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Chapter 9 Planning Guide

Chapter 9 Planning Guide

Chapter 9 Guide

Each chapter of Holt McDougal : Principles in Practice is supported by a DVD-ROM SOS Student One Stop wide array of intervention, enrichment, and Print Resource TE Teacher’s Edition TOS Teacher One Stop

assessment resources. For more information Transparency Styles * also on TOS about these resources, see pages T24–T33.

Section Overview Reproducible and Technology Resources

Section 1: Reading and Activity Workbook: Guided Review and Assessment Resources: What Is ? Reading Activity* Section 1 Quiz* The Main Idea: Readings and Case Studies in Psychology: Online Quiz: Section 1 Quiz have many different of The IQ Puzzle, Sharon Begley* intelligence. Advanced Placement Review and Project-Based Activities with Rubrics* Activities* Transparencies with Teacher’s Notes: APA and ASA Writing Guide* Sternberg’s Triarchic Model*

Section 2: Reading and Activity Workbook: Guided Review and Assessment Resources: Measurement of Intelligence Reading Activity* Section 2 Quiz* The Main Idea: Psychologists Activities for Teaching Psychology: Interactive Feature: Stanford-Binet have developed different kinds of Activity 2, Literature Review; Activity 3, Intelligence Scale intelligence tests. To be useful, the ; Activity 4, Historical Online Quiz: Section 2 Quiz tests must be reliable and valid. Method; Activity 9, Statistical Analysis* Transparencies with Teacher’s Notes: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale*

Section 3: Reading and Activity Workbook: Guided Click for More: Intelligence Tests Differences in Intelligence Reading Activity* Review and Assessment Resources: The Main Idea: Most people Research Activities for Teaching Section 3 Quiz* have average intelligence. A few Psychology: Activity 4, Historical Method* have either very high or very low Online Quiz: Section 3 Quiz intelligence. Transparencies with Teacher’s Notes: Distribution of IQ Scores* CHAPTER 9 PLANNING GUIDE

Section 4: Reading and Activity Workbook: Guided Review and Assessment Resources: What Influences Intelligence? Reading Activity, Applying What You’ve Chapter 9 , Forms A and B* The Main Idea: Both and Learned* Review and Assessment Resources: environment influence a person’s Research Activities for Teaching Unit 3 Test* intelligence. Psychology: Activity 10, Presentation* Online Quiz: Section 4 Quiz Review and Assessment Resources: Section 4 Quiz*

245a CHAPTER 9 Differentiating Instruction Application-Based Teacher Management System • Pacing Guide Assessment • Section Lesson Plans Reading and Activity Workbook Quick Lab (p. 263) • Guided Reading Activities Boosting Brainpower This activity asks students • Applying What You’ve Learned to examine how common behaviors affect academic Advanced Placement Review and Activities performance by attempting to correlate certain behaviors to test scores received in the past week. You SOS Student One Stop may wish to extend the time period if students did • Reading and Activity Workbook • Interactive Features not receive any grades on tests or quizzes during the previous week. Encourage students to think about any TOS Teacher One Stop additional factors that may have affected their aca- • ExamView Test Generator demic performance. • Quiz Show for ExamView CHAPTER 9 PLANNING GUIDE • PuzzlePro (pp. 266–267) • Review and Assessment Resources Lab Profi le of a This lab, developed by TE Differentiated Activities teacher January Rowe of Melissa High School, in the Teacher’s Edition • Comparing and Contrasting Achievement and Intelligence, Melissa, Texas, asks students to think about the quali- p. 249 ties of a genius. In small groups or as a class, review • Creating IQ Bell Curves, p. 258 the various aspects of intelligence covered in this • Visiting a Head Start Facility, p. 263 chapter, including theories, testing, and infl uences. You • Drawing a Portrait of a Genius, p. 266 may wish to summarize on the board Gardner’s of multiple , Sternberg’s triarchic theory, and Goleman’s fi ve factors of . Groups will then use this information to develop a profi le of the characteristics of a genius. Consider Key to Differentiating Instruction giving students sample job descriptions to use as guid- Below Level ance when developing their profi les. Use the examples of profi le headings and on page 267 to help Basic-level activities designed for all students encountering shape the lab. new material At Level Find More Activities Online For additional Application-Based Assessments for this chapter, visit Intermediate-level activities designed for average students thinkcentral.com. Above Level Challenging activities designed for honors and gifted and talented students

Standard English Mastery Activities designed to improve standard English usage

With the Teacher One Stop you • Online Quizzes can easily organize and print • Internet Features Teacher Resources lesson plans, planning guides, and instructional materials for • WebQuests KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY all learners. • Current Events

With the Student One Stop your • Online Quick Lab and students can browse book pages, Applying What You’ve Learned practice taking tests, and more! • Click for More

INTELLIGENCE 245b To foster student of this chapter’s big idea, design your lesson to address each section’s essential question. What Makes a sculptor, and potter—had creative outstanding spatial-relations intelligence. Igor Stravinsky, The Big Idea a composer, had extraordinary Psychologists study the variations in musical ability. T. S. Eliot, a ? poet, had linguistic intelligence. intelligence as well as the factors GENIUS that infl uence those differences. Martha Graham, a dancer, had special body-kinesthetic intelligence. Harvard Howard Mohandas Gandhi possessed exceptional Essential Questions Gardner believes that there are sensitivity to the feelings and needs of oth- several kinds of intelligence. 1. What do psychologists believe about ers, which helped him to become an influ- Above and beyond the sorts of ential leader in India. intelligence? intelligence useful in school, Using the information he learned about 2. How do psychologists measure Gardner suggests that other these creative people, Gardner developed kinds of intelligence are neces- EC. EC stands for Exceptional Creator, an intelligence? sary for success in other areas. imaginary person who combines the com- 3. What are the different levels of Gardner’s perspective on mon characteristics of creators. As embod- ? intelligence stems in part from ied by an imaginary woman, the character- his life-long love of the arts. istics are as follows: 4. What are the factors that influence As a student of psychology, • EC comes from outside a major city intelligence? Gardner noticed that the arts but not so far removed that she is and generally uninformed. Martha Graham‘s bodily- received little attention. • EC’s family is neither wealthy nor poor kinesthetic intelligence He decided to investigate their but is reasonably comfortable. helped her to explore new relationship to intelligence by • EC’s upbringing is fairly strict, and her pathways in modern dance. studying some of the most cre- closest friend is outside her immediate ative people of the 1900s. family. In 1993 Gardner pub- • EC’s family is not especially educated, lished his findings in a book titled Creating but they value learning. Minds. In it, Gardner describes the • EC discovers her talent at an early age. characteristics and circumstances that • As an adult, EC feels the need to test shaped the lives and work of seven major herself against others in her field, and figures: , , she moves to the city. Pablo Picasso, Igor Stravinsky, T. S. Eliot, • Once she makes a major breakthrough Martha Graham, and Mohandas Gandhi. in her field, EC becomes isolated from Each of these people was outstanding in her peers. his or her field, and each one also happens • EC works nearly all the time and makes to represent one of the intelligences in tremendous demands on herself. Gardner’s theory. • EC is self-confident, stubborn, and able Sigmund Freud, as you know, was a to deal with adversity. famous psychologist whose intelligence pro- • EC has a second major breakthrough in vided insight into his own deepest feelings. her field about 10 years after the first. Albert Einstein, the physicist who estab- • EC lives a long time, gains many follow- lished the theory of relativity, had a special ers, and makes contributions in her field ability in math. Pablo Picasso—a painter, until her death.

246 CHAPTER 9

Introduce the Chapter At Level

Intelligencepy10se_INT_opener.indd 246 9/2/08 11:18:14 AM 1. Tell students to write a definition in their 3. Have students write on a sheet of paper ways own words of intelligence. Call on students that they themselves exhibit intelligence. to read their definitions to the class. Next tell them to write a paragraph 2. Have the class discuss the question: “What describing what they believe are the factors makes a person intelligent?” As students that contributed to the intelligence they discuss this issue, remind students that there possess. Intrapersonal are different types of intelligence. Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 37, Writing Assignments

246 CHAPTER 9 Watch the Video R 9 Explore topics on the psychological study CHAPTERCHAPTE of intelligence. Watch the Video See the chapter video in Holt INTELLIGENCE McDougal’s Key Topics in Most of the famous creators Gardner Psychology and Sociology DVD. studied had to struggle to win acceptance for their ideas. When acceptance came too easily, some even made a special effort to Chapter at a Glance Chapter at a Glance be unconventional because they felt it made Have students read the Chapter at a them more creative. SECTION 1: What Is Intelligence? Glance feature to preview the chapter. Gardner points out that each and every ■ Intelligence is different from achievement. characteristic will not be true for all cre- As students read Chapter 9, have them ■ Psychologists have developed several different theories ative individuals. However, as a general of intelligence. look for details that support each profile, quite a few of the details should bulleted term. hold true. As you will learn in this chapter, SECTION 2: Measurement of Intelligence creativity is not the same as intelligence. ■ Psychologists use tests to measure a person’s intelligence. But the seven major figures Gardner pro- ■ Intelligence tests must be both reliable and valid. Info to Know filed possessed both exceptional creativity and exceptional intelligence. ■ Problems with the use and design of intelligence tests have In the 1980s, con- led to some controversies. ducted a study of artistic children and SECTION 3: Differences in Intelligence adult stroke victims. In his research, ■ Most people have average intelligence. Gardner observed that individuals in ■ There are several levels of mental retardation. both groups possessed scattered profi les ■ The gifted have high intelligence and special talent. of strengths and weaknesses. Based on ■ Creativity is independent of intelligence. these , he advanced the idea that human beings possess a number SECTION 4: What Influences Intelligence? ■ Genetic factors have a strong influence on intelligence. of independent faculties, rather than a ■ A nurturing environment promotes intellectual development single intellectual ability, or IQ. From in children. there, Gardner went on to develop his ■ Advanced age limits some aspects of intelligence. theory of multiple intelligences. Develop Do you believe that there are different types of intelligence, or is it a single characteristic that can be chan-

Artist Pablo Picasso’s high spatial- neled into different abilities? Explain relations intelligence led him to your answer. Possible answer—There invent new styles and helped him to create masterpieces of visual art. are different kinds of intelligence; the varied abilities of to solve problems and to create suggest that What do you think? intelligence is a characteristic that 1. What seven types of intelligence did Gardner’s exists in multiple forms. Exceptional Creators demonstrate? 2. What living person do you consider an Exceptional Creator? How does he or she exhibit the common charac- teristics of creators? Online Resources INTELLIGENCE 247 KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY Using the Case Study At Level py10se_INT_opener.inddWhat 247 Makes a Creative Genius? 8/28/08 12:45:16 PM 1. Teach Have students read the Case Study. 3. Review Have students write out their own Then ask the What do you think? questions to answers to the What do you think? questions. facilitate class discussion about the material. 4. Link Remind students to think about the 2. Apply Have students make a list of seven content of the Case Study as they read the Answers creative people they know. Instruct students remainder of this chapter. Point out specific What do you think? 1. insight into to note the characteristics that the people on places in the chapter that link to the Case personal feelings, math, spatial-relations, their lists possess. Tell students to follow Study. Verbal/Linguistic musical, linguistic, body-kinesthetic, Gardner’s example and develop an EC based Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 38, sensitivity; 2. Possible answer— on the common characteristics of the creative Writing to Classify Bill Gates; he has made multiple people on their lists. breakthroughs in his field, has attracted many followers, and has made major contributions to his field. 247 SECTIONSECTION 1 What Is Getting Started Use the Reading and Activity Workbook to help all students understand and Intelligence? master the section content. Before You Read Use a graphic Reading and Activity Workbook: Main Idea Reading Focus Vocabulary organizer like this one to take notes on Section 1 Psychologists have many 1. How is human intelligence a achievement different theories of puzzle? intelligence intelligence. intelligence. Name ______Class ______Date ______2. What are some of the leading Theory Description Intelligence Guided Reading theories of intelligence? Section 1

READING THE SECTION DIRECTIONS In the space provided, write the vocabulary term that best matches each description.

______1. the abilities to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with others Kasparov ______2. and skills gained from experience vs. ______3. ability or

______4. theory proposed by that suggests intelligence can be broken into three distinct factors: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence the Computer DIRECTIONS Read the descriptions below. In the space provided, write the letter of the term that matches each description.

