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Digital contact tracing and surveillance during COVID-19 - General and Child-specific Ethical Issues Innocenti Working Paper 2020-01 Covid-19 & Children Digital contact tracing and surveillance during COVID-19 General and Child-specific Ethical Issues Gabrielle Berman, Karen Carter, Manuel García-Herranz and Vedran Sekara Office of Research – Innocenti Working Paper WP 2020-01 | June 2020 1 UNICEF OFFICE OF RESEARCH – INNOCENTI The Office of Research – Innocenti is UNICEF’s dedicated research centre. It undertakes research on emerging or current issues in order to inform the strategic direction, policies and programmes of UNICEF and its partners, shape global debates on child rights and development, and inform the global research and policy agenda for all children, and particularly for the most vulnerable. Office of Research – Innocenti publications are contributions to a global debate on children and may not necessarily reflect UNICEF policies or approaches. The Office of Research – Innocenti receives financial support from the Government of Italy, while funding for specific projects is also provided by other governments, international institutions and private sources, including UNICEF National Committees. INNOCENTI WORKING PAPERS UNICEF Office of Research Working Papers are intended to disseminate initial research contributions within the programme of work, addressing social, economic and institutional aspects of the realization of the human rights of children. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of UNICEF. The authors declare that there were no conflicts of interest in the production of this working paper. This paper has been peer reviewed both externally and within UNICEF. The text has not been edited to official publications standards and UNICEF accepts no responsibility for errors. Extracts from this publication may be freely reproduced with due acknowledgement. Requests to utilize larger portions or the full publication should be addressed to the Communications Unit at: [email protected]. For readers wishing to cite this document, we suggest the following form: Berman, G., Carter, K., García-Herranz, M. and Sekara, V. (2020). Digital contact tracing and surveillance during COVID-19 - General and Child-specific Ethical Issues, Innocenti Working Paper 2020-01, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence. © 2020 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Digital contact tracing and surveillance during COVID-19 - General and Child-specific Ethical Issues Innocenti Working Paper 2020-01 DIGITAL CONTACT TRACING AND SURVEILLANCE DURING COVID-19 GENERAL AND CHILD-SPECIFIC ETHICAL ISSUES Gabrielle Bermani Karen Carterii Manuel García-Herranziii Vedran Sekaraiv i UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti ii UNICEF Data and Analytics Section iii UNICEF Office of Innovation iv Independent Consultant, UNICEF “While we understand and support the need for active efforts to confront the pandemic, it is also crucial that such tools be limited in use, both in terms of purpose and time, and that individual rights to privacy, non-discrimination, the protection of journalistic sources and other freedoms be rigorously protected. States must also protect the personal information of patients. We strongly urge that any use of such technology abide by the strictest protections and only be available according to domestic law that is consistent with international human rights standards.”1 – Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression This working paper was reviewed and strengthened by the inputs of Sigrun Kaland (UNICEF Office of the Executive Director), Remy Mwamba, Karin Källander and Elevanie Nyankesha (UNICEF Health Section), Tyler Porth (UNICEF Data and Analytics Section) and Steven Vosloo (UNICEF Office of Global Insight and Policy). 1 Statement by Mr David Kaye, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; Mr Harlem Désir, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Representative on Freedom of the Media; and Mr Edison Lanza, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, 19 March 2020. Available at: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘COVID-19: Governments muct promote access to and free flow of information during pandemic – International experts’, Geneva/ Washington/Vienna, 19 March 2020, <www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25729&LangID=E>, accessed 25 May 2020. Digital contact tracing and surveillance during COVID-19 - General and Child-specific Ethical Issues Innocenti Working Paper 2020-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Who is involved? ...........................................................................................................................................................................................6 WHAT TECHNOLOGIES AND DIGITAL DATASETS ARE BEING USED? ..........................................................................7 GETTING TO THE HEART OF THE ISSUE: HOW DIGITAL DATA ARE COLLECTED AND STORED FOR CONTACT TRACING AND SURVEILLANCE ..........................................................................................8 Digital proximity tracing ..........................................................................................................................................................................8 Storing the data .............................................................................................................................................................................................9 Limitations of contact-tracing technologies ..............................................................................................................................9 Location tracing .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Collecting and storing the data ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Limitations of the use of GPS data and big data for surveillance ............................................................................ 11 Limitations to the use of biometrics ............................................................................................................................................. 12 THE VALUE AND RISKS OF THE USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONTACT TRACING AND PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEILLANCE ..................................................................................................................... 13 The value ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Risks.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Systemic risks ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Impacts on individuals and communities ......................................................................................................................... 14 Child-specific risks ............................................................................................................................................................................ 15 KEY MESSAGES ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Purpose-driven............................................................................................................................................................................................ 18 Proportional .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19 Professionally accountable................................................................................................................................................................. 19 People-centric .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Participatory.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Protective of children’s rights ..........................................................................................................................................................
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