DOCSLIB.ORG

Anopheles Metabolic Proteins in Malaria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anopheles Metabolic Proteins in Malaria Adedeji et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:465 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04342-5 Parasites & Vectors REVIEW Open Access Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review Eunice Oluwatobiloba Adedeji1,2, Olubanke Olujoke Ogunlana1,2, Segun Fatumo3, Thomas Beder4, Yvonne Ajamma1, Rainer Koenig4* and Ezekiel Adebiyi1,5,6* Abstract The increasing resistance to currently available insecticides in the malaria vector, Anopheles mosquitoes, hampers their use as an efective vector control strategy for the prevention of malaria transmission. Therefore, there is need for new insecticides and/or alternative vector control strategies, the development of which relies on the identifcation of possible targets in Anopheles. Some known and promising targets for the prevention or control of malaria transmis- sion exist among Anopheles metabolic proteins. This review aims to elucidate the current and potential contribution of Anopheles metabolic proteins to malaria transmission and control. Highlighted are the roles of metabolic proteins as insecticide targets, in blood digestion and immune response as well as their contribution to insecticide resistance and Plasmodium parasite development. Furthermore, strategies by which these metabolic proteins can be utilized for vector control are described. Inhibitors of Anopheles metabolic proteins that are designed based on target specifcity can yield insecticides with no signifcant toxicity to non-target species. These metabolic modulators combined with each other or with synergists, sterilants, and transmission-blocking agents in a single product, can yield potent malaria intervention strategies. These combinations can provide multiple means of controlling the vector. Also, they can help to slow down the development of insecticide resistance. Moreover, some metabolic proteins can be modulated for mosquito population replacement or suppression strategies, which will signifcantly help to curb malaria transmission. Keywords: Immune response, Insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Plasmodium, Vector control, Acetylcholinesterase Background another [2, 3]. Te major Anopheles species include An. Malaria remains a universal health challenge afect- gambiae, An. stephensi, An. dirus, An. coluzzii, An. albi- ing over 200 million of the world’s population annu- manus, An. funestus and An. arabiensis amongst others. ally. Although malaria burden is highest in Africa (93% Transmission of Plasmodium depends on the completion of malaria cases), a global incidence rate of 57 cases per of its developmental cycle in the mosquito, a process that 1000 population has been reported annually between occurs alongside the digestion of the blood meal and egg 2014–2018 [1]. Malaria is an infectious disease caused development in the mosquito [4]. Tis blood meal is cru- by the parasite Plasmodium and transmitted by female cial for oogenesis [5]. Hence, Anopheles mosquito’s ability Anopheles mosquitoes, which vary from one region to to transmit malaria is directly linked to its ability to feed on and digest a blood meal from a malaria-infected per- son [6]. Tese processes i.e. blood digestion, egg devel- *Correspondence: [email protected]; ezekiel. [email protected] opment and parasite development in the mosquito occur 1 Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), Covenant simultaneously and are tightly linked to metabolism. University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Metabolism refers to all the enzyme-catalyzed chemi- 4 Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, cal transformations that occur in the cell of an organism Germany [7] and metabolic proteins consist of enzymes as well as Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Adedeji et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:465 Page 2 of 30 transporters. Since metabolism is substantial for the sur- and control, a critical review of their roles can provide vival and proper functioning of an organism, metabolic insights into the possibilities of utilizing Anopheles meta- proteins provide a good biological space to serve as vec- bolic proteins for more targeted vector control strategies. tor control targets. Terefore, this review summarizes the information on Interestingly, some metabolic proteins involved in the role of Anopheles metabolic proteins in the transmis- digesting ingested blood, absorbing nutrients and oogen- sion and control of malaria as well as gives insights into esis, also play a role in the development of Plasmodium future targeted vector control strategies. Te role of met- in the mosquito [8]. For example, trypsin produced in abolic proteins is discussed under the following headings: Anopheles midgut might activate Plasmodium chitinase insecticide target; resistance to insecticides; blood diges- that allows the parasite to evade physical barriers in the tion; immune response; and Plasmodium development in mosquito [9]. In addition, ingestion of the parasite by the mosquito, and their manipulation for vector control Anopheles triggers an innate immune response in the strategies. mosquito to circumvent parasite development [10]. Tis immune response is a cascade of reactions involving some metabolic proteins of the mosquito. Tis interplay Metabolic proteins as insecticide targets suggests the importance of metabolic proteins in Plas- Insecticides are crucial for controlling the malaria vec- modium development in the mosquito and consequently tor and consequently, preventing malaria transmission. malaria transmission. Aside from being involved in blood Te four main classes of insecticides used for both indoor digestion and parasite development, Anopheles metabolic and outdoor spraying are organophosphates, organochlo- proteins such as the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are, rides, carbamates and pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are used also important targets for vector control strategies [11]. in ITNs because of their insecticidal potency and relative Figure 1 gives a schematic overview of the contributions safety for domestic use [24]. Many of the known insec- of the metabolic proteins of Anopheles mosquitoes in ticides act on proteins that mediate neuronal processes. malaria transmission and control. Examples of these insecticide targets are AChE, gamma- In the past decades, vector control greatly depended on aminobutyric acid (GABA)-chloride ionophore com- the use of insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS) plexes, sodium ion channels [25–27]. However, out of the and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) [12]. Tese strategies four classes of insecticides employed for malaria control greatly reduced malaria deaths between 2010 and 2015, program, only carbamates and organophosphates target a as 50% reduction in malaria deaths was reported and 79% metabolic protein. of this reduction was attributed to insecticide use [13]. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides com- Some insecticides target metabolic proteins. For instance, petitively inhibit AChE (EC 3.1.1.7), an enzyme that AChE has been the only target of organophosphate and hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetate and choline [25, carbamate insecticides for many years [14]. In addition, 28]. Tis hydrolysis reaction terminates the transmis- AChE is the target for temephos and fenthion that are sion of the cholinergic neuronal signal after an excitation organophosphate insecticides and target the larval stage signal [29]. Inhibition of this reaction results in continu- of mosquitoes, and thus, are used in larviciding strategies ous stimulation of the nervous system and consequently [15]. Tese larvicides, upon application to breeding sites leads to the death of the mosquito [30]. Tese insecti- of mosquitoes, prevent their further development into cides elicit their inhibitory efects by forming a covalent adult forms, consequently, reducing adult mosquito pop- bond with the catalytic serine residue of AChE [25]. Most ulation density and ultimately decreasing malaria trans- insects, including Anopheles, have two AChE genes, ace1 mission rates [16]. Meanwhile, the toxicity of many of the (AChE1) and ace2 (AChE2) [31, 32]. However, AChE1 currently available insecticides to non-target species and is the major nervous system cholinesterase in many of the ever increasing resistance of Anopheles to commonly these insects and experimental evidence exists showing used classes of insecticides,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • California Encephalitis Orthobunyaviruses in Northern Europe
    California encephalitis orthobunyaviruses in northern Europe NIINA PUTKURI Department of Virology Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Doctoral Program in Biomedicine Doctoral School in Health Sciences Academic Dissertation To be presented for public examination with the permission of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, in lecture hall 13 at the Main Building, Fabianinkatu 33, Helsinki, 23rd September 2016 at 12 noon. Helsinki 2016 Supervisors Professor Olli Vapalahti Department of Virology and Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki and Department of Virology and Immunology, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland Professor Antti Vaheri Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Reviewers Docent Heli Harvala Simmonds Unit for Laboratory surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden and European Programme for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden Docent Pamela Österlund Viral Infections Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland Offical Opponent Professor Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research National Reference Centre for Tropical Infectious Disease Hamburg, Germany ISBN 978-951-51-2399-2 (PRINT) ISBN 978-951-51-2400-5 (PDF, available
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment and an Updated List of the Mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia Azzam M
    Alahmed et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:356 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3579-4 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia Azzam M. Alahmed1, Kashif Munawar1*, Sayed M. S. Khalil1,2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Mosquito-borne pathogens are important causes of diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Knowl- edge of the mosquito fauna is needed for the appropriate control of the vectors that transmit the pathogens and prevent the diseases they cause. An important frst step is to have an up-to-date list of the species known to be present in the country. Original occurrence records were obtained from published literature and critically scrutinized to compile a list of the mosquito species that occur within the borders of the Kingdom. Results: Fifty-one species have been recorded in the Kingdom; however, the occurrence of two of these species is unlikely. Thus, the mosquito fauna of the Kingdom comprises 49 species that include 18 anophelines and 31 culicines. Published records are provided for each species. Problematic records based on misidentifcations and inappropriate sources are discussed and annotated for clarity. Conclusion: Integrated morphological and molecular methods of identifcation are needed to refne the list of spe- cies and accurately document their distributions in the Kingdom. Keywords: Culicidae, Mosquitoes, Saudi Arabia, Vectors Background Mosquito-borne pathogens, including Plasmodium Te Arabian Peninsula (c.3 million km2) includes the species, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus and micro- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Oman, Qatar, United flariae, cause diseases in the KSA [9–11].