_____ 5. abilities to perform tasks such as negotiating a. multiple intelligence or changing a tire; also called street smarts b. practical intelligence _____ 6. according to Daniel Goleman, type of intelligence that consists of five factors that c. analytical intelligence are involved in success d. creative intelligence _____ 7. ability to paint, write, cook, and perform e. emotional intelligence other similar activities

_____ 8. the type of intelligence used in academic courses

_____ 9. theory proposed by Howard Gardner that people have different types of intelligence, such as verbal, visual-spatial, and intrapersonal intelligences

Academic Vocabulary Review with students the high-use academic term in this section. facility ability or aptitude (p. 250) Can a computer be a Grand Master? Deep Blue was an example of (AI), a Reading and Activity Workbook: Garry Kasparov reigned as world chess broad field that involves the creation of “thinking machines.” champion from 1985 to 2000. One of his These machines include everything from industrial robots to Section 1 rare defeats during this period came in a 1997 match against speech-recognition devices to game-playing computers. A an IBM supercomputer known as Deep Blue. In a 1996 match, computer designed specifically for one particular intellectual Taking Notes Kasparov had beaten Deep Blue handily: three wins, two task, as Deep Blue was, is called an expert system. Although it could be an expert, can any computer be truly Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory—general draws, and one loss. But through five games of the rematch, Deep Blue held Kasparov to one win, three draws, and one loss. intelligent? Some computers do one particular task better intelligence underlies all our intellectual In the sixth game, a tired Kasparov accidentally reversed two than humans. But no computer can perform as many different abilities; Thurstone’s Theory of Primary steps in a well-known defensive maneuver. Deep Blue imme- tasks as the . After retiring from competitive chess Mental Abilities—there are seven primary diately took advantage by taking Kasparov’s queen. Kasparov in 2005, Kasparov turned his attention to Russian politics. soon admitted defeat. Deep Blue was built only to beat Kasparov. After its victory, mental abilities; Gardner’s Theory of Multiple IBM disassembled the machine. Intelligences—there are nine intelligences that can be quite different from each other; 248 CHAPTER 9 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory—analytic, creative, and practical are the three types At Level of intelligence; Goleman and Emotional Teach the Main Idea Intelligence—emotional intelligence consists of five factors py10se_INT_sect1.inddWhat is Intelligence? 248 8/28/08 12:46:26 PM 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus subject? If so, how do they differ from the questions to teach this section. theories presented in the section? How did 2. Apply Have students scan the section they develop them? to identify the different theories of 4. Practice/Homework Have students intelligence. Tell students to close their write a short essay explaining why they textbooks. Write the names of four think intelligence has spawned so much intelligence theorists on the board and call speculation and debate among philosophers on students to list facts about their theories. and scientists. Verbal/Linguistic 3. Review Guide students in a discussion Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 41, about theories of intelligence. Do students Writing to Express have any of their own theories about this

248 CHAPTER 9 The Intelligence Puzzle student B. Despite the equality of opportunity and effort, student A will gain more knowl- Intelligence is one characteristic that sets edge and skills from the mathematics classes humans apart from other forms of life. than student B. Intelligence helps student A Although other animals display intelligence, achieve more than student B. humans’ capacity to adapt to changing condi- Reading Focus tions sets them apart from other animals. Understanding Intelligence Now we know The human ability to think about abstract what intelligence is not. But what is it? ideas, such as space and time, also sets us apart Intelligence can be defined as the abilities to How is human intelligence a puzzle? from all other species. Intelligence has even learn from experience, to think rationally, and It consists of different factors and has expanded our senses, enabling us to invent to deal effectively with others. Within that defi- not been easy to defi ne. microscopes and telescopes to see things too nition, psychologists have differing theories small or distant for the naked eye to detect. about what exactly makes up intelligence. The Intelligence Puzzle This chapter examines how intelligence is Reading Check Analyze What is the difference Explain What sets humans apart defined and measured. It also discusses differ- between achievement and intelligence? ences in intelligence and considers the factors from all other species? the ability to that influence intelligence. adapt to changing conditions; ability The nature of intelligence varies. People Theories of Intelligence can be very intelligent and not know many Some people have very strong or math to think about abstract ideas, such as facts about academic subjects because they skills. Others are talented in music or art. Still space and time others have the ability to get along well with have not studied. People can also know a great Summarize How can intelligence deal because they have worked hard, even if other people. Are all of these abilities signs of their intelligence is not particularly high. But intelligence? Is any of them? How many fac- impact achievement? Possible what exactly is intelligence? tors are involved in intelligence? answer—Because it gives people the Through out human history, many philos- ability to learn, intelligence can pro- Understanding Achievement According to ophers and scientists have speculated about not psychologists, one thing intelligence is is the answers to these questions. The Greek vide the basis for achievement. achievement, which refers to knowledge and philosopher Plato devoted much of his writing skills gained from experience. In other words, to examining the nature of intelligence and achievement focuses on the things that you the human mind. French philosopher Blaise know and can do. Thus, achievement involves Pascal suggested that there were two types of Reading Focus specific content, such as Spanish, calculus, intelligence: mathematical and intuitive. In history, psychology, biology, art, or music. the 1800s, the rise of psychology as a science What are some of the leading The relationship between achievement led to new theories of intelligence. and experience is obvious. If you have spent theories of intelligence? Spearman’s many hours reading about the Civil War, for Spearman’s Two-factor Theory Around two-factor theory, Thurstone’s example, then you will probably do well on 1900, psychologist ob- theory of primary mental abilities, a test about that period in U.S. history. You served that people who do well on one type of Gardner’s theory of multiple intel- intelligence test tend to do well on others, too. will have gained knowledge on the subject of ligences, Sternberg’s triarchic theory, the Civil War. But if you were tested on the He suggested that general intelligence, which g Revolutionary War instead, you might not do he labeled , underlies all of our intellectual Goleman’s theory about emotional g as well. abilities. The factor represents the abilities intelligence Although intelligence is not the same as to and to solve problems. achievement, intelligence can provide the The , which break intellectual skills Theories of Intelligence basis into verbal, quantitative, and writing subtests, for achieve ment. Intelligence makes Recall In Charles Spearman’s achievement pos sible by giving people the reflect a more or less unified factor, which g ability to learn. some psychologists refer to as . At the same two-factor theory, what does the g For example, consider two students who are time, all people are better at some things than factor represent? general intelligence, both fascinated by mathematics. Suppose that others—such as math, music, or writing. For the abilities to reason and to solve they both take exactly the same math classes this reason, Spearman suggested that spe- s problems and spend the same amount of time studying cific, or , factors account for people’s specific g s the subject. The only difference between the abilities. Taken together, and explained Describe What did Spearman two is that student A is more intelligent than Spearman’s observations. observe about people who do well on one type of intelligence test? They do INTELLIGENCE 249 well on other intelligence tests. Rate Do you think Blaise Pascal’s Below Level theory about intelligence is still Differentiating Instruction relevant? Possible answer—Yes, his py10se_INT_sect1.inddStruggling 249 Readers 9/2/08 11:18:33 AM ideas about mathematical and intui- Instruct students to copy the Venn diagram tive intelligence inform some of the shown here. Have students work in mixed- modern theories about intelligence. ability pairs to review the information on intel- Intelligence Achievement ligence and achievement. Then have students complete their Venn diagrams comparing and contrasting achievement and intelligence. Have volunteers share their diagrams with the class. Answers Remind students to retain the diagram as a study Reading Check Achievement refers tool. Visual/Spatial to knowledge and skills gained from experience, whereas intelligence Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 9, gives people the ability to learn from Comparing and Contrasting experience. 249 Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental • verbal, or linguistic, intelligence Abilities Many psychologists accepted • logical-mathematical intelligence Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence. • visual-spatial intelligence One who took exception was L. L. Thurstone, a • bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (such as specialist in . In the 1930s dancers and athletes have) Reading Focus Thurstone argued that Spearman’s tests • musical-rhythmic intelligence were flawed. Thurstone’s own tests showed Theories of Intelligence that instead of one general intelligence, there • interpersonal intelligence (sensitivity to other people’s feelings) Explain Why did L.L. Thurstone were seven “primary mental abilities”: word • intrapersonal intelligence (insight into ACADEMIC fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visu- believe that Charles Spearman’s intel- VOCABULARY alization, facility with numbers, , rea- one’s own inner feelings) ligence tests were fl awed? Thurstone’s facility ability soning, and perceptual speed. Further test- • naturalist intelligence (understanding of tests showed that there were seven or aptitude ing led him to include something similar to nature and the laws that govern natural g primary mental abilities rather than Spearman’s in his theory. behavior) one general intelligence. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences • existential intelligence (insight into the Later psychologists began to wonder whether larger philosophical issues of life) Interpret A great basketball player all forms of intelligence could be measured Gardner refers to these talents or abilities would most likely possess a strong through testing. Psychologist Howard Gardner as intelligences because they can be quite dif- ability in which type of intelligence? considered a wide variety of studies and cul- ferent from one another. In addition, he pro- tures to develop a new theory. In 1983 Gardner poses that the different intelligences are inde- bodily-kinesthetic proposed a set of seven intelligences, which he pendent of each other. Rank Which of Gardner’s intelli- later expanded to nine. For example, one student might have gences would you most like to possess strong scientific ability but little talent at music. Another student might have special at a high level? Explain your answer. musical-rhythmic ability but few athletic possible answer—musical-rhythmic Sternberg’s Triarchic Model skills. A student athlete might have highly intelligence, so I could become a developed bodily-kinesthetic skills but lim- Sternberg divided intelligence according to the way ited scientific abilities. popular recording artist people process information. Everyone is capable of using Critics of Gardner’s theory of multiple Identifying Tasks by the three types of intelligence to some degree. But each intelligences state that exceptional abilities person tends to excel at one type. This chart shows some Intelligence Type Have students in the musical or bodily-kinesthetic areas are tasks performed by each type of intelligence. not really what is meant by intelligence. His study the tasks listed on this chart. critics argue that those skills are special tal- Then, have students write down Analytical Intelligence ents and that being talented is not the same three additional tasks for each type • calculating expenses and profits thing as being intelligent. • diagramming a sentence of intelligence in Sternberg’s tri- Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory In 1985 psy- • measuring the results of a chemistry experiment archic model. Call on students to chologist Robert Sternberg published his share their answers with the class. Creative Intelligence triarchic theory of intelligence. This theory • painting a portrait breaks intelligence into the following three Logical/Mathematical factors: • writing a song • analytical intelligence (the type of intelli- Transparencies with Teacher’s Notes: • cooking a meal with the ingredients on hand Sternberg’s Triarchic Model gence we use in academic courses) Practical Intelligence • creative intelligence • changing a tire • practical intelligence • negotiating with an employer Biography Some people might excel in their school- • leading a group on a tour of your school work, while other people might be more cre- Howard Gardner (1943– ) Profes- ative or have more practical intelligence, Skills Focus sor Howard Gardner of the Harvard INTERPRETING CHARTS What kind of or “street smarts.” Practical intelligence intelligence are you using when you answer test questions? includes abilities such as knowing how to Graduate School of is best Explain. discuss a grade with a teacher or what to do known for his work with intelligence. if you discover that you have lost your wallet. Gardner’s early research postulated that there were seven distinct intelligences, 250 CHAPTER 9 including logical-mathematical intel- ligence, musical intelligence, and inter- personal intelligence. Later, Gardner Collaborative Learning At Level added naturalist intelligence, the ability py10se_INT_sect1.indd 250 8/28/08 12:46:34 PM to recognize and label environmental Sing about Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence 1. Organize the class into small groups. If 3. Tell groups to write a song about the features. In 2008, Gardner was named possible, distribute students with musical individual they selected that celebrates his one of the top fi ve infl uential business ability evenly among the groups. or her intelligence and abilities. Tell students thinkers by the Wall Street Journal. 2. Have students discuss within their groups they may draw from existing songs as famous people who embody Gardner’s inspiration, for example, “Pinball Wizard,” different types of intelligence. Each group “Hurricane,” or “What a Feeling.” should then select one famous individual as 4. Have groups sing their songs before the class. Answers its topic for this activity. Auditory/Musical Sternberg’s Triarchic Model analytical; to complete a test, Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 26, the questions must be studied and Poems and Songs analyzed 250 Some students with limited analytical skills do have some control over how long the feel- very well in school—and afterward—because ings last. Rather than dwell on bad feel- they are creative or have street smarts. ings, we can distract ourselves or make We often use more than one of Sternberg’s changes to improve our situation. three factors at the same time. If you were • Self-: the ability to move Primary Source doing an experiment for an upcoming sci- ahead with confidence and enthusiasm. ence fair, you might use practical intelligence People who are self-motivators some- “The real challenge is to show that to plan your time and to obtain the materi- times accomplish more than less moti- emotional intelligence matters over- als you need. You would use your analytical vated people who obtain higher scores on and-above psychological constructs that intelligence to interpret the results of your intelligence tests. have been measured for decades like experiment. In addition, you would use your • Impulse control: the ability to delay personality and IQ. I believe that emo- creative intelligence to design the display for pleasure until the task at hand has been your project. accomplished. A student who resists the tional intelligence holds this promise. Emotional Intelligence Psychologists Peter temptation to watch television until her — Peter Salovey, in “Emotional What? Salovey and John Mayer became interested or his homework is done may do better in Defi nitions and History of EQ” (EQ in why smart people are not always as suc- school than a student who puts off home- Today, 2002) cessful as might be expected. In 1990 they work until later. proposed yet another kind of intelligence: • People skills: the ability to empathize, emotional intelligence. The theory gained understand, communicate, and cooperate popularity in 1995 with the publication of with others. People skills help us get the book Emotional Intelligence by psycholo- along with others, and getting along with gist Daniel Goleman. Emotional intelligence, others helps us in school and on the job. Close said Goleman, consists of five factors that are A “class clown” may have exceptional peo- involved in success in school or on the job: ple skills. According to the new theory, such Have students summarize what they • Self-awareness: the ability to recognize people could be considered emotionally intel- learned about intelligence in this our own feelings. If we know how we feel, ligent. Emotional intelligence captured the section. we can better cope with our feelings. interest of many psychologists and led to new • Mood management: the ability to dis- research on the subject. tract oneself from an uncomfortable feel- Review Reading Check Summarize Name and describe ing. Although we may not be able to pre- the theory of intelligence that suggested that Online Quiz: Section 1 vent feelings of anger or sadness, we do there was a single, basic intelligence. Assess SE Section 1 Assessment Online Quiz thinkcentral.com Assessment Review and Assessment Resources SECTION 1 with Answer Key: Section 1 Quiz Reviewing Main Ideas and Vocabulary 6. Compare Using your notes and a graphic organizer like Alternative Assessment Handbook 1. Define What is intelligence? the one below, align Gardner’s nine intelligences with Sternberg’s triarchic model. 2. Identify What seven forms of intelligence did Thurstone Reteach/Intervene propose? Gardner Sternberg Reading and Activity Workbook: Thinking Critically Section 1 3. Summarize How did Spearman use g and s to explain intelligence? Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM 4. Explain What did Spearman and Thurstone’s theories of intelligence have in common that later psychologists began FOCUS ON WRITING to question? 7. Descriptive Decide which of Sternberg’s three types of 5. Support a Position Do you agree that all nine of Gardner’s intelligence is your strongest. Write a paragraph describing a intelligences are really forms of intelligence? If so, choose situation in which you displayed this form of intelligence. Visit for one of the non-academic intelligences and explain why it opportunities to reteach or help qualifies as a form of intelligence. If not, choose one and students review key topics in explain why you think it is not a form of intelligence. this chapter. KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY INTELLIGENCE 251

