BASELINE REPORT ON COASTAL RESOURCES for Puerto Princesa City
September 2006
Prepared for:
PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Palawan Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines 5300
Email: [email protected] Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234
Funded through a loan from :
JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Prepared by:
PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with ALMEC Corporation CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc. DARUMA Technologies Inc. Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc.
Photo Credits:
Photos by PCSDS and SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component Project Management Office
This report can be reproduced as long as the convenors are properly acknowledged as the source of information
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Printed by:
Futuristic Printing Press, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines
Suggested Citation:
PCSDS. 2006. Baseline Report on Coastal Resources for Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables v List of Figures vii List of Plates x List of Appendices xii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii
CHAPTER I. CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 1
1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 Objectives 3 3.0 Review of Literature 3 4.0 Materials and Methods 3 5.0 Results 4 6.0 Discussions 12 7.0 Summary 17 8.0 Recommendations 17
CHAPTER II. REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 18
9.0 Introduction 18 10.0 Materials and Methods 18 11.0 Results 18 12.0 Discussions 29 13.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 31
CHAPTER III. SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 33
14.0 Introduction 33 15.0 Materials and Methods 34 16.0 Results 35 17.0 Discussions 54 18.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 57
CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 59
19.0 Introduction 59 20.0 Methodology 60 21.0 Results 62 22.0 Conservation Awareness 79 23.0 Discussions 84 24.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 89
______iii CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 92
25.0 Introduction 92 26.0 Objectives 93 27.0 Expected Outputs 93 28.0 Methods 93 29.0 Results and Discussions 102 30.0 Conclusion 117 31.0 Recommendations 118
LIST OF REFERENCES 125
______iv List of Tables
Table Title Page No. No.
1 Physical Attributes of Barangays of Puerto Princesa City, 2005 2 2 Coral Reef Areas Identified as Possible Core Zones in Puerto Princesa, 11 Coral Score Categories: 0=none, 1=up to 10%, 2=11-30%, 3=31-50%, 4=51-75% and 5=76-100% 3 Species Richness of 86 Reef Fish Sampling Stations, Puerto Princesa 19 City, Palawan, 2005 4 Indicator, Major and Target Fish Species Ranks from 86 Sampling 25 Stations, Puerto Princesa City, 2005 5 Fish Species Recorded from Various Studies, Puerto Princesa City, 28 Palawan, 2005 6 Physical Characteristics of Seagrass Meadows by Station 38 7 Summary of Visual Estimates of Vegetation Cover on Bottom (as mean 41 2 % ± SEM, quadrat area ∼10 mP P). (nBplotsB = pooled number of observations; • denotes incidence of ≥50% leaf canopy cover in the observation plots), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/May 2005 8 Species Composition and Diversity (as species richness, N) of Seagrass 42 1 Communities. Legend: P P includes the narrow and wide-leaf varieties and Halodule pinifolia, now recognized as a conspecific of H. uninervis, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/May 2005 9 Puerto Princesa (Palawan), April/May 2005: Tally of Seaweeds 50 (genera only) Associated with Seagrasses. Legend: N –number of Genera, SAR-Sargassum, PAD-Padina, HAL-Halimeda, CAU- Caulerpa, TUR-Turbinaria, HYD-Hydroclathrus, DIC-Dictyota, NEO- Neomeris, UDO-Udotea, LIG-Liagora, VAL-Valonia, CHL- Chlorodesmis, GAL-Galaxaura, GRA-Gracilaria, SPY-Spyridinium, LAU-Laurencia, AMP-Amphihoa, HLY-Halymenia, ACE- Acetabularia, ULV-Ulva, AVR-Avrainvillea, COD-Codium and BOR- Bornetella 10 Characteristics of Seagrass Habitats (extent from shore incidence, 53 presence/absence of siltation), Seagrass Communities (canopy cover, diversity), and Habitat Use – Altogether Used as Criteria for a Identifying Candidate Seagrass ECAN Core Zones. Legend: P P ∼200 m, b c P P >200 m, P P <100 m, • with Incidence of ≥50% Cover on Plots along Transects (see Table 3 of this report), √√ High Priority (blocked green), √ for Consideration (blocked yellow), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/May 2005 11 Reasons for Increase in Dugong Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa 65 City, Palawan, 2005 12 Reasons for Decrease in Dugong Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa 66 City, Palawan, 2005 13 Reasons for Increase in Turtle Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, 69 Palawan, 2005
______v Table Title Page No. No.
14 Reasons for Decrease in Turtle Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, 70 Palawan, 2005 15 Reasons for Increase in Dolpin Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, 75 Palawan, 2005 16 Reasons for Increase in Whale Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, 76 Palawan, 2005 17 Reasons Why Large Marine Wildlife Needs Protection 83 18 Location and Position of Belt Transects Surveyed, Puerto Princesa 93 City, Palawan, 2005 19 List of True and Associate Mangrove Species, Puerto Princesa City, 103 Palawan, 2005 20 Distribution and Abundance of Top (15) Mangrove Species in Different 104 Sampling Sites, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 21 Comparison of Diversity Indices of Mangrove Forest Sampling Sites, 105 Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 22 The Relative Values of Average Overall Diversity Indices and 108 Evenness of Mangroves Based on Fernando Biodiversity Scale (1998), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 23 RF, RDen, RDom, and IV of Top 15 Mangrove Species, Puerto 111 Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 24 Average Stocking (N/ha) of Timber and Pole Size Trees Per Transect, 111 Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 3 25 Stand Volume (mP P/ha) of Timber and Pole by Transect, Puerto Princesa 114 City, Palawan, 2005 26 Proposed Mangrove Forest Management Strategy, Puerto Princesa 120 City, Palawan, 2005
______vi List of Figures
Figure Title Page No. No.
1 Map Showing the East Longitude (degrees) Identified Coastal 1 Barangays and the Three Major Bays of the Management Area, Puerto Princesa City, 2005 2 Coverage of the Baseline Survey in Red, Puerto Princesa City, 4 Palawan, 2204 3 Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover of 10% or Less (black dots), Puerto 5 Princesa City, 2005 4 Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover of 11-30% (green dots). Puerto 6 Princesa City, 2005 5 Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover of 31-50% (blue dots). Puerto 7 Princesa City, 2005 6 Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover Higher Than 50% (red dots). 8 Puerto Princesa City, 2005 7 Summary of Hard and Soft Coral Cover Categories, Puerto Princesa 9 City, 2005 8 Proposed Coral Reef Core Zones with Live (hard and soft) Coral Cover 10 of More Than 50%, Puerto Princesa City, 2005 9 Graphical Representation of the Sampling Areas for Fish Baseline 23 Survey, Puerto Princesa, April 2005 10 Recommended Reef Fish Core Zones based on Highest Species 30 Richness, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April 2005 11 Potential Fish Core Zones with Highest Species Richness, West Coast, 31 Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April 2005 12 Locations of Previous Seagrass (◊) and Seaweed (+) Assessments – 33 Fortes and Fazi (2000; purple symbols), Roleda et al. (2002; red symbols), and from earlier Studies Compiled in the Natural Resources Database (CI 2003; blue symbols), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 13 Locations of 95 Coastal Stations for ECAN Survey of April/May 2005 35 (ο) and Stations of previous Assessment studies-Fortes and Fazi (2000; purple symbols), Roleda et al. (2002; red symbols), and from earlier studies compiled in the Natural Resources Database (CI 2003; blue symbols), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 14 Location of the 40 Seagrass-dominated Stations, ECAN Survey of 36 April/May 2005 (moss green dots) and of Seagrass Stations by previous Assessment studies-Fortes and Fazi (2000; purple symbols), Roleda et al. (2002; red symbols), and from earlier studies compiled in the Natural Resources Database (CI 2003; blue symbols), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 15 Estimated Perpendicular extent (or bed width) of continuous Seagrass 37 beds in the 40 Stations (symbols are Size-scaled by bed width, range = ∼50 to ∼1500m). Graph on top left shows the frequency Distribution of the Stations by bed widths, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/May 2005
______vii Figure Title Page No. No.
16 Distribution of Seagrass Leaf Canopy Cover (mean per station, in %; 40 range of size-scaled symbols = < 5 to 60%). Top graph shows the breakdown of Seagrass Cover Estimates in all the Plots Observed; bottom graph represents the Distribution of the Stations based on Pooled Cover, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/May 2005 17 Puerto Princesa, April/May 2005: The Distribution of Seagrass Species 44 Richness N (range = 1 to 8 Species Per Stations, Displayed as Size- scaled Symbol 18 The Relative Occurrence of each Seagrass Species (A-G, ordered by 49 decreasing importance) in Each Station. The Range of Size-scaled by Symbols is between 1 to 100%, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/May 2005 19 Seagrass Areas Proposed as ECAN Core Zones in Puerto Princesa 52 (blue circles) Based on the Combination of Ecological Characters: Seagrass Species Richness (triangles, as in Figure 17), Bottom Cover (green circles; yellow circles are well-covered beds), and Presence of Dugong Graze Marks (squares), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 20 Survey Areas of Puerto Princesa Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 60 2005 21A Survey Areas within West Coast and Ulugan Bay, Puerto Princesa City, 61 Palawan, 2005 21B Survey Areas in Honda Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 61 22 Age Group (%) 62 23 Ethnic Origin (%) 62 24 Educational Attainment (%) 62 25 Established Residency (%) 62 26 Fisher’s Classification (%) 62 27 Years Fishing in Area (%) 62 28 Fishing Frequency (%) 63 29 Fishing Gears Used (%) 63 30 Dugong Sightings, November 04 to April 05 64 31 Dugong Sightings (indicative), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 64 32 Perceptions on Dugong Numbers 65 33 Turtle Sightings , November 04 to April 2005 67 34 Turtle Sightings and Reported Nesting Sites, Puerto Princesa City,2005 68 35 Perceptions on Turtle Numbers 69 36 Cetacean Sightings, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 72 37 Actual Dolphin Sightings, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 73 38 Dolphin Sightings, November 04 to April 05 74 39 Whale Sightings, November 04 to April 05 74 40 Perceptions on Dolphin Numbers 75 41 Perceptions on Whale Numbers 75 42 Perceived Threats on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles 76 43 Implements of Turtle By-catch 77 44 Implements of Dugong By-catch 77 45 Frequency of Dugong By-catch 77
______viii Figure Title Page No. No.
46 Frequency of Turtle By-catch 77 47 Frequency of Dolphin By-catch 78 48 Year of Dugong Stranding Occurrences 78 49 Year of Turtle Stranding Occurrences 78 50 Year of Dolphin Stranding Occurrences 79 51 Year of Whale Stranding Occurrences 79 52 Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental Captures when Animal Alive 79 53 Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental when Animal is Dead 80 54 Awareness of Laws in Survey Areas 80 55 Implementation of Laws in Survey Areas 81 56 Resources for the Absence of Law Implementation 81 57 Presence of Conservation Activities 82 58 Participation in Conservation Activities 82 59 Types of Conservation Activities 82 60 Animal Protection 83 61 Picture Showing the Lay-outing of Transects 99 62 Picture Showing Rhizophora apiculata, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 104 2005
______ix List of Plates
Plate Title Page No. No.
1 Red Tide Turns Surface Waters Frothy along the Western Coast of 13 Puerto Princesa (ARF Montebon) 2 Crown-of-thorns Seaster (Acanthaster) Feeds Off a Table Acropora 14 after having finished some of the Corals in the background. Picture taken off Pinanganakan Islets (ARF Montebon) 3 Soft Corals are a common Sight along the East Bank of Puerto 15 Princesa, this Aggregation is in Honda Bay (J. Garcia) 4 Top: Egg Cowries (Ovula ovum) Feasting on a Soft Cora, Bottom: an 15 Egg Cowry finishing off a small Soft Coral 5 A small Sea Turtle among the Sargassum-laden Reefs of Western 16 Puerto Princeswa (ARF Montebon) 6 Manta tow view going through the Reef coverd with Sargassum (ARF 16 Montebon) 7 The Indicator Species Chaetodon rafflesii (Chaetodontidae), Puerto 24 Princesa, Palawan, 2005 8 The Target Fish Sweetlips Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides 27 (Haemulidae) Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 2005 9 Horizontal Visibility was Good at the East Coast of Puerto Princesa 29 City, Palawan, 2005 10 Higher Species Richness was Observed in most Sampling Points at the 32 East Coast as compared to the West Coast, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 11 Stands of Enhalus acoroides in Brgy. Kamuning (Photo: HME 45 Nacorda) 12 Fish Juveniles that Use the Dense Seagrass Canopy in Brgy. San Pedro 55 for Refuge, (Photo: RO Juanich) 13 Well-covered Meadow in Pundeado Island (circle in map), (Photo: 56 HME Nacorda) 14 The Diverse Community Off Brgy. San Manuel, still part of the Lush 57 and Extensive Meadow from Brgy. San Pedro (Photo: RO Juanich) 15 Stands of Enhalus acoroides in Brgy. Kamuning (Photo: HME 58 Nacorda) 16 A Dugong’s Feeding Trail on the Northern Shallow Meadow of Brgy. 58 Mangingisda, (Photo: F. Tabugon, Jr.) 17 Informant Interview in the West Coast of Puerto Princesa City, (Photo 60 by: MF. Digdigan) 18 Boat Survey Conducted in Binduyan Waters 60
______x Plate Title Page No. No.
19 Hawksbill Turtle 66 20 Green Turtle 66 21 Olive Ridley 66 22 Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) 70 23 Long-snouted Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) 70 24 Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorthnchus) 70 25 Long-snouted Spinner Dolphins (Stenella longirostris) 71 26 Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni) 71
______xi List of Appendices
Appendix Title Page No.
A Recorded Hard Coral Species, Puerto Princesa City, 2001 132 (Aliño et al., 2001 a,b) B Occurrence of Reef Fishes from 86 Sampling Stations, 135 Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 C Documented Occurrences of Seagrasses and Seaweeds 167 Consolidated from NRDB Pro v1.0 (CI 2000) and Roleda et al. (2002 a, b), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan D Marine Wildlife Survey Form 172 E Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental Animal Captures 178 F Source of Laws Regarding Large Marine Wildlife 179 G Respondents’ Opinion on why Captures of Large Marine 180 Wildlife are Prohibited H Quantitative Description of Forest Structures Conditions, 181 and Existing Land-Uses for Each Transect, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
______xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Key findings of this study in May 2005 show that coral reefs of western Puerto Princesa have been reduced to Sargassum fields. Though hard hit by a recent wave of red tide, the area near Ulugan Bay thrives with sea turtles and sharks. The crown-of-thorns seastar (Acanthaster planci) is not uncommon around this area as well.
High coral cover remains in a number of places within Honda Bay. Soft corals are common in eastern Puerto Princesa and in a few places even dominate the hard corals. In western Puerto Princesa, coral reef rehabilitation efforts and the feasibility of extracting alginates from Sargassum need to be studied more thoroughly. Many of the potential coral reef core zones are in Honda Bay. Thus, the entire bay may be established as a large marine protected area with specific core zones that will complement each other (Sale et al. 2005). There is, however, a critical need to integrate the coastal management plan with the terrestrial environment (e.g., Cho in press).
Reef fish communities of Puerto Princesa appear to be in relatively good condition in terms of species richness. From the total of 86 sampling stations, a least 13 were identified as high priority core zones having the highest species richness in the east coast and the west coast independently. In addition, even (7) small and fragile islands prone to both natural and anthropogenic stress, within Honda Bay were also identified as additional potential reef fishes core zone sites.
Detailed assessments of these 13 sites must be conducted to generate more information on the status and condition of the fish communities and their habitat. Other sites of special interest shall likewise be subjected to future studies as bases for the establishment of additional core zones to form the “network” of protected areas.
On the other hand, seagrass and associated seaweeds assessment resulted in gathering of geo-referenced vegetation data and substratum features from 40 seagrass-dominated stations in 12 coastal barangays that encompass the three major embayments and the eastern coastline of the City. Lush and wide seagrass meadows occurred in the Southeast of the mainland (Inagawan) and within Puerto Princesa Bay (Mangingisda, Iwahig, Bancao-Bancao) and Honda Bay (San Pedro to Tagburos, Luli Island, Tadio/ Pundeado Island). A lush meadow was also found in deeper waters off Concepcion to Binduyan. Cross-bed estimates of ≥50% cover by seagrasses were typical in most stations. Sparse distributions of seagrasses were evident in the silty coasts of the mainland that face Honda Bay (Sta Lucia, Sta Lourdes, Bacungan, Sta Cruz, Salvacion, San Rafael) and in the inner bay of Ulugan (Bahile).
Eight species of seagrasses occurred in Puerto Princesa as was previously documented: Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii were cosmopolitan, Halophila ovalis Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis (here including Halodule pinifolia), and Syringodium isoetifolium were the commonly associated species, and Cymodocea serrulata and an undetermined species of Halophila occurred less frequently. Except for monospecific stands of
______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii E. acoroides within silt-threatened stations in Honda Bay (Bacungan, Sta Cruz, Bush Island in Salvacion) and in Ulugan Bay (Bahile), the range in seagrass species richness was from 2 to 8 species. The most diverse meadows (N = 8) were found in Inagawan, San Pedro, Bancao- Bancao, Tagburos, Cowrie Island (Sta Lourdes), and Buenavista (Ulugan Bay). Seaweeds associated with seagrass beds contributed up to ~30% to total vegetative cover and were represented by 23 genera, three of which were commonly encountered – the brown seaweeds Sargassum and Padina, and the green algae Halimeda.
Six areas were found to be constant forage grounds of dugongs and were identified as proposed “high priority seagrass ECAN core zones” located in Kamuning, Inagawan, Mangingisda, Pundeado Island, Tanabag to Concepcion, and Binduyan. In addition, extant lush and diverse beds in Iwahig, Bancao-Bancao, San Pedro, Tagburos, Cowrie Island, and Buenavista were identified “high-priority candidate seagrass core zones sites”. “Potential (‘reserved’) core zones” are extant diverse beds or within the vicinity of feeding areas of dugongs in WP02 in Mangingisda, Luzviminda, PB24 in Bancao-Bancao, San Manuel, Manalo, Tadio Island, Macarascas, and UB80 in Buenavista.
Marine mammal survey revealed graze marks of the marine mammal Dugong dugon noted in 6 locations – Kamuning, Inagawan, Mangingisda, Pundeado Island (Babuyan), Tanabag to Concepcion, and Binduyan. As forage areas of endangered animals, these locations automatically qualify as seagrass ECAN core zones. From the combination of ecological characters (relatively high bottom cover and seagrass species richness) and apparent habitat use to a suite of animals (fish and large mammals). Thus, seagrass beds of Kamuning, Inagawan, Mangingisda, Iwahig, Bancao-Bancao, San Pedro, Tagburos, Pundeado Island, Cowrie Island, and Buenavista are identified as among the high-priority list of seagrass ECAN core zones, while adjacent areas within Mangingisda, Luzviminda, Bancao-Bancao, San Manuel, Manalo, Tadio Island, Macarascas, and Buenavista as among the potential (‘reserved’) candidate areas. The latter are put forward in view of current global efforts on biodiversity conservation.
Findings from the 125 belt transects for mangrove assessment of Puerto Princesa, revealed Rhizophora apiculata (Bakauan-lalaki) as the dominant species while overall stocking density was categorized as open, logged over forest and low stand volume. The lowest volume stand was recorded in Bagong Bayan, while the highest stand density was encountered in Bahile, thus its recommendation as a strict protection zone.
It is therefore proposed that open, logged over and inadequate stock with low stand volume mangrove areas be zoned as restoration zone. Mangrove forest with inadequate to adequately stock with moderate to high volume stand is zoned into core zone while those mangrove areas identified with potentials for ecotourism activities, unproductive, abandoned fishpond and fishpond areas without FLA may be zoned as restricted multiple use zone.
Mangrove areas with similar conditions such as plantations and reforestation sites of Macarascas and Bunarao in Brgy. Manalo be subjected to enrichment planting. The community based mangrove forest management (CBMFM) can be an appropriate tenurial arrangement in rehabilitating mangrove either through assisted natural regeneration, reforestation or aqua silviculture. Aqua-silviculture is prescribed to rehabilitate the areas with clearings and fishpond
______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv development either unproductive, abandoned and not covered with FLA such as So Liang, Tagabinet, Concepcion, Babuyan, Sta. Cruz, Caramay, Bacungan River, Sta. Lourdes, Tagburos, San Manuel, Luzviminda and areas with similar situation. Mangrove areas in Dos Palmas, Snake Islet, Starfish Islet, Bakau Islet, Kabog Islet and other mangrove areas which are adjacent to facilities such as board walk, resort, cottages, and warfs could be developed and promoted as part of ecotourism destination. The mangrove areas which are previously logged and had open or sparse mangrove cover could be rehabilitated through assisted natural regeneration.
______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xv CHAPTER I CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
o Puerto Princesa City is at the heart of mainland Palawan located within 9P P25’— o o o 10P P20’ north latitude and 118P P20’—119P P10’ east longitude (Figure 1). It has 66 barangays covering an area of more than 2,000 square kilometers. Table 1 lists the 66 barangays of Puerto Princesa with their respective physical attributes (CI 2000). The area stretches from the east on the Sulu Sea to the west on the South China Sea.
10.3
New Pangganan PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2 ULUGAN BAY Marufinas Cabayugan Langogan 10.1
Concepcion Buenavista Tanabag San Binduyan Bahile Rafael Macarascas 10 Lucbuan Babuyan Sta Cruz Manalo Maruyogon Salvacion
9.9 Bacungan HONDA BAY
Sta Lourdes
Irawan Tagburos
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8 Simpocan San Jose Sicsican Tiniguiban San Manuel San Pedro Bagong San Miguel Bayan Bancao-bancao 9.7 Luzviminda PUERTO PRINCESA BAY Napsan Iwahig Barangay ng Mangingisda Sta Lucia 9.6 Inagawan subcolony
Inagawan
9.5 Kamuning 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 East longitude (degrees)
Figure 1. Map Showing the Identified Coastal Barangays and the Three Major Bays of the Management Area, Puerto Princesa City, 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 1 Table 1. Physical Attributes of Barangays of Puerto Princesa City, 2005
Area Perimeter Area Perimeter Barangay Barangay (sq km) (km) (sq km) (km) 1 Babuyan 17.412 35.263 34 Maruyogon 9.604 14.366 2 Bacungan 180.811 106.737 35 Masigla 0.032 0.866 3 Bagong Bayan 95.237 44.464 36 Masikap 0.055 0.98 4 Bagong Pag-Asa 0.081 1.692 37 Masipag 0.24 3.275 5 Bagong Sikat 1.078 5.383 38 Matahimik 0.112 1.857 6 Bagong Silang 0.146 2.596 39 Matiyaga 0.054 0.93 7 Bahile 101.695 91.986 40 Maunlad 0.324 3.367 8 Bancao-bancao 3.596 9.865 41 Milagrosa 0.382 2.919 9 Bgy ng mga Mangingisda 0.171 1.895 42 Model 0.074 1.485 10 Binduyan 86.922 56.197 43 Montible 65.983 38.356 11 Buenavista 44.206 30.782 44 Napsan 148.1 59.894 12 Cabayugan 121.479 57.718 45 New Panggangan 56.453 45.718 13 Concepcion 61.415 36.647 46 Pagkakaisa 0.015 0.625 14 Inagawan 7.408 12.569 47 Princesa 0.085 1.253 15 Inagawan Sub-Colony 184.496 57.701 48 Salvacion 24.069 27.873 16 Irawan 37.355 36.334 49 San Jose 8.104 14.858 17 Iwahig 123.519 77.994 50 San Manuel 5.822 10.924 18 Kalipay 0.054 0.949 51 San Miguel 3.959 9.822 19 Kamuning 14.186 20.149 52 San Pedro 6.484 13.441 20 Langogan 172.653 102.852 53 San Rafael 86.121 42.421 21 Liwanag 0.055 1.061 54 Santa Cruz 32.589 31.282 22 Lucbuan 21.535 28.786 55 Santa Lourdes 32.024 40.172 23 Luzviminda 17.233 30.227 56 Santa Lucia 15.04 29.895 24 Mabuhay 0.025 0.753 57 Santa Monica 7.188 16.834 25 Macarascas 20.981 23.203 58 Seaside 0.02 0.564 26 Magkakaibigan 0.057 0.965 59 Sicsican 9.158 24.03 27 Maligaya 0.06 0.986 60 Simpocan 63.368 32.764 28 Manalo 28.398 36.773 61 Tagabinit 23.155 27.023 29 Mandaragat 0.635 3.776 62 Tagburos 9.07 16.956 30 Manggahan 0.192 1.926 63 Tagumpay 0.111 1.473 31 Maningning 0.137 1.814 64 Tanabag 33.573 34.896 32 Maoyon 32.463 42.399 65 Tanglaw 0.189 2.477 33 Marufinas 128.408 57.849 66 Tiniguiban 3.438 13.332
Totals 2,149.094 1,587.219
Source: Conservation International database (NRDB).
