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Timeline of Genomics (1977-2004) Research Resource Timeline of Genomics (1977{2004)* Year Event and Theoretical Implication/Extension Reference 1977 Frederick Sanger (1980 Noble Prize Laureates for 1. Sanger, F., et al. 1977. DNA sequencing Chemistry) explores the technology of DNA se- with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463-5467. quencing. Sanger and colleagues use the technique 2. Sanger, F., et al. 1977. The nucleotide se- to determine the sequence of all 5,375 nucleotides quence of bacteriophage phi-X174. J. Mol. of the bacteriophage phi-X174, the ¯rst complete Biol. 125: 225-246. determination of the genome of an organism. 3. Sanger, F., et al. 1977. Nucleotide se- quence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA. Nature 165: 687-695. Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert (1980 Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. 1977. A Nobel Prize Laureate for Chemistry) develop new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. a new method for sequencing DNA, called Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 560-564. Maxam-Gilbert chemical degradation method. They use the technique to determine the sequence of the operon of a bacterial genome. Louise Chow and Richard Roberts, and inde- 1. Chow, L.T., Gelinas, R.E., Broker, T.R., pendently Phillip Sharp (the latter two are 1993 and Roberts, R.J. 1977. An amazing se- Nobel Prize Laureates for Physiology or Medicine) quence arrangement at the 50 ends of ade- show that eukarotic genes contain many interrup- novirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell 12: 1-8. tions, called INTRONS. 2. Berget, S.M., Moore, C., and Sharp, P.A. 1977. Spliced segments at the 50-terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 3171-3175. Carl Woese uses ribosomal RNA analysis to iden- 1. Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E. 1977. Phyloge- tify a third form of life, the Archea, whose genetic netic structure of the prokaryotic domain: makeup is distinct from but related to both Bacte- the primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. ria and Eucaryea. Sci. USA 74: 5088-5090. 2. Fox, G.E., Pechman, K.R., and Woese, C.R. 1977. Comparative cataloging of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid: molecular ap- proach to procaryotic systematics. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 27: 44-57. Herbert Wayne Boyer and colleagues synthesize Itakura, K., Hirose, T., Crea, R., Riggs, a gene for the human hormone somatostatin, repre- A.D., Heyneker, H.L., Bolivar, F., and senting the ¯rst synthesis of a functional polypep- Boyer, H.W. 1977. Expression in Es- tide product from a gene of chemically synthesized cherichia coli of a chemically synthesized origin. gene for the hormone somatostatin. Sci- ence 198: 1056-1063. 1978 Michael Smith (1993 Nobel Prize Laureate for Smith, M. 1978. Mutagenesis at a spe- Chemistry) establishes oligonucleotide-based, site- ci¯c position in a DNA molecule. J. Biol. directed mutagenesis. Chem. 253: 6651-6560. Vasudha B. Reddy and colleagues ¯rst sequence Reddy, V.B., et al. 1978. The genome of the genome of the simian virus 40. simian virus 40. Science 200: 494-502. Frederick Sanger and colleagues develop Sanger, F. and Coulson, A.R. 1978. The ultrathin gels for improved sequence analysis. use of thin acrylamide gels for DNA se- quencing. FEBS Lett. 87: 107-110. * Edited by the Editorial O±ce of Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 256 Geno. Prot. Bioinfo. Vol. 2 No. 4 November 2004 Timeline of Genomics Year Event and Theoretical Implication/Extension Reference 1979 H. Chaim Birnboim introduces a method to iso- 1. Birnboim, H.C. and Doly, J. 1979. A rapid late the plasmid DNA. alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 7: 1513-1523. 2. Birnboim, H.C. 1983. A rapid alkaline ex- traction method for the isolation of plas- mid DNA. Methods Enzymol. 100: 243- 255. 1980 David Botstein, Ray White, Mark Skolnick, Botstein, D., White, R., Skolnick, M., and and Ronald Davis initiates the use of restriction Davis, R. 1980. Contruction of a genetic fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in map- linkage map in man using restriction frag- ping genes to indicate genetic di®erences among in- ment length polymorphisms. Am. J. Hum. dividuals. Genet. 32: 314-331. Frederick Sanger and colleagues develop Sanger, F., et al. 1980. Cloning in single- the random shotgun method to prepare templates stranded bacteriophage as an aid to rapid for DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing. J. Mol. Biol. 143: 161- 178. 1981 Stephen Anderson ¯rst reports of mtDNA se- 1. Anderson, S. 1981. Sequence and organiza- quencing, now called the Anderson or more com- tion of the human mitochondrial genome. monly the Cambridge Reference Sequence/CRS. He Nature 290: 457-465. also develops the shotgun sequencing strategy. 