Section 1 Assessment Answers py10se_INT_sect1.indd1. abilities 251 to learn from experience, think rationally, 5. Possible answer—I agree. Interpersonal8/28/08 intelli- 12:46:36 PM deal effectively with others gence involves learning from experience, thinking 2. word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visu- rationally, and dealing effectively with others. alization, facility with numbers, memory, reason- 6. analytical intelligence: logical-mathematical, ing, perceptual speed visual-spatial, naturalistic; creative intelligence: 3. The represents the abilities to reason and verbal, bodily-kinesthetic, musical-rhythmic, to solve problems; s factors represent people’s intrapersonal, existential; practical intelligence: specific abilities. interpersonal 4. belief that all forms of intelligence could be mea- 7. Students should display knowledge of Sternberg’s Answers sured through testing three types of intelligence. Reading Check Spearman’s two- factor theory; general intelligence, or g, represents abilities to reason, solve problems, underlies intellectual abilities. 251 SECTIONSECTION 2

Getting Started Measurement Use the Reading and Activity Workbook to help all students understand and of Intelligence master the section content. Before You Read Use a graphic Reading and Activity Workbook: Main Idea Reading Focus Vocabulary organizer like this one to take notes on Section 2 Psychologists have devel- 1. What are the two most widely mental age oped different kinds of used intelligence tests? intelligence testing. intelligence tests. To be transformed score Name ______Class ______Date ______2. How are test reliability and Intelligence Guided Reading useful, the tests must be measured? reliability Measure- Section 2 reliable and valid. test-retest reliability ment of 3. What are some controversies Intelligence READING THE SECTION validity DIRECTIONS Read the descriptions below. In the space provided, write and problems associated with the letter of the name that matches each description.

_____ 1. a number that reflects the relationship a. assess intelligence tests? between a person’s mental age and his or her chronological age b. reliability

_____ 2. the consistency of a test c. validity

_____ 3. to judge or determine d. intelligence quotient

_____ 4. the measure of whether a test measures what e. mental age it is supposed to measure

_____ 5. a measure of the intellectual age at which a person is functioning

DIRECTIONS On the line provided before each statement, write T if a statement is true and F if a statement is false. If the statement is false, write the correct term on the line after each sentence that makes the sentence a true statement.

_____ 6. Psychologists sometimes modify raw test scores into transformed scores to make comparisons easier.

______7. A test can be considered reliable if it gives similar scores each time it is used. Why do scores keep rising on intelligence ______tests? Educators, politicians, and the media _____ 8. A test can be said to have reliability if it measures what it is intended to measure. frequently worry over declining academic ______standards and students who don’t care. But psychologist James _____ 9. A person’s intelligence quotient can be measured through one of two distinct tests. Flynn discovered something that might brighten the worriers’ ______mood: people actually seem to be getting smarter, not dumber. _____ 10. Test-retest reliability is a measure of the intellectual level at which a person functions. While researching intelligence tests used by the U.S. mili- ______tary, Flynn discovered something odd. Each time the tests were updated, some recruits would take both the old and the new version. And each time, their average score was higher on the Academic Vocabulary old test than on the new test. Since IQ scores reflect the intel- ligence of the general population, the recruits compared more Review with students the high-use academic favorably against people from several years before than against term in this section. People people today. In other words, average intelligence was rising. Just To confirm his findings, Flynn looked at results from sev- assess to judge or determine (p. 254) eral types of intelligence tests and many different cultures. Reading and Activity Workbook: Keep Getting Regardless of the type of test or the nationality of the test taker, he found that people seemed to be getting smarter. After pub- Section 2 SMARTER lishing his results, the trend became known as the . Why is this happening? Flynn considered and ruled out Taking Notes several theories. Better nutrition doesn’t seem to be the answer; neither does better schooling. One of the sturdiest hypotheses Measurement of Intelligence—Stanford- is that as our society becomes more complex and more techno- Binet Scale provides an intelligence logical, our brains are faced with more challenges from an early quotient; Wechsler Scales yield three age. This rich environment may help us make the most of our scores (verbal, nonverbal, and combined). mental capabilities. Intelligence tests must be reliable and valid. Cultural bias and stereotype threats can skew intelligence test results. 252 CHAPTER 9

Teach the Main Idea At Level

py10se_INT_sect2.inddMeasurement 252 of Intelligence 8/28/08 12:46:40 PM 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus and toward or against any particular groups questions to teach this section. were the questions biased? 2. Apply Direct students to recall intelligence 3. Review Guide students in a discussion tests they have taken. Have them write about the potential shortcomings of a paragraph about the experience. Do intelligence tests. students believe that the questions 4. Practice/Homework Instruct students accurately measured their intelligence? to make a list of different categories they If so, in what ways? What types of believe should be included in an intelligence questions most accurately measured test. Verbal/Linguistic intelligence? Did they feel that any of the Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 37, questions were biased? If so, in what ways, Writing Assignments

252 CHAPTER 9 Two Intelligence Tests as his or her chronological age. Mental age (MA) shows the intellectual level at which a You have probably taken many tests through- child is functioning. For example, a child with out your school career. Some of the tests you an MA of six is functioning, intellectually, like have taken or will take are achievement the typical six-year-old, even if the child is not tests—they show what you have learned. six years old. An MA of nine is above average Reading Focus Other tests are aptitude tests, which are for a seven-year-old. The same MA of nine is intended to predict your ability to learn new below average for an 11-year-old. skills. There are also tests that are designed What are the two most widely used In 1916 Binet’s test was brought to the to measure intelligence. The most widely intelligence tests? and revised by Louis Terman Stanford-Binet used intelligence tests are the Stanford-Binet of . For this reason, the Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler scales. test became known as the Stanford-Binet scales The Stanford-Binet Scale In the early 1900s, Intelligence Scale (SBIS). leaders of the French public school system The version of the Stanford-Binet test Two Intelligence Tests used today provides an intelligence quotient, were interested in finding a test that could Recall What did identify children who were likely to need not an MA. An intelligence quotient (IQ) is a special educational attention. In response, number that reflects the relationship between assume about intelligence? that French psychologist Alfred Binet devised the a child’s mental age and his or her actual, or it increased with age first modern intelligence test. The original chronological, age (CA). The IQ is a quotient version of the test was first used in 1905. because we use division to obtain the number. Analyze What is the IQ of a nine- Binet assumed that intelligence increased The IQ was initially computed using the for- year-old girl who has a mental age with age, so his test contained questions for mula IQ = (mental age divided by chronologi- of twelve? 133 children of different age levels. Older children cal age) × 100, or Evaluate Do you believe that the were expected to answer more difficult ques- Mental Age (MA) IQ = × 100 tions. Children earned “months” of credit for Chronological Age (CA) Stanford-Binet test used today is correct answers. an improvement over Binet’s origi- For example, a child with an MA of nine Binet’s test yielded a score called a mental nal test? Why or why not? Possible age. A child’s mental age is not the same thing and a CA of nine would have an IQ of 100. answer—Yes, the Stanford-Binet test INTERACTIVE yields an intelligence quotient, which STANFORD–BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE is a more accurate measurement than These items are similar to those that appear on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. That a mental age. test includes tasks for age levels from two to adult. The Stanford-Binet test produces an intelligence quotient, or IQ, that compares mental age to chronological age.

Age Level Sample Item 1 Sample Item 2 Interpreting Charts Stanford-Binet 2 years Children know basic vocabulary words. When the Children can match a model by building a tower examiner says, “Show me the hands” (or other part), made up of four blocks. Intelligence Scale they can point to the proper parts of a doll. Recall What is an activity that a two- 4 years Children show and classifying ability by Children show general understanding by answering year-old could perform? match a model filling in a missing word: “Father is a man; mother questions such as: “Why do people have cars?” by building a tower made up of four is a .” blocks 9 years Children can point out absurdities. “Sally has a bicy- Children show language ability by responding to Develop Aside from the ones listed cle with square wheels. What is silly about that?” queries such as: “What number rhymes with sea?” on the chart, what is a possible ques- Adult Adults show vocabulary knowledge and conceptual Adults show spatial skills by answering questions tion you could expect a nine-year-old thinking by explaining the differences between word such as: “If a car turned to the left to head south, in to answer? Possible answer—“What pairs such as “honor” and “glory.” what direction was it heading before it turned?” number rhymes with hive?” Skills Focus INTERPRETING CHARTS At what age are children expected Interactive Feature thinkcentral.com Interactive Feature: Stanford-Binet to recognize absurdities? Intelligence Scale

INTELLIGENCE 253 Transparencies with Teacher’s Notes: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Critical Thinking: Compare and Contrast Above Level py10se_INT_sect2.inddAnalyzing 253 Intelligence Tests 9/2/08 2:54:10 PM 1. Inform students that the Stanford-Binet 3. Instruct students to write an analytic essay Intelligence Test and the Wechsler scales in which they compare and contrast the test are not the only tests that have been used to they researched with the ones devised by measure intelligence. Binet and Wechsler. Students should address 2. Have students consult reliable print or such topics as when and where the tests were Internet sources to select and research an used, what types of questions were asked, intelligence test other than those designed by and the level of acceptance the tests received. Binet and Wechsler. Verbal/Linguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 9, Answers Comparing and Contrasting Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale age 9 253 Children who answer test items as compe- Reliability and Validity tently as older children have IQs above 100. The results of intelligence tests affect people’s An 8-year-old who does as well as the average lives, so psychologists hold the tests to high 10-year-old will attain an IQ of 125. Children standards. Intelligence tests (and other types who do not do as well as typical children their of psychological tests) must meet two criteria: Reading Focus age attain IQ scores below 100. they must be reliable and valid. The intelligence quotient is an example of Two Intelligence Tests a transformed score—any score that has been Test Reliability Imagine that every time you Contrast What do the Wechsler changed from a raw score in a systematic way. measured the width of your desk with a tape Psychologists transform raw scores so that measure, it showed a different result. If this scales measure that the Stanford-Benet test results can be more easily compared. happened, we would say that the tape mea- test does not measure? nonverbal sure was an unreliable form of measurement. The Wechsler Scales The Stanford-Binet The reliability of a test refers to its consistency. ability is the “classic” individual intelligence test. A test or any other method of assessment is Today, however, ’s scales are Make Inferences Scores above reliable if it gives a highly similar score every more widely used. Wechsler developed intel- time it is used. A reliable intelligence test 110 account for about what portion of ligence tests for children and adults. The most should obtain similar IQ scores for the same all Wechsler test scores? most likely, widely used test is the revised Wechsler Adult individual on different testing occasions. Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R). about 25 percent There are different ways of showing a The Wechsler scales consist of several sub- test’s reliability. One of the most common tests. Each subtest measures a different intel- is called test-retest reliability. Test-retest ACADEMIC lectual skill. Some of Wechsler’s subtests mea- reliability is determined by comparing scores Reading Focus VOCABULARY sure verbal skills. Others assess performance earned by the same person on the same test assess to judge skills. In general, verbal subtests involve taken at different times. The Stanford-Binet or determine words and ideas; performance subtests focus How are test reliability and validity and Wechsler tests are both highly reliable. on spatial relations. Both verbal and perfor- For example, if you took the Stanford-Binet measured? by comparing scores to mance subtests require reasoning ability. The in your first year of high school and again in determine test-retest reliability and by Wechsler scales reveal relative strengths and your senior year, your IQ score would prob- comparing scores with outside stan- weaknesses as well as overall intellectual ably be nearly the same both times. functioning. dards or norms Keep in mind that “nearly the same” does The Wechsler scales differ from the not mean “identical.” Scores for the same per- Stanford-Binet test in several important ways. Reliability and Validity son on different testing occasions may vary The Wechsler scales do not use the concept of somewhat. A person may be more motivated Recall What does the reliability mental age, although they still use the term or attentive one day than another. Also, scores IQ. The Stanford-Binet test measures verbal of a test refer to? its consistency in may improve as subjects become familiar with ability, whereas the Wechsler scales measure test scores the test format. In addition, intelligence is not both verbal and nonverbal abilities. Because fixed—it varies over time. Some intellectual Identify Cause and Effect What the Wechsler tests yield three scores (verbal, skills may increase with education; some may nonverbal, and combined), they can be used can cause variations in an individual’s decline with age, injury, or health problems. scores on the same intelligence test? to identify particular learning disabilities. For example, if an individual’s verbal score is Test Validity A test has validity if it measures possible answer—different levels of significantly lower than his or her nonverbal what it is supposed to measure. To see whether motivation or attentiveness, increasing score, this might indicate a . a test is valid, test scores are compared with familiarity with test format, increases Scores on the Wechsler tests are based outside standards or norms. A proper stan- or decreases in intelligence on a comparison of a person’s answers with dard for checking the validity of a musical the answers of others in the same age group. aptitude test might be the ability to learn to The average score for any age level is 100. play a musical instrument. Tests of musical About 50 percent of scores fall within a broad aptitude therefore should predict ability to range of 90 to 110. About 2 percent of people learn to play a musical instrument. who take the tests score above 130, and about What standards might be used to check 2 percent score below 70. the validity of intelligence tests? Most people agree that intelligence plays a role in aca- Distribute to your students Reading Check Identify What is now the most demic success. Intelligence test scores should copies of a recent version of widely used intelligence test? a commonly used intelligence test. Discuss as a class the 254 CHAPTER 9 questions on the test. Ask stu- dents to consider and explain Skills Focus: Interpreting Line and Bar Graphs At Level what they think certain ques- Research Required tions on the test are designed Analyzingpy10se_INT_sect2.indd 254Sets of Data 8/28/08 12:46:46 PM to measure. 1. Assign a country, state, or city to each of graphs might include bars for males and your students. Instruct students to research females for 1988 and 2008, or bars for four average IQ scores for children in their different years. assigned location for two different years (for 3. Have students exchange graphs and write a example, 2008 and 1988). You may wish to paragraph describing any trends revealed by substitute another set of results such as SAT the bar graphs they received. scores or standardized math achievement 4. Guide students in a discussion about the scores if IQ information is not available. value of bar graphs in analyzing statistical Answers 2. Instruct students to convert the data they data. Logical/Mathematical found into a bar graph. Students should have Reading Check the revised Wechsler at least four bars on their graph. For example, Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 7, Adult Intelligence Scale Charts 254 TYPICAL SUBTESTS FROM THE WECHSLER SCALES