Three major embayments are located in Puerto Princesa City. Two are located at the east side which are, Puerto Princesa Bay and Honda Bay. The other one at the western shores and located more northerly is the Ulugan Bay. Islands and shoals are more common at Honda Bay whereas human impacts are more apparent at Puerto Princesa Bay.
Honda Bay is a popular tourist destination and features lush coral gardens and island getaways while Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, just north of Ulugan Bay, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and offers adventures through thick mangrove forests and canoeing in an underground river.
Coastal resources of Puerto Princesa have been studied mainly around the bays mentioned above. The ECAN zoning initiative is designed to get a better grasp of the entire coastal/marine resources of the area, particular in this report is the coral reef environment.
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 2 2.0 OBJECTIVES
General • Conduct a coral reef baseline survey for Puerto Princesa City vis-à-vis the ECAN zoning as required for in the SEP law
Specific • Verify status of selected coral reefs identified from literature • Generate primary data from still un-surveyed coral reefs • Identify core zones of coral reefs apart from those already established
3.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Prior to this work, the latest coral reef survey was done at the turn of the millennium. There were about 358 species of scleractinian corals recorded in this initiative. The number of species found in Puerto Princesa is considered very high, which is more than 75% of the total number of species worldwide (Appendix A, Aliño et al. 2001a,b; see also Werner & Allen 2000).
Manta tows were employed to investigate the coral reef status at selected areas or islands in Honda Bay and Puerto Princesa Bay. Of the seven (7) islands surveyed in Honda Bay, a mean category score of 3 (31-50%) on hard corals was recorded in Bush Island, Starfish Island and Cowrie Island. Subsequent surveys using the line-intercept technique (LIT) virtually characterized the survey sites with coral cover between 26-50% cover (Aliño et al. 2001b).
Six (6) sites around the mouth of Puerto Princesa Bay were also surveyed using LIT. Only half of these had total live coral (hard and soft) cover of more than 30%, viz., South- south Channel, North Channel and WESCOM although all still fall between 26-50% coral cover (Aliño et al. 2001a).
The average coral reef condition, based on the selected sites in Honda Bay and Puerto Princesa Bay, is not very good. How these coral reef sites represent the bays may have to be evaluated but they are definitely not sufficient to describe the status of coral reefs of Puerto Princesa as a whole, especially since the study was completed several years back.
4.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field survey protocols were followed from the Technical Manual, which were mainly patterned after English et al. (1997). The manta tow reconnaissance technique was primarily employed in the surveys. Spot checks were also employed to assess smaller reefs on occasion. This strategy was employed to cover the widest possible area within the given constraints. The survey was carried out in April 2005.
The location of each tow was recorded using a global positioning system (Garmin GPSMap 168) with Luzon Philippines as the map datum. Scoring categories outlined in the Technical Manual are those of English et al. (1997) and modified in Montebon (1997) as follows: 0=no cover, 1=10%, 2=11-30%, 3=31-50%, 4=51-75% and 5=76-100%.
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 3 Conspicuous coral genera and lifeforms were also noted together with observations on reef features such as algae and substrate type. Tell tale signs of the red tide that swept the west coast of Palawan were also noted during the surveys.
5.0 RESULTS
The baseline survey of Puerto Princesa resulted to a cumulative tow of 2,793 which 2 is approximately equivalent to 2,793,000 mP P of coastal area that was covered (Figure 2). Areas with very low coral cover (10% or less) made up more than half of the total number of tows (Figure 3). Nearly 20% of the surveyed areas had a hard coral cover of 11-30% (Figure 2 4) while only about 6% (177,000 mP P) had a hard coral cover of 31-50% (Figure 5). Of the 2 vast coverage of the survey, only 2.5% or 69,000 mP P of coral reefs had coral cover of more than 50% (Figure 6).
10.3
PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2 Baseline Survey Coverage
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) 9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 East longitude (degrees)
Figure 2. Coverage of the Baseline Surveys in Red, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 4
10.3 PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 East longitude (degrees)
Figure 3. Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover of 10% or Less (black dots), Puerto Princesa City, 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 5 10.3
PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 Figure 4. Coral Reefs East longitude (degrees) with Hard Coral Cover of 11- 30% (green dots), Puerto Princesa City. 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 6 10.3
PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 East longitude (degrees)
Figure 5. Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover of 31-50% (blue dots), Puerto Princesa City, 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 7
10.3 PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 East longitude (degrees)
Figure 6. Coral Reefs with Hard Coral Cover Higher Than 50% (red dots), Puerto Princesa City, 2005
The western seaboard of Puerto Princesa is depauperate of corals except at two areas, one at a small island northward, which is Pinanganakan Island, and another small area southward in the vicinity of Napsan (see Figure 6). The rest of the reefs were mainly covered with the brown macrophyte Sargassum.
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 8 Soft corals are more conspicuous at the eastern section of Puerto Princesa. An area in Kamuning had a soft coral cover of more than 50% (see Figure 7). Honda Bay is also an area with a relatively high percentage of soft corals. In some cases, hard and soft corals occupy the reef in similar proportions. Figure 8 depicts the potential core zones of Puerto Princesa based on the survey data as summarized in Table 2.
10.3 PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8
9.7
Hard corals Soft corals 9.6 Category 4-5 51-100% Category 3 31 - 50% Category 2 11 - 30% Category 1 < 10% 9.5 118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1 East longitude (degrees)
Figure 7. Summary of Hard and Soft Coral Cover Categories, Puerto Princesa City, 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 9
10.3
PUERTO PRINCESA
10.2
10.1
10.0
9.9
North latitude (degrees) latitude North 9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5
118.4 118.5 118.6 118.7 118.8 118.9 119 119.1
East longitude (degrees)
Figure 8. Proposed Coral Reef Core Zones with Live (hard and soft) Coral Cover of More Than 50%, Puerto Princesa City, 2005
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 10 Table 2. Coral Reef Areas Identified as Possible Core Zones in Puerto Princesa. Coral Score Categories: 0=none, 1=up to 10%, 2=11-30%, 3=31-50%, 4=51- 75% and 5=76-100%.
E-longitude N-latitude Hard Soft Dead Locality 118.86496 9.91376 4 0 1 Air2 shoal 118.86658 9.91408 4 1 1 Air2 shoal 118.86739 9.91843 5 0 0 Air2 shoal 118.87236 9.90844 4 1 1 Arrecife Is. 118.87240 9.90889 4 1 1 Arrecife Is. 118.87265 9.91010 5 0 0 Arrecife Is. 118.87268 9.91036 4 0 0 Arrecife Is. 118.87273 9.91113 4 0 0 Arrecife Is. 118.87276 9.91149 4 0 1 Arrecife Is. 118.87276 9.91186 4 1 1 Arrecife Is. 118.87281 9.91203 4 1 1 Arrecife Is. 118.87928 9.90192 4 0 1 Arrecife Is. 118.88013 9.90239 4 0 1 Arrecife Is. 118.88041 9.90264 4 0 1 Arrecife Is. 118.88067 9.90289 4 0 1 Arrecife Is. 118.88102 9.90320 5 0 0 Arrecife Is. 118.88462 9.90970 4 0 1 Arrecife Is. 118.88465 9.91015 5 1 0 Arrecife Is. 118.88467 9.91036 4 1 0 Arrecife Is. 118.88471 9.91063 4 1 0 Arrecife Is. 118.88471 9.91088 5 1 0 Arrecife Is. 118.88471 9.91108 5 0 1 Arrecife Is. 119.05960 10.00884 2 2 1 Binduyan 119.06001 10.00844 2 2 1 Binduyan 119.06038 10.00801 2 2 1 Binduyan 119.07016 10.00972 5 0 1 Binduyan 119.07049 10.00980 4 0 1 Binduyan 118.84962 9.92076 5 0 1 Buguias Is. 118.85038 9.92053 4 0 1 Buguias Is. 118.85056 9.92033 4 0 1 Buguias Is. 118.85135 9.91878 4 0 1 Buguias Is. 118.63555 9.49763 1 5 0 Kam uning 118.74868 9.87908 4 0 1 Meara Is. 118.79265 9.87127 4 0 1 Meara Is. 118.79434 9.88860 4 0 1 Meara Is. 118.79743 9.88771 4 0 1 Meara Is. 118.80059 9.88502 4 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80089 9.88479 5 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80113 9.88466 4 1 1 Meara Is. 118.80114 9.87217 5 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80125 9.87186 5 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80137 9.87161 4 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80156 9.87138 5 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80173 9.87124 4 0 0 Meara Is. 118.80224 9.87065 4 1 0 Meara Is. 118.80233 9.87036 5 1 0 Meara Is. 118.80249 9.87016 4 1 0 Meara Is. 118.80256 9.88329 4 1 1 Meara Is.
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 11 Table 2 continued . . .
E-longitude N-latitude Hard Soft Dead Locality 118.44403 9.73214 4 0 1 Napsan 118.45740 9.73826 4 0 1 Napsan 118.45798 9.73807 4 0 1 Napsan 118.45821 9.73763 4 0 1 Napsan 118.93711 10.26724 5 1 1 Pinanganakan Is 118.86713 9.94025 2 2 1 Puting-buhangin 118.93059 9.95746 4 0 1 San Rafael Sandbar 118.93219 9.95616 4 1 1 San Rafael Sandbar 118.93393 9.96131 4 0 1 San Rafael Sandbar 118.94926 9.96352 2 2 1 San Rafael Shoal 118.95786 9.96627 4 0 1 San Rafael Shoal 118.78582 9.79792 4 0 1 Sanctuary 118.78619 9.79846 5 0 0 Sanctuary
118.92543 9.96839 2 2 1 Sanctuary by ELAC 118.92641 9.96749 4 1 1 Sanctuary by ELAC 118.85327 9.91839 4 0 1 Señorita Is. 118.85388 9.91728 4 1 1 Señorita Is. 118.85575 9.93494 4 1 1 Señorita Is. 118.86083 9.92177 2 2 1 Señorita Is. 118.86113 9.92206 2 2 1 Señorita Is. 118.77957 9.86437 5 0 1 Shoal (near Meara Is.) 118.92219 9.96265 4 0 1 Shoal1 118.92179 9.96409 4 0 1 Shoal2 118.80163 9.90191 4 1 1 Starfish Is. 118.80168 9.90153 5 1 0 Starfish Is. 118.80173 9.90112 5 1 0 Starfish Is. 118.98731 9.98283 4 1 1 Tanabag 118.98738 9.98320 4 1 1 Tanabag 118.98739 9.98376 4 1 1 Tanabag
6.0 DISCUSSION
There is an apparent east-west dichotomy in the coral reefs of Puerto Princesa. Though mostly dead (not recent but still standing), it is noteworthy that corals at the western seaboard of Puerto Princesa were more of the tabulate corals. Dead reefs in the west gave way to thick vegetation of the macroalga, Sargassum. This condition may force a negative effect on the possible recovery of the reefs in this area. It is conceivable that available coral recruits may have a difficult time reaching a hard substrate to attach to because of the backlashing of Sargassum fronds. Moreover, a coral recruit that may find its way to the hard substrate may easily be out competed for nutrients by the Sargassum, overgrown and smothered from light which is critical for coral growth (Sammarco 1980, Tanner 1995).
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 12 Despite the poor condition of the reefs at this side, more sea turtles and sharks were encountered during the survey, especially towards Ulugan Bay. Near the northwestern area of Rita Island, a pair of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) was seen mating on the shallow reef. Unfortunately, this side of Puerto Princesa also suffered a major red tide hit in the previous month (March 2005) that resulted in a major fish kill. Patches of red tide (Plate 1) were still lingering during the surveys.
Plate 1. Red tide turns surface waters frothy along the western coast of Puerto Princesa (ARF Montebon).
The predatory seastar crown-of-thorns (Plate 2) was also noted to be more abundant at the western section (between Sabang and Ulugan Bay) although no outbreak population was observed during the survey. The low number of crown of thorns (COTs) is probably related to the low coral cover of the area as well. Note that just north of Ulugan Bay in the municipality of San Vicente, a COT infestation was seen in Manta Ray Shoal during our ECAN survey in September 2004. The proximity of this COT infestation puts a serious threat to Pinanganakan Islet, a candidate coral reef core zone in the area (see Table 2 and Figure 8). Conversely, the wave of outbreak populations may have already occurred around the Ulugan Bay area, missed the Pinanganakan Islet, and moved up to San Vicente (see Johnson et al. 1988).
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 13
Plate 2. Crown-of-thorns seastar (Acanthaster) feeds off a table Acropora after having finished some of the corals in the background. Picture taken off Pinanganakan Islet (ARF Montebon).
Soft corals abound at the eastern side of Puerto Princesa Plate 3), and a dominant lifeform in one area in Kamuning (see Figure 7). The ecology of soft corals is not particularly known although their distribution has been shown to follow biotopes that represent particular environmental conditions (Dinezen 1983). Its occurrence might be associated with relatively strong and consistent currents (personal observation). Much of their chemistry (terpenoid metabolites) has also been shown to structure their environment and deter predators (Bowden & Coll 1983, Kerr & Paul 1995). Nonetheless, invertebrates like the egg cowry (Ovula ovum) are undoubtedly voracious feeders of soft corals (Griffith 1994; see also Plate 4).
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 14
Plate 3. Soft corals are a common sight along the east bank of Puerto Princesa. This aggregation is in Honda Bay (J Garcia).
Plate 4. Top: egg cowries (Ovula ovum) feasting on a soft coral. Bottom: an egg cowry finishing off a small soft coral.
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 15 As previously mentioned, corals at the western shores of Puerto Princesa may have a difficult time to recover because the hard reef substrates are densely colonized by Sargassum (Plate 5 and 6). If coral rehabilitation efforts will be carried out, this macroalga needs to be cleared out. Harvested Sargassum, on the other hand, may be utilized for their alginates. The economic feasibility of this endeavor needs to be evaluated. Moreover, if the economics prove lucrative, these algal beds may instead be maintained for continuous cropping.
Plate 5. A small sea turtle among the Sargassum-laden reefs of western Puerto Princesa (ARF Montebon).
Plate 6. Manta tow view going through the reef covered with Sargassum (ARF Montebon).
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 16
Honda Bay holds promise to both tourism and conservation efforts of Puerto Princesa. This might be one area where guidelines on core zones might be relaxed to generate income from visitors. Tour guides, however, need to be very stringent in implementing the rules in order to safeguard the showcase which is the source of revenue. The concept is similar to what is already in place in Sabang, where nature conservation and awareness is boosted with the local tourism (see also Agardy 1993). Enforcement is the key (see DENR, BFAR-DA, DILG 2001) and where infrastructures exist which have the capabilities as overseers, their deputation can improve the preservation and conservation of natural resources. Resort operators typify this situation and have all the incentives to protect especially their house reefs. In the case of Arrecife Island, the existing resort has been successful in protecting its reef and nearby areas which boasts of lush coral growth and a sizeable school of large skipjacks (Perciformes, Carangidae).
Turbid water conditions accompany shifts in tide in Honda Bay. Upland development need to be monitored carefully as increased sedimentation through runoff will also increase stress on coral reefs. As the remaining major area in Puerto Princesa with still lush coral cover, there should be a conscious effort in protecting the coral reefs of Honda Bay.
7.0 SUMMARY
Key findings in this study show that coral reefs of western Puerto Princesa have been reduced to Sargassum fields. Though hard hit by a recent wave of red tide, the area near Ulugan Bay thrives with sea turtles and sharks. The crown-of-thorns seastar (Acanthaster planci) is not uncommon around this area as well.
High coral cover remains in a number of places within Honda Bay. Soft corals are common in eastern Puerto Princesa and in a few places even dominate the hard corals.
8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
In western Puerto Princesa, coral reef rehabilitation efforts and the feasibility of extracting alginates from Sargassum need to be studied more thoroughly. Many of the potential coral reef core zones are in Honda Bay. Thus, the entire bay may be established as a large marine protected area with specific core zones (see Table 2 and Figure 8) that will complement each other (Sale et al. 2005). There is, however, a critical need to integrate the coastal management plan with the terrestrial environment (e.g., Cho in press).
CHAPTER I: CORAL REEFS ASSESSMENT 17 CHAPTER II REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT
9.0 INTRODUCTION
A survey of the coral reefs and reef-associated fishes in selected sites in the City of Puerto Princesa, Palawan was conducted by the Marine and Coastal Resources Survey and Research Component of the SEMP-ECAN Zoning Project. Data on the fish communities of Puerto Princesa are an important contribution in the assessment of the resources of the coral reefs in the area.
A baseline survey of reef fishes was conducted in Puerto Princesa City. This survey is rapid and qualitative in nature. It will help construct and contribute to the listing of fish species that occur in specific reef sites in Puerto Princesa and its surrounding islands. It also aims to identify sites with the highest species richness as potential core zones.
10.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
A baseline survey was conducted to observe the reef fish assemblages at specific coral reef sites in Puerto Princesa. Using snorkeling equipment, an observer swam along the reef for about 10 to 20 minutes (depending on factors such as water visibility, number of observable fish species, etc.). Fish were observed within a 50m by 5m survey corridor covering a total area of 2 approximately 250mP P for each station. All fish observed were identified to the lowest possible taxon and recorded on an underwater slate. Fishes were identified based on visual appearance and comparing these with photographic references (Allen, 1991; Randall et al., 1997; FishBase, 2000; and Lieske and Myers, 2001). Fish were later categorized as target, indicator or major fish species based on the “importance” data compiled in FishBase 2000 (Froese and Pauly, 2000).
The survey method limited the observations and subsequent species listing to numerically dominant and visually obvious species of fish. Cryptic and small species of reef fishes were difficult to detect and identify using this technique. Furthermore, abundances and biomass of fish were not determined. Geo-references of the fish survey stations were determined and recorded with a Garmin Summit GPS.
11.0 RESULTS
A total of 86 sampling stations were surveyed in Puerto Princesa (Table 3). Figure 9 is a graphical representation of the distribution of sampling points throughout the City. Stations were mainly situated at or near the reef crest where most of the fish occur. However, the observer commonly traversed reef flats and reef slopes thereby covering a wider range of reef zones (Table 3). Furthermore, benthic cover and the dominant substrate also varied across stations including dominant stands of coral,
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 18 Table 3. Species Richness of 86 Reef Fish Sampling Stations, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Station Family Species Coordinates Locality Remarks 1 17 50 N9 29 51.5 E118 38 08.0 Kamuning soft corals; high complexity of corals and sand; large targets 2 9 39 N9 30 18.4 E118 38 31.0 Kamuning soft corals; high complexity of corals and sand; large targets 3 14 38 N9 30 56.6 E118 38 48.6 Inagawan hard corals, near resort, surge area; less targets 4 7 11 N9 32 49.7 E118 39 18.6 Inagawan soft corals
hard corals, shallow patch near sandy area; many lutjanids 5 9 30 N9 33 34.5 E118 39 54.5 Inagawan and scarids 6 15 48 N9 33 53.3 E118 40 33.3 Tagbarungis, Inagawan DCA, R, patch, sandy, near MG; large scarids 7 13 35 N9 34 18.7 E118 40 55.1 Tagbarungis, Inagawan DCA, R, patch, sandy; many C. striatus, scarids, L harak 8 15 39 N9 34 43.5 E118 41 20.0 Tagbarungis, Inagawan hard corals; many acanthurids and scarids 9 14 57 N9 35 17.8 E118 41 47.9 Tagbarungis, Inagawan hard and soft corals, sand patches; O. longirostris, large mullids, scarids and acanthurids
hard corals, Sargassum, sand area, fresh water from river, 10 13 61 N9 36 54.7 E118 42 32.8 Tacduan, Inagawan bridge, low vis 11 17 65 N9 37 33.3 E118 43 03.7 Tacduan, Inagawan Sargassum; many acanthurids, mullids, scarids 12 17 68 N9 38 38.1 E118 44 06.5 Bucana, Turtle Bay hard corals; high fish abundance and richness 13 8 20 N9 39 08.6 E118 43 34.5 Turtle Bay (inner), Iwahig sandy, low vis, Enhalus, mangrove fringe 14 22 68 N9 39 20.5 E118 44 12.0 Turtle Bay (mouth), Iwahig patches, sandy; many target fish 15 19 64 N9 40 28.0 E118 45 48.4 Mangingisda sand canals, low topography, encrusting; many Caesio 16 21 68 N9 41 48.2 E118 45 31.1 Mangingisda (Ting's station) sand canals, Ting's station; many S. flavicauda 17 18 61 N9 41 27.8 E118 44 30.6 Mangingisda inner bay, low vis, sandy bottom, patchy 18 17 52 N9 42 09.6 E118 44 02.2 Sta. Lucia point bet 2 bays, low vis, patchy 19 12 32 N9 42 32.5 E118 43 46.7 Sta. Lucia CM Porites, Sargassum; low fish coral community, low topography; large P. leopardus; low 20 17 58 N9 44 29.4 E118 46 56.4 Airport fish
seaweeds, rock, sand, low topography; EEL - Myrichthys 21 16 30 N9 43 16.8 E118 46 23.7 Bangcao-bangcao, Jacana maculosus 22 11 46 N9 43 21.8 E118 45 10.6 White Beach patches, sandy, low vis 23 10 24 N9 45 25.9 E118 43 19.6 Cana Island patches, sandy, low vis, broad reef flat
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 19 Table 3 continued . . .
24 3 9 N9 41 42.0 E118 24 33.2 Napsan Sargassum, rock, surge; low fish 25 2 6 N9 42 15.7 E118 24 58.8 Sargassum, rock, surge; low fish 26 3 3 N9 45 48.1 E118 30 10.8 Sargassum, rock, low topography; low fish 27 8 14 N9 45 43.5 E118 29 49.7 hard coral, low topography; many caesio but low variety
28 1 2 N9 45 18.5 E118 29 22.5 Sargassum, coral and sand patches, high topography and complexity; low fish 29 7 11 N9 44 48.2 E118 29 03.1 hard corals, Sargassum, rock, sand; low fish 30 5 9 N9 44 18.9 E118 27 52.3 Sargassum; low fish 31 8 16 N9 44 17.7 E118 27 26.6 high coral, Sargassum; low fish 32 10 14 N9 44 04.7 E118 26 54.7 coral mounds, Sargassum; low fish 33 4 8 N9 46 03.6 E118 30 42.6 coral mounds, Sargassum, sand; low fish Bagong Bayan, S of basecamp 34 2 3 N9 47 44.1 E118 31 53.0 Sargassum, sand; low fish 35 6 12 N9 48 17.5 E118 32 10.7 Sargassum, large holes with fish (dynamite); low fish 36 2 2 N9 48 49.1 E118 32 35.2 good coral, ACT/DCA, Sargassum, RED TIDE; low fish 37 3 3 N9 49 32.0 E118 33 12.9 Sargassum, rock, RED TIDE; low fish
38 8 13 N9 52 47.0 E118 36 15.3 rock boulders, high complexity, RED TIDE; low fish, many caesionids 39 12 22 N9 53 14.7 E118 36 36.3 Sargassum, rock, sand, coral; low fish 40 13 26 N9 54 22.8 E118 36 08.9 rock boulders, corals; many targets and damsels 41 10 18 N9 55 02.9 E118 36 51.4 Sargassum, rock, sand; many S. fuscscens
42 10 21 N9 55 45.4 E118 37 47.1 ok HC, Sargassum, rock, sand; low abundance but good variety of fish 43 12 27 N9 56 33.9 E118 38 31.8 Nagtabon ACT/ACB, Sargassum, sand; low fish 44 11 15 N9 57 44.1 E118 38 36.5 Sargassum, rock, sand; low fish 45 9 20 N9 58 53.7 E118 39 16.5 high CR, sand; good variety, large M. grandoculis 46 11 19 N9 59 42.2 E118 38 48.7 Sargassum, rock, HC; low vis; RED TIDE; many A. polyacanthus, A. sexfasciatus, S. virgatus, and caesionids
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 20 Table 3 continued . . .
