threat  organization and implementation of joint  Approximately 70% of the total area of inland defense and rescue practices.9 water systems is lower than the river flood level (, ). The remaining 30% are made I.2 Provision of protection conditions up of higher hills. The Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén The most important task of planning is to County's inland water system is weak, especially understand the nature of disasters, understand the due to changes in ownership (interests), so we likelihood of the risk and create the organizational can expect, the inland water hazards in this area and operational conditions. Detection of hazards identifies areas 10Global Monitoring for Environment and Security - exposed to specific risks while providing basic Communication from the Commission, of 10 November 2005 entitled: “Global Monitoring for 7Pursuant to Article 2 (3) of the Hungarian-Slovak Environment and Security (GMES): from concept to Convention. reality.” [COM(2005) 565 final – Not published in 8Pursuant to Articles 5 and 7 of the Hungarian- the Official Journal]. - Slovak Convention. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l28170_ 9212/1997. (XII.1.) On the promulgation of the en.htm downloaded: 10.11.2017. Convention on cooperation and mutual assistance in 11 Resolution 9/2008 (III.20.) On the National the event of disaster in the Government of the Climate Change Strategy Republic of Hungary and the Government of the http://www.complex.hu/kzldat/o08h0029.htm/o08h0 Slovak Republic Article 3 (1) 029.htmdownloaded: 10.11.2017. www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0805030111 3 | P a g e

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will increase. Out of the 358 settlements, there Made by own editing based on the data of ÉVIZIG are 118 settlements, which means that every third can be affected by inland water. The most endangered areas of the county: South Borsod 6000 ha, Taktaköz 6500 ha, Bodrogköz 15000 ha.  Due to the natural features of the county, it is often necessary to protect the surrounding mountain ranges and coastal pools, floods due to high rains and floods, floods caused by strong floods and local water damage. Small or medium floods every 2-3 years, with significant flooding every 5-6 years, with extreme floods every 10- Figure 2 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county water 12 years. Longer flood waves can last up to 5-10 map days in the upper section of the river, and the Made by: Ministry of the Interior, Directorate- lower section may last up to 50 days. Floods can General for Water, Water Management website, be caused by the larger rivers (Bódva, Nyógó, 12 Map Hunters, HejőCsincse, Rima, Hejő, Szarda,

Kánya, Hoór, Tardona, Szuha, Bán, Harica, Industrial threat Hangony) The Lázbérci, Hámori and Rakaca  There are 7 high thresholds in Borsod-Abaúj- reservoirs can cause water possible Zemplén County and 12 low-threshold disturbance.The sudden, significant precipitation hazardous industrial plants under the SEVESO of rain (within 30-50 mm) mainly affects the Directive. settlements of the hilly regions. In recent years, extremes of weather have strengthened,  The county provides good access to the rail and especially abrupt rainfall. As a result, streams road main roads, including the M3 and the M30 flowing through settlements grow in extreme motorways. The E71 highway connects the proportions, in a very short time wave floods country with Slovakia and Poland. On the and directly threaten the population. In the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county roads and county, the floodplains of the Tisza, Bodrog, railway lines, chemical plants regularly carry Hernád, Sajó and Takta have a total area of 1501 big quantities of dangerous substances. Roads km2. Since a significant part of the river basins for the transport of dangerous goods by road: in the county's natural watercourses is located in M3 and M30 motorways, Nos. 3, 26, 35, 37 and Slovakia, their water supply and water 38. The main routes. Routes for the transport of abstraction depend mainly on the water dangerous goods by rail: Mezőkövesd-Miskolc, management and natural factors of the northern Miskolc-Ózd, Miskolc-Tornyosnémeti, neighboring state. Miskolc-Sátoraljaújhely, Nyékládháza- Tiszaújváros, Mezőzombor-Tokaj railway lines.