The Wechsler scales consist of subtests that measure different skills. These are examples of items similar to those that appear on the various subtests. Verbal Subtests Reading Focus General Information General Comprehension Arithmetic 1. How many legs does a dog have? 1. What should you do if you see 1. Sam had two pieces of fruit, and Reliability and Validity someone forget her coat when Joe gave him four more. How many 2. How many nickels make a quarter? Explain Why do some psychologists 3. What is ice made of? she leaves a restaurant? pieces of fruit did Sam now have? 4. Who wrote Harry Potter? 2. Why does some food need to be 2. Four women divided 12 eggs equally believe it is diffi cult to make defi ni- 5. What is salt? stored in a refrigerator? among themselves. How many eggs tive statements about the validity of did each person receive? Similarities 3. Why is copper often used in IQ tests? There is considerable dis- electrical wires? 3. If two buttons cost 20 cents, how 1. How are a wolf and a fox alike? much would a dozen buttons cost? agreement over what intelligence is. 2. How are a saw and a hammer alike? Vocabulary Elaborate Do you believe that intel- 3. How are a day and a week alike? This test consists simply of asking 4. How are a circle and a square alike? “What is a ?” or “What ligence tests should be used to predict does mean?” The words students’ academic success? Why or cover a wide range of difficulty. why not? Yes, test results could be Performance Subtests used to help students address learn- Digit Symbol Picture Arrangement ing problems. The subject is tested on the The subject is tested on the ability to associate meaningless ability to arrange pictures such figures with specific numbers. as these in a sequence so that they tell a story. Reading Focus Block Design The subject is tested on the ability to recreate geometric What are some controversies and designs using colored blocks. problems associated with intelligence Picture Completion tests? using scores to discriminate The subject is asked to against people, cultural bias, varying identify what is missing motivation of test takers, negative from a picture like this. stereotypes Controversies and Problems therefore predict school grades. They do so Controversies and Problems moderately well. Intelligence is also Describe Intelligence testing has become an accepted What was an intelligence to contribute, in part, to job success. Scores part of our culture. But the history of intel- test controversy that arose in the on intelligence tests have been shown to pre- ligence testing is full of controversies, some dict adult occupational status reasonably 1800s? One of the more controversial of which have yet to be resolved. In addition, well. Thus, these intelligence tests seem to be was the movement to improve society psychologists point to problems with intelli- reasonably valid. However, because there is gence tests that may affect results. by reducing the numbers of the least considerable disagreement about what intel- intelligence people. ligence is, some psychologists believe that it is Controversies In the late 1800s many began difficult to make definitive statements about to see intelligence testing as a way to improve Evaluate What is your opinion of the validity of IQ tests. society. Movements sought to elevate the most the movement to elevate the most intelligent people to positions of importance. Reading Check Infer What scores would you intelligent people to positions of But they also wanted to reduce the numbers expect if a person took an unreliable test several of the least intelligent people. importance? Possible answer—It was different times? discriminatory and should have been replaced by a movement to improve INTELLIGENCE 255 the intelligence of all people.

Collaborative Learning At Level py10se_INT_sect2.inddDevising 255 Intelligence Test Questions 8/28/08 12:46:47 PM 1. Have students study the examples from the 3. Organize the class into pairs. Have partners Wechsler scales on this page. exchange the new Wechsler questions they 2. Instruct students to work individually to wrote. After answering their partners’ create new questions for the Wechsler questions, students should exchange the subtests. Students should write at least questions. Students should then check their two questions for the General Information, partners’ answers. Then ask: How might test General Comprehension, Arithmetic, writers decide which are valid questions and Similarities, and Vocabulary sections. which are not? Verbal/Linguistic Students should draw one new set of pictures Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 16, Answers for the Picture Arrangement section. Judging Information Reading Check Most likely, the scores would vary widely. 255 TESTS THAT MINIMIZE CULTURAL BIAS of that group would find such tests more dif- ficult. For example, a question about building an igloo would be easier for Inuit, who live in the Arctic, but more difficult for most other people. In theory, tests that are free from cul- Reading Focus tural bias ought to be possible. The challenge is to develop questions that test a particular Controversies skill regardless of the test-taker’s culture. and Problems Problems Intelligence tests are not perfect. Some test takers do better than others, but not Explain How did the United States necessarily because they are more intelligent. use intelligence tests in the early 1 2 3 4 Other factors—such as education or economic 1900s? to determine which immigrants background—can make a difference. would be allowed into the country Motivation to do well also contributes to performance on intelligence tests. Faced with Summarize How can stereotypes frequent failure, a person may begin to expect Find the pattern in the first two rows. Identify to fail. Without the motivation to try his or her affect people’s performance on intelli- the symbol that completes the third row. gence tests? Expectation of stereotype Do math tests have cultural bias? Explain. best, failure becomes more likely. Expectations are especially important can be self-confi rming, resulting in when test takers are members of a group higher or lower scores. with negative stereotypes. When people know In the early 1900s the United States used about a negative stereotype that applies to intelligence tests to determine which immi- them—regardless of the truth of the stereo- grants would be allowed into the country. type—the expectation can be self-confirming. Those who did not score well were deported. This is called . Studies have During the same period, many states steril- shown that reminding subjects about a nega- ized people who were found to be “mentally tive stereotype before they take a test can defective.” The horrors perpetrated by Nazi result in performance that does not match Close Germany in the name of social purity brought true abilities. Conversely, subjects who are an end to these misuses of intelligence tests. List the ways psychologists measure reminded of positive stereotypes tend to per- Another controversy around intelligence intelligence and discuss merits and form better than expected. testing is cultural bias. Critics charge that shortcomings of intelligence testing. some tests give an advantage to a particular Reading Check Identify Supporting Details group because they are created by members What are two ways in which an intelligence test Review of that group. People who are not members might show cultural bias? Online Quiz: Section 2

Online Quiz thinkcentral.com Assess Assessment SE Section 2 Assessment SECTION 2 Review and Assessment Resources Reviewing Main Ideas and Vocabulary 7. Compare and Contrast Using your notes and a graphic 1. Define What is mental age? organizer like the one below, compare the Stanford-Binet with Answer Key: Section 2 Quiz test to the Wechsler scales. 2. Explain Why is IQ called a quotient? Alternative Assessment Handbook 3. Recall What two criteria must all intelligence tests meet? Similarities Differences Reteach/Intervene Thinking Critically 4. Evaluate If a 10-year-old boy takes the Stanford-Binet test Reading and Activity Workbook: and scores as well as a 12-year-old, what would his IQ be? FOCUS ON WRITING Section 2 5. Explain How is test-retest reliability determined? 8. Persuasive A politician proposes a new law to require vot- Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM 6. Interpret How is the following question culturally biased? ers to have an average score or higher on an intelligence Lawrence and Molly go to the opera once a month. About test. Anyone with a below-average score cannot vote. Write a how many arias do they hear each year? letter to the editor explaining the pitfalls of this proposal.

256 CHAPTER 9 Visit for opportunities to reteach or help students review key topics in this chapter. Section 2 Assessment Answers KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY 1.py10se_INT_sect2.indd the intellectual 256 level at which a child is functioning 7. Similarities—Both were widely used, both mea- 8/28/08 12:46:50 PM 2. Division is used to obtain the number. sure verbal abilities, both can identify children who need special attention; Differences— 3. They must be reliable and valid. Wechsler scales do not use the concept of 4. 120 mental age, Wechsler scales measure nonverbal Answers 5. by comparing scores earned by the same person abilities, Wechsler tests yield three scores instead on the same test taken at different times of a quotient. Tests that Minimize Cultural Bias Possible answer—No, numbers and 6. People who do not have access to the opera or 8. Letters will vary; students should support the equations are the same regardless of who are not interested in the opera will not know points in their letter with facts and logical argu- culture. what arias are and would not be able to correctly ments about intelligence tests. Reading Check designed by and for answer the question. one specific culture; based on factors common to a particular culture 256 SECTIONSECTION 3

Differences Getting Started Use the Reading and Activity Workbook in Intelligence to help all students understand and Before You Read Use a graphic master the section content. Main Idea Reading Focus Vocabulary organizer like Reading and Activity Workbook: Most people have average 1. What is average intelligence? mental retardation this one to take notes on differences in intelligence. Section 3 intelligence. A few have 2. How is mental retardation gifted either very high or very low prodigy Average Gifted defined? Name ______Class ______Date ______intelligence. creativity Intelligence Guided Reading 3. Does giftedness just mean Section 3 being very smart? READING THE SECTION DIRECTIONS In the space provided, write the vocabulary term that best 4. What is creativity? matches each description.

______1. the ability to invent new solutions to problems or to create original or ingenious materials

______2. possessing outstanding talent or showing the potential for performing at remarkably high levels of Creative accomplishment when compared to other people of the same age, experience, or environment

______3. reduced or weakened

______4. that is below average, as indicated by an intelligence score at or below 70

______5. a person who develops special skill in a particular talent Does help Temple or discipline in childhood Grandin understand animals? Intelligence DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the correct Autism is a complex neurological word or phrase. 6. Mental ______can be classified as mild, moderate, severe, or disorder that affects millions of people. Generally, profound. (creativity/retardation) autistic people have difficulty interacting with others AND Autism 7. Because he had begun composing music by age 5, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart can be and may focus intensely on one object or subject. considered a ______. (prodigy/savant) For many years, autism was treated as a kind of men- 8. The abilities to paint portraits, compose symphonies, and propose new scientific theories are examples of ______. (creativity/retardation) tal retardation. As the disorder has become better 9. A ______is a person who has mental retardation or autism but understood, psychologists have realized that some exhibits extraordinary skill in a particular field. (prodigy/savant) 10. People who are ______display high levels of ability when autistic people have normal intelligence. And a few compared to others. (diminished/gifted) people with autism display extraordinary gifts. Temple Grandin, for example, has autism and a gift for understanding animals. She first realized this ability as a teenager. She felt more at ease among the animals at her aunt’s ranch than among people. Grandin pursued her interest in animals and eventu- Academic Vocabulary ally earned advanced degrees in animal science. While completing her degrees, Grandin began Review with students the high-use academic visiting a meat-packing plant, where she observed term in this section. that the animals were in distress. She realized that the design of the chutes and pens was one of the chief diminished reduced or weakened (p. 260) causes of stress for the animals. The manager of the Reading and Activity Workbook: plant, who had gotten to know Grandin through her many visits, offered her the chance to redesign the Section 3 layout to make it easier on the animals. Her design succeeded, and she began a career designing more Taking Notes animal-friendly environments. Temple Grandin credits the support she received Average—nearly 95 percent of the American at every step of her life for helping her make the most population have IQ scores between 70 of her talents. As more autistic people receive such and 130; Gifted—possess outstanding support, their intelligence will shine through. talent or show potential for high levels of performance, have IQ scores usually 130 or above; Creative—ability to invent new INTELLIGENCE 257 solutions to problems or to create original or ingenious materials, people can be creative Teach the Main Idea At Level without being gifted py10se_INT_sect3.inddDiff 257 erences in Intelligence 8/28/08 12:45:29 PM 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus as gifted and people classified as mentally questions to teach this section. retarded. 2. Apply With their textbooks closed, have 4. Practice/Homework Have students students write their own definitions of write a persuasive essay in which mental retardation. Next have students they take a position on whether or not write a definition of gifted. Tell students to students classified as gifted or mentally scan Section 3 and identify the textbook’s retarded should be taught in the same definition of those terms. classrooms with other students their age. 3. Review Discuss with students what special Verbal/Linguistic help should be given to people classified Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 43, Writing to Persuade