47 2 3 N10 00 51.2 E118 40 48.9 RED TIDE, zero visibility 48 7 8 N10 01 23.4 E118 41 31.6 Sargassum, rock, sand, RED TIDE; low fish 49 5 8 N10 02 55.4 E118 43 24.9 Sargassum, boulders, sand, RED TIDE; low fish
50 13 25 N10 03 49.5 E118 43 32.4 Sargassum, boulders, RED TIDE; high Kyphosus, S. fuscescens 51 14 16 N10 05 05.9 E118 44 33.0 Sargassum, sand, RED TIDE; low fish 52 13 19 N10 07 31.0 E118 45 30.0 Sargassum, boulders, RED TIDE; high caesionids 53 11 15 N10 09 15.1 E118 45 47.6 Sargassum, boulders, sand; many mullets 54 12 20 N10 13 29.6 E118 56 15.2 Udyongan Sargassum; rock; slope; many Selar sp. 55 3 3 N10 13 59.9 E118 56 38.5 Panagunan Sargassum, rock; sand 56 5 6 N10 14 43.8 E118 56 46.2 Marofinas Sargassum, rock; RED TIDE; low fish 57 6 13 N10 15 29.0 E118 56 46.8 Kabigbiyag Sargassum, sand, DCA, RED TIDE; low fish 58 8 17 N10 15 31.7 E118 56 28.6 Kulayan Sargassum, sand, ACT; low fish 59 15 43 N10 15 59.7 E118 56 12.3 Pangangan COT, rock, patch reef, ACT, Sargassum; high fish, ok trophic levels, high scarids and herbivores 60 7 17 N10 16 25.8 E118 57 00.0 Pangangan/ Marufinas DCA, Sargassum, RED TIDE; low fish 61 10 21 N10 17 08.5 E118 56 00.5 Pangangan Sargassum, rock; slope; low fish 62 11 25 N10 15 02.4 E118 55 34.6 Lutang na Bato Sand, rock, ACT; high fish count 63 9 16 N10 12 05.1 E118 50 44.8 Mantapi/ Ulugan Bay Bleaching, ACT, Sargassum, Sand; low fish 64 7 10 N10 11 35.6 E118 49 32.2 Mantapi Bleaching, ACT, Sargassum, Sand 65 8 20 N10 10 04.2 E118 48 17.2 Butoun Sargassum, rock 66 10 13 N10 06 40.9 E118 48 32.8 Nasundoan Sargassum, sand; RED TIDE 67 6 7 N10 04 17.3 E118 48 25.6 Buenavista Sargassum, sand 68 8 15 N10 04 56.2 E118 46 23.5 Tarunayan Sand; coral patches 69 7 20 N10 05 03.4 E118 46 43.1 Rita Island Sand, SG, coral patches 70 8 12 N10 05 33.1 E118 46 47.1 Rita Island Sand, SG, coral patches 71 11 15 N10 06 17.1 E118 46 13.9 Managuri Sargassum, sand, coral patches, RED TIDE
72 14 49 N10 01 12.8 E119 05 20.5 Binduyan small coral patch, sand; HONDA coastline mainly sand with patches
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 21 Table 3 continued . . .
73 15 50 N10 00 30.0 E119 04 20.5 Binduyan high HC, rock, sand; off the wide reef flat; front of settlement 74 7 25 N9 58 50.5 E118 59 14.0 Conception/San Rafael wide off-shore reef flat, shallow: high HC, ACT, ACB, CF; Sargassum, wave area; low fish count
75 10 37 N9 58 56.4 E118 58 44.1 San Rafael near shore, ACT,ACB,CF; Sargassum, sand, wave area; low fish count
76 11 37 N9 58 37.2 E118 57 59.5 San Rafael off-shore reef flat in front of resort, shallow, wave area; ACT,CF, DCA; low fish count 77 10 38 N9 58 37.2 E118 57 59.5 Babuyan (shoal) shallow shoal; CB, ACT, DCA; Turbinaria, SG; low fish count 78 6 32 N9 58 02.3 E118 55 36.6 Babuyan (ELAC sanctuary1) off-shore, shallow shoal; ACT,SC; SG, sand, Sargassum; with guard house; low fish count, low vis
79 16 52 N9 56 33.7 E118 51 37.5 Babuyan (ELAC sanctuary2) off-shore, shallow shoal; DCA,CF; with guard house; low fish, many P. lacrymatus 80 16 57 N9 56 11.5 E118 49 52.2 Manalo (Bahura ni Kapitan) front of MG; ACT,DCA, sand; high lutjanids 81 11 34 N9 55 51.4 E118 48 09.4 Salvacion near shore, beside MG; DCA,ACT; SG; low fish
82 12 52 N9 54 46.4 E118 46 38.9 Bacungan off-shore shallow shoal; DCA reef flat, ACT at slope; Padina; many siganids and scarids 83 17 75 N09 44 39.6 E118 45 59.1 Jacana/Airport front of detachment and airport; high HC/ACT,CM/CE, wave area, good visibility; high fish 84 16 47 N09 45 47.6 E118 47 01.0 BM CM, sand; low fish 85 17 56 N09 47 09.2 E118 46 58.0 San Manuel SC, DCA, sand; low fish 86 11 46 N09 48 46.2 E118 46 31.9 San Jose SC, DCA, sand; low fish
Total Families 42 Total Species 293 Mean 28 Stdev 19.73794
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 22
N
Figure 9. Graphical Representation of the Sampling Areas for Fish Baseline Survey, Puerto Princesa, April 2005.
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 23 Sargassum beds, sandy areas and rocky reefs (Table 3). This also ensured that a variety of habitats were sampled throughout the survey
A total of 293 species of fish distributed among 42 families were recorded from all the sampling stations combined (Table 3). A complete listing of the species observed and their occurrences is presented in Appendix B. At least 21 fishes from 11 families were not identified to species level. As indicated in Appendix B, the damselfishes (Pomacentridae; n=53 species) were the most speciose family among the 42 fish families recorded, followed by Labridae with 45 species. The parrotfishes Scaridae and the butterflyfishes Chaetodontidae (Plate 7) were also among the most speciose families with 23 and 21 species, respectively. Of the total species listed, 25 were indicator species, 128
Plate 7. The indicator species Chaetodon rafflesii (Chaetodontidae), Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 2005
were major species and 140 were target species (Table 4). Indicator species are highly associated with their environment and their presence or absence may indicate the present condition of their habitat. Target species (Plate 8) are fish commonly exploited in fisheries and are of commercial value. In contrast, major species are fish with no commercial value in fisheries. However, they occupy specialized niches in the marine environment and function as important tropic links.
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 24 Table 4. Indicator, Major and Target Fish Species Ranks from 86 Sampling Stations, Puerto Princesa City, 2005
Station Indicator Major Target Total Rank 83 10 35 30 75 1 12 5 38 25 68 2 14 7 31 30 68 2 16 6 36 26 68 2 11 7 28 30 65 3 15 6 30 28 64 4 10 8 29 24 61 5 17 5 33 23 61 5 20 6 27 25 58 6 9 6 24 27 57 7 80 7 29 21 57 7 85 9 24 23 56 8 18 5 28 19 52 9 79 5 29 18 52 9 82 7 25 20 52 9 1 8 17 25 50 10 73 8 24 18 50 10 72 7 23 19 49 11 6 4 16 28 48 12 84 7 21 19 47 13 22 6 25 15 46 14 86 10 21 15 46 14 59 3 19 21 43 15 2 4 23 12 39 16 8 2 15 22 39 16 3 5 18 15 38 17 77 7 21 10 38 17 75 7 19 11 37 18 76 7 19 11 37 18 7 2 16 17 35 19 81 6 16 12 34 20 19 6 15 11 32 21 78 6 18 8 32 21 5 5 14 11 30 22 21 3 17 10 30 22 43 2 10 15 27 23 40 7 19 26 24 50 2 9 14 25 25 62 1 8 16 25 25 74 5 14 6 25 25 23 3 14 7 24 26 39 1 9 12 22 27 42 1 8 12 21 28 61 1 8 12 21 28 13 15 5 20 29
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 25 Table 4 continued . . .
45 2 8 10 20 29 54 1 8 11 20 29 65 1 8 11 20 29 69 3 13 4 20 29 46 5 14 19 30 52 2 5 12 19 30 41 7 11 18 31 58 1 10 6 17 32 60 10 7 17 32 31 8 8 16 33 51 1 2 13 16 33 63 2 7 7 16 33 44 2 5 8 15 34 53 1 4 10 15 34 68 8 7 15 34 71 1 5 9 15 34 27 1 10 3 14 35 32 7 7 14 35 38 1 8 4 13 36 57 1 10 2 13 36 66 2 11 13 36 35 1 6 5 12 37 70 4 8 12 37 4 2 6 3 11 38 29 1 7 3 11 38 64 2 8 10 39 24 7 2 9 40 30 7 2 9 40 33 6 2 8 41 48 3 5 8 41 49 3 5 8 41 67 1 2 4 7 42 25 5 1 6 43 56 3 3 6 43 26 1 2 3 44 34 2 1 3 44 37 1 1 1 3 44 47 2 1 3 44 55 1 2 3 44 28 2 2 45 36 1 1 2 45 Total Indicators 25 Total Majors 128 Total Targets 140
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 26
Plate 8. The target fish sweetlips Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides (Haemulidae), Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 2005
The 25 indicators species were members of three (3) families (Appendix B). Majority of these indicator species were coral feeding butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae; n=17), only three (3) species were wrasses (Labridae) and a single species was a filefish (Monacanthidae) (Appendix B). Major fishes represented 128 species from 19 families (Appendix B). This group of fishes represented at least six (6) feeding guilds, including: herbivores, omnivores, planktivores, benthic carnivores, detritivores and piscivores. Target fishes were the most speciose among the three fish categories with 140 species from 25 families (Table 4; Appendix B). Some of the dominant target species observed in the survey were parrotfishes, surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), goatfishes (Mullidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), rabbitfishes (Siganidae), threadfin breams (Nemipteridae), emperor breams (Lethrinidae), triggerfishes (Balistidae), fusiliers (Caesionidae) and groupers (Serranidae) (Appendix B). The highly valued grouper Plectropomus leopardus was only observed in 12 of the sampling stations surveyed (Appendix B).
2 Species richness among the 86 stations ranged from two (2) to 75 species per 250 mP P 2 with a mean of 28 (±20) species per 250 mP P (Table 3). Station 83 in Jacana had the highest species richness (Table 3). This station was situated in front of the airport and a military detachment. It is characterized with high live coral cover of mostly tabulate Acropora and massive and encrusting coral lifeforms (Table 3). On the other hand, Stations 28 and 36 at the west coast of Puerto Princesa had the lowest species richness (Table 3). Although these stations area characterized with moderate coral cover and high complexity, very few fish were observed at these sites (Table 3).
In general, more species were recorded in sampling points at the east coast than at the west coast of Puerto Princesa. It is highly likely that the low species richness observed in
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 27 almost all the sampling points at the west coast was a result of the reported “red tide and fish kill” events that occurred last March 2005. During the survey at the west coast, “clouds” of dense masses of plankton were still evident in areas from Napsan to Marufinas. The plankton masses were especially dense and wide inside Ulugan Bay.
At least 15 other stations in Puerto Princesa Bay and Honda Bay were surveyed since 1999. Sampling methods included the standard fish visual census technique (English et al., 1994) and haphazard swimming while listing fish using SCUBA and snorkeling gear. A summary of the species richness data from these secondary sources is presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Fish Species Recorded from Various Studies, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Geo-reference Site Location Species Sampling Method Remarks/Source north east Puerto Bay North of the Channel (N) 9.72615 118.7759 57 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a Puerto Bay Outside the Bay (North) 9.733172 118.7793 62 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a Puerto Bay South of the Channel (S) 9.693069 118.7682 50 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a Puerto Bay Outside Bay (S) 9.680478 118.7667 64 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a Puerto Bay Saguit Pt. 9.697156 118.7432 48 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a Puerto Bay Nagolit Pt. 9.707381 118.7306 51 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a Honda Bay Fondeado Is. 9.924131 118.9207 59 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Honda Bay Bush Is. 9.9212 118.7878 49 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Honda Bay Arreciffe Is. 9.901808 118.8814 60 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Honda Bay Starfish Is. 45 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Honda Bay Snake Is. 9.890431 118.8332 40 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Honda Bay Meara Is. 9.88845 118.7735 47 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Honda Bay Cowrie Is. 9.846508 118.7824 69 fish visual census Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000b Arreciffe Is. Helen's Garden; Samaniego, unpublished Honda Bay 83 SCUBA data Honda Bay Arreciffe Is. 96 snorkelling Platform; Samaniego, unpublished data
2 In Puerto Princesa Bay species richness ranged from 48 to 62 species per 500 mP P (Table 3). The method used for this survey was the fish visual census (Nañola and Rodriguez, 2000a). Some of the stations in this study of Nañola and Rodriguez (2000a) were in the same general area with some of the stations of the present study. In Honda Bay, two sources of fish species richness data were obtained, the study of Nañola and Rodriguez (2000b) and the listing of Samaniego in Arreciffe Island in 2000 (unpublished data). Nañola and Rodriguez (2000b) recorded fish from the islands in Honda Bay and species richness ranged from 40 to 69 species 2 per 500 mP P. Samaniego, on the other hand, listed 83 and 96 species of fish from two sites in Arreciffe Island.
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 28 12.0 DISCUSSION
There was a marked difference in the number of species observed between the east and west coast of Puerto Princesa. Overall, higher species richness was recorded at the east coast than the west coast. Good water visibility (Plate 9), protective management and the presence of law enforcing institutions may have contributed to the high species richness observed at the east coast. In contrast, very poor water visibility (nearly zero at some points), and the recent episode of “fish-kill/red tide” at the west coast may have resulted in the very low species richness in the area.
Plate 9. Horizontal visibility was good at the east coast of Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
The total number of target species was higher than major and indicator species. However, individual sampling points show a higher variety of major species, followed by target species and indicator species in many of the stations. This pattern of fish community structure was true for most of the stations especially at the east coast. In the west coast, however, there were more target species than major species in most of the sampling points. Again, the fewer variety of major species than the target species at the west coast may be an affect of the “fish- kill” event in the area. The event apparently may have changed the fish community structure in the area and it will be interesting to observe how soon this community will shift to its normal condition.
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 29 The west and east coast of Puerto Princesa were treated as distinct sites and potential core zones were identified for each of these two coasts. A total of 13 sites were identified as potential core zones in Puerto Princesa based on species richness alone (please see Figure 10), 8 of these sites are in the east coast, namely: Stations 83 – Jacana/Airport; 14 – Turtle Bay (mouth); 16 – Mangingisda; 12 – Bucana, Turtle Bay; 11 – Tacduan, Inagawan; 15 – Mangingisda; 17 – Mangingisda; and 10 – Tacduan Inagawan. The other five sites presented in Figure 11 are located at the west coast: Stations 59 – Pangangan; 43 – Nagtabon; 62 – Lutang na Bato; and Stations 40 and 50. Species richness data in Honda Bay from secondary sources also suggested that the fish assemblages in the islands in Honda Bay may need protective management.
N
Figure 10. Recommended Reef Fish Core Zones Based on Highest Species Richness, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April 2005
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 30
N
Figure 11. Potential Fish Core Zones with Highest Species Richness, West Coast, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, April 2005.
13.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The reef fishes of Puerto Princesa appear to be in relatively good condition in terms of species richness. From the total of 86 sampling stations, a least 13 were identified as potential core zones. These stations were selected based on having the highest species richness in the east coast and the west coast independently (Plate 10). Several other sites in Honda Bay were declared marine reserves or fish sanctuaries and it is recommended that these sites continue to be treated as such. In addition to this, the 7 small islands within Honda Bay are also recommended to be considered as core zones. These islands are small and fragile and maybe especially prone to both natural and anthropogenic stress.
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 31
Plate 10. Higher Species Richness was Observed in most Sampling Points at the East Coast as compared to the West Coast, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, 2005
Detailed assessments of these 13 sites must be conducted to generate more information on the status and condition of the fish communities and their habitat. It is also suggested that the same detailed assessment be conducted in other areas of special interest (i.e. high live hard coral cover) in order to find other potential core zone candidates. These detailed assessments of other sites of special interest may become the bases for the establishment of additional core zones to form the “network” of protected areas.
______CHAPTER II: REEF FISHES ASSESSMENT 32 CHAPTER III SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS
14.0 INTRODUCTION
Past studies on the marine macrophytes of Puerto Princesa, the earliest from two decades back, were taxonomic in nature. A consolidated list of macrophytes shows the occurrence of 8 species of seagrasses and ~208 species of seaweeds: a) compiled from NRDB Pro v1.0, CI 2003 and from Roleda et al. 2002a (Appendix C); and b) collected from mostly the eastern coast of the City, from Ulugan Bay, and from the vicinity of the St. Paul Subterranean River (Fig. 12). More recently, the ecological studies of Roleda et al. (2002a, b; through SEARCA) provide indications of the importance of seagrass habitats in both Puerto Princesa and Honda Bays to local siganid fisheries and also of potential areas for seaweed farming.
10.30 N, 118.80 E
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 12. Locations of previous seagrass ( ) and seaweed ( ) assessments – Fortes and Fazi (2000; purple symbols), Roleda et al. (2002; red symbols), and from earlier studies compiled in the Natural Resources Database (CI 2003; blue symbols). Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 33 In April/ May 2005, these previously studied areas were revisited and the western coastline of the City accessed to update knowledge of the status of seagrass and bed- associated seaweeds in Puerto Princesa. The objectives for the survey were (1) to gather geo-referenced data on cover and diversity of seagrasses and its associated seaweeds, (2) to locate forage areas of large marine mammals (dugongs, marine turtles), and (3) to update the existing macrophyte database. In this report, the macrophyte environments from these surveys were described and candidate core zone areas as guide by the ECAN-Zoning criteria of PSCD (1994, revised April 2005) were highlighted.
15.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The survey focused on describing seagrass habitats, since these were one of target coastal zone habitats on which the criteria for ECAN zoning were developed (PCSD 1994, 2005). Thus, in the survey plan, 95 sampling stations were systematically allocated (between–station intervals of up to two (2) km apart) along the ~400 km coastline of mainland Puerto Princesa (Fig. 12). A total of 16 stations were also distributed in 11 islands within Honda Bay. New local positions were sought whenever planned waypoints were largely unvegetated or dominated by seaweeds.
Imaginary transects (n=2, 20 to 100 m apart, depending on the bed’s shore width), directed perpendicular to sea from the shore, were established in each station then marked with buoys. Bearings due true north were noted. Data were obtained from observation plots of 10 m2 (5 m swathe x 2.5 m front radius of observer) that were set from the macrophytes’ incidence on the shore (edge) then at convenient intervals (usually between ten (10) and 30 m, pre-calibrated for each observer based on freestyle swimming ‘kicks’) along the transects up to the macrophytes’ seaward end. (Distances between the plots were determined as counted steps during sampling at low tide.) Plot data included (1) bottom type (mud, sand, rubble/ rock), (2) bottom cover of the seagrass canopy and of the patchy associated seaweeds (%, modified from the categories used by SeagrassNet, Short et al., 2002), (3) taxonomic composition (seagrasses – species level identification; seaweeds – usually up to genus level), and (4) other prominent bottom features (the presence of feeding craters/ trenches of dugongs, small and bare sand patches, sand mounds/ ‘volcanoes’, and of conspicuous invertebrates). Site features were photo-documented whenever possible. Deeper substrates beyond coral or boulder zones were inspected for the occurrence of small seagrasses, e.g., Halophila and/ or Halodule; drop-offs were also examined for the occurrence of Thalassodendron. The positions of the edges and ends were all marked as new coordinates in e-Trex GPS units configured to the Luzon datum.
All data were transcribed by each observer then later encoded as a database using a spreadsheet program. All data records were reviewed, after which summary tables (habitat features, macrophyte cover, taxonomic composition) were generated for each station. Frequency distributions of plot observations by vegetative cover and species richness were also produced. The occurrences and distributions of each seagrass species, of species richness N, and of macrophyte cover were each plotted on a map to evaluate spatial patterns at the municipality scale. The stations were classified utilizing local (=station) seagrass species distributions (as relative frequencies, %) in Two-Way Indicator SPecies ANalysis software (TWINSPAN; Hill, 1979). Candidate core zones were proposed based on the criteria set for seagrass habitats (PCSD 1994, 2005).
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 34 16.0 RESULTS
The seagrass survey database consisted of 1,457 records (=total number of plots in 80 transects) from 40 stations along 12 coastal barangays located in the SE of the mainland and within the three embayments of Puerto Princesa (Fig.13-14). About a third of the stations were in meadows that extended up to 200 m (Table 6, Figure 15), another third were broader (Station HB26 in BM Beach, San Pedro was the widest at ~1.5 km), and a final third were narrow beds (≤100 m). Sand, the primary bed sediment, was usually mixed with harder substrates (scattered rocks and corals, coral rubble) or mud (Table 6).
10.30 N, 118.80 E
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 13. Locations of 95 coastal stations for ECAN survey of April/ May 2005 ( ) and stations of previous assessment studies- Fortes and Fazi (2000; purple symbols), Roleda et al. (2002; red symbols), and from earlier studies compiled in the Natural Resources Database (CI 2003; blue symbols). PUERTO Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 35
10.30 N, 118.80 E
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 14. Location of the 40 seagrass-dominated stations, ECAN survey of April/ May 2005 (moss green dots) and of seagrass stations by previous assessment studies- Fortes and Fazi (2000; purple symbols), Roleda et al. (2002; red symbols), and from earlier studies compiled in the Natural Resources Database (CI 2003; blue symbols). Puerto Princesa City, Palawan,2005
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 36
10.30 N, 118.80 E
20
16
12 stations 8 N 4
0 100 200 300 400 500 1000 1500 bed width, m
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 15. Estimated perpendicular extent (or bed width) of continuous seagrass beds in the 40 stations (symbols are size-scaled by bed width, range = ~50 to ~1500 m). Graph on top left shows the frequency distribution of the stations by bed widths, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, April/ May 2005:
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 37
Table 6. Physical Characteristics of Seagrass Meadows by Station
Embayment/ N E Substrate Silty Bed Station Barangay Latitude Longitude type conditions width, m
A. (Mainland coast) Kamuning P 1 9.49090 118.62109 sand, muddy sand 210 (20) P 2 9.50704 118.62655 sand, muddy sand, 515 (35) mud
P 3 9.52020 118.64359 sand, +rock, +coral 80 (10) Inagawan subcolony P 6 9.59186 118.69478 sand, +rock, +coral 90 - New Panggangan P 93 10.28844 118.95829 sand 123 (57) P 95 9.87195 118.76682 sand 90 (30)
B. Puerto Princesa Bay Sta Lucia P 8 9.62686 118.71936 sand, +rock 79 (19) PB 14 9.69631 118.72059 sand, +rock 60 (30) PB 15 9.69254 118.71217 sand 75 (5) Mangingisda P 10 9.65373 118.72496 sand, +rock, 250 (60) +rubble PB 13 9.68258 118.72910 sand, +rock 180 (40) WP 02 9.67899 118.75881 sand, +rock 368 (8) WP 24 9.65934 118.74315 sand, +rock, 285 (95) +rubble, muddy sand Luzviminda PB 16 9.70980 118.72172 sand, +rock 165 (45) PB 17 9.71142 118.69356 sand, mud 320 (20) Iwahig PB 18 9.73945 118.69438 sand, mud 405 (95) Bancao-Bancao PB 24 9.72409 118.75125 sand, +coral, mud 105 (5) C. Honda Bay San Pedro HB 26 (BM 9.76235 118.76792 sand, +rock 1450 (70) Beach) Bancao-Bancao HB 25 9.73514 118.76793 sand, +rock, 925 (85) +rubble San Manuel HB 27 9.79010 118.77036 sand, +rock 330 (140) Tagburos HB 28 9.81599 118.75151 sand, +rock, 640 (60) +coral, +dead coral
Sta. Lourdes WP 82 (Bat Is) 9.85339 118.76490 sand, +rock, 140 (20) +rubble, +dead coral WP 73 (Cowrie 9.84113 118.76830 sand, +rock, 68 (3) Is) +rubble WP 85 (Luli Is) 9.87195 118.76682 sand 105 (5) HB 30 9.87251 118.74403 sand, +rock, 500 (100) muddy sand, mud
Bacungan HB 31 9.89274 118.74365 sand, mud 143 (28) Sta. Cruz HB 33 9.92451 118.75695 sand, +rock 43 (3) Salvacion WP 67 (Bush 9.93174 118.79110 sand, +coral 149 (79) Is) WP 66 (Tapul 9.94091 118.79084 sand, +rock 60 (20) Is)
WP 32 9.93711 118.80387 sand, muddy sand 255 (45) Manalo WP 65 9.93702 118.81098 sand 125 (35)
Babuyan WP 43 (Tadio 9.94135 118.92169 sand 85 (5) Is)
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 38 Embayment/ N E Substrate Silty Bed Station Barangay Latitude Longitude type conditions width, m
WP 46 9.93185 118.91932 sand, muddy sand, 189 (1) (Pundeado Is) +rock, +rubble, +dead coral
San Rafael P 41 9.98527 118.96529 sand 227 (31) Tanabag/ Concepcion P 42 9.98997 118.98632 sand 135 (5) Binduyan P 44 10.00962 119.04921 sand, +rock 60 (40)
D. Ulugan Bay Bahile UB 75 10.06043 118.77484 sand, +coral 90 (30) Macarascas UB 77 10.03525 118.79260 sand, +rock, 155 (15) +rubble Buenavista UB 78 10.05349 118.80405 sand, +rock, +coral 190 (30) UB 80 10.10139 118.82274 sand, +rock, 200 - +rubble, +dead coral
Benthic Cover
There was considerable variability among observation plots in a transect in terms of estimated seagrass leaf canopy cover. Nearly half of all estimates indicated good bottom cover and the other half were estimates falling under poor to fair (Figure 16. The distribution of pooled bottom cover estimates resembled a Gaussian curve (Figure 16, bottom graph) and shows that more than half of the seagrass stations observed, mostly located in Honda Bay (Figure 6, map), were well-covered beds. Most of the stations also had incidences of seagrass cover equal to or over 50% (‘•’ in Table 7. Stations with fair to poor seagrass cover were disturbed by turbid water from nearby river tributaries, i.e., in Kamuning, Sta. Lucia, Luzviminda, most of Honda Bay, Bahile, and Buenavista. The contribution of seagrasses to total vegetative cover, considering now the larger (municipality) scale, was intermediate (35%, range of pooled means between <5 and 60%, Table 7), and the patchy distribution of bed-associated seaweeds covered only ~10% of the bottom (range of pooled means between 0 and 30%, Table 7, Figure 16).