I.2.2 The Slovakian partner, the Borsod-Abaúj- Zemplén County's vulnerability The Košice Region covers an area of 6753 km2, which represents 13.8% of the territory of the Slovak Republic, making it the 4th largest administrative district in the country. Its population is 766 012, the population density of 113.4 people / km2, the second most populous region of the Republic (14.2%).13

Natural threat In the Košice region, the eastern Slovak plain is threatened by floods. Despite the precautionary measures, the fragmentation of terrains

12 Figure 1 The watercourses of Borsod-Abaúj- https://www.vizugy.hu/index.php?module=map&pr Zemplén county ogramelemid=107 13 Based on the data of the Slovak Bureau of Statistics www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0805030111 4 | P a g e

Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11 results in a serious flood risk, which affects has created the legal and structural background that thousands of hectares in Uh, Laborc, Latorca, has proved indispensable for vertical and horizontal Ondava and Bodrog basins in the case of high partnerships in the field of disaster prevention. intensity and long precipitation. The digital databases available at the University of In mountainous areas, especially in the Miskolc Geographical Institute and the Technical SpišskáNováVes valley, the rapidly flowing small University of Košice: streams, while in the area of Košice and ,  DTA50: (eg floodplains, mines, buildings, the Ukrainian Uh River is causing floods. power plants, factories, bridges, marshes, In the case of water management, potential shorelines, charging, electricity, gas pipelines) damage to the surrounding reservoirs (Bukovec,  SRTM: ~ 90m spatial resolution digital elevation PalcmanskáMaša, Ružín, Starina, ZemplínskaŠírava, model Domaša) is a threat to the region and beyond.  I, II, III. Military Survey Maps  Soil data: Agrotopo, e-SOTER digital maps  CORINE: digital land use data  Landsat satellite imagery  Vector Database of Hungary and Slovakia  1:10 000 EOTR sections  1: 100,000 EOTR sections  1:50 000 scale military sections  The 10m spatial resolution model of the BAZ county  Geology Map of Hungary 1: 100,000 (FDT100)

I.3 Dissemination of best practices Figure 3. Košice Region water map Databases combine best practices and help exchange information between stakeholders. Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County watercourses: In addition, the development of deficiencies and  HORNÁD – Hernád (Hnilec, Torysa) needs generates studies and cooperative projects  BODROG (, Laborec, Ondava, Uh) among other stakeholders.  TISA - Tisza Based on the experience it can be stated  SLANÁ- Sajó that the approaches applied in each sector can be  BODVA – Bódva applied more widely. It is important that best practice solutions In particular, the mountainous region, the are gaining ground among the cooperating western part of the region, Košice and its communities and partner regions. It should surroundings, SpišskáNováVes (Igló), Rožňava therefore be explored that there are interactive (Rozsava) are threatened by landslides and channels for the transfer of experience that give avalanches. space to good practice and provide opportunities Mountains are most affected by the strong winds, but for self-correction, development, development and high winds in the Košice Basin and Eastern Slovakia broadening the circle of partnerships. cause serious transport and energy distribution Košice and Miskolc provide a continuous problems working relationship between civil organizations All these dangers pose a threat to rail and in the transferring of the experiences of the border road transport as well as the transportation of agreement. As a priority for civil support for dangerous goods. These phenomena are typical for disaster protection, the leadership of the civil the whole region, probably in mountainous regions, organizations of the region in disaster and civil in the northern and western regions. In the eastern protection work was also given the opportunity to Slovak plain of Michalovce, Nagyamihály and participate in the meetings and to engage in Tőkerebes, the risk of frost and inland water is not interregional work. common, but its occurrence is a long time and is a International dissemination was an serious threat. important area for the international project The presence of identified and cross-border activities of the two cities, where sharing the dominant effects as a result of the analysis made it results as a mandatory project task enabled the necessary to deepen communication between the two gathering, analysis and sharing of different levels regions, to create common risk analysis and response of experience. On the other hand, the European responses. The cultural, social, and economic co- Forum of Voluntary Civil Protection operation emerging from Euro regional experiences Organizations has provided an international space