INTELLIGENCE 257 Average Intelligence their tests to sample populations in order to confirm that the tests are reliable and valid. Despite the limits of intelligence tests, they do They use the results to calibrate how the tests have some uses. One of the primary functions are scored. The mean average score becomes of intelligence tests is to help identify people the mid-point, or 100. When the general popu- whose intelligence is out of the ordinary—at Reading Focus lation takes the test, a person’s score should either end of the scale. The education sys- reflect her or his intelligence in relation to all Complete a tem best suits people of average intelligence. Webquest at the other people taking the test. What is average intelligence? an ordi- Those with extremely high or extremely low thinkcentral.com About half of the people in the United nary level of intelligence, an IQ score on mental intelligence need special accommodations. States attain scores in the broad average retardation. The average IQ score is 100. This is by between 70 and 130 range from 90 to 110. Nearly 95 percent attain design. Test-makers administer drafts of scores between 70 and 130. Average Intelligence What about the other 5 percent? People Explain What is one of the primary who attain IQ scores of 70 or below are Statistically defined by psychologists as having mental functions of intelligence tests? to help retardation. People who attain scores of 130 identify people whose intelligence is Sp ea k i n g... or above are regarded as gifted. In both cases, out of the ordinary special help is needed. IQ Scores Psychologists refer to this bell-shaped graph as Reading Check Find the Main Idea What is the Compare How are people who a “.” Many traits, including intelligence, are average score on an intelligence test? score above 130 on an IQ test simi- distributed along normal curves. lar to those people who score below DISTRIBUTION OF IQ SCORES Mental Retardation 70? Possible answer—Each group While having an IQ score at or below 70 is the represents about 2.5 percent of the technical definition of mental retardation, there American population and has special are other indicators as well. Mental retarda- education needs. tion is also associated with problems in com- munication, taking care of oneself, social Transparencies with Teacher’s Notes: skills, self-direction, travel in the community, Distribution of IQ Scores and vocational training. There are several lev- Number of People els of mental retardation.

55 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 145 Mild Retardation About 80 percent of peo- ple with retardation are classified as mildly Reading Focus 50% retarded, with IQs ranging from 50 to 70. 95% Such people often are not obviously retarded, How is mental retardation defi ned? 99% but as children they have more difficulty than IQ score at or below 70 Retardation Slow learner High average Superior most other children in learning to walk, in Borderline Low average Above average Gifted feeding themselves, and in learning to talk. Mental Retardation Most children with mild retardation are able 50% to learn to read and do arithmetic. As adults, Describe What tasks might mildly Percentage of people whose intelligence scores they often are able to take care of themselves retarded children have diffi culty range from 90 to 110 and hold jobs. They may, however, need occa- performing? learning to walk, feeding 5 to 10 Estimate of how many points intelli- sional guidance and support. themselves, learning to talk gence scores rise every 10 years Moderate Retardation People with IQ scores from 35 to 49 have moderate retar- Make Inferences What can you 100 million Approximate number of dation. They can learn to speak, to feed and infer about the schooling of students standardized tests given to U.S. students each year dress themselves, and to work under sup- classifi ed as moderately retarded? portive conditions. They usually do not learn Skills Focus INTERPRETING GRAPHS Why is tallest to read or to solve math problems. Children Possible answer—They are not taught at the center? with are most likely to be in the same classrooms as children of classified in the moderately retarded range. average intelligence. Mental Retardation WebQuest: 258 CHAPTER 9

Differentiating Instruction Standard English Mastery At Level Intelligence Tests Click the link in the Interactive Online English-Languagepy10se_INT_sect3.indd 258 Learners 8/28/08 12:45:33 PM Edition for additional content on intel- 1. To ensure that students understand the have them create two more bell curves, ligence tests. chart showing IQ scores, ask the following one predicting IQ scores ten years from questions: How does the number of people the time this chart was prepared and the with an IQ score of 80 compare to the other predicting IQ scores 30 years in the number of people with an IQ score of 130? future. Have students share their charts with More people received a score of 80 than 130. the class. Then instruct students to write a Approximately how many U.S. students will paragraph predicting the effects this increase score between 90 and 110 on an IQ test each in IQ might have on our society. Visual/ Answers year? 50 million Spatial; Logical/Mathematical Statistically Speaking The center 2. Have students read the information about represents the largest number of scores. Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 7, the rise in IQ scores every ten years, and Charts Reading Check 100 258 Although adults with moderate retardation Famous Prodigies are usually not capable of self-maintenance, they can participate in simple recreation and travel alone in familiar places. Visual Arts Severe Retardation People with severe men- Reading Focus tal retardation—IQs of 20 to 34—usually Gian Lorenzo Bernini Bernini first require constant supervision. They may have learned to sculpt in the workshop of some understanding of speech and be able to his father, a sculptor. By the age of 14, Does giftedness just mean being respond. Although they can perform daily rou- Bernini was crafting portrait busts for very smart? No, giftedness is more tines and repetitive activities, they need con- wealthy patrons. He created his first than IQ, it may involve a talent or tinuing direction in a protective environment. masterpieces in his early 20s. As a a great potential for something. Some children in this category can learn some sculptor, architect, and painter, Bernini basic self-help tasks, such as self-feeding. established the baroque style. Profound Retardation People with profound Giftedness retardation—IQs below 20—barely com- Recall What is the typical IQ score municate. They may show basic emotional for a person who is gifted? 130 or responses, but they cannot feed or dress them- Music above selves and are dependent on other people for Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart’s their care throughout their lives. father, Leopold, trained him as a musician Predict What do you think could Causes of Retardation Retardation can be from an early age. Mozart wrote his first happen during the lifetime of a girl caused by any of several factors. Accidents composition at age 5 and gave his first who was able to beat most adult chess that result in brain damage and difficul- public performance when he was 6. He masters by age 14? Possible answer— ties during childbirth can cause retardation. had written 8 symphonies by the time he She will develop her natural talent Pregnant women who abuse alcohol or drugs, was 12. Mozart composed some of the are malnourished, or who have other health world’s greatest music. and compete for the world chess problems may give birth to children who are championship as an adult. mentally retarded. Retardation also can be caused by genetic disorders or abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. Sports Primary Source Reading Check Identify What are the four levels Venus and Serena Williams The Williams of mental retardation? “Venus and I worked hard toward our sisters’ father, Richard, raised them to be goal from the very beginning. Dad and tennis stars. They each began winning Giftedness amateur tournaments at the age of 10 Mom would load us, our racquets, a Technically speaking, people who are gifted and turned professional at age 14. Venus, broom, and a bunch of milk crates fi lled have IQ scores of 130 or above. However, gift- the older sister, ranked 25th in the world with old tennis balls into our old edness (like retardation) may be more than by age 17. Serena ranked 21st in the and white Volkswagen van, and we’d just a matter of IQ. In general, to be gifted is world by age 16. They have both won head off to practice tennis. But unlike to possess outstanding talent or to show the many Grand Slam tournaments. potential for performing at remarkably high some families, we weren’t going to a levels of accomplishment when compared country club. We went to the local park, with other people of the same age, experience, where grass grew in the cracks of the or environment. Math The most gifted children are sometimes asphalt courts and there was so much called child prodigies. A prodigy develops spe- Ruth Lawrence After being tutored at home by her father, broken glass and drug paraphernalia on cial skill in a particular talent or discipline in Ruth Lawrence entered Oxford University at age 11. Two the courts that we started each practice childhood. Prodigies perform at a level com- years later, she graduated with honors with a degree in by sweeping them off. The conditions parable to, or above, most adults in that field. mathematics. The next year, she had earned a second degree Many prodigies benefit from parents who in physics. By the time Lawrence was 17, she had earned a may not have been the best, but these encourage and help develop their child’s tal- doctorate in math. courts became our second home. We ent. Some famous prodigies are listed here. practiced for several hours a day, most days a week, year in and year out, never INTELLIGENCE 259 losing sight of our dream.” — Serena Williams, quoted in Hillary Beard et al., Research Required At Level Venus & Serena: Serving from the Hip Critical Thinking: Sequence (Houghton Miffl in, 2005) py10se_INT_sect3.inddBiography 259 of a Prodigy 8/28/08 12:45:36 PM 1. Direct students to use Internet search engines different stages of the prodigy’s life. Remind to identify a famous prodigy not already students that they should include information listed on this page. You may instead wish to about the prodigy’s childhood and adult life. assign topics for this activity. They should also include a bibliography with 2. Have students research the prodigy they their reports. identified and write a full biography about 3. Call on students to summarize their him or her. Students should describe which biographies for the class. Verbal/Linguistic special skill or talent their subject possessed, Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 4, as well as the efforts involved to develop that Biographies Answers skill. Tell students their biographies should be structured chronologically, describing the Reading Check mild, moderate, severe, profound retardation 259 Some researchers believe that motiva- Although creativity may be a part of gift- tion and creativity contribute to giftedness. edness, a person can be highly creative with- Others emphasize the importance of insight. out being gifted. In fact, a person can even And many educators consider children with be substantially below average in intelligence outstanding abilities to be gifted. The abilities and yet have very high creativity. Reading Focus can be in specific areas such as music, lan- English psychiatrist Lorna Selfe identified ACADEMIC guage arts, mathematics, or science. Children one such person, a girl named Nadia. Nadia What is creativity? ability to invent VOCABULARY may be gifted in terms of leadership abilities had diminished mental skills and could not diminished new solutions or create original or creativity, or they may exhibit excellence in speak. However, she had a remarkable tal- reduced or the visual or performing arts. ent for drawing, and her creative ability was weakened materials On the basis of research and experience, indisputable. Nadia exemplified savant syn- educators generally recognize the importance drome—a person who has autism or mental Creativity of identifying gifted children early and provid- retardation yet exhibits extraordinary skill, Describe How did Albert Einstein ing them with rich, varied learning opportuni- even brilliance, in a particular field. About 10 ties. Special schooling helps gifted children to percent of people with autism display special exhibit creativity? He could visualize develop their potential. skills, but fewer than 1 percent of people with diffi cult problems. other mental disabilities do. Reading Check Summarize What does it mean to Research suggests that highly intelligent Defi ne What is ? be gifted? people are more likely than the average per- when a person who is mentally son to be particularly creative. Yet just as a retarded or autistic exhibits extraordi- Creativity high level of creativity does not guarantee nary skill in a particular fi eld Giftedness is often linked with creativity. high intelligence, high intelligence does not Creativity is the ability to invent new solutions guarantee high creativity. For example, a to problems or to create original or ingen- Canadian study of gifted children ages 9 to ious materials. For example, some of Albert 11 found that they generally were more cre- CONNECTION Einstein’s best work grew out of his ability to ative than children who were average in intel- Creative Genius visualize difficult problems. He developed the ligence. How ever, this was only true for the Albert Einstein was theory of special relativity by imagining what group as a whole. Some of the gifted individu- Close both very intelligent light would look like if an observer could move als were no more creative than the children and very creative. at the speed of light. Einstein himself recog- who were average in intelligence. Tell students to draw a graphic orga- nized the value of creativity. He once said, Reading Check Draw Conclusions Are all creative “The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge nizer that includes the different intelli- people highly intelligent? Explain. gence classifi cations described in but imagination.” this section.