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 39
10.30 N, 118.80 E
Σ plots = 1,457 400
300 20
plots 200 N 15 100 10 stations
0 N 0 10 25 50 75 100 5 leaf canopy cover, % 0 0 10255075100 leaf canopy cover, % (pooled)
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 16. Distribution of seagrass leaf canopy cover (mean per station, in %; range of size-scaled symbols = <5 to 60%). Top graph shows the breakdown of seagrass cover estimates in all the plots observed; bottom graph represents the distribution of the stations based on pooled cover, Puerto Princesa, April/ May 2005:
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 40 Table 7. Summary of Visual Estimates of Vegetative Cover on Bottom (as mean % ± 2 SEM, quadrat area ~10 m ). (nplots = pooled number of observations; ● denotes incidence of ≥50% leaf canopy cover in the observation plots), Puerto Princesa (Palawan), April/ May 2005
Vegetative cover, % Embayment/ Station N plots Associated Barangay Total Seagrass seaweeds
A. (SE Mainland coast) Kamuning P 1 44 49 (23) 45 (3) 4 (2) P 2 105 32 (24) 32 (2) 1 (0.2) P 3 18 29 (27) 13 (5) 16 (5) Inagawan subcolony P 6 20 66 (27) 50 (7) 16 (3) New Panggangan P 93 26 33 (14) 33 (3) 0.2 (0.1) P 95 20 12 (10) 12 (2) 0.2 (0.1)
B. Puerto Princesa Bay Sta Lucia P 8 18 47 (34) 24 (5) 23 (5) PB 14 14 20 (13) 15 (3) 5 (1) PB 15 17 54 (20) 35 (4) 19 (4) Mangingisda P 10 52 60 (26) 47 (5) 13 (3) PB 13 38 46 (30) 28 (3) 18 (2) WP 02 76 57 (31) 49 (4) 8 (1) WP 24 59 76 (14) 56 (4) 21 (3) Luzviminda PB 16 35 29 (20) 21 (3) 8 (1) PB 17 34 36 (26) 36 (4) - - Iwahig PB 18 83 58 (29) 52 (3) 6 (1) Bancao-Bancao PB 24 23 41 (37) 30 (6) 11 (3)
C. Honda Bay HB 26 96 59 (30) 52 (3) 7 (1) San Pedro (BM Beach) Bancao-Bancao HB 25 64 66 (31) 46 (5) 20 (3) San Manuel HB 27 54 73 (22) 42 (5) 31 (4) Tagburos HB 28 66 52 (26) 42 (4) 11 (2) WP 82 16 15 (14) 14 (4) 1 (1) Sta. Lourdes (Bat Is) WP 73 16 40 (35) 28 (7) 12 (5)
(Cowrie Is) WP 85 23 67 (26) 45 (6) 21 (3)
(Luli Is) HB 30 52 34 (18) 19 (2) 15 (2) Bacungan HB 31 31 15 (10) 14 (2) 1 (0.4) Sta. Cruz HB 33 11 13 (11) 12 (3) 1 (1) WP 67 18 6 (4) 4 (0.5) 1.7 (1) Salvacion (Bush Is) WP 66 14 11 (5) 5 (0.4) 6.1 (1)
(Tapul Is) WP 32 53 17 (11) 17 (2) 0.5 (0.4) Manalo WP 65 27 15 (9) 15 (2) - - WP 43 19 71 (26) 62 (5) 9 (1) Babuyan (Tadio Is) WP 46 32 69 (27) 52 (4) 17 (3)
(Pundeado Is) San Rafael P 41 29 13 (10) 13 (2) - - (continued) Tanabag/ Concepcion P 42 16 40 (30) 37 (8) 3 (1) Binduyan P 44 14 73 (30) 56 (12) 17 (8)
D. Ulugan Bay Bahile UB 75 20 16 (11) 6 (1) 10 (2) Macarascas UB 77 33 65 (23) 30 (4) 34 (4) Buenavista UB 78 21 54 (27) 34 (5) 20 (4) UB 80 50 47 (25) 21 (2) 26 (3)
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 41 Species Composition, Distribution, Diversity, and Associated Seaweeds
Eight species of seagrasses occurred in Puerto Princesa, with Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii as the most cosmopolitan in occurrence throughout the City (Table 8), often dominating the assemblages in terms of structure and cover. Apparent flowering and fruiting in E. acoroides were noted in Kamuning (P2), Luzviminda (PB17), Iwahig (PB18), Tagburos (HB28), and Buenavista (UB80). Flowers and fruits of T. hemprichii were noted in Luli Island (WP85) and San Rafael (P41), respectively. The smaller associated species – 1 Halophila ovalis, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis0F , and Syringodium isoetifolium – were mixed with the major species and at times predominated over some sections of the meadows. Cymodocea serrulata and an unidentified species of Halophila appeared less frequently in the observation plots.
Table 8. Species Composition and Diversity (as species richness, N) of Seagrass Communities. Legend: 1 includes the narrow and wide-leaf varieties and Halodule pinifolia, now recognized as a conspecific of H. uninervis. Puerto Princesa (Palawan), April/ May 2005
Halodule Embayment/ Enhalus Thalassia Halophila Halophila Cymodocea Cymodocea Syringodium Station N uninervis Barangay acoroides hemprichii ovalis sp. rotundata serrulata isoetifolium 1
A. (Mainland coast) Kamuning P 1 7 X X X X X X X P 2 5 X X X X X P 3 5 X X X X Inagawan P 6 8 X X X X X X X subcolony New P 93 3 X X X Panggangan P 95 2 X X
B. Puerto Princesa Bay Sta lucia P 8 5 X X X X X PB 14 3 X X X PB 15 4 X X X X Mangingisda P 10 7 X X X X X X PB 13 4 X X X X WP 02 6 X X X X X X WP 24 7 X X X X X X X Luzviminda PB 16 7 X X X X X X X PB 17 4 X X X X Iwahig PB 18 7 X X X X X X Bancao- PB 24 7 X X X X X X X Bancao C. Honda Bay HB 26 (BM San Pedro 8 X X X X X X X Beach) Bancao- HB 25 8 X X X X X X X Bancao
1 Unpublished genetic studies suggested that Halodule uninervis and H. pinifolia are conspecifics (Green and Short, 2003) and were, thus, combined in the analysis.
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 42 Halodule Embayment/ Enhalus Thalassia Halophila Halophila Cymodocea Cymodocea Syringodium Station N uninervis Barangay acoroides hemprichii ovalis sp. rotundata serrulata isoetifolium 1
San Manuel HB 27 7 X X X X X X Tagburos HB 28 8 X X X X X X X WP 82 Sta. Lourdes 2 X X (Bat Is) WP 73 8 X X X X X X X X (Cowrie Is) WP 85 5 X X X X X (Luli Is) HB 30 4 X X X X Bacungan HB 31 1 X Sta. Cruz HB 33 1 X WP 67 Salvacion 1 X (Bush Is)
WP 66 5 X X X X X (Tapul Is) WP 32 3 X X X Manalo WP 65 6 X X X X X WP 43 Babuyan 6 X X X X X X (Tadio Is) WP 46 (Pundeado 7 X X X X X X X Is) San Rafael P 41 2 X X Tanabag/ P 42 2 X X Concepcion Binduyan P 44 4 X X X X
D. Ulugan
Bay Bahile UB 75 1 X Macarascas UB 77 7 X X X X X X X Buenavista UB 78 8 X X X X X X X X UB 80 6 X X X X X X
Assemblages within plots harbored from 1 to 6 species (Fig. 17) and records of only 1 species were numerous (37% of all observations, Fig. 17). Plots with 2 species accounted for 22% of all observations and only 3% intercepted 6 species. Cross-bed profiles indicated, however, that except for monospecific stands of E. acoroides in 4 stations (Bacungan, Sta Cruz, Bush Island, and Bahile; Table 8, Figure 17, bottom graph) and the 10 other stations with 2 to 4 documented species (Table 8), the meadows of Puerto Princesa City were mostly mixes of usually at least 5 species (7 species modal). There were 15 stations distributed throughout the coastline with 7 to 8 recorded species (Table 8).
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 43
400 10.30 N, 118.80 E plots n 200
0 12345678 N species
10
8 6
stations 4 n 2 0 12345678 N species
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 17. Puerto Princesa, April/ May 2005: The distribution of seagrass species richness N (range = 1 to 8 species per station, displayed as size-scaled symbols). Top graph shows the breakdown of seagrass species richness in all the plots observed; bottom graph represents the distribution of the stations based on total N.
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 44 Enhalus acoroides (Plate 11) and T. hemprichii apparently colonized nearshore to offshore substrata throughout Puerto Princesa, as these were frequently encountered across the beds (i.e., based on relatively larger symbols than those of the other species, Fig. 18, A- B). Despite its patchy occurrence, H. ovalis was widely distributed (Figure 18, C).
9.50 N, 118
Plate 11. Stands of Enhalus acoroides in Brgy. Kamuning. (Photo: HME Nacorda)
In contrast, C. rotundata was frequently encountered in clear-waters and was limited in Puerto Princesa Bay, in the coast facing Honda Bay, and in Ulugan Bay (Figure 18, D). The other small associated species were not as frequently intercepted (Figure 18, E-G).
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 45
10.30 N, 118.80 E
Figure 18-A Enhalus acoroides
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 18-B. Thalassia hemprichii
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 46
Figure 18-C. Halophila ovalis
Figure 18-D. Cymodocea rotundata
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 47
Figure 18-E. Halodule uninervis
Figure 18-F. Syringodium isoetifolium
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 48
Figure 18-G. Cymodocea serrulata
Figure 18. The relative occurrence of each seagrass species (A-G, ordered by decreasing importance) in each station. The range of size-scaled symbols is between 1 to 100%, Puerto Princesa City, April/ May 2005
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 49 There were 23 genera of seaweeds recorded in Puerto Princesa at survey time (Table 9), with as many as 13 genera recorded per station. The brown seaweeds Sargassum and Padina and the green counterparts Halimeda and Caulerpa were the most frequent and dominant genera. The occurrence of other seaweed genera from the Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Rhodophyceae are indicated in Table 9.
Table 9. Puerto Princesa (Palawan), April/ May 2005: Tally of seaweeds (genera only) associated with seagrasses. Legend: N- number of genera, SAR– Sargassum, PAD– Padina, HAL– Halimeda, CAU– Caulerpa, TUR– Turbinaria, HYD– Hydroclathrus, DIC– Dictyota, NEO– Neomeris, UDO– Udotea, LIG– Liagora, VAL- Valonia, CHL- Chlorodesmis, GAL– Galaxaura, GRA- Gracilaria, SPY- Spyridinium, LAU– Laurencia, AMP- Amphiroa, HLY– Halymenia, ACE- Acetabularia, ULV- Ulva, AVR- Avrainvillea, COD- Codium, BOR- Bornetella
Embayment/ STN N SAR PAD HAL CAU TUR HYD DIC NEO UDO LIG VAL CHL GAL GRA SPY LAU AMP HLY ACE ULV AVR COD BOR Barangay
A. (Mainland coast) Kamuning P 1 4 X X X X P 2 5 X X X X X P 3 12 X X X X X X X X X X X X Inagawan P 6 6 X X X X X X subcolony New P 2 X X Panggangan 93 P 1 X 95
B. Puerto Princesa Bay Sta lucia P 8 6 X X X X X X PB 2 X X 14 PB 6 X X X X X X 15 P Mangingisda 8 X X X X X X X X 10 PB 6 X X X X X X 13 WP 9 X X X X X X X X X 02 WP 7 X X X X X X X 24 PB Luzviminda 8 X X X X X X X X 16 PB - 17 PB Iwahig 7 X X X X X X X 18 Bancao- PB 7 X X X X X X X Bancao 24 C. Honda Bay HB San Pedro 11 X X X X X X X X X X X 26 Bancao- HB 10 X X X X X X X X X X Bancao 25 HB San Manuel 13 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27 HB Tagburos 10 X X X X X X X X X X 28 HB Sta. Lourdes 3 X X X 30 WP 5 X X X X X 73 WP 7 X X X X X X X 82
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 50 Embayment/ STN N SAR PAD HAL CAU TUR HYD DIC NEO UDO LIG VAL CHL GAL GRA SPY LAU AMP HLY ACE ULV AVR COD BOR Barangay
WP 6 X X X X X X 85 HB Bacungan 5 X X X X X 31 HB Sta. Cruz 1 X 33 WP Salvacion 3 X X X 66 WP 4 X X X X 67 WP 3 X X X 32 WP Manalo - 65 WP Babuyan 7 X X X X X X X 43 WP 8 X X X X X X X X 46 P San Rafael - 41 Tanabag/ P 1 X Concepcion 42 P Binduyan 6 X X X X X X 44
D. Ulugan Bay UB Bahile 3 X X X 75 UB Macarascas 10 X X X X X X X X X X 77 UB Buenavista 10 X X X X X X X X X X 78 UB 12 X X X X X X X X X X X X 80
Resource Use to Animals, Other Bottom/ Site Features
Feeding tracks/ trenches of the large marine mammal Dugong dugon were observed only in 6 stations: Kamuning, Inagawan, Mangingisda, Pundeado Island (Babuyan), Concepcion, and Binduyan ( Figure. 19, Table 10). Sightings of marine turtles were, unfortunately, not recorded this time. The occurrence of fish juveniles were noted in Kamuning (P2), Inagawan (P6), Tadio Island (WP43, Babuyan) and Bancao-Bancao (PB24, particularly siganids or rabbitfish: danggit; Siganus sp., Family Siganidae) (Table 10). Resident burrowing shrimps were apparent in the meadows by their imprints of turbative activities - small sand patches and mounds; the scatter of small heads of live massive and branching corals were common. A few macroinvertebrates were conspicuous – jellyfish in Kamuning (P2), Luzviminda (PB16/ PB17, the box type), Tagburos (HB28), Sta. Lourdes (HB30), and New Panggangan (P93), and aggregations of the black-spined urchin Diadema setosum in P2, Bancao-Bancao (HB25), WP43, and in Bat Island (WP82, Sta. Lourdes). Fish pens occupied some areas of the beds in P2, P6, Mangingisda (WP24), San Manuel (HB27), and Manalo (WP65) (Table 10).
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 51 10.30 N, 118.80 E
9.50 N, 118.70 E
Figure 19. Seagrass areas proposed as ECAN core zones in Puerto Princesa (blue circles) based on the combination of ecological characters: seagrass species richness (triangles, as in Fig. 17), bottom cover (green circles; yellow circles are well-covered beds), and presence of dugong graze marks (squares), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 52
Table 10. Characteristics of Seagrass Habitats (extent from shore incidence, presence/absence of siltation), seagrass communities (canopy cover, diversity), and habitat use – altogether used as criteria for identifying candidate seagrass ECAN core zones. Legend: a ~200 m, b >200 m, c <100 m, ● with incidences of ≥50% cover on plots along transects (see Table 3 of this report), high priority (blocked green), for consideration (blocked yellow), Puerto Princesa (Palawan), April/ May 2005
Bottom Embayment/ Extent of Silty Diversity, Habitat ECAN Station N Latitude E Longitude cover Barangay meadow conditions N used by core zone? category
A. (Mainland coast) Kamuning P 1 9.49090 118.62109 Moderate a 2 7 Dugongs Fish P 2 9.50704 118.62655 Extensive b 2 5 juveniles; fish pens P 3 9.52020 118.64359 Narrow c 1 5 Dugongs, Inagawan fish P 6 9.59186 118.69478 Narrow 2 8 subcolony juveniles; fish pens New P 93 10.28844 118.95829 Moderate 2 3 Panggangan P 95 9.87195 118.76682 Narrow 1 2
B. Puerto Princesa Bay Sta Lucia P 8 9.62686 118.71936 Narrow 1 5 PB 14 9.69631 118.72059 Narrow 1 3 PB 15 9.69254 118.71217 Narrow 2 4 Mangingisda P 10 9.65373 118.72496 Extensive 2 7 Dugongs PB 13 9.68258 118.72910 Moderate 2 4 WP 02 9.67899 118.75881 Extensive 2 6 WP 24 9.65934 118.74315 Extensive 3 7 Fish pens Luzviminda PB 16 9.70980 118.72172 Moderate 1 7 PB 17 9.71142 118.69356 Extensive 2 4 Iwahig PB 18 9.73945 118.69438 Extensive 3 7 Fish Bancao-Bancao PB 24 9.72409 118.75125 Moderate 2 7 juveniles C. Honda Bay HB 26 San Pedro (BM 9.76235 118.76792 Extensive 3 8 Beach) Bancao-Bancao HB 25 9.73514 118.76793 Extensive 2 8 San Manuel HB 27 9.79010 118.77036 Extensive 2 7 Fish pens Tagburos HB 28 9.81599 118.75151 Extensive 2 8 WP 82 Sta. Lourdes 9.85339 118.76490 Moderate 1 2 (Bat Is) WP 73 (Cowrie 9.84113 118.76830 Narrow 2 8 Is) WP 85 9.87195 118.76682 Moderate 2 5 (Luli Is) HB 30 9.87251 118.74403 Extensive 1 4
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 53 Bottom Embayment/ Extent of Silty Diversity, Habitat ECAN Station N Latitude E Longitude cover Barangay meadow conditions N used by core zone? category
Bacungan HB 31 9.89274 118.74365 Moderate 1 1 Sta. Cruz HB 33 9.92451 118.75695 Narrow 1 1 WP 67 Salvacion (Bush 9.93174 118.79110 Moderate 1 1 Is) WP 66 (Tapul 9.94091 118.79084 Narrow 1 5 Is) WP 32 9.93711 118.80387 Moderate 1 3 Manalo WP 65 9.93702 118.81098 Moderate 1 6 Fish pens WP 43 Fish Babuyan (Tadio 9.94135 118.92169 Narrow 3 6 juveniles Is) WP 46 (Pundea 9.93185 118.91932 Moderate 3 7 Dugongs do Is) San Rafael P 41 9.98527 118.96529 Extensive 1 2 Tanabag/ P 42 9.98997 118.98632 Moderate 2 2 Dugongs Concepcion Binduyan P 44 10.00962 119.04921 Narrow 3 4 Dugongs
D. Ulugan Bay Bahile UB 75 10.06043 118.77484 Narrow 1 1 Macarascas UB 77 10.03525 118.79260 Moderate 2 7 Buenavista UB 78 10.05349 118.80405 Moderate 2 8 UB 80 10.10139 118.82274 Moderate 1 6
17.0 DISCUSSION
Seagrass meadows remain an important component of the coastal zone of Puerto Princesa City. A considerable area persists as lush, extensive, and speciose beds (Plate 12), particularly on the eastern coast, which is relatively protected from harsh monsoon conditions for most part of the year. Indicators – bottom cover, diversity, and apparent ecological function (forage and nursery grounds) – proved useful in the validation of previous descriptions and in identifying seagrass ECAN core areas.
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 54
F
9.50 N, 118
Plate 12. Fish juveniles that use the dense seagrass canopy in Brgy. San Pedro for Refuge. (Photo: RO Juanich)
Field survey covered a significant seagrass area than past ecological studies, having surveyed the coastline from Tagburos down to Bancao-Bancao, on which the most extensive meadows of Puerto Princesa continue to thrive. The survey confirmed the presence of dense beds highlighted by past studies: Pundeado Island (Roleda et al. 2002a), WESCOM (coded Bancao-Bancao in this report), Putol na Ilog (coded Mangingisda) (Roleda et al. 2002b), and Buenavista (Fortes and Fazi, 2000) and add the shallow meadows in Iwahig, Tagburos down to Bancao-Bancao, Tadio Island (the lee side of Pundeado Island), and the deeper bed off Binduyan (Table 10), all cover category 3). A number of sites would be highlighted when seagrass diversity (as N) is used as an ecological measure of importance (Table 10, see Diversity column). On integration, tally of these two parameters along side resource use (possible fisheries and forage ground to dugongs) points to beds in 12 barangays on the high priority list as seagrass ECAN core zones: Kamuning (P1), Inagawan (P6), Mangingisda (P10, WP02), Pundeado Island (Plate 13), Tanabag to Concepcion (P42), and Binduyan (P44) (Table 10, Figure 19). In view of the protection benefits of core-zoning, it is also
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 55 proposed that extant lush and diverse beds be included in this list of candidate high-priority core zones,
Plate 13. Well-covered meadow in Pundeado Island (circle in map). (Photo: HME Nacorda)
i.e., Iwahig (PB18), Bancao-Bancao (HB25), San Pedro (BM Beach), Tagburos (HB28), Cowrie Island, and Buenavista (UB78) (Table 11, Figure 19). Further, we proposed that diverse seagrass beds and/ or beds adjacent to forage areas be listed under potential (‘reserved’) core zones WP02 in Mangingisda, Luzviminda (PB16), PB24 in Bancao- Bancao, San Manuel HB27 (Plate 14), Manalo (WP65), Tadio Island (WP43), Macarascas (UB77), and UB80 in Buenavista (Table 11).
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 56 9.50 N, 118
Plate 14. The diverse community off Brgy. San Manuel, still part of the lush and Extensive Meadow from Brgy. San Pedro, (Ptoto: RO Juanich)
As habitats, marine consumers clearly exploit seagrass meadows in Puerto Princesa as nursery (fish juveniles) and as forage grounds (dugongs). The City also directly extracts part of its small-scale (subsistence) fisheries from these habitats, e.g., in Puerto Princesa and Honda Bays, despite cues of over-exploitation (Tiquio et al. 2005). Seagrasses, however, renew their populations (and eventually persist) in spite of natural or man-made disturbance, for as long as this does not exceed a certain threshold (Hemminga and Duarte 2000). Apart from the intrinsic plant properties and adaptations that maintain tropical mixed seagrass meadows (Vermaat et al., 1995), natural intermediate disturbance from resident invertebrates e.g., burrowing by shrimps) appear to alleviate stagnation stress and induce growth responses in disturbance-sensitive species (Duarte et al., 1997). Flowering and fruiting events in the most cosmopolitan E. acoroides (Plate 14) seem continuous and consistent with timing observed in other areas, e.g., Coron, San Vicente, and Bolinao (Rollon, 1998). Beyond tolerable limits of natural disturbance and stress (e.g., chronic siltation conditions), however, seagrass meadows have been predicted to retrogress, lose diversity, reduce biomass, and, eventually, die-out (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000). Anthropogenic activities that directly and indirectly contribute to substrate instability and light reduction must, therefore, be controlled.
18.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Seagrass meadows on the shallow soft bottoms of Puerto Princesa exhibited low to good leaf canopy cover and the mixed beds were characteristically speciose (7 species modal; maximum 8 species). Associated seaweeds were represented by 23 genera, of which 2 brown and 2 green forms were frequent and dominant, and these contributed minimally to total vegetative cover. Six areas were forage grounds of dugongs (Plate 15) and these were
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 57
9.50 N, 118
Plate 15. A Dugong’s Feeding Trail on the Northern Shallow Meadow of Brgy. Mangingisda. (Photo: F. Tabugon, Jr.)
included in the proposed high priority seagrass ECAN core zones – Kamuning, Inagawan, Mangingisda, Pundeado Island, Tanabag to Concepcion, and Binduyan (Table 10, Figure 19). In addition, it is proposed that extant lush and diverse beds in Iwahig, Bancao-Bancao, San Pedro, Tagburos, Cowrie Island (Plate 16), and Buenavista (Table 11, Figure 19) be included in this list of high-priority candidate core zones. Potential (‘reserved’) core zones are extant diverse beds or within the vicinity of feeding areas of dugongs: WP02 in Mangingisda, Luzviminda, PB24 in Bancao-Bancao, San Manuel, Manalo, Tadio Island, Macarascas, and UB80 in Buenavista (Table 10).
Plate 16. Left photo (HME Nacorda): Unepiphytized Blades of Enhalus acoroides in Clear-water Cowry Island (hexagon in Map); right photo (MNR Nacorda): A Population of the Juvenile Catfish Photosus lineatus under the Mangrove Canopy in Tadio Island (square in Map)
______CHAPTER III: SEAGRASSES AND ASSOCIATED SEAWEEDS 58 CHAPTER IV MARINE MAMMALS
19.0 INTRODUCTION
Under the Sustainable Environmental Management Project, a series of surveys were undertaken to assess the coastal and marine environment in Northern Palawan and Puerto Princesa City. A critical component of this coastal and marine environment is the mega fauna inhabiting marine ecosystems particularly dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans.