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Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11 where, with the strength of the joint effort, Slovak intervention procedures for both national and and Hungarian partners have provided information transnational disasters; on several occasions.  A joint rescue force will be established that Cross-border co-operation has spreads and applies civil protection successfully used local and regional press releases knowledge. This is based on the exchange of of events and outcomes through targeted good practices, preparation of people, information delivery, based on pre-elaborated elaboration of joint action plans and materials, newsletters, or interactive development of intervention co-operation communication provided by press conferences. guides.  increase the civil protection preparation and I.3.1Establishing interfaces between actors and information level in order to provide each policies in the field of disaster prevention individual with a self-defense instrument, in Many local, regional, national policies particular with regard to the involvement of can be implemented in such a way as to help youth in order to achieve future ideas. prevent it. This requires the establishment of a  Establish a stable relationship between civil link between the actors involved in the protection organizations, in particular development and implementation of actions that between authorities, and scientific have a significant impact on disaster prevention. communities. It is necessary to look into the professional In the field of youth training and civil channels that ensure the emergence of disaster defense competition, students' preparatory prevention in European development areas. materials were regularly coordinated, both sides Occasional floods in the Sajó and Hernád presenting and supporting the partner country's catchment areas connected in time and in space events. the Miskolc and Košice disaster managements, In the international network of contacts, forcing cooperation. Dr. Ronald Barham, a professor at Central The area of prevention has been Lancashire University, was a prominent partner of evaluated in the 2000-2005 period with the National Disaster Management Directorate, extraordinary damage events as evidenced by the assisted the region and oversaw the development shift in the weight of the Hungarian Disaster and results of international-Slovak cooperation at Protection Act. Both sides of the border international level. recognized the disaster prevention policy Among the partners of international statement that only social responses could be projects, Europe's leading disaster management given to incidents that are increasing in number organizations and universities have emerged, so and intensity. By developing strategy-based social Miskolc and Kosice can rely heavily on the resource development and increasing the role of network of contacts present at all levels of the prevention and prevention, this response can be an profession. effective response. The importance of prevention is also strengthened by the experience gained in I.3.2 Use of conclusions from previous experience practice, with the help of this policy to achieve the in disaster prevention greatest possible result with the lowest possible All previous activities need to be cost, which can effectively reduce the number of evaluated, to recognize and to remove the casualties and damages. mistakes, have to learn from the lessons, to built it Based on these principles, Košice and into the better preparation. In order to define the Miskolc's local governments and civil protection activity of the disaster management work, it is organizations have continuously provided an essential to summarize and continually update the opportunity for exchanging views and experiences knowledge. in the field. Similarly, the similar development of The cycle of crisis management the civil protection procedure, the technical (prevention, defense, restoration) involves a background of the partners, the disaster continuous revision of activities since only a management strategy, and similar problems and realistic error analysis can be used to streamline solutions, greatly facilitated the system the procedure, supplement it and make it more comparisons and searching for possibilities for effective. The following cross-border threat connection. elements were examined in the development of The two cities signed a disaster prevention the prevention methodology among the partners of cooperation agreement in 2008 with the aim of: cross-border cooperation:  promoting the development of cooperation  Hydrological hazards of the Sajó-Hernád between partners in the use of joint water system - under the REDCODE project - NEREIDA practice www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0805030111 6 | P a g e

Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11

 Critical Infrastructure Hazards of Košice- with a common rescue team and they had the Miskolc Road and Rail Network - as part of possibility to participate, in the same time, in the the DECHATLON project Pó river flood protection works. After 2005, the  Košice-Miskolc Water and Drinking Water international partnership was boosted. Critical Infrastructure Dangers - IMPACT The relationship established with the project with special regard to the experiences educational institutions of the region and the of water pollution in Miskolc student organizations of the University of Košice  Emergencies made by man, cross-border and the University of Miskolc, established in the threats to industrial activity - in the framework of youth competitions organized by framework of the CIVPRO project - analysis MPVSZ, provided the basis for the human of 14 accidental casualty accidents in Iron resources of the training courses. In the Founrdy of Košice framework of these cooperations, the  Management of the effects of meteorological implementation of exchange visits of the disasters - Košice: experiences of rescue environmental protection engineering students forces involved in the repair of Tatra's storm was built, which, besides the introduction of the corridors; Miskolc: experiences of the Mád defense system, was also intended to look at the and Bogács settlements overcoming floods sources of danger. I.5 Provide early warning devices I.4. Training and information activities in the The ability of the public and policy makers field of disaster prevention to alleviate the consequences of disasters is largely Public awareness can also contribute to depends on relying on reliable early warning devices. the success of disaster prevention, including Both in national prevention and international citizens' awareness of floods, earthquakes or cooperation, planning of joint actions should take extreme weather conditions.As provided for in the into account regional, European and global Slovak-Hungarian Convention, the Borsod-Abaúj- forecasting systems. The databases of European Zemplén County and the Košice Region provide Early Warning Systems are available to the mutual assistance for the training and retraining of partnership. In cooperation with the network of rescue teams and assistants.14 On this basis, there European meteorological services, information about was a direct link between the VET and training dangerous weather events is available such as heavy bodies, facilitating the exchange of trainers, rainfall, thunderstorms, stormy winds, forest fires, 15 trainers and experts. fog, snow storms, avalanches. The joint training system was established Early warning system operated within the 16 by the RED CODE international project, the most Commission's cooperation will give the important point of which was the training of the information about the current water level data of the regional development of co-defense at the Slovak border river basins. The European Forest Fire 17 Civil Defense Training Center near Ferčekovce. In Information System (EFFIS) and the European 18 the framework of the training, the partners jointly Flood Alert System (EFAS) in the EU, the Global 19 assessed the methods of local defense preparation, Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS) training procedures and practices. The Slovakian in the worldarea presents the information about the partner introduced the system and methodology of disasters. the regional civil defense training schools, and the According to Section 15 of the European Hungarian partner built civil defense Floods Directive, in relation to international river organizations into the project module and basin districts, Member States shall "decide jointly analyzed the further development of the project in on a risk management measure along 20 the cooperation of the University of Rimini watercourses". To this end, several projects were Disaster Department of the University of Bologna and the Department of Built Environment of the Basalicata Technical University. 15www.meteoalarm.eu In this cross-border partnership 16 National meteorological and hydro meteorological environment partners have been prepared to services of DC members implement the PO2005 practice. The Hungarian http://www.danubecommission.org/index.php/en_US and Slovak partners participated in the exercises /meteorological 17http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/effis/ 14212/1997. (XII.1.) On the promulgation of the 18http://www.efas.eu/ Convention on cooperation and mutual assistance in 19http://www.gdacs.org/ the event of disaster in the Government of the 20Directive 2007/60 / EC of the European Parliament Republic of Hungary and the Government of the and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on the Slovak Republic Article 4 assessment and management of flood risk www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0805030111 7 | P a g e

Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11 implemented in the Slovak-Hungarian cooperation, In order to provide the tools needed to manage aiming at the casting models of the river basin of the situation, the module selects warehouses Hernád-Sajó and Bódva. The experiences, and the (eg.warehouses, garages, etc.) and mobile technical softwarecoming from the international capacity according to the location of the projects led by the University of Miskolc, with deployment, the application of which is regard to Hernád-Sajó - iNTegRisk21, to Bódva - logistically recommendable. FLOODLOG22 project or the project of I.6 The financial environment of preventive KárolyRóbert College of Gyöngyös the "Surveying activity flood hazards of Sajó valley by remote sensing It is important to look at the disaster as a methods"23 , gave the relevant monitoring data and preventative investment, as the costs of preventive the use of state-of-the-art IT tools and databases are measures are in most cases lower than the cost of an effective part of regional early warning systems. the compensation. It is necessary to examine the With the flooding model can be predicted the danger financial instruments that support the work of the in the areas of Hernád, Sajó, Bódva rivers, and on workshop, the research background, the training this basis, it is possible to carry out the activities and and information system. the more efficient coordination of the necessary The sources of funding for cross-border prevention and remediation groups. disaster prevention are provided by the civil Based on the infiltration models, an interregional protection budget of local governments and on the logistic model supporting the carrying out of national or international project funds. logistical tasks is a major means of saving and The international sources of the Interregional remedying, the main elements of which are: Cooperation Program supported the prevention of  the module for organizing the relocation the two cities' disasters. The primary task of the module is to make  INTERREG IIIB (2002-2006) supported the existing procedures, rescue practices more creation of so-called transnational co- efficient by quickly obtaining the necessary operations across countries to promote information, and to provide an instant, territorial integration of the European area. interactive response to any unexpected The main areas of intervention are: the situations. The content of the module is the development of transnational development designation of the meeting and collection points strategies, the development of an efficient and of bodies and resources involved in the sustainable transport network, the promotion protection work, the designation of shelters for of the linkage with the information society, accommodating refugees and the organization of environmental cooperation, protection of logistics between the two above endpoints. cultural and natural values, etc. Within this  module for accessing objects program, the REDCODE - Regional Disaster To create directions for approaching objects or Common Defense project, with a total budget objects (such as trafo-stations, etc.) needed for of 1,310,000 Euros, was designed to simulate damage elimination.In doing so, the operator the theoretical and practical aspects of flood selects the starting point and the objects in the and inland water protection. databases that one needs to access.The module  The aim of the INTERREG IVC (2007-2013) prepares the route to be used in the approach program was to increase the effectiveness of taking into account flooded areas. regional development policies and to  A module for assigning the tools needed to task contribute to the economic modernization and increasing competitiveness of Europe through innovation, knowledge-based economy, assessments (15) EURLEX Official Journal of the environmental protection and risk prevention. European Union L 288/27, 06.11.2007 21 Priority 2 of the program is the environment 2008.12.01-2013.05.31Early recognition, and risk prevention area, the most important monitoring and integrated management of emerging, sub-themes of which include natural and new technology related risks http://integrisk.eu- technological risks, water management, waste vri.eu/ 22 management, biodiversity and conservation of 2012.04.01 - 31.03.2014 Project Partner: Košice natural resources, energy and sustainable University of Technology, Košice Civil Protection public transport, cultural heritage and University, B-A-Z County Disaster Management landscape. Within this framework, the CivPro Directorate, Dr. Cholnoky Environmental - Regional Strategies for Disaster Prevention Management Nonprofit Nonprofit Ltd., Zoltán Bay project, with a total budget of € 1.892.220, Applied Research Nonprofit Ltd. (subcontractor) 23 was devoted to the exchange and transfer of HUSK 1001/2.1.2/0026, partner: know-how related to the development of Slovenskývodohospodárskypodnik, štátnypodnik, regional policies. OdštepnýzávodBanskáBystrica www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-0805030111 8 | P a g e