Online Quiz thinkcentral.com Review Assessment Online Quiz: Section 3 SECTION 3 Reviewing Main Ideas and Vocabulary 6. Explain How could someone be highly creative without Assess 1. Define What is a prodigy? being highly intelligent? SE Section 3 Assessment 2. Recall What is the technical definition of mental 7. Categorize Using your notes and a graphic organizer like retardation? the one below, describe the four levels of mental retardation. Review and Assessment Resources Level of Retardation Characteristics with Answer Key: Section 3 Quiz Thinking Critically Alternative Assessment Handbook 3. Support a Position Does it make sense for the education system to be tailored to the needs of people of average intel- Reteach/Intervene ligence? Why or why not? FOCUS ON WRITING 4. Identify Cause and Effect What are some of the possible 8. Expository Imagine that someone creating an intelligence Reading and Activity Workbook: causes of mental retardation? test accidentally used only extremely smart people to cali- Section 3 5. Elaborate How could someone be highly intelligent with- brate the test. Explain what would happen when the test out being considered gifted? was administered to the general population. Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM

260 CHAPTER 9

Visit for opportunities to reteach or help Section 3 Assessment Answers students review key topics in this chapter. 1.py10se_INT_sect3.indd a person who 260 develops special skill in a particular 6. Possible answer—A person could have a low 8/28/08 12:45:40 PM KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY talent or discipline in childhood IQ and possess remarkable creative ability in 2. having an IQ score at or below 70 drawing or music. 3. Possible answer—Yes, the vast majority of stu- 7. mild—can read and hold jobs but sometimes need dents are of average intelligence. guidance and support; moderate—can speak, feed themselves, and work under supportive 4. accidents that result in brain damage, difficulty conditions but need help with self-maintenance; Answers during childbirth, substance abuse or malnourish- severe—require constant supervision; profound— Reading Check (left) to possess ment during pregnancy, genetic disorders dependent on others for care outstanding talent or to show the 5. If a highly intelligent person does not possess 8. Possible answer—The distribution of scores potential for performing at remarkably outstanding talent or show potential to perform would be lower than normal. high levels of accomplishment; (right) No, at a high level, he or she would not be some highly creative people may be considered gifted. below average in intelligence. 260 SECTIONSECTION 4 What Influences Getting Started Use the Reading and Activity Workbook Intelligence? to help all students understand and

Before You Read Use a graphic master the section content. Main Idea Reading Focus Vocabulary organizer like Reading and Activity Workbook: this one to take notes on Both heredity and environ- 1. How does your genetic make- Section 4 ment influence a person’s up influence your intelligence? fluid intelligence influences on intelligence. intelligence. crystallized intelligence 2. How does your environment Name ______Class ______Date ______influence your intelligence? Intelligence Guided Reading Section 4 3. What are some of the connec- Environment READING THE SECTION tions between aging and DIRECTIONS Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase.

intelligence? 1. ______is the extent to which variations in a trait from person to Age person can be explained by genetic factors. (Heritability/Intelligence)

2. The mental capacities that allow people to respond quickly to situations or problems

are part of ______intelligence. (crystallized/fluid)

3. ______intelligence is the sum of a person’s knowledge of the world. (Crystallized/Fluid)

4. A person’s ______are the people with whom he or she works and associates. (colleagues/)

5. ______programs are designed to provide young children with Hungry enriched early experiences. (Genetic/Preschool) DIRECTIONS On the line provided before each statement, write T if a statement is true and F if a statement is false. If the statement is false, write the correct term on the line after each sentence that makes the sentence a true statement. Learn _____ 6. As a person ages, his or her crystallized intelligence may change, leading to to decreased response times. ______

_____ 7. Scientists estimate that the heritability, or genetic influence, of intelligence ranges from 40 to 60 percent.

Can hunger make you smarter? ______The brain is part of the body, so the state _____ 8. Fluid intelligence, or , often continues to grow as people age.

of your body affects your intelligence. One ______

commonly-recognized example of this is the effect of over- _____ 9. A psychologist working on a study might seek out the and opinions eating. Everyone knows you shouldn’t eat a big meal before of his or her colleagues. ______an important test—you’ll be too sleepy to do your best. Scientists have found that the opposite approach might help. When the stomach is empty, it produces ghrelin, a hormone that signals that it’s time to eat. But ghrelin also boosts learning, memory, and spatial reasoning. Mice that Academic Vocabulary were injected with ghrelin performed better than other mice Review with students the high-use academic when running mazes and performing other tests of their intelligence. term in this section. Does this mean you should starve yourself before your colleagues co-workers or associates next big exam? Probably not. First of all, the scientists (p. 262) point out that more research needs to be done to establish whether hunger would help improve human intelligence. Reading and Activity Workbook: Secondly, the brain needs food to function. Too little nourish- Section 4 ment might boost ghrelin levels, but it would also starve the brain of fuel. As with so many things, moderation is probably the best choice: take your test fed, but not full. Taking Notes Genetics—heritability of intelligence ranges from 40 to 60 percent; Environment—home environment, parenting styles, and preschool programs can influence the development of intelligence; Age—fluid intelligence declines INTELLIGENCE 261 with age, while crystallized intelligence can grow with age Teach the Main Idea At Level py10se_INT_sect4.inddWhat 261 Infl uences Intelligence? 8/28/08 12:46:04 PM 1. Teach Ask students the Reading Focus 3. Review Discuss as a class how intelligence questions to teach this section. can change over the course of a person’s 2. Apply Have each student create a list of life. possible influences on human intelligence. 4. Practice/Homework Assign students Tell students to label each item on their to write a short essay describing how list based on whether they think it is a they believe genetics and environment product or result of genetic factors or of have influenced their own intelligence. environment. Call on students to share an Verbal/Linguistic item from their list for discussion. Does the Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 40, class agree with the student’s label? If not, Writing to Describe why not?

INTELLIGENCE 261 Genetic Influences on Intelligence Adoptee Studies Some studies have com- pared the intelligence test scores of adopted Through the 1900s, a great debate took place children to those of their biological parents in the scientific world. Scientists wondered and their adoptive parents. If children are whether we are more influenced by our separated from their biological parents at genetics or by our environment. The question Reading Focus early ages but their intelligence test scores applies to many human characteristics but remain very similar to those of their biologi- few more so than intelligence. We will look cal parents, it is probably because of genetic How does your genetic makeup infl u- first at the genetic side of the debate. influences. ence your intelligence? Genetic factors Are all people born with the same amount On the other hand, if the intelligence test account for about 40 to 60 percent of of intelligence? How do genetic factors affect scores of adopted children are more like those the level of intelligence we have? Researchers intelligence. of their adoptive parents, it is probably because who study the genetic factors in intelligence of environmental influences. Most studies of have used kinship studies and adoptee stud- Genetic Influences adopted children have found that their intel- ies to explore questions such as these. ligence test scores are more like those of the on Intelligence Kinship Studies If genetic factors are biological parents than those of the adoptive Recall What did Thomas Bouchard involved in intelligence, then closely related parents. Thus, there seems to be further evi- fi nd out about identical twins? Their people should be more alike in terms of intel- dence of heredity’s role in intelligence. intelligence scores are more similar ligence test scores than distantly related or Other psychologists, however, argue that unrelated people. For this reason, psycholo- an overemphasis on heredity can undermine than those of any other group gists have studied intelligence test scores parental and educational efforts to help chil- of people. of related people. Identical twins have often dren learn. Parents and educators are most been used in these studies. Because they have effective when they believe their efforts will Interpret Why do researchers exactly the same genetic makeup, their test improve children’s knowledge and skills. interested in genetic infl uences on scores should be identical if intelligence is Because parents and educators cannot change intelligence study adoptees? Study- solely inherited. Any difference in scores would children’s genetic codes, it is useful for them ing adoptees allows researchers to mean that other factors are also involved. to assume that effective parenting and teach- ACADEMIC Psychologist Thomas Bouchard and his ing can make a difference. compare and contrast the children VOCABULARY colleagues compiled the results of more than Reading Check Draw Conclusions Whose intelli- with their biological parents and their colleagues 100 studies on the relationship between gence test score will probably be closest to yours: co-workers or heredity and intelligence. They found that the adopted parents, thereby providing associates a parent, a cousin, or a neighbor? Explain. measurements of genetic and environ- intelligence test scores of identical twins are more similar than those of any other group of mental infl uences on intelligence. people. This finding holds true even when the Environmental Influences twins are reared apart and grow up in differ- on Intelligence ent environments. Similarities in intelligence Bouchard and his colleagues found that for Reading Focus test scores between pairs of fraternal twins, each type of kinship, from identical twins to other brothers or sisters, and parents and parents and children, intelligence test scores children are moderate. Similarities in intel- are more alike for pairs of people who were How does your environment infl uence ligence between children and foster parents reared together than for pairs who were reared your intelligence? Home environment, and between cousins are weak. What does all apart. This result holds for identical twins, parenting style, schooling, and other this mean? It means that genes do seem to other brothers and sisters, and even people play some role in intelligence. But how great who are unrelated. These findings suggest environmental factors infl uence the a role does inheritance play? development of intelligence. that environmental factors also affect intel- Heritability is the extent to which varia- ligence. A variety of studies have examined tions in a trait from person to person can be the influence of home environment, parenting Environmental Influences explained by genetic factors. Most studies style, schooling, and other environmental fac- suggest that the heritability of intelligence tors on intelligence. on Intelligence ranges from 40 to 60 percent. That is, about Explain What did Thomas Bouchard half of the differences in intelligence test Home and Parenting Studies have shown fi nd out about pairs of related people scores among people can be accounted for by that home environment and styles of parent- ing influence the development of intelligence. who were reared together? Their heredity. intelligence scores are more alike than those of pairs who were reared apart. 262 CHAPTER 9 Rank Who do you think would have more similar intelligence test scores, Collaborative Learning Research Required At Level biological brothers who were raised apart or two boys not related to each Debatingpy10se_INT_sect4.indd the 262 Infl uences on Intelligence 8/28/08 12:46:10 PM other who were raised together? 1. Inform students they will be debating the 3. Tell students in all three groups to use Explain your answer. Possible influences on human intelligence. the text, as well as reliable Internet and answer—It is impossible to tell 2. Organize the class into three groups. Assign print sources to research genetic and because both genetic and environmen- one group the position that genetic factors environmental influences on intelligence. tal factors infl uence intelligence. have the greatest influence on human 4. Organize a class debate between the groups. intelligence. Assign another group the Afterwards have the third group declare position that environmental factors have the a winner, explaining the for its greatest influence. The third group will act as decision. Interpersonal arbiters. Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 10, Answers Debates Reading Check a parent 262 Quick Lab Boosting Brainpower Many factors influence how well our brains work. A quick survey may reveal how common behaviors affect your academic performance. Reading Focus PROCEDURE 1 Take out a blank piece of paper but do not put your name Environmental Influences on it. Answer the following questions about the past week: on Intelligence How many hours did you spend exercising? How many hours of sleep did you get? Identify What are long-term ben- How many caffeinated beverages did you consume ANALYSIS efi ts of programs like Head Start? during or before school? 1. As a class, analyze the results, and see if you can correlate children go on to higher education, How many hours did you play a musical any of the four factors with higher test scores. earn more, decreased likelihood of instrument? 2. Now do the same with lower test scores. juvenile deliquency What were your scores on quizzes and tests? 3. If you find a clear link between behaviors and test scores, 2 Collect the answers, and order them by test scores. write a short press release describing your findings. If not, Design What are some toys that 3 Enter the results in a table with a column for each answer discuss whether any of these behaviors affect academic parents could provide to their young and a row for each student. performance. children to help develop their intel-

Quick Lab thinkcentral.com ligence? possible answer—alphabet blocks, puzzles, educational software

The following factors have been demonstrated Communities across the United States Info to Know to help improve intellectual functioning in operate Head Start centers under the guid- children. ance of the U.S. Department of Health and Head Start Since its inception in 1965, • The parents are emotionally and verbally Human Services. Parental involvement is an about 25 million children have benefi ted responsive to their children’s needs. important feature of Head Start. This program from Head Start. Today, about 2,700 includes health, education, and social services • The parents provide enjoyable and edu- Head Start programs in the United cational toys. for participating children and their families. In local Head Start centers, children become • The parents are involved in their chil- States serve about 1 million children. familiar with books. They also play word and dren’s activities. number games; work with puzzles, drawing • The parents provide varied daily experi- materials, toy animals, and dolls; and interact ences during the preschool years. with teachers in a school-like setting. Quick Lab • The home environment is well-organized Preschool programs such as Head Start Objective Students will analyze and safe. have been shown to increase the intelligence • The children are encouraged to be inde- test scores, achievement test scores, and aca- the impact of common behaviors on pendent—to make their own decisions demic skills of participants. Preschool pro- their academic performance. and to solve their own problems when- grams also appear to have long-term benefits. Procedure Have students create ever possible. Graduates of these programs are less likely to repeat a grade or to be placed in classes for one master table on the board or a Preschool Programs Many preschool pro- slow learners. They are more likely to finish projection screen for the entire class grams are designed to provide young children high school, to attend college, and to earn high with enriched early experiences. These experi- to see. This will ensure that all stu- incomes. Participation in such programs even ences are intended to develop intelligence and dents are analyzing the same data. decreases the likelihood of juvenile delin- to prepare children for school. Many such pro- quency and reliance on welfare programs. Analysis Point out any statistical grams exist, but one particularly well-known program is Head Start. Begun in 1965, Head Reading Check Summarize What did Bouchard trends or anomalies the students Start was designed to give economically dis- find that demonstrates the importance of envi- may miss. For example, does advantaged children a better start in school. ronment on intelligence? combining the numbers of any two factors show a relationship with INTELLIGENCE 263 test scores? As students discuss the data, suggest that they consider Above Level other factors (not among the four Differentiating Instruction included in this activity) that may py10se_INT_sect4.inddAdvanced/Gifted 263 and Talented 8/28/08 12:46:12 PM have infl uenced their test scores 1. Review with students the general goals and multimedia presentation describing the Head during the past week. functions of Head Start. Then instruct them Start program they observed. Students should to locate a Head Start facility located nearby, include any important conclusions that can contact the program director, and arrange for be drawn about the activities Head Start uses a visit. Tell students to prepare for the visit to advance the intellectual functioning of by developing a list of questions about the children. Kinesthetic program to ask the teachers and supervisors Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 22, at the center during their visit. Multimedia Presentations Answers 2. After the visit, have students use their notes Research Activities for Teaching Psychology: and the answers they received to create a Activity 1, The Interview Reading Check Intelligence scores are more alike for pairs of people reared together than for pairs reared apart. 263 Aging and Intelligence • intact family life Psychologists are also concerned about factors • attendance at cultural events, travel, and that affect intelligence among adults, espe- reading cially older adults. Most older people show • marriage to a spouse with a high level of Reading Focus some drop-off in intelligence as measured by intellectual functioning scores on intelligence tests. The decline is usu- • a flexible personality ally most notable in timed test questions— In general, the more of these factors that are What are some of the connections questions that must be answered within a pres ent in people’s lives and the higher and between aging and intelligence? Fluid certain amount of time. On the other hand, stronger the factors are, the higher the level intelligence declines with age; crystal- vocabulary skills can continue to expand for of intellectual functioning. lized intelligence increases. a lifetime. All things considered, intellectual func- Slowed response times are part of a decline tioning in people of all ages appears to reflect Aging and Intelligence in fluid intelligence. These mental capacities many genetic, physical, personal, and social allow us to respond quickly to novel situa- factors. The fact that a person’s genetically Identify What skill can continue to tions or problems. What remains more stable, determined intellectual potential cannot be expand over a lifetime? vocabulary though, is crystallized intelligence—the sum of predicted makes it difficult to resolve the our knowledge about the world. Crystallized debate about the roles that genetics and Rank Which environmental factor do intelligence can continue to grow throughout environment play in intelligence. However, no you think has the greatest impact in our lives. matter what genes a person may have inher- determining intellectual functioning in Biological changes contribute to some of ited, that person’s intelligence is not fixed or the decline in fluid intelligence. However, older people? Explain your answer. pos- unchangeable. People can, depending on their older people who retain their health have very education and other factors, improve their sible answer—cultural events, travel, high levels of intellectual functioning. One intellectual functioning. Genetic factors give reading; each stimulates the brain study, conducted in Seattle, has been follow- each person a range of possibilities. The envi- ing intellectual changes in adults since 1956. ronment influences the expression of these The Seattle study has found that intellectual possibilities. Intelligence remains a complex functioning in older people is linked to several concept that challenges psychologists, educa- environmental factors: tors, and many others. • level of income Reading Check Contrast What is the difference • level of education between fluid and crystallized intelligence? Close • a history of stimulating jobs Have students summarize the different infl uences on human intelligence. Online Quiz thinkcentral.com Assessment Review SECTION 4 Online Quiz: Section 4 Reviewing Main Ideas and Vocabulary 6. Summarize Using your notes and a graphic organizer like 1. Define What is heritability? the one below, summarize the effects of environmental influences on intelligence. Assess 2. Identify Main Ideas What are the two broad categories of influences on intelligence? Home and Parenting Preschool SE Section 4 Assessment 3. Recall What type of intelligence tends to decline in older Review and Assessment Resources adults? with Answer Key: Section 4 Quiz Thinking Critically Alternative Assessment Handbook 4. Identify Cause and Effect Why are the IQ scores of identi- cal twins closer than the IQ scores of any other group of FOCUS ON WRITING people? Reteach/Intervene 7. Descriptive Imagine that your local government has asked 5. Explain What effect do preschool programs such as Head Reading and Activity Workbook: for your help in designing a new program for senior citizens. Start have on intelligence scores? They want the program to help senior citizens maintain their Section 4 mental acuity, and they suggest basing it on the Seattle Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM study. Briefly describe how your program would work.