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Assessment of An. Gambiae and An. Stephensi Mosquitoes to Determine Transmission-Reducing Activity of Antibodies Against P
    Eldering et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:489 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2414-z RESEARCH Open Access Comparative assessment of An. gambiae and An. stephensi mosquitoes to determine transmission-reducing activity of antibodies against P. falciparum sexual stage antigens Maarten Eldering1†, Anaïs Bompard2†, Kazutoyo Miura3, Will Stone1, Isabelle Morlais4, Anna Cohuet4, Geert-Jan van Gemert1, Patrick M. Brock2,6, Sanna R. Rijpma1, Marga van de Vegte-Bolmer1, Wouter Graumans1, Rianne Siebelink-Stoter1, Dari F. Da5, Carole A. Long3, Merribeth J. Morin7, Robert W. Sauerwein1, Thomas S. Churcher2 and Teun Bousema1,8* Abstract Background: With the increasing interest in vaccines to interrupt malaria transmission, there is a demand for harmonization of current methods to assess Plasmodium transmission in laboratory settings. Potential vaccine candidates are currently tested in the standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) that commonly relies on Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Other mosquito species including Anopheles gambiae are the dominant malaria vectors for Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Using human serum and monoclonal pre-fertilization (anti-Pfs48/45) and post-fertilization (anti-Pfs25) antibodies known to effectively inhibit sporogony, we directly compared SMFA based estimates of transmission- reducing activity (TRA) for An. stephensi and An. gambiae mosquitoes. Results: In the absence of transmission-reducing antibodies, average numbers of oocysts were similar between An. gambiae and An. stephensi. Antibody-mediated TRA was strongly correlated between both mosquito species, and absolute TRA estimates for pre-fertilisation monoclonal antibodies (mAb) showed no significant difference between the two species. TRA estimates for IgG of naturally exposed individuals and partially effective concentrations of anti-Pfs25 mAb were higher for An.
    [Show full text]
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Follow-Up Studies After Withdrawal of Deltamethrin Spraying Against Anopheles Culicifacies and Malaria Incidence
    Journal of the American Mosquito contror Association, 2o(4):424-42g,2004 Copyright @ 2OO4 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES AFTER WITHDRAWAL OF DELTAMETHRIN SPRAYING AGAINST ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES AND MALARIA INCIDENCE MUSHARRAF ALI ANSARI eNo RAMA KRISHNA RAZDAN Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), 2}-Madhuban, Delhi_ll0 092, India ABSTRACT. Follow-up studies were carried out from 1989 to 1998 after withdrawal of deltamethrin indoor spraying to evaluate the-recovery rate of a population of Anopheles culicifacies resistant to dichlorodiphenyltri- chloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in selected villages in Uttar pradesh State, I;dia. The study revealed 82.4-96.5Ea reduction in adult density of An. culicifacies and 72.7-967o reduction in malaria incidence in the area sprayed with deltamethrin at 20 mg/m, as compared to a control area sprayed with HCH, for 5 successive years even after withdrawal of deltamethrin spray. The impact was very clear when the annual falciparum incidence was compared with that of the control area. The vector population gradually started re- covering after 5 years. However, the slide falciparum rate remained below 4 even after 10 years of withdrawal of spraying. The study revealed that indoor residual spraying of deltamethrin would be cost-effective, at least in areas where malaria is transmitted by An. culicifacies, which is primarily a zoophilic species and associated with malaria epidemics. In view of this, a review of the insecticide policy and strategy of vector control is urgently needed because of the possible risks associated with the presence of nonbiodegradable insecticide in the environment, as well as to minimize the costs of operation and to enhance the useful life of insecticides.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Malaria Vector in Africa: Predicting the Expansion Range of Anopheles Stephensi and Identifying the Urban Populations at Risk