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The path to the further development of the Disaster organizations who are outside of the network. In Prevention Volunteer Network can be defined on two international partnerships, professional development levels. Increasing the scope of its operation, the can be interpreted both individually and at Interregional level may form an expert forum in Community level, enhancing the significance of the support of the policies of the participating policy of the disaster prevention network and municipalities and regions in the structural promoting the sustainability of voluntary human framework of the Carpathian Euro region. Expanding resources. on a volunteer expert level at European level, the II.3 Collect and manage data European Voluntary Civil Protection Forum can act With the help of collaborative research as an expert group of member organizations and universities, efforts need to be made to build make recommendations to the European Disaster comprehensive, complex databasesthat allows data Management Mechanism. comparability and defining missing information and can be evaluated on the basis of the database, how to II. PROPOSAL FOR THE SUSTAINABILITY make more effective the sharing of information OF THE PREVENTION NETWORK between the actors of society and the partner regions. II.1Involvement of communities in the work of the II.4 Encourage education and knowledge prevention network applications It is important to understand the local Education, training, awareness-raising, context of vulnerability because it has basic capacity information, practices and all activities aimed at to prevent disasters and reduce their impact. This educating the population and, above all, young often requires not only professional knowledge, but people's students through their knowledge, attitudes also the creation of political, social and economic and behavior, should be given as a priority, to conditions. Communities, people are able to handle actively participate in democratic life in order to hazards, be it natural (flood, landslide, earthquake) or protect their built and natural environmental values. industrial, social (conflict, environmental or business The Disaster Relief Volunteer Network should have accident) catastrophe. The experience that local the responsibility of educating those affected by the communities’ efforts to reduce the impact of disaster to transfer the knowledge, skills and skills prevention and disaster, despite the low central needed support, can be effective. These recognitions are the II.5 Information most appropriate approaches to the self-sufficient Sustainable programs need to be created for citizen's ideal. The communities become to be all ages. and the formal education process should flexible to overcome the effects of natural, include information on hazards and impacts, risk technological and environmental hazards while management practices and disaster prevention reducing the likelihood of their occurrence, thereby activities. The members of the network will assist in addressing the social and economic vulnerability of implementing the passive information obligation of modern societies.The Disaster Prevention Volunteer local governments.It is also necessary to examine the Network must show participation and involvement construction of a real-time IT system at the that will provide a disaster-resistant community municipal level on the electronic media, which can through partnership. Widespread dissemination of assume responsibility for the professional common practices and studies strengthens maintenance of the system by continuously community participation and ensures the most cost- transmitting the information provided by members of effective use of disaster relief. the network. In the future, broad social support can be the II.6Ensuring human resources, sustainability of use of the compulsory community service of high volunteering motivation school services within the network, with which we In keeping with the principle of can achieve a dual goal. On the one hand, we can volunteering, the Network should be an open group increase the volunteer work intensity of where constant invitations are continually expanded organizations in the disaster prevention network, and invitations to participate in a workshop are only provide more information to the population, and an option and not an obligation. The Network young people who are familiar with the goals of the consists mainly of organizations, but organizations network can increase the human resources of the are also made up of people, so their individual member organizations and the effectiveness of social motivation determines the degree and duration of assistance. their involvement. In order to maintain the viability II.2 International cooperation, exchange of of the Network, account must be taken of the social- experience community (primarily community-building role) of The Network's multidisciplinary partnership the people involved, the economic, (material, mental needs to be enhanced, promoting and encouraging and psychic value creation), political (participation in partnership, know-how and experience transfers to social organizations), social psychology (subjective