264 CHAPTER 9

Visit for opportunities to reteach or help Section 4 Assessment Answers students review key topics in this chapter. 1.py10se_INT_sect4.indd the extent to 264which variations in a trait from per- lectual functioning; Preschool—Head Start activi- 8/28/08 12:46:16 PM KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY son to person can be explained by genetic factors ties such as number games, puzzles, and drawing 2. genetics and environment materials have been shown to increase intelli- gence test scores. 3. fluid intelligence 7. Students should consider the following factors 4. Identical twins have the same exact genetic when designing the new program: income level, makeup. education level, job history, family life, cultural Answers 5. They have been shown to increase intelligence events, spouse, and personality. test scores. Reading Check fluid intelligence— mental capacities that allow us to 6. Home and Parenting—Responsiveness of par- respond quickly to novel situations and ents to children’s needs, educational toys, paren- problems; crystallized intelligence— tal involvement in children’s activities, and a safe sum of our knowledge about the world home environment contribute to children’s intel- 264 Current Research in Psychology Emotional Intelligence Influences Success Emotional Intelligence

If you are really smart, are you guaranteed to achieve success? Or does it Influences Success take more than just book smarts to succeed? Despite the emphasis still placed on traditional measures of intelligence, researchers have found CENT3CHOLARSHI that other types of intelligence are just as important to success at school 2ECEN RSHIP and work. In particular, emotional intelligence—the ability to under- Emotional intelligence includes the In his 1995 bestseller Emo- stand your own emotions and those of others—turns out to play a signifi- ability to resist temptation. cant role in success. tional Intelligence, psychologist Daniel Goleman called atten- Throughout most of the 1900s, when Why is this? Psychologists began to salespeople, the optimists sold 37 tion to the importance of being people thought of intelligence, they investigate, and they found some sur- percent more in their first two years attuned to emotions—both thought of the sort measured by prising results. than the pessimists. The company the Stanford-Binet and similar tests. The executive recruiting firm then decided to hire a group of one’s own and those of oth- The results of standard intelligence Egon Zehnder International studied salespeople who had failed the usual ers. A decade later, Goleman tests seemed like a clear indicator of the experience, intelligence, and entrance exam but scored high on published , potential success in school and work. emotional intelligence of executives optimism. Those salespeople outsold which explores interpersonal The real world is not so simple, from around the world. They found the company average by 27 percent. however. The people who score that executives with low emotional Some studies show that IQ and aspects of emotional intel- highest don’t necessarily achieve the intelligence were the most likely to emotional intelligence are related. At ligence. Specifi cally, Social greatest success. It isn’t that tradi- fail, regardless of their experience and Stanford University, researchers asked Intelligence advances the theory tional intelligence isn’t important—it intelligence. Conversely, those with four-year-old subjects to stay alone that people are continually takes a certain level of intelligence to high emotional intelligence were the in a room with a marshmallow while engaged in a “neural ballet” be a doctor, for example—but the most likely to succeed (Fernández- the researcher left the room. If they smartest people aren’t necessarily the Aráoz, 2007). could resist eating the marshmallow that connects their brains with most successful. Studies have found One study of insurance salespeo- until the researcher returned, they those around them. The author that IQ can account for as little as 10 ple found that optimism and pessi- could have a second marshmallow. explains that people can “catch” percent of a person’s success at work. mism can affect success. Among new Fourteen years later, the kids who emotions from others, similar to had been able to wait for the sec- ond marshmallow scored about 200 the way they can catch a cold. points higher on the SAT than the As such, Goleman believes that kids who gave in to temptation. humans should develop their Success at school and work social intelligence to nurture requires more than just emotional their capacity for empathy, intelligence. But emotional intelli- gence seems to play a significant role. cooperation, and altruism. Daniel Goleman, Social Intelligence: The New Science of Human Relation- Thinking Critically ships (Bantam, 2007) 1. Interpret How is emotional intel- ligence related to IQ? 2. Discuss Name some careers for Emotional intelligence has been shown to be an which emotional intelligence might important factor of success in the workplace. be important. Explain your answer. Daniel Goleman includes empathy, the Current Research thinkcentral.com INTELLIGENCE 265 capacity to feel another’s suffering, as an important part of emotional intel- At Level ligence. As Howard Gardner points Collaborative Learning out, however, empathy is not the same py10se_INT_sect4.inddEmotional 265 Intelligence Skits 8/28/08 12:46:19 PM as caring. A person may feel the pain 1. Organize the class into groups of about five 3. Instruct students to work together within their of others, yet have no inclination to do students each. Inform students that each groups to write a script for their skits. anything to relieve their suffering. group will be performing a skit depicting the 4. Have groups perform their skits for the class. impact that emotional intelligence can play in After each group has performed, discuss with a person’s life. students the role that emotional intelligence Answers 2. Have students brainstorm story, character, can play in a person’s success. Kinesthetic Reading Check 1. There is an apparent relationship between high and setting ideas with the other members Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 33, emotional intelligence, a good IQ, of their group. Possible ideas include a car Skits and Reader’s Theater salesperson at work, a student at school, or and potential success in school and an employee negotiating a raise with his or work. 2. possible answer—pastor and her boss. counselor; both should be aware of emotions of others in order to help 265 Bellringer Reading and Motivate Tell students to think about Profile of a Genius Activity Workbook Use the workbook to what makes a person a genius. Write What are the most important qualities for a genius to have? complete this lab. some of their ideas on the board. Next Who has met the profile of a genius? have students make a mental list of peo- ple whom they consider to be geniuses. 1. Introduction 2. Writing a Profile After they have refl ected for a minute or Often when we hear the word genius, the image of Albert After your group has decided which theory (or theories) of so, inform students that they will now Einstein immediately comes to mind. But wasn’t he simply a intelligence you agree with, the ideal methods to test an have the opportunity to create their own physics genius? Or perhaps if genius in music is mentioned, individual, and what form of upbringing would be most likely profi le of a genius. then Mozart or Beethoven might take the spot. And to to genius-like qualities, then you can start working Leonardo da Vinci is often considered an all-around genius. on a profile of a genius. Your profile will be similar to a job Reading and Activity Workbook: With so many methods of qualifying what makes a person a description. Many examples of job descriptions can be found Chapter 9 Lab genius, it has become a challenge to decide who is one and on the Internet by searching for the words: job descriptions. who is not. Research Activities for Teaching 1 Create Basic Headings: The first step in writing a profile is Psychology: Activity 10, Presentation This lab will help you create a profile of a genius using the deciding what your main headings are going to be. On the information learned in this chapter. Working in small groups, next page, there are some from which you can choose. You you will consider multiple factors before creating a profile, don’t have to use all of them, and there are others that you such as: which theory of intelligence you agree with, what can create on your own. method of testing is most indicative of genius, and what kind 2 Fill In Specific Information: Once you have chosen the of upbringing might influence a person’s intelligence. Once main headings for the profile, write in bulleted specifics you have made these decisions, then your group can begin for each of the headings. Try to list at least three items per Profile of a Genius working on drafting a profile of the qualities you expect a heading. See the example of Education on the next page. Prepare (15 minutes) Divide the genius to possess. 3 Defend Your Reasoning: Choose the group member whose class into small groups. Have students ■ Working in small groups organized by your teacher, begin paper is going to be presented to the class. Then, using adjust their seating arrangements so that going through each aspect of intelligence addressed in this another group member’s copy of the profile, prepare your chapter: theories, testing, and influences. Write down your defenses for each of your choices. Remember that the other group members are sitting together. group’s opinions on each of these three areas to use as a groups will be able to question your decisions, so it’s best foundation when composing the profile of a genius. to be prepared ahead of time. If your group has enough Read through the fi rst three steps of the members, assign one group member to each heading to ■ In your groups begin using the information regarding lab activity as a class. Allow groups defend it, should questions arise. intelligence to form a profile of a genius. Remember that time to review the Chapter 9 discussions even though there may be slight differences in opinion, you of intelligence theories, testing, and must come up with one profile as a group. infl uences. Supervise students to ensure ■ Present your group’s profile to the class. The other groups they are covering information relevant will have an opportunity to agree with or to challenge your decisions, so be prepared to defend your choices! to this activity. ■ After everyone has shared their profiles, you will look at Execute (30 minutes) Students descriptions of individuals considered to have genius should compile a list of opinions about qualities and choose which group’s profile they best match. the intelligence theories and other infor- mation they read about in this chapter. Instruct students to work together with the other members of their group to determine the theories of intelligence they will use as the foundation for their group’s profi le. 266 CHAPTER 9 Working with the other members of their group, students should choose Below Level headings from the list in the lab infor- Differentiating Instruction mation and/or their own headings to Strugglingpy10se_INT_lab.indd 266 Readers 8/28/08 12:45:44 PM use for their group’s profi le. Encourage 1. Organize groups for this activity so that 3. Artists should present their portraits with students to include at least three specifi c struggling readers who may have difficulty the genius profile that their group presents accomplishments under each heading. with this lab are placed evenly among the to the class. After they have completed their profi les, groups. Designate each struggling reader as groups should select one member’s 4. After reviewing the drawings, you may wish the official artist for the group. paper for presenting and one member’s to display them throughout the classroom. paper for preparing defenses of profi le 2. Inform the artists that their job will be to Visual/Spatial choices. draw a portrait of their group’s genius. Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 3, Instruct artists to base their images on the Artwork information included in their group’s profile.

266 CHAPTER 9 From the classroom of January Rowe, Melissa High School, Melissa, TX

Each group should use a board or 3. Presenting the Profile EXAMPLES FOR PROFILES screen in the classroom to present its Once the groups have all finished their profiles, have one group at a time profi le. At least one student from each present their work before the class. Each group listening must ask at least Basic Profile Headings of the groups listening to the presenta- one clarifying question, refute a group’s choice, or make a suggestion when • Definition listening to the presentations of the other groups. tion should ask a question, challenge a • Distinguishing Characteristics decision, state an agreement, or offer a • Standards 4. Put the Geniuses to the Test suggestion. • Knowledge of . . . Once you have finished sharing each of your profiles with the class, put • Ability to . . . some of the individuals commonly referred to as geniuses to the test. • Experience Information can be found by simply using their names as an Internet search. • Education 1 Find information on the genius of your choice on the Internet or in your library. Some examples of geniuses are shown on this page. There are many • Upbringing Review other individuals that you might be interested in profiling. • Test Scores After the presentations, have students 2 Have the class identify which group’s profile best fits the genius. Search • Personal Attributes through their biographies for similar headings or subheadings. follow the instructions in Step 4 to • Interpersonal Skills 3 match people considered to be geniuses Identify how many categories of the profile match this individual. Calculate • Leadership Skills a percentage of corresponding qualities. (see the list on this page for examples) • Awards 4 Label the individual as GENIUS or AVERAGE. with the profi les created by the groups. • Certifications Students should then identify the num- • Hobbies ber of profi le qualities each genius pos- sesses and use that information to label Examples of Geniuses each individual as an actual “genius” • Confucius or “average.” • Leonardo Da Vinci • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Assess • George Washington Carver Evaluate student performance in the lab • Marie Curie using the following rubric. • Albert Einstein • Srinivasa Ramanujan Your genius profile should include headings Rubric • such as “Education.” For each heading, make Assign each student a score of 1–5 for a list of specific accomplishments you would • expect from a genius. each of the following: • Kim Ung-yong • Alia Sabur The student • appeared focused on the lab. • contributed to his/her group. • contributed to the class discussion. • demonstrated concept proficiency.