    A new malaria vector in Africa: Predicting the expansion range of Anopheles stephensi and identifying the urban populations at risk M. E. Sinkaa,1, S. Pirononb, N. C. Masseyc, J. Longbottomd, J. Hemingwayd,1, C. L. Moyesc,2, and K. J. Willisa,b,2 aDepartment of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX1 3SZ; bBiodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis Department, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom, TW9 3DS; cBig Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, OX3 7LF; and dDepartment of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L3 5QA Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Norway, and approved July 27, 2020 (received for review March 26, 2020) In 2012, an unusual outbreak of urban malaria was reported from vector species in the published literature and found an equal Djibouti City in the Horn of Africa and increasingly severe out- number of studies (5:5) reported An. arabiensis in polluted, turbid breaks have been reported annually ever since. Subsequent inves- water as were found in clear, clean habitats, with a similar result tigations discovered the presence of an Asian mosquito species; for An. gambiae (4:4). Nonetheless, urban Plasmodium falciparum Anopheles stephensi, a species known to thrive in urban environ- transmission rates are repeatedly reported as significantly lower ments. Since that first report, An. stephensi has been identified in than those in peri-urban or rural areas (7, 10). Hay et al. (10) Ethiopia and Sudan, and this worrying development has prompted conducted a meta-analysis in cities from 22 African countries and the World Health Organization (WHO) to publish a vector alert reported a mean urban annual P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
    Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles
    Chapter 1 The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles Ralph E. Harbach Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54695 1. Introduction Anopheles was introduced as a genus of mosquitoes in 1818 by Johann Wilhelm Meigen [1], a German entomologist famous for his revolutionary studies of Diptera. Little was done on the taxonomy of Anopheles until the discovery during the last two decades of the 19th century that mosquitoes transmit microfilariae and malarial protozoa, which initiated a drive to collect, name and classify these insects. In 1898, the Royal Society and the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamber‐ lain, Secretary of State for the Colonies of Britain, appointed a Committee to supervise the investigation of malaria. On 6 December 1898, Mr. Chamberlain directed the Colonies to collect and send mosquitoes to the British Museum (Natural History) (Figure 1), and in 1899 the Committee appointed Frederick V. Theobald to prepare a monograph on the mosquitoes of the world, which was published in five volumes between 1901 and 1910 [2‒6]. As a conse‐ quence, many new generic names were introduced in an effort to classify numerous new mosquito species into seemingly natural groups. Theobald proposed 18 genera for species of Anopheles based on the distribution and shape of scales on the thorax and abdomen. Four of these proposed genera, Cellia, Kerteszia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia, are currently recognized as subgenera of Anopheles and the other 14 are regarded as synonyms of one or other of subgenera Anopheles, Cellia or Nyssorhynchus. Theobald, however, was not the only person to propose generic names for species of Anopheles.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from the National Center for Cide Resistance Mechanisms
    Zhou et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:32 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2584-8 RESEARCH Open Access ASGDB: a specialised genomic resource for interpreting Anopheles sinensis insecticide resistance Dan Zhou, Yang Xu, Cheng Zhang, Meng-Xue Hu, Yun Huang, Yan Sun, Lei Ma, Bo Shen* and Chang-Liang Zhu Abstract Background: Anopheles sinensis is an important malaria vector in Southeast Asia. The widespread emergence of insecticide resistance in this mosquito species poses a serious threat to the efficacy of malaria control measures, particularly in China. Recently, the whole-genome sequencing and de novo assembly of An. sinensis (China strain) has been finished. A series of insecticide-resistant studies in An. sinensis have also been reported. There is a growing need to integrate these valuable data to provide a comprehensive database for further studies on insecticide-resistant management of An. sinensis. Results: A bioinformatics database named An. sinensis genome database (ASGDB) was built. In addition to being a searchable database of published An. sinensis genome sequences and annotation, ASGDB provides in-depth analytical platforms for further understanding of the genomic and genetic data, including visualization of genomic data, orthologous relationship analysis, GO analysis, pathway analysis, expression analysis and resistance-related gene analysis. Moreover, ASGDB provides a panoramic view of insecticide resistance studies in An. sinensis in China. In total, 551 insecticide-resistant phenotypic and genotypic reports on An. sinensis distributed in Chinese malaria- endemic areas since the mid-1980s have been collected, manually edited in the same format and integrated into OpenLayers map-based interface, which allows the international community to assess and exploit the high volume of scattered data much easier.