The dugong is the only survivor of the family Dugongidae and the only representative of the order Sirenia. Its population is believed to be fragmented and its numbers low and declining (Marsh et.al. 2002). Historically, dugongs were common in the country but their distribution was greatly reduced due to anthropogenic threats. Currently, small numbers occur in Palawan, Sulu Archipelago, southern Mindanao, Guimaras Strait and Panay Gulf, northeastern Luzon, and northeastern Mindanao (Torres 2002; Perrin et.al. 2002).
Five of the seven species of sea turtles are found in Philippine waters. The green turtle (Chelonia mydas), loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), and the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) are classified as endangered by the IUCN, while the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is classified as critically endangered. Based on the surveys of international turtle experts, the Philippines is on the list of the Ten Worst Countries in sea turtle conservation (Spotila 2004).
There are currently twenty six (26) species of cetaceans occurring in Philippine waters (Digdigan 2005), and sixteen (16) were reported to occur in Palawan (Albasin, pers. comm.). While cetacean research is slowly gaining ground in the country, much is still unknown about their behavior in the wild, population, as well as impacts of fisheries.
This report outlines the result of the baseline survey made on dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans in the central area of Palawan namely, Puerto Princesa Bay, Ulugan Bay and the West Coast, and Honda Bay. The survey aimed to gather information on dugong habitats, sea turtle nesting sites, cetacean distribution, and fisherfolks’ perceptions on such marine wildlife and conservation awareness. It is hoped that the data gathered will provide input in the development of immediate conservation actions, including environmental education programs in the area.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 59 20.0 METHODOLOGY
An interview survey technique was selected in gathering baseline anecdotal information on dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans in Puerto Princesa City. A total of three hundred eight (308) key informant interviews (Plate 17) with fishermen were conducted on April 2005 in twenty eight (28) coastal barangays surrounding Puerto Princesa Bay (Figure 20), Ulugan Bay and the West Coast (Figure 21A), and Honda Bay (Figure 21B). The interview covered topics on animal behavior, group size, sighting frequencies, distribution, threats, trends and conservation as well as information on recent sightings (Appendix D). Respondents were also asked whether they were residents or visiting and what fishing gear they used. Marine mammal and sea turtle photos were shown to determine what species was occurring in their areas. Indicative sightings of marine mammals and sea turtles were recorded on a base map and were transferred to Garmin Map Source version 4.09 to obtain coordinates. Resulting data were interpreted through graphs using Microsoft Excel 2003.
Plate 17. Informant interview in the West Coast of Puerto Princesa City (Photo by: M.F. Digdigan)
A two day opportunistic boat survey was also undertaken at the end of the interviews to verify the species reported. A waterproof Field Vision binocular with a field angle of 8x30 was used to spot cetaceans and a Geko 101 waterproof GPS was used to mark sighting locations (Plate 18). Plate 18. Boat survey conducted in Binduyan waters
N=114
Figure 20. Survey Areas of Puerto Princesa Bay. PPC, Palawan. 2005
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 60
Figure 21A. Survey Areas within West Coast and Ulugan Bay, PPC, Palawan. 2005
N=114
N=108
Figure 21B. Survey Areas in Honda Bay, PPC, Palawan. 2005
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 61 21.0 RESULTS
Respondent Background
Respondents generally belong to the 21-40 age brackets (50%). Ethnicity was primarily Visayan (43%) in origin, followed by Palaweños (34.67%). Established residencies in Puerto Princesa were 21-30 years (17.53%) and 11-20 years (32.79%). Educational attainments were varied, but most were of primary level (27.04%) and elementary graduates (25.08%). Figures 22-25 list the respondents’ profile in detail.
Majority (66.78%) of the respondents was full-time fishermen, and 36.04% have been fishing in their barangay waters for 11-20 years. Fishing activities were mostly conducted once daily using hook and line (53.32%) and fish nets (26.54%). Figures 26-29 list the detailed fishing profile.
1.3 8.33 14 0.97 3.25 Luzon 5.85 15-20 23.7 21-30 16.88 Visayas 31-40 34.67 41-50 Palawan 51-60 61-70 Mindanao 71-75 43 21.75 >75 26.3 Figure 22. Age Group (%) Figure 23. Ethnic Origin (%)
0.98 0.97 5.54 1.62 0.97 1.3 5.52 2.6 12.01 20.85 27.04 11.05
15.26 17.53 18.89
25.08
Primary level Elementary graduate 32.79 Secondary level High School Graduate 5 mos 6 mos-1 yr 2-5 6-10 College level Vocational 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 >70 No schooling Figure 25. Established Residency (%) Figure 24. Educational Attainment (%) 0.65 2.27 0.97 5 mos 32.57 6.82 1.62 6 mos-1 yr 14.29 16.88 2-5 6-10 11-20 66.78 21-30 19.81 31-40 Full Time Part Time Occasional 36.04 41-50
Figure 27. Years Fishing in Area (%) Figure 26. Fishers' Classification (%)
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 62
0.32 7.1 53.32 0.64 0.65 Once daily 4.27 Twice daily 7.79 1.64 1.42 Twice weekly 1.18 7.14 Thrice weekly 0.24 4-5 days weekly 5.69 6.17 Once monthly 26.54 Thrice monthly Fish net Fish corral 47.08 Hook & Line Multiple hook & line 3 weeks monthly Spear Compressor Arrow Long line
Figure 28. Fishing Frequency (%) Figure 29. Fishing Gears Used (%)
Dugong Status
Animal Identification
Majority (73.38%) of the respondents have reportedly seen dugongs, 12.01% have not seen the animal, while 14.61% have no answers. Of those who have seen dugongs, 76.99% gave correct anatomical descriptions while the remaining 23.01% described the dugong either as a dolphin or shark.
Behavior
Common behaviors reported in all barangays were swimming, floating, and surfacing. Feeding was reported to occur in Langogan, San Rafael, and Babuyan in Honda Bay; Bancao-bancao, Mangingisda, and Kamuning in Puerto Bay; Napsan in the West Coast; and Tagabenit in Ulugan Bay.
Frequency of Sightings
Generally, perception on dugong sightings in Puerto Princesa were rare and opportunistic (68.89%) particularly in the Ulugan Bay and West Coast area. For a six-month period however, animal sightings in November 2004 was highest in Ulugan Bay and the West Coast, while the surrounding waters of Puerto Bay on the other hand, showed consistency in sightings from November 2004 to April 2005. Figure 30 details animal sightings.
Group Size
Dugong sightings reportedly occur most during the early mornings before ten o’clock. Solitary dugongs were usually seen, while others reported mother and calf pairs. Groups of up to three were sighted in Puerto Bay, while a herd of five individuals were reported in Honda Bay.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 63
80 70 60 Puerto Bay 50 Percentage 40 (%) Ulugan Bay 30 West Coast 20 Honda Bay 10 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 04 04 05 05 05 05 Month
Figure 30. Dugong Sightings: Nov 04 to Apr 05
Distribution
Results showed that dugongs in Puerto Princesa were distributed in areas where seagrass beds occur, in near shore coastal waters. Figure 31 illustrates animal distribution.
Dugong sightings
N=86
Figure 31. Dugong sightings (indicative), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. 2005 ______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 64 Trends in Animal Numbers
Trends in dugong numbers from the data gathered revealed varying perceptions among respondents (Figure 32). In Honda Bay, 42.86% believed dugong numbers were increasing because they were not hunted in the area. In the West Coast and Ulugan Bay, no changes in numbers were reported because animals continue to remain rare in the survey sites. Respondents from Puerto Princesa Bay on the other hand, believed that dugong numbers were decreasing because they are hunted and eaten. Tables 11 and 12 further details, the reasons regarding perceptions on dugong numbers.
Honda Bay 42.86 34.28 22.86 0 Error! Ulugan Bay 25 33.33 37.5 4.17
Puerto Princesa 21.66 56.67 16.67 5 Cit y 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage
Increasing Decreasing No Change Unsure
Figure 32. Perceptions on Dugong Numbers
Table 11. Reasons for Increase in Dugong Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Reasons Puerto Ulugan Bay Honda Bay West Coast Bay % % % Catching prohibited 15.38 50.00 - Gives birth 23.09 - - Not hunted 46.15 50.00 100.00 Increasing in other 15.38 - - places TOTAL 100 100 100
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 65 Table 12. Reasons for Decrease in Dugong Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan 2005
Reasons Puerto Ulugan Bay Honda Bay West Coast Bay % % % Deaths in fish corral, 26.47 37.50 16.67 nets Hunted and eaten 35.29 12.50 41.67 Rarely seen 26.47 25.00 8.33 Slow to reproduce 5.89 - 8.33 Animals move to other 2.94 25.00 - places Unsure why - - 25.00 No reports of captures 2.94 - - TOTAL 100 100 100
Turtle Status
Animal Identification
Based on photo-identification, commonly occurring turtle species in the areas surveyed was the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) particularly in Barangays Mangingisda and Bancao-Bancao in Puerto Bay; and, Bagong Bayan and New Panggangan in the west coast (Plate 19). The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) was identified to occur in Nagtabon and Langogan (Plate 20), while the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) was reported to occur in Salvacion and Tagabenit (Plate 21).
Plate 19. Hawksbill turtle Plate 20. Green Turtle Plate 21. Olive Ridley (Photo: Marine Turtles in the Phils., PAWB-DENR)
(Photo: Marine Turtles in the Phils., PAWB-DENR)
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 66 Behavior
Observed behaviors for turtles common to all survey sites were swimming, breathing, floating on surface, eating fish, and laying eggs. Mating, eating seaweeds, and resting in reef crevices were reported in Puerto Princesa Bay and Ulugan Bay.
Nesting was generally observed to occur during December in the following areas: Snake Island in Honda Bay; Napsan, Simpocan, and Nagtabon in the West Coast; and, New Panggangan in the Ulugan Bay area. Likewise nesting was also observed during November in Kamuning in Puerto Princesa Bay, and April in the West Coast and Ulugan Bay area particularly in Nagtabon and Marufinas respectively.
Distribution
Turtles were widely distributed throughout Puerto Princesa. Sightings generally occur in coastal waters near reported nesting sites, coral reef areas and seagrass beds. Nesting beaches were reportedly present in the following areas: Inagawan in Puerto Princesa Bay; Sitio Lalawigan in Brngy. Simpocan, Sabang, Sitio Pintaun in New Panggangan, Nagtabon and Sitio Malinog in Bacungan, and, Marufinas in the West Coast and Ulugan Bay areas. In Honda Bay, nests were reported in Snake Island, Isla Puting Buhangin in Manalo, Isla Barlas and Tadjo in Lucbuan, and, Araceffi Island. Figure 33 illustrates distribution and reported nesting areas.
Frequency of Sightings
According to respondents, turtles were generally seen everyday at anytime. Results further showed that for a six-month period, sighting tends to occur more during the month of April in the areas surveyed (Figure 34).
90 80 70 60 Honda Bay Percentage50 (%) 40 Puerto Bay 30 Ulugan Bay 20 West Coast 10 0 Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 04 04 05 05 05 05 Month
Figure 33. Turtle Sightings: Nov 04 to Apr 05
Solitary turtles were most frequently seen in the areas surveyed, while groups of four were reported in Puerto Bay and, five in Honda Bay.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 67
Note: All sightings & nesting sites are indicative only.
Turtle sightings
Reported nesting sites
Figure 34. Turtle Sightings and Reported Nesting Sites, PPC, Palawan. 2005
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 68 Trends in Animal Numbers
Respondents generally believe that turtle numbers were increasing in their areas (Figure 36). In Puerto Princesa Bay, 41.25% said the increase was because turtles were not hunted in the area. Those from the West Coast and Ulugan Bay said that since captures are prohibited (35.45%), turtle numbers were increasing; while informants from Honda Bay believed that the many eggs turtles lay led to an increase in animal numbers (39.44%). Table 13 further lists various reasons on increases while Table 14 lists reasons on decreases in turtle numbers.
Honda Bay 75.53 18.09 6.38 0
West Coast / Ulugan Bay 72.48 11.01 14.68 1.83
Puerto Princesa Bay 66.12 23.96 9.09 0.83
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage
Increasing Decreasing No Change Unsure
Figure 35. Perceptions on Turtle Numbers
Table 13. Reasons for Increase in Turtle Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Reasons Puerto Ulugan Bay Honda Bay West Coast Bay % % % Catching prohibited 21.25 35.45 25.35 Lays many eggs 28.75 25.32 39.44 No reason given 1.25 2.53 1.41 Not hunted 41.25 17.72 32.39 Not eaten - 7.59 - Animals are not disturbed 2.50 - - Many still seen 5.00 11.39 1.41 TOTAL 100 100 100
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 69 Table 14. Reasons for Decrease in Turtle Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Reasons Puerto Ulugan Bay Honda Bay Bay West Coast % % % Hunted & eaten 75.86 8.33 52.95 No more nesters 3.45 25.00 5.88 Animals move to other places 10.34 25.00 - Deaths in fish corral, nets - - 11.76 Rarely seen - - 23.53 No reason given 6.90 41.67 5.88 Too many people, animal 3.45 - - disturbed TOTAL 100 100 100
Cetacean Status
Animal Identification
Respondents from Honda Bay, Ulugan Bay, and the West Coast can distinguish dolphins from sharks compared to those from Puerto Princesa Bay. Whales on the other hand, were easily identified and distinguished from the whale shark by respondents in general. Photo identification revealed that the Bottlenose dolphin (Plate 22), Spinner dolphin (Plate 23), and the Pilot whale (Plate 24) were the common cetacean species found.
Spinner dolphins were encountered by the survey team in the nearshore waters of Binduyan (Plate 25) and whale bones identified as a Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni), were found in Nagtabon, in the West Coast (Plate 26).
Plate 22. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Plate 23. Long-snouted spinner Plate 24. Short-finned pilot whale Photo from: A Field Guide to Whales & dolphin (Stenella longirostris) (Globicephala macrorhynchus) Dolphins. J.M.L. Tan. Bookmark. 1995. Photo from: A Field Guide to Whales & Photo by: Class 2000. Field Work: Cetacean Biology Dolphins. J.M.L. Tan. Bookmark. 1995. & Conservation Course. Silliman University.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 70
Plate 25.. Long-snouted spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) Plate 26. Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera encountered by the survey team in the waters of Binduyan, Honda Bay edeni) bone found in Nagtabon, West Photo by: M.F. Digdigan Coast of Puerto Princesa City Photo by: M.F. Digdigan
Behavior
Common dolphin behaviors observed by respondents were breaching, spinning, swimming, porpoising, bowriding, and feeding on fish. In Honda Bay, dolphins were observed to feed on squid, while in the West Coast, on shrimps.
Whale behaviors on the other hand were logging, feeding on shrimps, swimming, and surfacing for air. In Puerto Bay, particularly in offshore waters of Mangingisda and Pagkakaisa, respondents reported whale blows reaching two to four meters in height. Respondents from Napsan in the West Coast also reported blows reaching four meters, as well as in San Rafael in Honda Bay.
Distribution
Dolphins were distributed in nearshore waters and in-between islands in Honda Bay, and in both offshore and nearshore waters for the rest of the survey areas. Whales on the other hand were more distributed in offshore waters. Figure 36 shows cetacean distribution in detail.
During the boat survey conducted in Honda Bay, spinner dolphins were found to be occurring in the coastal waters of Binduyan, as well as in offshore waters of the Bay (Figure 37).
Frequency of Sightings
Dolphins were reportedly sighted everyday at anytime particularly in Honda Bay and offshore Puerto Princesa Bay. In the West Coast, dolphins were commonly sighted in the early mornings, before ten. Whales on the other hand, were limited to rare opportunistic sightings in all areas surveyed and were usually seen in the early mornings, before ten. During the conduct of the boat survey, bottlenose dolphins
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 71 were observed in the shallow waters of Babuyans’ marine sanctuary at 6:00 in the morning. Encounters with spinner dolphins occurred at 7:15 with repeat encounters two hours after in the coastal waters of Binduyan to Langogan.
Note: All sightings are indicative only.
Dolphin sighting
Whale sighting
Figure 36. Cetacean Sightings, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 72
Figure 37. Actual Dolphin Sightings, PPC, Palawan. 2005
N E 9 59 04.9 119 04 48.6 9 56 26.3 119 03 34.3 9 47 15.6 118 49 13.5 9 48 14.8 118 49 10.0 9 59 23.0 119 05 12.0
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 73 For a six-month period beginning November 2004, dolphin sightings were highest during April 2005 (Figure 38), while November 2004 and April 2005 showed highest sighting occurrences for whales in offshore Puerto Princesa Bay, and the West Coast respectively (Figure 39).
100 40 35 ) ) 80 % 30 ( (% e e 25 g
g 60 20 40 15 10 20 Percenta Percenta 5 0 0 Nov 04 Dec 04 Jan 05 Feb 05 Mar 05 Apr 05 Nov 04 Dec 04 Jan 05 Feb 05 Mar 05 Apr 05 Month Month Puerto Bay West Coast / Ulugan Bay Honda Bay Puerto Bay West Coast / Ulugan Bay Honda Bay Fi 14 Wh l Si hti N '04 t A '05 Figure 38. Dolphin Sightings: Nov. ’04 to Figure 39. Whale Sightings: Nov. ’04 to Apr. ‘05 Apr. ‘05
Group Size
Dolphin group size varied according to the survey areas. In Honda Bay, estimated group size ranged from individuals (1 to 5) to concentrations (>1000 individuals), the most common however were individuals. In Ulugan Bay, the West Coast, and Puerto Princesa Bay, group size ranged from individuals to aggregations (>40 individuals). However, units (10-20 individuals) were most common in Ulugan Bay and the West Coast, while aggregates in Puerto Princesa Bay were most common.
Whales were mostly composed of solitary animals. Mother and calf pairs, sighted opportunistically, also occur in the areas surveyed.
Trends in Animal Numbers
Respondents generally believed that dolphin (Figure 40) and whale (Figure 41) numbers were increasing. Dolphins as well as whales were reportedly not hunted in the survey areas particularly in Puerto Princesa Bay. In the West Coast, Ulugan Bay, and Honda Bay areas, prohibition regarding whale captures caused the numbers to increase. Table 15 and 16 list other reasons given by respondents.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 74 Honda Bay 76.83 8.54 14.63 0 West Coast / Ulugan Bay 64.77 10.23 23.86 1.14 0.99 Puerto Princesa Bay 83.17 8.91 6.93 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage
Increasing Decreasing No Change Unsure
Figure 40. Perceptions on Dolphin Numbers
Honda Bay 67.44 9.3 23.26 West Coast / Ulugan Bay 54.24 18.64 27.12 Puerto Princesa Bay 72.09 11.63 16.28 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage
Increasing Decreasing No Change Figure 41. Perceptions on Whale Numbers
Table 15. Reasons for Increase in Dolphin Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Reasons Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay % West Coast % % Catching prohibited 21.43 7.02 28.57 Gives birth 14.29 26.32 22.22 Difficult to catch 4.76 1.75 7.94 Not hunted 45.24 36.85 33.33 Not eating meat 4.76 8.77 - Many still seen 3.57 15.79 6.35 Animal won’t fit in net 1.19 - - Abundant food in area 2.38 - - No reason given 1.19 1.75 1.59 “Lays eggs” 1.19 1.75 - TOTAL 100 100 100
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 75 Table 16. Reasons for Increase in Whale Numbers by Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Reasons Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay % West Coast % % Catching prohibited 22.58 46.88 31.18 Gives birth 16.13 21.88 27.96 Difficult to catch 12.90 - 17.20 Not hunted 41.93 15.61 17.20 Not eating meat - 3.13 5.38 Same numbers when seen - 6.25 - No reason given 3.23 6.25 1.08 “Lays eggs” 3.23 - - TOTAL 100 100 100
Threats
Cyanide was the perceived threat among respondents (21.02%) in Puerto Princesa Bay. No perceived threats on the other hand were reported by respondents (30.97%) from Ulugan Bay and the West Coast, while those from Honda Bay (33.7%) do not know any threat affecting dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans in their area. Figure 43 illustrates other threats perceived by respondents.
40 35 Percentage (%) 30 25 20 Puerto Bay 15 10 Ulugan Bay 5 West Coast 0 Honda Bay Man Garbage CyanideDynamite Don't FishKnow CorralFish Net PangulongSicknessBy-catchRedBoat Tide Traffic Direct Hunting None Existing Climate Change CompressorDeliberate Fishing strandingAnimals' Old Age Chemical Pollution Dredging of Seagrass Beds
Threats
Figure 42. Perceived Threats on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 76 By-catch and Direct Captures
Survey results revealed that sea turtles were most affected by by-catch, followed by dugongs. Fish nets account for most captures in all areas surveyed (Figures 43 and 44). Turtle (44.64%) and dugong (20.41%) by-catch were most common in the Puerto Princesa Bay area with frequencies ranging from once weekly to once monthly (Figures 45 and 46). Animals were reportedly released although some reported dugong slaughters in Barangays Pagkakaisa, Mangingisda, and Quito in Puerto Princesa Bay.
Turtle egg poaching by Tagbanuas was reported by respondents in Marufinas. Eggs were used for consumption as well as sold as commodities each at PHP 2.00. In Kamuning, a tagged Green turtle from Malaysian waters was recovered and eventually slaughtered.
70 60 80 50 66.67 80 Percentage (% ) 40 60 30 Percentage 44.44 20 40 55.66 10 (%) 0 20 33.33 Fish Corral Fish Net Hook & Direct 20 Line Catch of 0 Nesters Fish corral Fish net Area Are a Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay West Coast Honda Bay Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay West Coast Honda Bay Figure 19. Implements of Turtle By-Catch Figure 43. Implements of Turtle By-Catch Figure 44. Implements of Dugong By-Catch
50 60 40 50 Everyday 40 Once monthly Percentage 30 Once weekly Once monthly Percentage (%) 30 (%) Once weekly 20 Once yearly 20 Once yearly 10 Twice weekly 10 Twice monthly 2-3x yearly 0 2-3x per year 0 Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay Thrice weekly Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay By Chance West Coast Every full moon West Coast By chance Area Area Figure 45. Frequency of Dugong By-Catch Figure 46. Frequency of Turtle By-Catch
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 77 Dolphin by-catch was highest in the West Coast, with occurrences reported every month (Figure 47). Dolphins snagged in hook and line was the reported cause of animal mortalities in Puerto Princesa Bay, while fish nets account for most deaths in the survey areas. Direct hunting of dolphins using hooks, ropes, and floaters was also reported by several respondents from Honda Bay.
70 60 50 Once yearly Percentage40 Once monthly (%) 30 Once weekly 20 2-3x yearly 10 Every night 0 Everyday Puerto BayUlugan BayHonda Bay West Coast Area Figure 47. Frequency of Dolphin By-Catch
Strandings
Dugong strandings on coastlines frequently occurred at Honda Bay in 2004 (Figure 48), while turtle strandings were highest in Puerto Princesa Bay during the first quarter of 2005 (Figure 49). Dolphin strandings were typical in most areas (Figure 50), particularly in 2004 while whale strandings were common in the West Coast area except in 2003 where strandings were highest in Honda Bay (Figure 51). Most respondents reported that animals were released back into the waters except in the case of whales where respondents reported it to authorities particularly their barangay captains, the DENR, and the Bureau of Fisheries.
60.00 70 50.00 60 40.00 50 Percentage Percentage 40 30.00 (%) (%) 30 20.00 20 10.00 10 - 0 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 Ar e a Ar e a
Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay West Coast Honda Bay Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay West Coast Honda Bay
Figure 48. Year of Dugong Stranding Figure 49. Year of Turtle Stranding Occurrences Occurrences
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 78 40 50 35 30 40 Percentage 25 30 20 Percentage (%) (%) 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 cant 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 cant recall recall Area Area Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay West Coast Honda Bay Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay West Coast Honda Bay
Figure 50. Year of Dolpin Stranding Occurrences Figure 51. Year of Whale Stranding Occurrences
22.0 CONSERVATION AWARENESS
Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental Captures
Generally, respondents shall release an animal caught accidentally. In Puerto Princesa Bay, 13.80% shall report it to the DENR and their barangay captains, at the same time, 1.6% shall slaughter the animal. A slight difference was noted (1.8%) in the Ulugan Bay and West Coast areas, on slaughtering by respondents. If the animal is dead, respondents from Puerto Bay, Ulugan Bay, and the West Coast shall leave the animal at sea while those in Honda Bay shall report it to their barangay captains. Figures 51 and 53 illustrate fisherfolk attitudes in general while details are listed in Appendix E.