Applying What You’ve Learned thinkcentral.com INTELLIGENCE 267

Skills Focus: Identifying Problems and Solutions At Level Research Required py10se_INT_lab.inddHelping 267 a Genius 8/28/08 12:45:52 PM 1. Inform students that some geniuses may students to also study the current treatments face psychological disorders that afflict them used for these disorders. throughout their lives. 4. Have students write a complete essay 2. Have students select a famous genius who describing a plan of treatment or therapy experienced psychological problems (for that could have been used to help their example, Vincent van Gogh, John Nash) as genius with his or her problem(s). their subject for this activity. You may wish Verbal/Linguistic to assign subjects to avoid overlap. Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 35, 3. Instruct students to consult reliable print and Solving Problems online sources to research the psychological problems their chosen genius faced. Tell

INTELLIGENCE 267 CHAPTERCHAPTER 9 Review Comprehension and Comprehension and Critical Thinking Reviewing Vocabulary Critical Thinking SECTION 1 (pp. 248–251) Fill in each blank with the term that correctly com- pletes the sentence. 1. a. general intelligence or the abili- 1. a. Describe What is g, and who developed the ties to reason and to solve problems; term? 5. The abilities to learn from experience, to think b. Analyze Why is achievement not necessarily a rationally, and to deal effectively with others is Charles Spearman sign of intelligence? called . b. Achievement refers to knowledge c. Support a Position Which theory of intelligence 6. with numbers is one of Thurstone’s and skills gained from experience; do you think is the most accurate? Use specific primary mental abilities. intelligence makes achievement examples to explain your answer. 7. shows the intellectual level at possible by giving people the ability SECTION 2 (pp. 252–256) which a child is functioning. 8. An is a number that reflects the 2. a. Recall What is the most common way to deter- to learn. relationship between a child’s mental age and his mine an intelligence test’s reliability? c. possible answer—Gardner’s theory or her chronological age. b. Evaluate Why are the Wechsler scales more of multiple intelligences; the theory 9. The of a test refers to its consis- widely used than the Stanford-Binet test? tency. accounts for the many different abili- c. Interpret Other than vocabulary and problem- 10. A test has if it measures what it is ties that people (for example, ath- solving methods, what else might cause intel- supposed to measure. letes, musicians, scientists) possess ligence tests to be culturally biased? 11. A develops special skill in a particu- (pp. 257–260) 2. a. test-retest reliability, which is SECTION 3 lar talent or discipline in childhood. determined by comparing scores 3. a. Identify Give one unique characteristic of each 12. is the extent to which variations in of the following individuals: earned by the same person on the a trait from person to person can be explained by • person with moderate retardation genetic factors. same test taken at different times • person with profound retardation 13. Mental capacities that allow us to respond b. Possible answer—The Wechsler • gifted person quickly to novel situations or problems are scales measure verbal and nonverbal • creative person called . b. Elaborate What is the relationship between skills and assess performance skills, 14. is the sum of our knowledge about creativity and intelligence? the world. thereby revealing relative strengths c. Explain Why is the average IQ score always and weaknesses as well as overall 100? INTERNET ACTIVITY intellectual functioning. SECTION 4 (pp. 261–264) 15. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a cause of men- c. possible answer—test questions 4. a. Identify Main Ideas List three examples of tal retardation. Use the Internet to find out being created by members of a single things that parents can do to help improve the more about FAS. Look for information on why it cultural group intelligence of their children. is never safe for pregnant women to drink, how b. Identify Cause and Effect What have kinship many children suffer from FAS, and other recent 3. a. moderate retardation—can speak, and adoptee studies revealed about the genetic news and statistics. Then make a poster or other dress self, cannot read or solve math role in intelligence? display warning about the dangers of drinking alcohol during pregnancy. problems; profound retardation— c. Evaluate How might attending cultural events show basic emotional responses, can- help someone who is age 70 or older maintain a high level of intellectual functioning? Psychology in Your Life not feed or dress self; gifted—shows 16. How many of the nine intelligences proposed by potential for performing at a remark- Howard Gardner do you use in this class? List ably high level of accomplishment; the nine, and describe how you have used each to creative—can invent new solutions learn about psychology. For any that you have not to problems used in a significant way, develop a way to incor- porate them into the classroom. b. Possible answer—Intelligent people are more likely to be creative, 268 CHAPTER 9 but a high level of creativity does not guarantee high intelligence; people with below average intelligence may be highly creative. Reviewing Vocabulary Internet Activity c. Test-makers calibrate how the tests 5.py10se_INT_review.indd intelligence 268 15. Student posters should include images that 8/28/08 12:45:22 PM are scored so that the mean average 6. Facility effectively convey information about FAS and warm of the dangers of drinking alcohol score becomes the mid-point, or 100. 7. Mental age during pregnancy. 4. a. possible answer—provide educa- 8. intelligence quotient tional toys, provide a well-organized 9. reliability Psychology in Your Life and safe home environment, get involved in their children’s activities; 10. validity 16. Answers will vary, but students should pro- b. The heritability of intelligence 11. prodigy vide descriptions of how they have (or could have) employed each of Gardner’s nine ranges from 40 to 60 percent. 12. Heritability c. Possible answer—Attending such intelligences in the classroom. 13. fl uid intelligence events will help stimulate his or her brain. 14. Crystallized intelligence

268 CHAPTER 9 SKILLS ACTIVITY: INTERPRETING GRAPHS Connecting Online Skills Activity Study the bar graph below. Then use the information in the graph to 17. identical twins help you answer the questions that follow. Visit thinkcentral.com for review and enrichment 18. Heredity has a signifi cant infl uence SIMILARITY OF IQ SCORES AMONG RELATIVES activities related to this chapter. on intelligence. 1.00 19. Possible answer—The bar would be 0.80 nearly as high as the fi rst Identical Twins bar because identical twins 0.60 raised in separate households still 0.40 have the same genetic makeup. Correlation 0.20 Quiz and Review ONLINE QUIZZES Writing for AP Psychology Identical Twins Fraternal Twins Siblings Take a practice quiz for each 20. Students’ answers should show a Source: “The Heritability of IQ,” Devlin, Daniels, and Roeder, Nature (July 1997) section in this chapter. thorough understanding of intel- WEBQUEST ligence tests. Possible answer— Complete a structured Psychologists determine if an 17. Identify Which of the relatives shown in the graph have the most Internet activity for this similar intelligence scores? chapter. intelligence test is reliable, that is, 18. Make Generalizations What does this graph suggest about the effect consistent, by comparing scores heredity has on intelligence? QUICK LAB Reinforce a key concept earned by the same person on the 19. Predict If you added a bar showing the correlation of IQ scores for with a short lab activity. same test taken at different times. identical twins raised in separate households, how tall would it be To ensure that an intelligence test relative to these three bars? Why? APPLYING WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED is valid, psychologists determine Review and apply your WRITING FOR AP PSYCHOLOGY that the test measures what it is knowledge by completing a project-based assessment. supposed to measure. To verify Use your knowledge of intelligence and intelligence testing to answer this, psychologists compare scores the question below. Do not simply list facts. Present a clear argument based on your critical analysis of the question, using the appropriate Activities with outside standards and norms. psychological terminology. eACTIVITIES An intelligence test with minimal 20. Describe how psychologists determine whether an intelligence test Complete chapter Internet cultural bias tests a particular skill meets the three criteria listed below. For each criterion, include activities for enrichment. regardless of the test-taker’s culture. a brief definition of the term, the standards used to determine INTERACTIVE FEATURE Psychologists compare the scores of whether a test meets the criterion, and why it is important for intel- Explore an interactive version people with different cultural back- ligence tests to possess that quality. of a key feature in this chapter. • reliable grounds to determine if an intelli- • valid KEEP IT CURRENT gence test is culturally biased. • culturally unbiased Link to current news and research in psychology.

Online Textbook Learn more about key topics in this chapter.

INTELLIGENCE 269

Review and Assessment Resources py10se_INT_review.inddReview 269 and Reinforce Assess 8/28/08 12:45:24Reteach/Intervene PM Review and Assessment Resources: Review and Assessment Resources: Reading and Activity Workbook Chapter Review Activity Chapter Test, Forms A and B Teacher Management System: TOS Holt PuzzlePro Alternative Assessment Handbook Section Lesson Plans TOS Quiz Show for ExamView TOS ExamView Test Generator: Chapter Test Virtual File Cabinet HOAP Holt Online Assessment Program (in the Premier Online Edition)

Online Resources

KEYWORD: SPS TEACHPSY

INTELLIGENCE 269 Careers in Psychology Educational Educational Psychologist Psychologist Word Help Should classrooms consist only of students of the same age? How should a school district revise its theoretical concerned with or involv- curriculum to meet the changing needs of students? ing the theory of a subject or area of study How can computers facilitate learning? rather than its practical application These are examples of the questions that educational Educational psychologists may study various learning Primary Source psychologists try to answer. In general, they study how environments, such as this small all-girls classroom. people learn. They perform research—both in and “Education is a social process. out of the classroom—geared to aiding the learning Education is growth. Education is process and improving education as a whole. Although Work for educational psychologists is not necessarily not a preparation for life; education is educational psychologists typically work for school limited to the academic environment, however. Large corporations and government agencies often hire edu- life itself.” — John Dewey, American districts, they are frequently employed by universities, where they engage in research and assist in training cational psychologists to devise staff training programs. philosopher and educational reformer teachers and school counselors. A bachelor’s degree in psychology is the first step in Unlike school psychologists, educational psycholo- the long, complex process of becoming an educational Primary Source gists are more involved in theoretical issues that affect psychologist. Candidates are urged to gain teaching experience on the elementary, middle school, or high “The principal goal of education in learning rather than with individual students. Their research often involves measuring a group’s abilities school level before pursuing a doctoral program within the schools should be creating men and achievements by administering, and sometimes a university’s education or psychology department. and women who are capable of doing creating, standardized tests. Educational psychologists Since the work of educational psychologists involves new things, not simply repeating what then use the results of these tests to help place students evaluating and interpreting research data, the training in specific programs and to develop curricula in schools. requires proficiency in mathematics, statistics, and com- other generations have done; men and puter science. Depending on the graduate program, the women who are creative, inventive, and Educational psychologists may focus on several other issues. They may, for example, study the psycho- final degree earned will be a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) discoverers, who can be critical and logical factors that affect a student’s test-taking ability or a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Although educational verify, and not accept everything they or school performance in general. They may research psychology is a difficult profession to break into, it is an the effects that cultural and gender differences have on attractive career for those who wish to influence the are offered.” — , Swiss psy- course of the educational system itself. chologist and originator of the theory learning or the range of instruction methods available to teachers. of cognitive development

Primary Source Applying APA Style APA Style thinkcentral.com

“Education either functions as an People in many lines of work read the arti- to do with subject-verb agreement. A verb common grammar errors from the APA instrument that is used to facilitate the cles that educational and other psycholo- has to agree in number with the subject of style guidelines. Review the APA guide- integration of the younger generation gists publish. So, clear is the sentence. For example, in the sentence lines. Then write several examples of essential. Correct grammar aids commu- “One of the musicians play tomorrow,” the sentences using incorrect grammar along into the of the present system nication. The American Psychological verb play does not agree in number with with corrected sentences. An example is and bring about conformity to it or it Association (APA) has guidelines for cor- the singular subject, “one.” The subject- provided for you. rect grammar. verb agreement is correct here: “One of becomes the practice of freedom, the Incorrect Grammar Correct Grammar The APA addresses common grammar the musicians plays tomorrow.” means by which men and women deal errors that appear in manuscripts submit- Through Think Central you can find The sisters, together The sisters, together with their mother, with their mother, critically and creatively with reality ted to APA journals. One common error has more information on avoiding the most exercises daily. exercise daily. and discover how to participate in the transformation of their world.” — Paulo 270 UNIT 3 Freire, Brazilian educator, author, and educational policymaker Skills Focus: Identifying Problems and Solutions At Level Research Required Issuespy10se_u04_opener.indd for Educational 270 Psychologists 9/3/08 5:02:38 PM 1. As students read, direct them to take notes 4. Have students write an essay on their issue, on what type of issues educational along with possible solutions and how it psychologists focus. affects them as students. Verbal/Linguistic 2. Inform students they will be considering one Alternative Assessment Handbook: Rubric 30, issue important to educational psychologists Research Answers (and also to them as students). Applying APA Style possible 3. Have students consult reliable Internet and answer—Incorrect subject-verb print sources to research problems and agreement: The drama club perform the possible solutions in the field of educational musical Grease; Correct subject-verb agreement: The drama club performs the psychology. musical Grease. 270

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