Conserving the Diversity of Nature in the Lake Erie Allegheny Ecoregion
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
A Legacy of Living Places CONSERVING THE DIVERSITY OF NATURE IN THE LAKE ERIE AllEGHENY EcOREGION LAKE ERIE AllEGHENY PARTNERSHIP FOR BIODIVERSITY A Legacy of Living Places CONSERVING THE DIVERSITY OF NATURE IN THE LAKE ERIE ALLEGHENY ECOREGION A publication of the Lake Erie Allegheny Partnership for Biodiversity Funding for this publication came from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (LEAP). See list of member organizations on p. 36. through a grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation to EcoCity Cleveland. This publication was a collaborative project. The principal editor was Contents David Beach, EcoCity Cleveland. Most of the descriptions of natural Photography: All photos by Gary Meszaros except as follows: A region filled with life . 2 communities were written by Jim Bissell, Cleveland Museum of Front cover: Ian Adams (Lake Erie at Vermilion). P. 3: Karen Adair, Natural History. Other contributing writers, editors, and reviewers Threats to the region’s diversity of plants and wildlife . 3 The Nature Conservancy. PP. 4-5: David Beach. P. 6: David Beach included: (plant specimen), Jim Roetzel (bobcat). P. 7: Casey Batule, Cleveland A new partnership for conservation . 5 Charles Bier, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Metroparks (people on dock), David Beach (walking at Punderson Conservation planning: Thinking ahead . 6 Renee Boronka, Cleveland Museum of Natural History Lake), and Sharon Hosko, Cleveland Metroparks (girls on boat). P. 8: Jen Brumfield David Beach (beech leaves). P. 10: Ian Adams (Tinkers Creek Gorge). How you can help . 7 Kay Carlson, The Nature Conservancy P. 12: Jim Roetzel (black bear). P. 18: Darrin Petko (vernal pool). P. 19: Jane Christyson, Cleveland Metroparks Mike Williams (wood thrush). P. 22: David Beach (Presque Isle and Natural communities of the region . 7 Rob Curtis, Metro Parks Serving Summit County water lily). P. 24: Judy Semroc, Cleveland Museum of Natural History Beech-Maple Forest . 8 August Froehlich, The Nature Conservancy (racket-tailed emerald). P. 30: Beverly Danielson, Cleveland Museum Roger Gettig, Holden Arboretum of Natural History (Presque Isle), Bruce Frumker, Cleveland Museum of Sugar Maple-Ash-Basswood Northern Rich Robert Hinkle, Cleveland Metroparks Natural History (fringed gentian), and Jack Selby, Cleveland Museum Mesic Forest . 10 Andy Jones, Cleveland Museum of Natural History of Natural History (rose pink). P. 31: Jack Selby, Cleveland Museum of Norma Lynn Kline, Erie National Wildlife Refuge Natural History (umbrella flat sedge). P. 34: Ian Adams (Lake Erie). P. Mixed Oak Forest . 12 David Kriska, Cleveland Museum of Natural History 35: Judy Semroc (mayfly). Black Oak Savannah/Midwest Sand Barren . 14 Marleen Kromer, The Nature Conservancy To obtain additional copies or rights to reprint this publication, please Kevin Metcalf, Cleveland Metroparks Great Lakes Hemlock-Beech Hardwood Forest . 16 call Renee Boronka at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History Gary Meszaros Center for Conservation and Biodiversity, 216-231-4600 or download Darrin Petko, Stark County Park District Lake Plain Swamp Forest . 18 this publication from the Lake Erie Allegheny Partnership website at Paul Pira, Geauga Park District www.leapbio.org. Silver Maple-Elm Floodplain Forest . 20 Kelvin Rogers, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Judy Semroc, Cleveland Museum of Natural History Printed on 100% post-consumer waste recycled paper manufactured Emergent Deep Marsh . 22 Patty Stevens, Cleveland Metroparks with renewable wind power. Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Kettlehole Bog . 24 Ephraim Zimmerman, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy certified. Rich Shrub Fen . 26 Graphic design: Derek Oyen © 2007 the Cleveland Museum of Natural History Lake Plain Prairie . 28 Great Lakes Palustrine Sand Plain . 30 River and Stream Aquatic Community . 32 Lake Erie Open Water Community . 34 Contact information . 36 organ Swamp (Ashtabula County, OH) A region filled with life Threats to our natural heritage The Lake Erie Allegheny Ecoregion—a territory stretching Although we are blessed with a rich natural heritage in the from Sandusky Bay to western New York—is at an ecological Lake Erie Allegheny region, this biological diversity is under crossroads. great stress. More than 200 years of timbering, farming, indus- It’s at the intersection of three continental regions—the try, and urban development have transformed the landscape. Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, Lake Plain, and North Central Nature has been squeezed into small, fragmented, vulnerable Till Plain. It’s at the point where the advance of mile-high patches. glaciers stopped some 18,000 years ago. It’s on the shore of a Many of the natural communities that existed prior to Great Lake. Even its weather is on edge, alternating between European settlement have been degraded or lost. Some have the influence of cold air masses from Canada and warm air disappeared suddenly, plowed under for farming or, more from the Gulf of Mexico. recently, bulldozed for a shopping center or a subdivision. As a result, this region has rich biological diversity. It has Others have declined gradually from the impacts of pollution, northern plant species at the southern limit of their range and livestock grazing, overabundance of white-tailed deer, or the southern species at the northern limit of their range. It has the invasion of exotic species such as purple loosestrife or zebra most eastern occuring pockets of prairie habitat. And it’s at mussels. Still others have been altered by the effects of global the southwestern edge of the northern hardwood forest. One climate change. can find northern trees like hemlock in cool ravines and more In response, people are coming together in local communi- southern trees like hickory and tuliptree on warmer exposures ties and watersheds to conserve the best places remaining— Ohio’s 10 worst non-native plants and on the floodplains of our major creeks and rivers. The and restore those that have been degraded. They are protect- region also is home to numerous rare and unusual plant and ing endangered species, establishing greenways, restoring river Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) animal species. Since the last retreat of the glaciers, all these watersheds, and expanding parklands. Buckthorns (Rhamnus sp .) species have formed complex natural communities that give The motivations are obvious. People want a healthy envi- Common reed grass (Phragmites australis) this regional landscape a unique character. ronment. They want their children to have the opportunity to Eurasian honeysuckles (Lonicera sp .) This incredible diversity of life is truly a living legacy, and experience the wonders of nature. And they know that nature Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) the conservation of this diversity is a sacred trust. Everyone contributes to overall quality of life, which in turn will help has a responsibility to protect this richness of nature so that stimulate the economic recovery of the region. Japanese knotweed (Polygonum sp .) future generations can enjoy its benefits. Narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia) Purple loosestrife (Lythrum sp .) Major threats to biodiversity Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) • Habitat destruction from development Source: Ohio Division of Natural Areas and Preserves • Alteration of physical processes, such as lake levels, stream flows, and groundwater hydrology • Altered species interactions, particularly competitive pres- sure from invasive, non-native species and the browsing of overabundant white-tailed deer The deer problem • Global climate change One of the greatest threats to biodiversity in the region is What is biodiversity? What is an ecoregion? • Pollution from industry, agriculture, and urbanization the overabundance of white-tailed deer . At high densities, Biological diversity, or “biodiversity,” is the full variety of all An ecoregion is a relatively large land area defined by deer can wipe out the understory plants of a forest and living things on Earth—from bears to bacteria—included common characteristics, such as geology, topography, dramatically alter the species composition of natural plant within ecosystems and shaped by ecological and adaptive climate and vegetation . An ecoregion is large enough to communities . Indeed, largely because of deer pressure processes . Biodiversity is organized at multiple levels, encompass natural processes (such as fire and flooding) and it’s getting hard to find a forest in the region that has not including genes, species, populations, communities, and to capture representative plant and animal species, natural been affected . Therefore, the development of humane and ecosystems . communities, and ecosystems; yet they are small enough to politically acceptable means of controlling deer populations serve as platforms for conservation planning and action . is a priority for managers of natural areas . Room for nature? These maps of the Western Reserve area in Northeast Ohio show (in red) the extent of developed land in 1980, 2000, and projected to the year 2020. While the area is not growing much in population, much more land is being developed. This trend can be seen throughout the Lake Erie Allegheny region. (Analysis for EcoCity Cleveland by the Northern Ohio Data and Information Service at Cleveland State University) A new partnership for conservation What is the region’s vision for conservation and restora- tion of biodiversity? What is the strategy for assuring that biologically