    [Show full text]
  • Anopheles Stephensi Invasion and Spread Horn of Africa, the Republic of the Sudan and Surrounding Geographical Areas, and Sri Lanka
    Global Malaria Programme Vector alert: Anopheles stephensi invasion and spread Horn of Africa, the Republic of the Sudan and surrounding geographical areas, and Sri Lanka AUGUST 2019 (UPDATED DECEMBER 2019) INFORMATION NOTE IDENTIFIED THREAT Anopheles stephensi, a highly competent vector of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, is considered an efficient vector of urban malaria. In parts of India, two biological forms of An. stephensi – “type” and “intermediate” – have also emerged as efficient vectors in rural areas, due to changing agricultural and water storage practices and urbanization. The third form – “mysorensis” – is considered to be a poor vector, although it has been involved in malaria transmission in certain rural areas in Afghanistan and Iran. Until 2011, the reported distribution of An. stephensi was confined to certain countries in South-East Asia and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula. Since then, the vector has been reported from Djibouti (2012), Ethiopia (2016), Sri Lanka (2017) and most recently from the Republic of the Sudan (2019). In the Horn of Africa, the vector seems to be spreading from its first site of detection (Djibouti) to neighbouring countries. An. stephensi typically breeds in containers or cisterns with clean water, and the vector appears to quickly adapt itself to the local environment (including cryptic habitats such as deep wells); it also survives extremely high temperatures during the dry season, when malaria transmission usually reaches a seasonal low. In addition, the genetic background of introduced An. stephensi seems to confer resistance to multiple insecticide classes, posing potential challenges to its control. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers the spread of An.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Bacillus Thuringiensis Var. Israelensis and Bacillus Sphaericus Insect Larvicides on Mosquito Larval Densities in Lusaka, Zambia
    Medical Journal of Zambia, Vol. 39, No. 4 (2012) ORIGINAL PAPER Impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus insect larvicides on mosquito larval densities in Lusaka, Zambia Kandyata, A.*1, 2, Mbata, K. J.2, Shinondo, C. J.3, Katongo, C.2, Kamuliwo, R. M.1, Nyirenda, F.1 , Chanda, J.1 and E. Chanda1, 3 1National Malaria Control Centre, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka. 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka 1-3 ABSTRACT annually, mostly in tropical countries of Africa and Asia. In Zambia, the disease accounts for about 4.3 million The study assessed the impact of bio-larvicides- Bacillus clinical cases with an average of 6,000 deaths annually.4,5 thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and B. sphaericus (Bs) Malaria control involve an integrated approach using on anopheline mosquito larval densities in four selected effective treatment with Artemisinin-based Combination areas of Lusaka urban district. Larval densities were Therapy (Artemether/Lumefantrine) and vector control.6 determined using a standard WHO protocol at each study Presently the frontline vector control interventions are area prior to and after larviciding. Ninety percent (90%) insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual of the collected mosquito larvae and pupae were spraying (IRS).7-10 preserved in 70% ethanol, while 10% were reared to adults for species identification. Prior to larviciding, the Despite significant impacts rendered by ITNs and IRS in largest number of mosquito larvae collected was operational settings, these interventions are undermined by the development of insecticide resistance in malaria culicines.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecticide Resistance Status in Anopheles Culicifacies in Madhya Pradesh, Central India
    J Vector Borne Dis 49, March 2012, pp. 39–41 Insecticide resistance status in Anopheles culicifacies in Madhya Pradesh, central India A.K. Mishra1, S.K. Chand1, T.K. Barik2, V.K. Dua3 & K. Raghavendra2 1National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Jabalpur; 2National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi; 3National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Hardwar, India Key words Anopheles culicifacies; insecticide resistance; India; Madhya Pradesh; malaria; vector Malaria is one of the most common vector-borne dis- nets (ITN) and long-lasting insecticidal nets are also in eases widespread in tropical and subtropical regions1. use. The major malaria vector in this state is An. Vector control constitutes an important aspect of vector culicifacies. borne disease control programme. Use of insecticides for The insecticide susceptibility of An. culicifacies to vector control is an effective strategy but is also associ- DDT, malathion and deltamethrin was tested during Au- ated with the development of insecticide resistance in the gust and September, 2009 in Balaghat, Betul, Chhindwara, target disease vectors and is one of the reasons for failures Dindori, Guna, Jhabua, Mandla, Shadol and Sidhi dis- of disease control in many countries including India. Ear- tricts using standard WHO adult susceptibility kit and lier, indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides was methods24. The districts selected for assessment of sus- the key component of malaria control and was respon- ceptibility to insecticides in An. culicifacies have almost sible for spectacular reduction in disease incidence during similar ecotype, vector prevalence and employ same vec- the early 20th century2–5. Still IRS and insecticide-treated tor control strategies.
    [Show full text]