Honda Bay 100 A 98.2 1.8 R Ulugan Bay / West Coast E Puerto Princesa Bay 85 13.4 1.6 A 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage
Release the animal Report to authorities Slaughter the animal
Figure 52. Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental Captures When Animal Alive
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 79 Honda Bay 2.2 25.28 18.68 26.37 15.38 12.09 A R Ulugan Bay / 9.27 50.94 8.33 13.88 9.25 8.33 West Coast E Puerto Princesa 9 51.35 4.5 19.84 15.31 0 A Bay 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage Bury Leave at sea No answer Report to authorities Take carcass Throw offshore
Figure 53. Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental Captures
When Animal is Dead
Awareness of Laws
Nearly all respondents were aware of the existence of laws on the prohibition of marine wildlife captures (Figure 54). Most have heard of these laws from their barangay captains (Appendix F), and most reported that such were being implemented in their areas (Figure 55). On the other hand, negative attitudes account for the reason on why laws were not being implemented in their areas (Figure 56).
Respondents were asked their opinion on why captures of large marine wildlife are prohibited, and 25.87% from Puerto Princesa Bay replied that they were only told that catching dugongs, turtles, and cetaceans are illegal. Those from Honda Bay stated that it is because such animals are helpful to people (19.54%), while respondents from Ulugan Bay and the West Coast were unsure (19.54%). Appendix G lists answers in detail.
Honda Bay 96.55 3.45
A Ulugan Bay / 97.22 2.78 R West Coast E A Puerto Bay 95.65 4.35
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Percentage Aware Unaware Figure 54. Awareness of Laws in Survey Areas
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 80 Honda Bay 90.7 2.32 6.98 A Ulugan Bay / 84.4 6.43 9.17 R West Coast E 73.05 15.65 11.3 A Puerto Bay 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage
Yes No Unsure Figure 55. Implementation of Laws in Survey Areas
Honda Bay 100
A Ulugan Bay / 16.67 83.33 R West Coast E 14.29 85.71 A Puerto Bay 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage
Unsure People are hard-headed Figure 56. Resources for the Absence of Law Implementation
Conservation Activities
Results generally indicate the absence of conservation activities in the survey areas (Figure 57). When asked if they would want to participate in conservation activities for marine wildlife, majority of the respondents gave no answers (Figure 58). Those respondents who reported the presence of such indicated sea patrols by the BFRMC as the major conservation activity followed by continuous reminders of laws by their barangay officials (Figure 59).
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 81
Honda Bay 46.43 53.57
Ulugan Bay / West Area 34.26 65.74 Coast Puerto Princesa Bay 28.7 71.3
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage (%)
Present Absent
Figure 57. Presence of Conservation Activities
Honda Bay 37.5 13.89 48.61 A R West Coast/ Ulugan Bay 24 14 62 E Puerto Princesa Bay A 20.59 21.57 57.84
20% 40% 80% 100%
Percentage
Yes No
Figure 58. Participation in Conservation Activities
80 60 Percentage 40 (%) 20 0 Sea Seminars Mangrove Reminder Marine patrols Rehab of Laws Sanctuary
Activities
Puerto Princesa Bay Ulugan Bay / West Coast Honda Bay
Figure 59. Types of Conservation Activities
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 82 Animal Protection
Majority of the respondents believes that dugongs, turtles, and cetaceans need protection (Figure 61). In Puerto Bay (28.81%) and Honda Bay (31.11%), respondents answered that such animals help people when distressed at sea, while those from Ulugan Bay and the West Coast replied that large marine wildlife needs to be protected because they are kind animals. Table 17 lists other reasons in detail.
Honda Bay 97.7 2.3 A R Ulugan Bay / 97.94 2.06 E West Coast A Puerto Bay 98.26 1.74
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Percentage Need protection Don’t need protection Unsure
Figure 60. Animal Protection
Table 17. Reasons for the Need to Protect Large Marine Wildlife
Reasons Puerto Ulugan Bay Honda Bay West Coast Bay % % % Already rare 8.47 7.40 6.67 Help people during 28.81 21.30 31.11 sea disasters Kind animals 17.80 24.07 13.33 Reproduce slowly 1.69 - 6.67 Value for tourism 5.08 1.85 - Treasures of the sea 7.63 16.67 11.11 Already endangered 14.42 13.89 15.56 Fishery resources 1.69 1.85 2.22 To increase their #s 2.54 0.93 1.11 The law says so 4.24 5.56 - Aesthetic value 4.24 4.63 6.67 Have right to live 0.85 - - No answer why 0.85 - 2.22 For the next 1.69 1.85 3.33 generation TOTAL 100 100 100
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 83 23.0 DISCUSSIONS
Dugongs
Dugong behavior in the wild is a continual round of foraging, feeding, diving, and surfacing. Results from the survey corroborate th ese data. Resp ondents from Bancao-Bancao reported mother calf pairs up to three individuals feeding. During the 1998 dugong aerial survey, it was in Bancao-Bancao that a mother and calf pair was sighted in the areas’ seagrass bed. The seagrass team of the SEMP project in thei r survey repo rted that trenches were present in Binduyan up to Langogan (Nacorda pers. comm.). While this may indicate the area as feeding habitat for dugongs, data i s inconclusiv e pending long-term studies on dugongs in association with seasonal changes in seagrass com position and ab undance.
Although dugongs are opportunistically seen in Puerto Princesa, sighting data revealed that they exist in small num bers particularly in the northeastern section of Honda Bay from Binduyan to Langogan, mostly within the seagrass range. Data from the last aerial survey conducted in 1998 by WWF-Philippines, Toba Aquarium, and the DENR revealed that dugongs sighted in the area correspond to sighting data from respondents. While this comparative data only points out sighting in 1998 and 2005 per se, dugong occurrences, behavior, and habitat use for the seven year span is unknown and assumptions are difficult to make given the dearth in data. It can be assumed, however, that no change in dugong group size occurred. Only three adult dugongs seen individually and 1 mother and calf pair were sighted during the 1998 aerial survey. Data gathered from this baseline survey also indicated that sightings were mostly solitary individuals.
Sighting frequencies for a six-month period revealed absence in dugong sightings particularly in Honda Bay, the West Coast, and the surrounding waters of Ulugan Bay. The exact cause for these absences is unknown. Nevertheless, possible causes can be assumed with regards to seasonality, natural disturbances such as storms or red tides, limited seagrass distribution, and human pressure.
The varying perception on dugong numbers may account on the degree of environmental awareness among respondents in the survey areas. In Honda Bay, it was observed that several coastal barangays were under conservation projects with NGOs. Marine sanctuaries were also in place in selected areas, thus the perception that dugong numbers were increasing. In contrast, the survey team noted that when respondents from Puerto Princesa Bay were asked to give the average length of dugongs they saw, majority replied weight in kilos, instead of length in meters. Further, the absence of conservation activities and indifferent attitudes toward marine wildlife in general may account for the perception that dugong numbers were decreasing.
Turtles
Generally, sea turtles are known to inhabit feeding and nesting grounds. The species of turtle mostly dictates the feeding habitat they move into after the so called “lost years”, i.e, the period of turtle development the moment a sea turtle entered the sea to when it was seen feeding along the coastline as a juvenile. Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), the sponge eaters, forage mostly in small areas over coral reefs, rock outcroppings, lagoons with mud bottoms, and narrow creeks and passes (Spotila 2004). Juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas) remain on reefs and feed on
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 84 algae while others move near shore and feed on seagrasses, thus they are often referred to as the grass eaters. Olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea) on the other hand are omnivorous and feed mostly on small species of crab. They can be found in coastal waters, as well as offshore. The areas in which these animals occur (Mangingisda, Bancao-Bancao, Nagtabon, Langogan, Salvacion and Tagabenit), may as well indicate types of foraging grounds present.
The feeding grounds of sea turtles are often far and different from their nesting beaches. At the start of the breeding season, the adult males and females migrate over long distances to congregate and copulate near the nesting area. Mating behaviors by hawksbills, observed first hand by the coral reef team of the SEMP project (Montebon, pers comm.) during their April 2005 survey in the vicinity of Rita Island of Ulugan Bay, may indicate the onset of the breeding season. When mating is finished, each female moves to an area adjacent to her selected nesting beach and begins to make eggs. Survey data revealed that nesting occur during the months of April in Ulugan Bay, Nagtabon, and Marufinas in the West Coast, November in Kamuning in Puerto Bay, and December for most areas surveyed. While seasonality of nesting varies by region, trends for Puerto Princesa are unknown due to lack of available data brought about by the absence of nesting incidence monitoring.
Turtle distribution in Puerto Princesa City is common to the hawksbill and green turtle (Eckert, pers comm., DENR tagging data). According to Limpus (1985), the surrounding waters of Palawan are believed to be an important development habitat for sea turtles particularly the hawksbill. Conservation measures for such however, are difficult to formulate due to the absence of habitat surveys and population studies in the area.
The high sighting frequency for the month of April 2005 may correlate to the breeding season where, as mentioned earlier, turtles come together from distant areas. While this report takes into account sightings for a six month period from November 2004 to April 2005 only, it is possible that frequencies may increase on other months of the same year for other turtle species.
Most coastal communities have a general perception that the number of eggs determines the turtle population in their areas, usually the higher number of eggs laid, the higher number of turtles present in their waters. This perception is true if nesting beaches are left alone, and no disturbances are present in the area. Likewise if favorable conditions, both ecologically and socially are maintained, chances for turtle populations to increase is highly possible. However, no documentation on hatchlings and turtle utilization has ever been done on a regular basis to develop trends in population. Survey results on turtle numbers shall remain anecdotal until research and monitoring are in place.
Cetaceans
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and Short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), identified by the respondents through photo identification, are among the more common and abundant species based on sightings and line transect surveys in the country (Dolar and Wood 1992; Alava et al. 1993; Leatherwood et al. 1993; Dolar and Perrin 1996; Dolar 1999). Baleen whales such as the Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) are few and rare.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 85 Cetaceans in general carry out their life processes in areas that enable them to perform such, one of which is feeding. Honda Bay and the West Coast are most likely feeding habitats owing to the presence of prey species that consist the diets of cetaceans. Squid is the diet common to bottlenose dolphins, pilot whales, and spinner dolphins (Connor et.al. 2004, Reyes 1991, Perrin and Gilpatrick 1994). Fish and sergestid shrimps also constitute the diet of spinners and bottlenose dolphins. Baleen whales particularly Bryde’s whales, consume anchovies as their most predominant diet (Omura 1962, Cummings 1985).
Cetacean distribution around the City of Puerto Princesa is generally widespread. Bottlenose dolphins are common in pelagic as well as coastal waters, where they are often found in bays. At the onset of the boat survey, two to three individuals of bottlenose dolphins were observed swimming in the shallow waters of Babuyan’s marine sanctuary. In most tropical waters, spinner dolphins are recorded in inshore waters, islands or banks (Reyes 1991, Perrin and Gilpatrick 1994). Encounters with spinner dolphins during the boat survey occurred within the coastal waters of Binduyan just approximately 500 meters from the shoreline. Pilot whales are deep divers and are generally offshore species.
What brings about seasonal variability in cetacean sightings around Puerto Princesa is currently unknown due to the absence of studies on habitat use patterns. Although several causes can account for this variability such as availability of prey, water temperature, wind velocity, and natural and human disturbances, data from this survey can only indicate that cetaceans around Puerto Princesa City are present in varying degrees.
Likewise, cetacean group size varies in the survey areas. Life processes carried out by these animals usually influence group size. Groups may be stable for longer periods, and rest for hours; individuals may forage alone for hours or may spend longer periods in socializing groups. Würsig (1986) reported cooperative foraging in delphinids. He stated that they usually search for food in broad ranks which may be hundreds of meters wide presumably to increase the chances of finding schools of fish or squid. Such ranks indicate that the animals are cooperating as a school in finding prey.
Regularity of cetacean sightings, particularly in Honda Bay, can be a basis for developing the area for marine wildlife tourism. Dolar (1999) during her cetacean survey off Honda Bay revealed a relative diversity of cetacean species and the proximity of the area to City of Puerto Princesa present a potential for ecotourism, in this case, dolphin watching. She further suggested that studies to determine the pattern of occurrence of these animals whether seasonal or all year round in the area shall be useful for such ventures. Although dolphin and whale watching is generally regarded as a non-consumptive activity stimulating additional tourism activities that contributes economically to coastal communities and encourages related industries, it should ensure that animals are not disturbed in carrying out critical life processes such as foraging and feeding, resting, mating, caring for calves, and maintaining social groups. If an animal cannot carry out its life processes, its own survival may be at risk. If disruption occurs to a particular segment, or to a significant number of individuals within a population, it follows that their conservation may be at risk.
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 86 Threats
Dugong By-Catch
While results showed variation in threats, the impact of by-catch in fish nets, though perceived at a lesser extent, was common to respondents. Accidental deaths in nets and fish corrals set by fishers are considered major, but largely unquantified, cause of dugong mortality (Perrin et. al. 1996). Should a dugong be still alive, it would invariably be slaughtered for the meat since according to respondents it is more tender and tastier than beef.
Loss of Feeding Habitats
The loss of habitat also threatens dugongs particularly in Puerto Princesa Bay where dredging of seagrass beds were reported by several respondents. Feeding habitats are critical to small populations of dugongs. Given the animals’ low reproductive rate, their fecundity is very sensitive to the availability of their seagrass food (Marsh et.al 2002). When dugongs do not have enough to eat they delay breeding, making habitat conservation a vital issue.
Turtle Entanglements, Ingestion of Hooks
According to Gulko and Eckert (2003), the greatest threat to juvenile and adult sea turtles is their incidental capture during fishing activities. The result is often death by drowning due to forced submergence following entanglement within the gear. Another threat impacting sea turtles is the ingestion of fishing hooks which can cause severe damage to its digestive system, especially the esophagus. Removal of such hooks however can be extremely difficult. Even if the line is cut to free the turtle, it swims away with a hook still lodged in its mouth or throat leaving the turtle slim chances for survival.
Harvests of Eggs and Nesters
Spotila (2004) in his book, Sea Turtles, stated that “people in the Philippines still eat every turtle that they find nesting on their shores.” Such is particularly true not only in City of Puerto Princesa but the rest of Northern Palawan where surveys were conducted. He further stated that based on the degree of egg harvest and quantity of adult harvest, amongst others, the country is ranked fifth among the ten worst countries in sea turtle conservation following Japan, Taiwan, Spain, and Korea. Deliberate takes of nesters and sub-adult turtles are deleterious for they are the ones most needed to maintain populations.
Coastal Alteration
Another potential threat to turtles as observed during the conduct of this survey is coastal alteration. As more and more people develop and live along coastal areas, unused sandy beaches have become increasingly difficult to find and even undeveloped beaches can be significantly altered by recreational activities.
In a write-up by Tesorio (undated), she mentioned that Palawan is the first in the country to implement a beach monitoring system called Beach Ecology Watch. The program aims to set “standards for all business establishments, including beach resorts and restaurants in the province, based on their impact on the environment.” This standard is
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 87 based on “provisions in the Clean Air Act, Water Code, Solid Waste Management Act and other environmental standards.” While this program contributes to keeping Palawan’s beaches clean, impacts on nesting grounds brought about by tourism should also be part of this so-called Beach Ecology Watch.
Beach-related tourism can have devastating effects on coastal areas where sea turtles nest. Nesting beaches used by tourists or locals affect nesting, egg incubation and hatchling emergence. Pedestrian beach traffic lower hatchling emergence through compacting sand at the nests’ surface, thereby decreasing the amount of space for air to circulate potentially suffocating the developing embryos. Bonfires and flashlight use disturbs and disorient nesting females and hatchlings. Sun loungers, chairs, cabanas, umbrellas, canoes, small boats, etc. are physical obstacles deterring nesting attempts, interfering with egg incubation and hatchlings crawling to the sea. These can result to the displacement of turtles into marginal habitats, lowered nest success, and an increased number of disturbed and destroyed clutches of eggs (Gulko and Eckert 2003).
Cetacean By-Catch
Although cetacean numbers were perceived to be increasing in the survey areas due to low levels of direct captures, proximity to human activities exposes cetaceans, particularly spinner and bottlenose dolphins, to entanglement through interactions with commercial fisheries and competition for fish. In some coastal barangays of Puerto Princesa Bay, dolphins were regarded as nuisances for they destroy fishermens’ nets in the process of foraging for fish. They were also perceived to be competing for catch.
While by-catch negatively affects nearly every cetacean species, not all marine mammal mortalities due to interactions with fishing gear are immediate. Injuries to animal, or gear fragments that remain attached to the animal, may make the animal more susceptible to death at a later time from infection, starvation, or some other causes (Northridge and Hofman 1999). In the Philippines, the threat of incidental takes in fishing gear is widely undocumented. Perrin (1999) stated that incidental kills and small directed takes of dolphins are difficult to monitor and regulate. Small carcasses can be hidden or cut up at sea and smuggled ashore as meat. If small cetaceans caught during fishing operations are of no use to the fishermen, they can simply be discarded over the side unnoticed. Unless the fishermen and the local community are fully committed to conservation of the resources they are exploiting, there is no hope for monitoring or controlling many takes of small cetaceans.
It is in the survey areas around the City of Puerto Princesa where strong resentments were felt regarding dolphins harming fishermens’ livelihood as compared to survey areas around Northern Palawan. Dolphins were perceived to harm their livelihood usually by eating fish that have been caught, or have the potential of being caught. While there is often no direct evidence to support such perceptions, the issue of overfishing resulting in an imbalance of marine life is implicated in this case.
Strandings
A stranded animal is one that is unable to return to the water because it is ill or injured, or is trapped in a perilous setting. In the survey areas, the direct cause of yearly variation of strandings is subject to monitoring due to data gaps. What is currently known are strandings due to fishing entrapment particularly for dugongs and turtles. Others such as
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 88 background (caused by agents or circumstances to which an animal is exposed almost everyday) and episodic (caused by unusual environmental conditions or outbreaks of disease) causes should also be investigated.
Conservation Awareness
Respondents were certainly aware of laws regarding captures on marine wildlife. Barangay captains clearly had noticeable roles in the dissemination of information. Comprehension on laws however, was extremely low. Respondents were not able to correlate prohibitions on animal captures to the importance of dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans to the marine environment. Perhaps the absence of conservation activities specific to marine wildlife may account for such. Likewise, information campaigns done were sporadic rather than holistic and long-term.
Respondents seem wary when it comes to participation in conservation activities. This attitude can perhaps be attributed to past environment projects in the area (Cola, Magos and Trinidad 1998, Galit 2001) where for some reasons, the communities’ commitment towards environmental protection diminished suggesting that they were not acting for an abstract ideal like environmental preservation for future generations but for an objective that has concrete implication for themselves.
24.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Dugong individuals in Puerto Princesa City occurs in small numbers with sporadic distributions mostly within the seagrass range. Feeding habitats may occur in Bancao-bancao and Binduyan up to Langogan based on observations and presence of trenches. While these sites are potential candidates for core zones as dugong protected areas, seasonal changes in seagrass composition and abundance should be monitored over time to determine whether such sites are high quality habitats in order to maintain the few remaining dugongs in the city. Likewise, an assessment of human impacts on seagrass communities affecting dugongs is needed. Further, the conflict between dugongs and fishing activities should be studied to estimate incidental captures and other human-induced mortalities.
Turtle species common to Puerto Princesa were the Hawksbill turtle, Green turtle, and the Olive Ridley. Nesting sites based on occurrence of nesters were identified in Marufinas, Nagtabon, Kamuning, and Rita Island. Female turtles, possibly hawksbill and green turtles, usually come to shore during the months of April, November, and December. Nesting intervals however, are unknown due to the absence of monitoring. Turtles are mostly affected by human-induced threats in the area. Entanglements in fish nets, ingestion of hooks, direct captures of nesters, egg poaching, and coastal alteration were among those identified as occurring in the survey sites. The magnitude of these threats is difficult to assess due to the absence of quantified research in the area, however, mitigating measures can be instigated.
It is recognized that fisheries, such as sustenance fishing, cannot operate without causing some incidental mortality to turtles despite attempts to avoid it. In this case, the situation is complex since it involves economic impacts on fishermen. To address this would mean consultations with stakeholders that would lead to acceptable levels of incidental kills. In other words, a consensus of limits can be reached, and, with commitment, excessive kills
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 89 can be reduced to these limits. At this point however, habitat surveys and studies on turtle by-catch are needed to provide information for the development of management prescriptions.
Protection should not be limited to turtle nests alone. Nesting females as well as the nesting habitat ought to be protected as well. To do this, a thorough turtle conservation program must be done and implemented. This would include nesting surveys, tagging and collection of biological data from nesting females, gathering ecological data from the nesting habitat, and assessments of socio-economic conditions of the communities adjacent to the nesting beaches.
Delphinids were common in coastal waters and in-between islands of Puerto Princesa City. Spinner dolphins encountered foraging in the nearshore waters of Binduyan to Langogan may indicate the area as feeding habitat. Further research on activity patterns, habitat use, and association patterns among individuals should be carried out.
Relative sightings of cetacean species make the area a potential for ecotourism particularly, marine wildlife tourism. Management strategies for this kind should be conservation oriented rather than market oriented taking into consideration critical life processes of cetaceans taking place in the areas.
Reported dolphin by-catches are very low, although there is a question over whether this reflects the true picture. If marine wildlife tourism is to take place, the issue of by-catch should be addressed and quantified research be done in the areas where foraging habitat and fisheries overlap.
Strandings of cetaceans are typical in most areas surveyed, the causes of which are unknown due to insufficient data available. The stranding network already established in Puerto Princesa City should be strengthened and expanded to cover areas where marine wildlife relatively strands. This would mean training more people such as the barangay officials and members of the BFRMC in the sites to minimize logistical costs.
Respondents generally had high awareness on conservation laws regarding marine wildlife but comprehension on such laws, in relation to the animals’ life history, was very low. They believe that dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans need protection on the basis of what these animals can do for them (help during sea disasters), and their charismatic appeal (kind animals).
Conservation activities were absent and respondents were wary in participating in such activities. Reasons for this were unknown but were assumed to be caused by previous conservation projects in the area.
To address fisherfolks’ attitude and behavior on marine wildlife, a more holistic, long-term environmental education program is needed. The program should not be limited to coastal communities but should include government officials and politicians as well. Most often, environmental education programs are limited to trainings and seminars. While these are positive methods for promoting conservation, people learn best by engaging in a task rather than simply listening to lectures. Reeves, et.al. (2003) most appropriately stated it this way, “Whenever possible, training efforts should incorporate the production of useful outputs, such as a formal population or habitat assessment, or a management plan for an
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 90 area or population. All too frequently, efforts at capacity-building run aground when the trainees discover that few opportunities exist for applying newly acquired knowledge and skills in their own region. People involved in the planning and implementation of training programs should seek to ensure that such opportunities exist. The content of a training program should always be tailored to the circumstances of those being trained, and training should be linked with opportunities for meaningful research and conservation at the local or regional level.”
______CHAPTER IV: MARINE MAMMALS 91 CHAPTER V MANGROVE FOREST
25.0 INTRODUCTION
All mangrove areas in Puerto Princesa are part of the Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserves as per Presidential Proclamation 2152. Hence any conversion of mangrove into other land uses such as fishpond are prohibited since 1981. However, before the effectivity of PP2152 there were 723.6 has of mangrove in Puerto Princesa covered with Fishpond Lease Agreement (FLA) which is distributed or located in Honda Bay (272.6 has), Ulugan Bay (301 has) and Puerto Princesa Bay (150 has). Recently, cuttings, clearings and conversion of mangrove into fishpond are rampant in following order: Luzviminda (1st), Babuyan (2nd), Mangingisda (3rd), Tagburos (4th), Kamuning (5th), Sta. Cruz (6th), Salvacion (7th), Bacungan (8th), San Manuel (9th), Sta. Monica (10th), Iwahig (11th), and Sta. Lourdes (12th) where most areas are not covered with FLA hence illegally constructed and developed.
Mangrove in Sta. Lourdes (123.85 has.), Tagburos (272.80 has.), Bacungan (378.96 has.) and Kamuning (886.15 has.) commonly known as STAGBAK are covered with CBFMA issued in 2001 under the ADB-JBIC funded project. Moreover, there are 900 has of mudflats/tidal-flats afforested with Rhizophora spp (R. stylosa, R. apiculata, and R. mucronata) from 1996 to 1998 under the Fisheries Sector Project funded by ADB which are distributed/located in Ulugan Bay (200 has), Honda Bay (400 has) and Puerto Princesa Bay (300 has). Currently, there are at least five (5) areas of mangrove developed and promoted as part of ecological tourist destination namely: Baheli, Sabang, Bat Island, Bakau Island, San Jose and Dos Palmas.
Recent surveys and studies showed that mangrove forest inside the reservation are continuously subjected to cutting and worst, cleared and developed into fishponds. The depletion of stock of old growth mangrove forests is primarily due to commercial large scale cutting for timber, fuelwood, charcoal and direct conversion into fishponds. Likewise, the stock depletion in second growth is largely due to continuous cutting for sustenance/subsistence use as poles and piles and fuelwood and some local industrial requirements such as bakery, construction materials, and fish trap poles and low-cost housing materials (Bennagen and Cabahug, 1991). The previously dense mangrove forests are now sparsely vegetated second growth and became reproductive-brush.