2. Anderson, S. 1981. Shotgun DNA sequenc- ing using cloned DNase I-generated frag- ments. Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 3015-3027. Thomas Cech ¯nds the self-splicing RNA from 1. Grabowski, P.J., Zaug, A.J., and Cech, Tetrahymena. T.R. 1981. The intervening sequence of the ribosomal RNA precursor is converted to a circular RNA in isolated nuclei of Tetrahy- mena. Cell 23: 467-476. 2. Zaug, A.J. and Cech, T.R. 1982. The in- tervening sequence excised from the ribo- somal RNA precursor of Tetrahymena con- tains a 5-terminal guanosine residue not encoded by the DNA. Nuclec Acids Res. 10: 2823-2838. Thomas Wagner and colleagues produce the ¯rst 1. Wagner, T.E., et al. 1981. Microinjection transgenic animals by transferring genes from other of a rabbit beta-globin gene into zygotes animals into mice. and its subsequent expression in adult mice and their o®spring. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 6376-6380. 2. Costantini, F. and Lacy, E. 1981. Intro- duction of a rabbit beta-globin gene into the mouse germ line. Nature 294: 92-94. J. C. Chang and Y. W. Kan detect the sickle Chang, J.C. and Kan, Y.W. 1981. Antena- cell anemia by restriction enzyme analysis of the tal diagnosis of sickle cell anaemia by direct DNA, making it the ¯rst genetic illness diagnosed analysis of the sickle mutation. Lancet 2: antenatally at the gene level directly. 1127-1129. Wang De-Bao and coworkers ¯rst complete the 1. Wang, D.B. 1980. Synthesis of 30-half synthesis of yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid. molecule (nucleotides 36{76) of yeast ala- nine transfer ribonucleic acid. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 7: 325-333. 2. Wang, D.B., et al. 1983. Total synthesis of yeast alanine transfer ribonucleic acid. Sci. Sin. B. 26: 464-481. Geno. Prot. Bioinfo. Vol. 2 No. 4 November 2004 257 Timeline of Genomics Year Event and Theoretical Implication/Extension Reference 1981 Mary Harper and colleagues map the gene for 1. Harper, M.E. and Saunders, G.F. 1981. insulin. Mapping by in situ hybridization became Localization of single copy DNA sequences a standard method. of G-banded human chromosomes by in situ hybridization. Chromosoma. 83: 431- 439. 2. Harper, M.E., et al. 1981. Localization of the human insulin gene to the distal end of the short arm of chromosome 11. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 4458-4460. 1982 Frederick Sanger and colleagues sequence the en- Sanger, F., et al. 1982. Nucleotide se- tire genome of bacteriophage lambda using a ran- quence of bacteriophage lambda. J. Mol. dom shotgun technique. Biol. 162: 729-733. Stanley B. Prusiner (1997 Nobel Prize Laureate Prusiner, S.B. 1982. Novel proteinaceaous for Physiology or Medicine) ¯nds evidence that a particles cause scrapie. Science 216: 136- class of infectious proteins he calls PRIONS cause 144. scrapie, a fatal neurodegenerative disease of sheep. Gerald Rubin and Allan Spradling develop Rubin, G.M. and Spradling, A.C. 1982. methods for making transgenic Drosophila. Genetic transformation of Drosophila with transposable element vectors. Science 218: 348-353. Los Alamos National Laboratory forms Gen- Bank, NIH's publicly accessible genetic sequence database. 1983 Kary B. Mullis (1993 Nobel Prize Laureate for 1. Saiki, R.K., et al. 1985. Enzymatic ampli- Chemistry) invents the polymerase chain reaction ¯cation of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analyses for diagnosis (PCR) , a method for rapidly and easily cloning of sickle cell anemia. Science 230: 1350- DNA fragments. 1354. 2. Mullis, K.B. and Faloona, F.A. 1987. Speci¯c synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol. 155: 335-350. 3. Saiki, R.K., et al. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic ampli¯cation of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239: 487-491. Scott D. Putney and colleagues recognize that es- Putney, S.D., et al. 1983. A new troponin sentially random cloning and sequencing could pro- T and cDNA clones for 13 di®erent mus- vide rapid access to the messenger RNAs in the cle proteins, found by shotgun sequencing. cell: they develop the method later called EST Nature 302: 718-721. (expressed sequence tag). James Gusella maps the ¯rst disease gene linked Gusella, J.F., et al. 1983. A polymorphic to Huntington's disease, which is on chromosome 4. DNA marker genetically linked to Hunting- ton's disease. Nature 306: 234-238. G. SchrÄoder and colleagues perform the ¯rst ge- 1. SchrÄoder,G., et al. 1983. The conserved netic transformation of plant cells by Ti plasmids. part of the T-region in Ti-plasmids ex- presses four proteins in bacteria. EMBO J. 2: 403-409. 2. Willmitzer, L., et al. 1983. The use of Ti-plasmids as plant-directed gene vectors. Folia. Biol. (Praha) 29: 106-114. 258 Geno. Prot. Bioinfo. Vol. 2 No. 4 November 2004 Timeline of Genomics Year Event and Theoretical Implication/Extension Reference 1983 Andrew Murray and Jack Szostak synthesize 1.
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