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Kristóf J. Plébán Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 8, Issue5 (Part -III) May 2018, pp01-11 meaning of volunteering, identity) dimensions. It is [8]. EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International important to increase the identity of volunteers, Disaster Database, UniversitéCatholique de including experts in the Network Workshop, and Louvain, Brussels – Belgium, www.em- operational workers in social campaigns, which can dat.net be different ways: [9]. GALLAND, Olivier: Sociologie de la  Social recognition: exemption from local taxes, jeunesse, Armand Collin 2004  Visible identity: External attribution of network [10]. GLOBAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON attribution, DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 2011,  In the case of absenteeism, the employer's UNISDRDownloadingCenter guarantee to keep the job, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/  Regular exchange of experience, maintenance of gar/2011/en/home/download.html motivation, [11]. GLOBALMONITORINGFOR  Conferences, organization of international ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY - presentations, Communication from the  Creating publicity, creating media use and Commission, of 10 November 2005 entitled: creating positive media content, “Global Monitoring for Environment and  Support for member organizations (operation, Security (GMES): from concept to reality.” [COM(2005) 565 final]. training, equipment). http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l

28170_en.htm REFERENCES [12]. HORNYACSEK, Júlia – Keszely László: The [1]. 1991/396/EEC: COUNCIL DECISION of 29 use of military forces and capabilities in the July 1991 on the introduction of a single event of disasters. Engineer, VIII. Year 2 European emergency call number Official Number -2013. Journal, No. L 217, 06/08/1991 P. 0031 – June,http://www.hadmernok.hu/132_18_horny 0032 acsekj_kl.pdf l [2]. 1999/847/EC: COUNCIL DECISION of 9 [13]. INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR December 1999 establishing a Community NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION, action programme in the field of civil A/RES/42/169 United Nations, General protection Official Journal, No. L 327, Assembly, Distr: General, 11.12.1987 21/12/1999 p. 0053 http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/a42r1 [3]. 2001/792/ EC: Council Decision. of 23 69.htm October 2001. establishing a Community [14]. INTERNATIONAL DECADE FOR mechanism to facilitate reinforced cooperation NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION: in civil protection assistance interventions. SUCCESSOR (2001/ 792/EC, Euratom).HL L 297., ARRANGEMENTS, A/RES/54/219 United [4]. 2007/162/EC, EURATOM DECISIONof 5 Nations, General Assembly, Distr: General, March 2007 establishing a Civil Protection 03.02.2000 Financial Instrument HL L 71., 2007.3.10.,p. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp 9. ?symbol=A/RES/54/219&Lang=E l [5]. 2007/779/EC,Euratom: Council Decision of 8 [15]. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR November 2007 establishing a Community DISASTER REDUCTION, 2005.12.11, Civil Protection Mechanism, HL L 314., A/RES/60/195 United Nations, General 2007.12.1., p.9. Assembly, Distr: General, 02.03.2006 [6]. Treaty on European Union and the http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the ?symbol=A/RES/60/195 Functioning of the European Union Charter of [16]. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR Fundamental Rights of the European Union, DISASTER REDUCTION, 2011.12.22, Publications Office of the European Union, A/RES/66/199 United Luxembourg 2010 ISBN 978-92-824-2583-1 Nations, General Assembly, Distr: General, [7]. DECISION Of THE EUROPEAN 28.12.2002 PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp 17 December 2013 on a Union Civil ?symbol=%20A/RES/66/199 Protection Mechanism, 1313/2013/Eu, [17]. INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR Official Journal of the European Union No: L DISASTER REDUCTION, 2012.12.21, 347/924 20.12.2013 A/RES/67/209 United http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriSer Nations, General Assembly, Distr: General, v.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:347:0924:0947:EN:PDF 12.03.2013

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Kristóf J. Plébán "Cross-Border Voluntary Network for Disaster Prevention "International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) , vol. 8, no.5, 2018, pp. 01- 11

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