The mangrove forest in Puerto Princesa had been subjected into commercial cutting during the 1970s to the early 1980s. The issuance of concession for mangrove cutting during this period primarily caused the clear cutting of mangrove forest. Most of the workers of the concessionaire settled in the area after the expiration of the concession. They continued with the cutting of mangrove for charcoal and for household uses. The influx of people to Puerto Princesa due to in-migration and high population growth rate geometrically increased the demand for mangrove products for low cost housing construction materials, firewood, fish trap poles, fences, etc. which contributed to the rapid degradation of mangrove forest.
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 92 26.0 OBJECTIVES
The study aims to:
1. To determine the forest structure, condition and ecological diversity of mangroves in Puerto Princesa;
2. To determine the patterns of uses and existing land uses of mangroves; and
3. To determine the appropriate management zoning of mangroves.
27.0 EXPECTED OUTPUTS
• Characterization of the status of mangrove habitats in terms of forest conditions, structures and ecological diversity; and
• Classification and zoning of mangroves for strict protection or preservation, conservation or community-based sustainable small-scale utilization, and for restoration or rehabilitation.
28.0 METHODS
Date and Place of Survey and Location of Transects
Resource and Ecological Assessment (REA) of mangrove in Puerto Princesa, City, Palawan was conducted from March 28 to May 10, 2005. Location of 125 transects is presented in Table 18.
Table 18. Location and Position of Belt Transects Surveyed, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005.
Location: Puerto Transect Area Dominant Co- Coordinates Remarks Princesa, Palawan No. (m²) Species Dominant
So. Labtay Bgy. N09°42’15.0” 1 2000 Bg Ra Napsan E118°25’16.5”
So. Labtay Bgy. N09°42’13.4” 2 2000 Bg Ra Napsan E118°25’18.7” So. Labtay Bgy. N09°41’57.4” 3 1000 Am Bg Napsan E118°25’17.2”
Old Napsan, Sto. N09°44’15.3” 4 500 Ra Bg Niño E118°28’39.9”
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 93 Table 18 continued . . .
N09°44’14.8” Old Napsan 5 700 Ra Xm E118°28’43.2”
N9°45’40.2” Bagong Bayan 6 250 Ra Af E118°30’25.5”
N9°45’46.6” Bagong Bayan 7 200 Af Ppng E118°30’39.5”
N09°14’37.6” Oyster Bay 8 1500 Ra Bg E118°44’23.6” N10°01’23.2” Board Walk Bahile 9 9000 Ra Bg E118°46’28.2” N10°01’21.2” Malagan Bahile 10 3850 Ra Bg E118°47’01.6” N10°01’25.6” Malagan Bahile 11 6500 Ra Bg E118°47’12.7” N10°00’59.9” Bahile River 12 1500 Rm Ra E118°42’16.5” Reforestation Site 13 Ra Bg Macarascas Bagong Silang N130°43’ 23.5” 14 5000 Ra Bg Macarascas E114°42’52.3” Macarascas 1992 N10°01’24.8” 15 360 Ct Bc Plantation E118°47’50.4” Macarascas New N10°01’27.11” 16 3500 Ct Ra Plantation E118°47’52.0” N10°02’03.9” Macarascas 17 2000 Ra Bg E118°47’48.8” Sia River N10°02’02.7” 18 1500 Bg Ra Macarascas E118°48’42.7” N10°03’54.9” Buenavista 19 1500 Ra Bg E118°48’34.9” N10°04’00.6” Buenavista Site 20 3000 Ra Bg E118°48’44.4” So. Liang N10°06’21.1” 21 3400 Ra Rm Tagabinet E118°50’21.8” So. Tarabanan, N09°59’54.5” 22 1000 Lr Ra Conception E119°01’18.5” N09°59’41.6” Conception 23 1500 Lr Ra E118°59’50.8” N09°59’40.2” Tanabag 24 1000 Sal Ra E118°59’51.4” N09°58’36.5” Babuyan 25 2000 Ra Sal E118°55’07.5” Tadyu Island, N09°56’20.6” 26 5500 Rs Ra Babuyan E118°55’36.5” Tadyu Island, N09°56’10.0” 27 1750 Ra Rs Babuyan E118°44’54.6”
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 94 Table 18 continued . . .
N09°31’16.3” Bgy Maoyon 28 4000 Ra Bp E118°38’35.8” So. Manthis, N09°58’43.2” 29 1000 Xm Maruyugon E118°52’09.9” So. Manthis, N09°58’37.2” 30 1500 Ra Cd Maruyugon E118°51’53.9”” N09°54’39.8” Dos Palmas 31 2500 Ra Rm E118°52’42.2” N09°54’47.8 32 1500 Rs Dos Palmas E118°52’12.1” Ra N09°54’35.4” Dos Palmas 33 1000 Rs Sal E118°52’33.7” N09°55’54.2” So Barlas, Manalo 34 4000 Ra Rm E118°51’09.2” N09°55’20.4” Bugias island 35 300 Ra Rs E118°50’18.3” N09°54’07.8” Snake island 36 3500 Ra Rs E118°49’13.4” N09°54’10” Starfish island 37 500 Rs Ra E118°47’43.3” N09°53’25.4” Gonzales island 38 2500 Ra Rs E118°47’06.7” Bunarao Plantation N09°57’01.1” 39 3000 Rm Ra Manalo E118°49’49.1” N09°56’40.6” Manalo Plantation 40 4000 Rm Ra E118°49’37.0 So. Nasindak N09°56’18.3” 41 2000 Ta Sal Manalo E118°46’50.7” Taudyong River, N09°57’49.5” 42 1500 Xg Ra Manalo E118°48’39.7” N09°56’39.3” Nasindak, Manalo 43 4000 Ra Xg E118°48’46.7” N09°56’18.9” Manalo River 44 5500 Ra Xg E118°48’25.6” Manalo Boundary N09°56’22.1” 45 550 Ra Bg to Salvacion E118°48’03.0” N09°56’45.3” Salvacion 46 4000 Rm Ra E118°47’26.9” N09°56’43.2” Salvacion 47 1000 Ra Rm E118°47’18.2” N09°56’49.1” Salvacion River 48 1820 Ra Xg E118°47’40.5” Tapol River N09°56’56.2” 49 1500 Ra Rm Salvacion E118°47’36.8” Bato-Bato N09°56’20.0” 50 15000 Ra Xg Salvacion E118°46’37.1” Sagsagipe N09°56’16.8” 51 2000 Sal Ra Salvacion E118°46’28.1”
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 95 Table 18 continued . . .
N09°56’21.1” Siñaran Salvacion 52 3000 Ra Rm E118°47’22.0” Loling Island N09°55’32.0” 53 4500 Rm Bg Salvacion E118°47.31.4” N09°55’11.6” Sta. Cruz 54 2000 Ra Sal E118°45’41.0” N09°55’49.2” Sta. Cruz 55 2000 Ra Rm E118°46’05.4” Kalatubog Sta. N09°55’55.9” 56 1000 Ra Rm Cruz E118°45’24.3” Kalatubog River N09°56’08.0” 57 2000 Rm Xg Sta. Cruz E118°45’25.4” N09°55’34.0” Sta. Cruz 58 3000 Ra Xg E118°35’03.5” Bacungan – Sta. N09°55’51.9” 59 15000 ra Rm Cruz E118°45’06.5” Camansara, Sta. N09°54’06.7” 60 15000 Ra Rm Cruz E118°44’30.8” N09°53’40.7” Bacungan River 61 5500 Ct Ra E118°44’17.7” N09°53’40.8” Bacungan River 62 500 Xg Ra E118°44’42.8”” N09°54’46.0” Bacungan River 63 2250 Ra Xg E118°43’56.5” San Carlos N09°53’36” 64 1750 Ra Bg Bacungan E118°44’42.1” Pork Bushy N09°53’27.2” 65 1500 Ra Ct Tubing, Bacungan E118°44’36.6” N09°53’14.7” Bacungan 66 1500 ra Bg E118°44’40.9” Magaruwak Sta. N09°51’16.8” 67 1000 Ra Sal Lourdez E118°44’39.2” Magaruwak Sta. N09°50’50.4” 68 500 Ra Sal Lourdez E118°44’37.2” N09°50’20.4” Sta. Lourdez 69 3500 Ra Rm E118°44’37.7” Sta. Lourdez – N09°50’02.2” Tagburos 70 2000 Rm Ra E118°44’48.7” Boundary Bakau island Sta. N09°51.17.6 71 1500 Ra Rs Lourdez E118°45’30.7” Cowrey island Sta. N09°50’24.5” 72 1000 Rs Ra Lourdez E118°46’15.3” N09°49’31.9” Tagburos 73 1500 Ra Rm E118°45’18.5” N09°49’22.7” Tagaburos 74 2000 Ra Bg E118°45’10.9” N09°48’53.3” So. Tagbakong 75 4000 Rs Ct E118°45’21.7” So. Tagbakong San N09°48’59.2” 76 7500 Rs Ct Jose E118°45’37.7”
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 96 Table 18 continued . . .
N09°48’45.0” San Jose 77 4500 Ct Xg E118°45’50.7” N09°48’34.6” San Jose Plantation 78 5500 Ct Ra E118°46’05.7” N09°37’50.1” San Jose 79 2500 Ct Bp E118°46’21.1” N09°48’03.4” San Jose 80 3350 Bg Sal E118°46’22.3” Baraling San N09°46’30.6” 81 5000 Rs Ct Manuel E118°46’28.5” N09°46’53.3” San Manuel 82 3500 Ra Rs E118°46’20.7” Malumok, San N09°47’10.3” 83 4000 Rs Sal Manuel E118°46’18.9” Jacana, Bancao- N09°43’21.1” 84 1000 Sal Cp Bancao E118°45’47” N09°43’28.9” Bancao-Bancao 85 2750 Ra Ct E118°45’29.2” N09°53’41.7” Bancao-Bancao 86 5000 Ra Sal E118°44’55.1” N09°45’20.1” Sta. Monica 87 750 Ra Ct E118°43’26.2” N09°46’22.9” Sta. Monica 88 350 Ra Ao E118°43’21.6” River Side Sta. N09°47’12.1” 89 1500 Ra Ct Monica E118°43’14.5” N09°46’16.3” Brgy. Sicsican 90 5500 Ra Bg E118°42’42.5” N09°47’18.0” Brgy. Sicsican 91 5000 Ra Ao E118°41’43.3” N09°46’40.6 Irawan 92 5250 Ra Ct E118°41’52.1” N09°47’14.3” Irawan River 93 2000 Ra CT E118°41’27.3” Lulubog-Lilitaw N09°46’30.2” 94 1000 Rm island, Sicsican E118°41’52.1” N09°45’07.6” Iwaheg 95 1500 Ra Rm E118°41’37.4” N09°44’45’ Iwaheg 96 3500 Ra Cd E118°41’39.2” N09°44’35.5” Bucana Iwaheg 97 2000 Ra Sal E118°41’47.6” N09°42’42.4” Sta. Lucia 98 2000 Ra Rs E118°43’17.8” N09°42’32.8” Sta. Lucia 99 1000 Af Sal E118°43’40.4” Palaran, N09°40’49.3” 100 2500 Ra Xg Luzviminda E118°42’09.9” N09°41’55.9” Luzviminda 101 800 Ra Sal E118°44’02.1”
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 97 Table 18 continued . . .
N09°41’38.2” Luzviminda 102 1500 Rs Sal E118°44’01.2” Tawiran, N09°41’00.8” 103 750 Ra Xg Luzviminda E118°42’56.0” Magtulongan N09°41’12.1” 104 1500 Ra Rm Mangingisda E118°44’52.6” Bagong Silang N09°41’18.3 105 3500 Rs Ra Mangingisda E118°45’37.9” Naglaom, N09°40’12.8” 106 6000 Rs Ra Mangingisda E118°45’40.7” Puting Buhangin N09°39’34.9” 107 275 Rs Ra Mangingisda E118°44’59.2” Tinagong Dagat N09°39’04.1 108 4500 Ra Ct Luzviminda E118°43’15.1” Tinagong Dagat N09°39’16.7” 109 3000 Ra Ct Luzviminda E118°45’05.3” Tinagong Dagat N09°39’32.7” 110 1000 Ra Rm Luzviminda E118°43’22.5” Tinagong Dagat N09°39’18.6” 111 500 Ra Ct Luzviminda E118°43”21.6” N09°38’55.4” Luzviminda 112 2500 Ra Bs E118°42’47.8’ Turtle Bay, N09°38’52.6” 113 1000 Ra Ct Luzviminda E118°42’51.4” Zigsag, N09°37’26.6” 114 1000 Af Sal Luzviminda E118°43’36.7” Zigsag, N09°38’30.3” 115 1250 Rs Sal Luzviminda E118°43’47.7” Maasin Kamuning N09°30’24.7” 116 625 Ra Ra Plantation E118°37’35.7” So. Piatuga, N09°30’17.7” Kamuning 117 625 Rm Rm E118°37’21.6” Plantation So. Piatuga river, N09°31’11.7” 118 400 Ra Sal Kamuning E118°37’04.5” So Tambanan, N09°31’22.8” 119 500 Rs Sal Kamuning E118°38’37.8” Kuyaw-yawan, N09°30’57.7” 120 3500 Rs Ra Kamuning E118°37’15.5” So. Marambuwaya, N09°30’04.5” 121 7000 Ct Ra Kamuning E118°37’11.4” Marambuwaya, N09°29’35.2” 122 7000 Rm Ra Kamuning E118°07’21.5” Puntod River N09°29’08.8” 123 4000 Rs Sc Kamuning E118°37’12.0” So. Marambuwaya N09°29’11.5” 124 3500 Rs Ra Kamuning E118°36’39.3”
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 98 Sampling Procedure
Transects were laid out in the base map taking into consideration the different land uses, forest conditions and extent of mangrove areas. Reconnaissance was conducted to validate the mangrove forest conditions and the result constituted the bases for selecting the sampling sites. The belt transect of 10 meter width traversed the different mangrove forest conditions perpendicular to the shorelines and riverbanks.
Field Methods
The study areas were demarcated into transects running perpendicular to the seashore up to the inland using GPS to ascertain the direction and avoid overlapping or intersection of transects toward the landward area. Each transect was divided into 10m x 50m size plot. In each transect, trees inside the plot larger than 5cm in diameter were recorded per plot for (Figure 61) diameter at breast height (DBH)/diameter above bud-root (DAB) and total height and/or merchantable height
Figure 61. Picture showing the lay-outing of transects
A 2m x 50m subplot was laid out for the measurement of regeneration. Saplings (with diameter smaller than 5cm and height more than 2m) were identified and the number of individuals by species was determined. Counts of seedlings (height lower than 2m) for each species were recorded as number of individuals.
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 99 Within each plot in the different transects, mangrove species were identified and classified into:
1. Timber size trees (> 15cm DBH/DAB) 2. Pole size trees (> 5cm up to 15cm in DBH/DAB) 3. Regeneration
¾ Saplings (5cm DBH/DAB and 2m in height)
¾ Seedlings (height below 2m)
In timber size trees the following parameters were assessed:
1. Merchantable height (to the nearest 0.5m). The height from stump (0.3m above the budroot in Rhizophora spp. or ½m above the ground in non-Rhizophora spp up to the first major branch or 10 cm top diameter limit). 2. Total height (to the nearest 0.5m) 3. DAB/DBH (to the nearest 0.5cm)
In pole-size trees, only the total height and DBH/DAB were measured. Due to some difficulties in site conditions, which hindered the work, the height was measured directly using calibrated poles as guide for small to medium size trees. For large size trees (more than 10m high), height was estimated.
Initially, the diameter was measured accurately using a diameter tape, and as the work progressed, the diameter was already estimated directly. In all species, except for Rhizophora, diameter was recorded at 1.3m height from the ground level known as DBH. In Rhizophora spp., because of the presence of stilt roots, the diameter was recorded at height of 0.3m from the topmost stilt roots known as DAB.
In the case of regeneration saplings and seedlings, the density (number present in each plot) in the different transects were recorded by species.
In addition to the above quantitative data, observations were made on the following:
1. Presence of ferns and other non-woody species; 2. Presence of crab mounds; and 3. Presence of avifauna and wildlife
Data Processing and Analysis
Individual tree volume of timber size trees were computed using the volume equations or using the volume tables for each species derived by Cabahug (1986a; 1986b) for timber-producing mangrove species. Based on the computed volume, a stand and stock table was constructed using the suggested format. Other tree parameter variables such as stand volume (SV), stand stock per hectare (N), diameter of the mean basal area of the tree (Dg), stand dominant height (Ho), mean diameter of dominant height (Dho), stand mean (H) and stand basal area (G) were computed using the formula/equations formulated by FAO, as follows:
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 100 Stand volume (SV) SV (m3/ha) = ΣV Plot area
Stand stock per hectare (N) N (tree/ha) = Total no. of live trees on the plot Plot area
Mean Diameter (Dg) Dg (cm) = Σd /No. of trees on the plot
where: d = diameter of each tree
Stand dominant height (Ho) Ho (m) = ΣDh/No. of dominant trees on the plot
where: Dh = height of dominant trees
Mean diameter of dominant Dho (cm) = ΣDd/No. of dominant trees on the plot height (Dho) where: Dd = diameter of dominant trees
Stand mean height (H) H(m) = ΣTh/No. of trees on the plot
where: Th = tree height
Stand basal area (G) G (m2/ha)) = ΣBa/Plot area
where: Ba = 0.007854 (Dbh) 2
The dominant species for each site were determined based on the importance value (IV). The IV is the sum of the relative density, relative frequency, and relative coverage. These are computed using the following formula:
Density = Total number of individuals counted for a given species Total area sampled
Relative density Total number of individuals of a given species x 100 = Total number of individuals of all species
Coverage = Total area covered by a given species Total area sampled
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 101 Relative coverage = Total coverage of a species x 100 Total coverage of all species
Frequency = Number of plots where a given species occur Total number of plots in the site
Relative frequency = Frequency of a given species x 100 Total frequency of all species
Importance Value = Relative density + Relative coverage + Relative frequency
The diversity indices were computed using the following formula:
Species richness measures
Margalef’s index DMg = (S-1)/ln N Menhinick’s index DMn = S/√ N
Shannon diversity index H’ = -Σpi ln pi where pi, the proportional abundance of the ith species = (ni/N)
Evenness of the species can now be calculated using the formula: E = H’ /ln S where S = total number of species; ln = natural logarithm function
Simpson’s index
(n1(n1- 1)) D = Σ ______where: (N(N-1)) n1 = the number of individuals in the ith species N = the total number of individuals of all species
Berger-Parker diversity index
The Berger-Parker index is calculated from the equation: d = Nmax/N where N = total number of individuals and Nmax = number of individuals in the most abundant species. In order to ensure that the index increases with increasing diversity, the reciprocal form of the measure is usually adopted.
Similarity measures
Sorenson measure using the qualitative data, the formula: CN = 2jN / (aN + bN)Where aN = the number of individuals in site A, bN = the number of individuals in site B, and jN = the sum of the lower of the two abundances or species which occur in the two sites.
29.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Biodiversity Assessment
Species Composition and Distribution
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 102 There are 18 true and 20 associate mangrove species identified and recorded during the survey belonging to 14 families and 27 genera of vascular plants (Table 19).
Table 19. List of True and Associate Mangrove Species, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Scientific Names Code Common Name Existing in Puerto Princesa
TRUE MANGROVE Aegiceras floridum Af Saging-saging * Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bg Busain * Bruguiera sexangula Bs Pototan * Bruguiera cylindrical Bc Pototan lalaki * Bruguiera parviflora Bp Langarai * Ceriops tagal Ct Tangal * Ceriops decandra Cd Malatangal * Lumnitzera littorea Ll Tabau * Lumnitzera racemosa Lr Kulasi * Nypa fruticans Nf Nipa * Rhizophora apiculata Ra Bakauan lalaki * Rhizophora mucronata Rm Bakauan babae * Rhizophora stylosa Rs Bakauan bato * Sonneratia alba Sal Pagatpat * Sonneratia caseolaris Sc Pedada * Excoecaria agallocha Ea Buta-buta * Xylocarpus granatum Xg Tabigi * Xylocarpus moluccensis Xm Piagau * MANGROVE ASSOCIATE Acanthus ebracteatus Aeb Tigbau * Acacia farnesiana Afa Aroma * Acrostichum aureum Aau Lagolo * Barringtonia asiatica Ba Botong * Barringtonia racemosa Br Putat * Caesalpinia crista Cc Sapinit * Cynometra ramiflora Cr Balitbitan * Derris trifoliate Dt Mangasin * Hibiscus tiliaceus Ht Malubago * Instia bijuga Ib Ipil * Morinda citrifolia Mc Bangkoro * Osbornia octodonta Oo Tualis * Pandanus tectorius Pt Prickly pandan * Pongamia pinnata Pp Bani * Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Sh Nilad * Terminalia catappa Tc Talisai * Thespesia populneoides Tp Malabanalo * Thespesia populnea Tpo Banalo * Cerbera manghas Cm Baraibai * Dolichandrone spathacea Dsp Tui *
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 103 The most widely distributed species in Puerto Princesa are Rhizophora apiculata (Ra), (Figure 62), Rhizophora mucronata (Rm), Ceriops tagal (Ct),Xylocarpus granatum (Xg), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Bg), Sonneratia alba(Sa),Rhizophora stylosa (Rs),Heritiera littoralis (Hl) ,Bruguiera cylindrica (Bc), and Ceriops decandra. which are recorded in 113, 76, 70, 67, 65, 58, 50, 29, 28 and 28 transects. In terms of abundance (total individuals in 125 transects), Ra, Ct, Bg, Rm, Rs, Xg, Sa, Bc and Cd species with total individual counts of 16,095; 4,065; 2,608; 2,510; 1,587; 1,190; 511, 301, and 290 respectively (Table 20). Species diversity depends on species composition, and number of individual species in Figure 62. Picture showing certain vegetation community. Rhizophora apiculata, PPC, Palawan. 2005
Table 20. Distribution and Abundance of Top (15) Mangrove Species in Different Sampling Sites, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan., 2005
Species No. Transects Individual Count (N) Ra 113 16095 Bg 65 2608 Ct 70 4065 Sa 58 1190 Rm 76 2580 Xg 67 1587 Rs 50 2510 Sc 22 239 Bc 28 511 Cd 28 301 Af 21 290 Ao 10 172 Bp 19 140 Hl 29 128 Xm 17 90
Diversity Indices
The most diverse sampling site in terms of species richness (Mmg),species abundance (H1) and most abundant species distribution is Transect 30 (Maruyogon). Transect 30 has the highest relative value of Margaleft’s species richness and Shannon’s species abundance (H1) and Berger Parker diversity index. However, in terms of Evenness of species distribution (E) and Simpson’s index of species dominance transects 11(Baheli) and 13 (Macarascas) respectively have the highest index of diversity. The greater the evenness of species distribution, the more diverse it becomes. The top five (5) sampling sites with high Evenness Index are in T-11, T- 10, T-9 (all located in Malagan, Baheli); T-61 (Bacungan River); and T-121 (Kuyaw- yawan, Kamuning) where distribution of species were equitably abundant, hence
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 104 indicated a high diversity index (Maguran, 1987). Considering combination of 1 indices such as S, Mmg, H , 1/D and E, there is no single transect which had consistently indicated diverse indices. However, using Simpson Index (1/D), the top five (5) diverse sampling sites were T-13 (Macarascas), T-94 (Sicsican), T- 117(Kamuning), T-33 (Dos Palmas), and T-15 (Macarascas) (Table 21). The higher diversity index means longer food chains and more cases of symbiosis hence increase in stability and stable environment (Odum, 1971).
Table 21. Comparison of Diversity Indices of Mangrove Forest Sampling Sites, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Species Berger- Shannon richness Individuals Margalef Shannon Simpson Parker evenness Transect (S) (N) (Dmg) (H') (1/D) (N¥ ) (E) 1 4 238 0.5482 0.7381 0.49307 1.85938 0.0254715 2 5 203 0.7528 0.85296 0.46725 1.84545 0.0193159 3 5 163 0.7853 0.82474 0.50299 1.58252 0.0161772 4 7 44 1.5855 1.25122 0.40275 1.62963 0.0045009 5 11 75 2.3162 1.87744 0.21081 2.5 0.005725 6 3 15 0.7385 0.88232 0.40952 1.875 0.003159 7 6 29 1.4849 1.4631 0.2734 2.07143 0.0034243 8 4 133 0.6135 0.9821 0.42219 1.92754 0.0159104 9 7 1271 0.8394 1.09694 0.41615 1.8054 0.064051 10 8 2264 0.9062 0.78589 0.60176 1.3263 0.0878922 11 3 1827 0.2663 0.56974 0.65262 1.28121 0.144959 12 5 502 0.6432 0.6466 0.66939 1.24257 0.0392869 13 1 53 0 0 1 1 0 14 14 996 1.883 1.05692 0.56257 1.35326 0.0397724 15 3 71 0.4692 0.14785 0.94406 1.02899 0.0119356 16 4 382 0.5046 0.33807 0.83176 1.10086 0.036968 17 8 190 1.3341 1.29191 0.3658 1.91919 0.0141742 18 10 210 1.6832 2.01149 0.16555 3.08824 0.013874 19 6 112 1.0597 1.23052 0.33816 2.28571 0.0106888 20 7 131 1.2307 1.27372 0.37111 1.81944 0.011195 21 3 207 0.375 0.6705 0.59411 1.36184 0.0287445 22 1 1 65535 0 65535 1 0 23 2 37 0.2769 0.68985 0.48949 1.85 0.0109031 24 11 103 2.1576 1.48569 0.32857 1.9434 0.0074532 25 11 129 2.0577 1.36565 0.36628 1.84286 0.008971 26 5 275 0.7122 1.50864 0.23496 3.05556 0.0246094 27 9 251 1.4478 1.37408 0.36067 1.79286 0.0167661 28 11 186 1.9136 1.59924 0.29317 2.11364 0.0120826 29 8 38 1.9244 1.63621 0.2276 2.71429 0.003718 30 12 92 2.4327 2.17919 0.12375 4.18182 0.0065496 31 5 225 0.7385 1.24569 0.3352 2.12264 0.0209773 32 11 242 1.8218 1.41045 0.40314 1.62416 0.0149228 33 2 38 0.2749 0.1217 0.94737 1.02703 0.0111539 34 7 252 1.0851 1.46896 0.27202 2.47059 0.0189914 35 9 37 2.2155 1.71361 0.21922 2.64286 0.0034395 36 4 479 0.4861 0.70542 0.58111 1.38841 0.0440075 37 2 83 0.2263 0.67202 0.51513 1.66 0.0215534
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 105 Table 21 continued …
38 10 319 1.5611 1.38547 0.31841 2.14094 0.019336 39 4 275 0.5341 1.1692 0.32395 2.5463 0.0285706 40 12 232 2.0196 1.32906 0.38767 1.70588 0.0139235 41 8 151 1.3952 1.00455 0.50737 1.46602 0.0117657 42 12 253 1.9879 1.67711 0.25422 2.78022 0.0149189 43 9 222 1.4807 1.3408 0.3635 1.85 0.0152015 44 11 1034 1.4407 1.38033 0.31673 2.33937 0.0449577 45 5 519 0.6398 0.93742 0.51618 1.44568 0.0402949 46 6 385 0.8399 1.22149 0.39313 1.71875 0.0287765 47 8 192 1.3314 1.65464 0.25213 2.25882 0.0142944 48 8 273 1.2479 0.93892 0.49653 1.55114 0.0189373 49 6 135 1.0193 1.23601 0.33908 2.41071 0.0124613 50 9 70 1.883 1.68994 0.24141 2.33333 0.0058973 51 7 116 1.2622 1.47555 0.28276 2.18868 0.0101308 52 4 366 0.5082 0.87943 0.55076 1.38113 0.0357588 53 12 287 1.9436 1.88851 0.17531 3.87838 0.0164866 54 6 123 1.039 1.04152 0.41277 1.83582 0.0115455 55 7 254 1.0836 1.19122 0.39834 1.71622 0.0191112 56 10 196 1.7052 1.74079 0.2236 3.21311 0.0131254 57 7 181 1.1542 1.48804 0.2539 2.62319 0.0145649 58 6 198 0.9455 1.16074 0.43542 1.59677 0.0170058 59 5 331 0.6894 0.82329 0.61604 1.28794 0.0284762 60 12 210 2.0572 1.37536 0.42224 1.59091 0.012856 61 6 1088 0.7151 1.26186 0.33877 2.05283 0.0623805 62 3 23 0.6379 0.98994 0.36759 2.3 0.004575 63 10 193 1.7102 1.24437 0.45137 1.53175 0.0129633 64 10 149 1.7986 1.84579 0.22184 2.40323 0.0105107 65 6 284 0.8851 1.2983 0.33788 1.97222 0.0226754 66 12 183 2.1115 1.30692 0.45481 1.5124 0.0115074 67 3 38 0.5498 1.07953 0.32859 2.375 0.0070373 68 3 41 0.5386 0.92896 0.41707 1.86364 0.0075077 69 8 445 1.1479 1.05191 0.50908 1.44013 0.027729 70 4 126 0.6203 0.9284 0.43721 2.03226 0.0152206 71 8 147 1.4027 1.42569 0.28637 2.82692 0.011511 72 2 111 0.2123 0.37896 0.77756 1.14433 0.0274267 73 3 126 0.4135 0.88547 0.43822 2.1 0.0192062 74 4 187 0.5735 0.99315 0.42079 1.81553 0.0209901 75 4 288 0.5298 0.66413 0.65866 1.25217 0.0296331 76 14 271 2.3206 2.02748 0.16422 3.43038 0.014835 77 16 554 2.3745 1.72048 0.27525 2.12261 0.0245763 78 10 675 1.3815 1.66445 0.26077 2.24252 0.0343173 79 8 293 1.2324 1.81318 0.19279 2.9898 0.0200256 80 5 185 0.7662 1.24918 0.32697 2.28395 0.0179236 81 10 538 1.4313 1.00464 0.47128 1.61078 0.0289437 82 11 449 1.6375 1.51536 0.31077 2.01345 0.0242122 83 7 94 1.3206 1.09012 0.41844 1.77358 0.0085145 84 5 64 0.9618 0.60353 0.71776 1.18519 0.007468 85 4 402 0.5003 1.01824 0.44416 1.63415 0.0384592 86 6 54 1.2535 1.25817 0.31936 2.25 0.0058137 87 9 42 2.1404 1.45283 0.35075 1.75 0.0038316 88 6 17 1.7648 1.56267 0.20588 2.42857 0.0021595
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 106 Table 21 continued…
89 6 97 1.093 0.85543 0.54983 1.4058 0.009491 90 7 515 0.9609 1.06228 0.428 1.67208 0.033132 91 8 366 1.1859 1.38557 0.33699 2.03333 0.0238392 92 9 501 1.2869 1.38425 0.40562 1.61613 0.0287335 93 7 161 1.1808 1.4916 0.29309 2.0641 0.0132464 94 1 52 0 0 1 1 0 95 5 142 0.8071 0.73624 0.55869 1.43434 0.0144584 96 10 273 1.6044 1.18542 0.44743 1.58721 0.0171021 97 8 126 1.4474 1.28142 0.41105 1.61538 0.0101471 98 7 120 1.2533 1.23882 0.42129 1.6 0.0104173 99 3 53 0.5037 0.31989 0.85486 1.08163 0.0093332 100 9 158 1.5802 1.38097 0.32145 2.35821 0.0115534 101 5 45 1.0508 0.99571 0.4798 1.5 0.0055467 102 3 46 0.5224 1.07472 0.33527 2.3 0.0082786 103 7 70 1.4123 1.08588 0.46957 1.52174 0.006659 104 6 83 1.1315 0.90451 0.53159 1.43103 0.008338 105 6 221 0.9262 0.99819 0.42258 2.14563 0.0185742 106 7 700 0.9159 1.12098 0.45057 1.55556 0.0417187 107 4 125 0.6213 0.80431 0.51574 1.52439 0.0151214 108 5 375 0.6749 1.17284 0.36846 2.14286 0.0313884 109 6 445 0.8199 0.92423 0.5009 1.49329 0.0321811 110 6 96 1.0954 1.28227 0.32566 2.08696 0.0094099 111 3 86 0.449 0.93443 0.4301 1.7551 0.0140067 112 6 231 0.9187 0.6474 0.67521 1.23529 0.0192434 113 8 154 1.3897 0.94638 0.56413 1.35088 0.0119557 114 4 37 0.8308 1.10832 0.35135 2.05556 0.0054515 115 4 73 0.6992 0.93503 0.43455 1.92105 0.0096813 116 3 10 0.8686 0.95028 0.37778 1.66667 0.0022168 117 1 5 0 0 1 1 0 118 7 168 1.171 1.34518 0.29327 2.70968 0.013712 119 3 23 0.6379 0.84185 0.43478 2.09091 0.004575 120 3 15 0.7385 0.80332 0.48571 1.5 0.003159 121 6 579 0.786 1.32655 0.33194 2.01742 0.0393175 122 13 520 1.9188 1.8373 0.20505 3.42105 0.025321 123 7 790 0.8993 1.53068 0.23366 3.55856 0.0456081 124 7 544 0.9525 1.33229 0.33919 1.9639 0.0345378 125 10 326 1.5552 1.53917 0.27364 2.37956 0.0196681
Based on Shannon index of diversity almost all sampling sites in Puerto Princesa City range from very low to low relative values of biodiversity indices using the scale of Fernando Biodiversity (1998). Likewise, in terms of evenness of distribution of species abundances, all transects had low relative values of biodiversity scale (Table 22).
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 107 Table 22. The Relative Values of Average Overall Diversity Indices and Evenness of Mangroves Based on Fernando Biodiversity Scale (1998), Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. 2005
Ave. Value of H’, Dmg, Relative Shannon Relative Transect 1/D and N¥ Values Evenness (E) Values 1 0.9097 Very Low 0.025471481 Very Low 2 0.9796 Very Low 0.019315898 Very Low 3 0.9239 Very Low 0.016177176 Very Low 4 1.2172 Very Low 0.00450088 Very Low 5 1.7261 Low 0.005725002 Very Low 6 0.9763 Very Low 0.003158964 Very Low 7 1.3232 Very Low 0.003424309 Very Low 8 0.9863 Very Low 0.015910411 Very Low 9 1.0395 Very Low 0.064050973 Very Low 10 0.905 Very Low 0.087892236 Very Low 11 0.6925 Very Low 0.144958961 Very Low 12 0.8004 Very Low 0.039286897 Very Low 13 0.5 Very Low Very Low 14 1.2139 Very Low 0.039772448 Very Low 15 0.6475 Very Low 0.011935642 Very Low 16 0.6938 Very Low 0.036967992 Very Low 17 1.2278 Very Low 0.014174223 Very Low 18 1.7371 Low 0.013873955 Very Low 19 1.2285 Very Low 0.010688841 Very Low 20 1.1737 Very Low 0.011194985 Very Low 21 0.7504 Very Low 0.028744466 Very Low 22 1.32767 Very Low Very Low 23 0.8266 Very Low 0.010903084 Very Low 24 1.4788 Very Low 0.00745317 Very Low 25 1.4081 Very Low 0.008970968 Very Low 26 1.3778 Very Low 0.024609407 Very Low 27 1.2439 Very Low 0.016766109 Very Low 28 1.4799 Very Low 0.01208259 Very Low 29 1.6256 Low 0.003717954 Very Low 30 2.2294 Low 0.006549647 Very Low 31 1.1105 Very Low 0.020977326 Very Low 32 1.3149 Very Low 0.014922805 Very Low 33 0.5928 Very Low 0.011153863 Very Low 34 1.3242 Very Low 0.018991416 Very Low 35 1.6978 Low 0.00343954 Very Low 36 0.7903 Very Low 0.044007521 Very Low 37 0.7684 Very Low 0.021553404 Very Low 38 1.5 Very Low 0.019336029 Very Low 39 1.1434 Very Low 0.028570637 Very Low 40 1.3606 Very Low 0.01392352 Very Low 41 1.0933 Very Low 0.011765709 Very Low 42 1.6749 Low 0.014918932 Very Low 43 1.2588 Very Low 0.015201461 Very Low 44 1.3684 Very Low 0.044957692 Very Low 45 0.8848 Very Low 0.04029486 Very Low
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 108 Table 22 continued …
46 1.0433 Very Low 0.028776497 Very Low 47 1.3742 Very Low 0.014294394 Very Low 48 1.0586 Very Low 0.018937341 Very Low 49 1.2513 Very Low 0.01246132 Very Low 50 1.5369 Low 0.005897336 Very Low 51 1.3023 Very Low 0.010130786 Very Low 52 0.8299 Very Low 0.035758785 Very Low 53 1.9715 Low 0.016486561 Very Low 54 1.0823 Very Low 0.011545529 Very Low 55 1.0973 Very Low 0.019111158 Very Low 56 1.7207 Low 0.013125363 Very Low 57 1.3798 Very Low 0.014564928 Very Low 58 1.0346 Very Low 0.017005797 Very Low 59 0.8542 Very Low 0.028476205 Very Low 60 1.3614 Very Low 0.012856001 Very Low 61 1.0921 Very Low 0.062380458 Very Low 62 1.0739 Very Low 0.004575045 Very Low 63 1.2344 Very Low 0.012963285 Very Low 64 1.5674 Low 0.010510666 Very Low 65 1.1234 Very Low 0.022675443 Very Low 66 1.3454 Very Low 0.011507406 Very Low 67 1.0832 Very Low 0.007037304 Very Low 68 0.9371 Very Low 0.007507732 Very Low 69 1.0373 Very Low 0.027728973 Very Low 70 1.0045 Very Low 0.015220576 Very Low 71 1.4854 Very Low 0.011511021 Very Low 72 0.6283 Very Low 0.027426679 Very Low 73 0.9593 Very Low 0.019206228 Very Low 74 0.9507 Very Low 0.020990091 Very Low 75 0.7762 Very Low 0.029633123 Very Low 76 1.9857 Low 0.014835007 Very Low 77 1.6232 Low 0.024576288 Very Low 78 1.3873 Very Low 0.03431735 Very Low 79 1.557 Low 0.02002557 Very Low 80 1.1566 Very Low 0.017923626 Very Low 81 1.1295 Very Low 0.028943736 Very Low 82 1.3693 Very Low 0.024212247 Very Low 83 1.1507 Very Low 0.008514458 Very Low 84 0.8671 Very Low 0.007468019 Very Low 85 0.8992 Very Low 0.038459152 Very Low 86 0.2703 Very Low 0.005813712 Very Low 87 1.4235 Very Low 0.003831593 Very Low 88 1.4905 Very Low 0.002159507 Very Low 89 0.976 Very Low 0.009491031 Very Low 90 1.0308 Very Low 0.033131999 Very Low 91 1.2354 Very Low 0.02383919 Very Low 92 1.1732 Very Low 0.028733459 Very Low 93 1.2574 Very Low 0.013246439 Very Low 94 0.5 Very Low Very Low
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 109 Table 22 continued …
95 0.8841 Very Low 0.014458388 Very Low 96 1.2061 Very Low 0.017102123 Very Low 97 1.1888 Very Low 0.010147051 Very Low 98 1.1284 Very Low 0.01041735 Very Low 99 0.69 Very Low 0.009333245 Very Low 100 1.4102 Very Low 0.011553352 Very Low 101 1.0066 Very Low 0.005546654 Very Low 102 1.0581 Very Low 0.00827864 Very Low 103 1.1284 Very Low 0.006658977 Very Low 104 0.9997 Very Low 0.008337995 Very Low 105 1.1232 Very Low 0.018574216 Very Low 106 1.0108 Very Low 0.041718699 Very Low 107 0.8664 Very Low 0.015121351 Very Low 108 1.0898 Very Low 0.031388385 Very Low 109 0.9345 Very Low 0.032181093 Very Low 110 1.1976 Very Low 0.009409857 Very Low 111 0.8923 Very Low 0.014006745 Very Low 112 0.8692 Very Low 0.019243362 Very Low 113 1.0628 Very Low 0.011955718 Very Low 114 1.0865 Very Low 0.005451542 Very Low 115 0.9975 Very Low 0.009681293 Very Low 116 0.9658 Very Low 0.002216794 Very Low 117 0.5 Very Low Very Low 118 1.3798 Very Low 0.013712043 Very Low 119 1.0014 Very Low 0.004575045 Very Low 120 0.8819 Very Low 0.003158964 Very Low 121 1.1155 Very Low 0.039317497 Very Low 122 1.8456 Low 0.025320958 Very Low 123 1.5556 Low 0.045608106 Very Low 124 1.147 Very Low 0.03453783 Very Low 125 1.4369 Very Low 0.019668055 Very Low
Mangrove Vegetation Structural Analysis
Relative Frequency (RF), Relative Density (RDen), Relative Dominance (RDom) and Importance Value (IV)
Rhizophora apiculata (Ra) is the most dominant and important mangrove species in Puerto Princesa. It is also the most frequent and dense mangrove species recorded. It has consistently recorded the highest value of RF, RDen, RDom and IV of 24.37, 48.32, 42.00, and 114.70 respectively. Bruguiera gymnorhiza (Bg), emerged second in ranking to R. apiculata with RF, RDen, RDOm, and IV of 10.50; 7.83; 15.31; 33.63 respectively. The other top 15 important mangrove species in decreasing order are: Ceriops tagal (Ct), Sonneratia alba (Sa), Rhizophora mucronata (Rm), Xylocarpus granatum (Xg), Rhizophora stylosa (Rs), Sonneratia caseolaris (Sc), Bruguiera cylindrica (Bc)(Table 23).
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 110 Table 23. RF, RDen, RDom, and IV of Top 15 Mangrove Species, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Species RF Rden Rdom IV Ra 24.3755 48.3159 42.0045 114.6959 Bg 10.4969 7.829 15.3052 33.6311 Ct 9.7405 12.2028 3.5394 25.4827 Sa 6.3588 3.5723 14.3374 24.2685 Rm 9.3885 7.745 5.682 22.8155 Xg 8.984 4.7881 5.0543 18.8264 Rs 5.7522 7.5348 4.8185 18.1055 Sc 1.8163 0.7175 3.1002 5.634 Bc 3.0783 1.534 0.949 5.5613 Cd 2.4229 0.9036 0.3597 3.6862 Af 1.262 0.8706 0.6258 2.7584 Ao 1.2096 0.5163 1.0004 2.7263 Bp 1.8163 0.4203 0.4208 2.6574 Hl 1.8687 0.3842 0.2447 2.4976 Xm 1.7152 0.2702 0.4021 2.3875
Average Stocking
Following the DENR stocking classification, sampling areas in Puerto Princesa City have an open/cleared to adequately stocking ranges from 5 to 2,264 trees/ha. In general, mangrove of Puerto Princesa City has an open/logged over stocking mostly in pole sizes (Table 24). Only transects 10 and 11 located in Baheli have adequate stocking and transects 9,14, 44, 61, 78, 106, and 123 have inadequate stocking while the rest of sampling areas have open/logged over stocking.
Table 24. Average Stocking (N/ha) of Timber and Pole Size Trees per Transect, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. 2005
Transect Pole Timber Total DENR Stocking Class
1 5 233 238 Open/ Logged over 2 66 137 203 Open/ Logged over 3 48 115 163 Open/ Logged over 4 15 29 44 Open/ Logged over 5 18 57 75 Open/ Logged over 6 13 2 15 Open/ Logged over 7 4 25 29 Open/ Logged over 8 23 110 133 Open/ Logged over 9 469 802 1271 Inadequate 10 858 1406 2264 Adequate 11 1192 635 1827 Adequate 12 189 313 502 Open/ Logged over
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 111 Table 24 continued …
13 53 53 Open/ Logged over 14 771 225 996 Inadequate
15 66 5 71 Open/ Logged over
16 327 55 382 Open/ Logged over 17 57 133 190 Open/ Logged over 18 128 82 210 Open/ Logged over 19 42 70 112 Open/ Logged over 20 46 85 131 Open/ Logged over 21 154 53 207 Open/ Logged over 22 10 0 10 Open/ Logged over 23 18 19 37 Open/ Logged over 24 66 37 103 Open/ Logged over 25 72 57 129 Open/ Logged over 26 124 151 275 Open/ Logged over 27 124 127 251 Open/ Logged over 28 56 130 186 Open/ Logged over 29 19 19 38 Open/ Logged over 30 67 25 92 Open/ Logged over 31 133 92 225 Open/ Logged over 32 160 82 242 Open/ Logged over 33 12 26 38 Open/ Logged over 34 153 99 252 Open/ Logged over 35 15 22 37 Open/ Logged over 36 450 29 479 Open/ Logged over 37 83 83 Open/ Logged over 38 227 92 319 Open/ Logged over 39 242 33 275 Open/ Logged over 40 191 41 232 Open/ Logged over 41 97 54 151 Open/ Logged over 42 145 108 253 Open/ Logged over 43 167 55 222 Open/ Logged over 44 790 244 1034 Inadequate 45 454 65 519 Open/ Logged over 46 335 50 385 Open/ Logged over 47 170 22 192 Open/ Logged over 48 225 48 273 Open/ Logged over 49 91 44 135 Open/ Logged over 50 57 13 70 Open/ Logged over 51 73 43 116 Open/ Logged over 52 245 121 366 Open/ Logged over 53 138 149 287 Open/ Logged over 54 60 63 123 Open/ Logged over 55 211 43 254 Open/ Logged over 56 192 4 196 Open/ Logged over 57 137 44 181 Open/ Logged over 58 150 48 198 Open/ Logged over 59 321 10 331 Open/ Logged over
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 112 Table 24 continued … 60 165 45 210 Open/ Logged over 61 830 258 1088 Inadequate 62 10 13 23 Open/ Logged over 63 114 79 193 Open/ Logged over 64 112 37 149 Open/ Logged over 65 272 12 284 Open/ Logged over 66 157 26 183 Open/ Logged over 67 9 29 38 Open/ Logged over 68 25 16 41 Open/ Logged over 69 394 51 445 Open/ Logged over 70 110 16 126 Open/ Logged over 71 116 31 147 Open/ Logged over 72 111 111 Open/ Logged over 73 94 32 126 Open/ Logged over 74 154 33 187 Open/ Logged over 75 196 92 288 Open/ Logged over 76 220 51 271 Open/ Logged over 77 413 141 554 Open/ Logged over 78 572 103 675 Inadequate 79 255 38 293 Open/ Logged over 80 116 69 185 Open/ Logged over 81 529 9 538 Open/ Logged over 82 418 31 449 Open/ Logged over 83 67 27 94 Open/ Logged over 84 33 31 64 Open/ Logged over 85 390 12 402 Open/ Logged over 86 42 12 54 Open/ Logged over 87 40 2 42 Open/ Logged over 88 13 4 17 Open/ Logged over 89 92 5 97 Open/ Logged over 90 500 15 515 Open/ Logged over 91 271 95 366 Open/ Logged over 92 436 65 501 Open/ Logged over 93 139 22 161 Open/ Logged over 94 52 52 Open/ Logged over 95 131 11 142 Open/ Logged over 96 200 73 273 Open/ Logged over 97 100 26 126 Open/ Logged over 98 108 12 120 Open/ Logged over 99 51 2 53 Open/ Logged over 100 128 30 158 Open/ Logged over 101 34 11 45 Open/ Logged over 102 33 13 46 Open/ Logged over 103 61 9 70 Open/ Logged over 104 73 10 83 Open/ Logged over 105 177 44 221 Open/ Logged over 106 608 92 700 Inadequate 107 97 28 125 Open/ Logged over 108 329 46 375 Open/ Logged over
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 113
Table 24 continued . . .
109 399 46 445 Open/ Logged over 110 76 20 96 Open/ Logged over 111 85 1 86 Open/ Logged over 112 181 50 231 Open/ Logged over 113 131 23 154 Open/ Logged over 114 13 24 37 Open/ Logged over 115 37 36 73 Open/ Logged over 116 9 1 10 Open/ Logged over 117 5 5 Open/ Logged over 118 31 137 168 Open/ Logged over 119 7 16 23 Open/ Logged over 120 8 7 15 Open/ Logged over 121 430 149 579 Open/ Logged over 122 345 175 520 Open/ Logged over 123 593 197 790 Inadequate 124 439 105 544 Open/ Logged over 125 241 85 326 Open/ Logged over Average Open/ Logged over
Stand Volume
Generally, mangrove forest of Puerto Princesa City has an average stand volume of 45.98 m3/ha, which is classified by DENR and FAO as low volume forest stand. Almost all mangrove stand sampled in PPC has low stand volume. Out of 125 transects only 17 transects have stand volume that ranges from moderate to high volume. Transects 2, 9, 10, 26 and 27 have high stand volume of 619.26 cu m/ha; 450.71 cu m/ha; 692.62 cu m/ha; 263.37 cu m/ha; and 254.83 cu m/ha respectively. Transects 1, 5, 11, 12, 17, 20, 28, 34, 44, 53, 61, and 123 have moderate stand stocking. The lowest volume stand is sampled in T-6 with 0.621 cu m per ha (Table 25).
Table 25. Stand Volume (m3/ha) of Timber and Pole by Transect, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005
Stand Volume (SV) Transect Timber Pole Total SV Classes 1 0.331 147.333 147.664 Moderate 2 2.431 616.832 619.263 High 3 1.112 31.06 32.172 Low 4 0.329 40.742 41.071 Low 5 0.98 103.462 104.442 Moderate 6 0.417 0.204 0.621 Low 7 0.597 51.818 52.415 Low
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 114 Table 25 continued …
8 1.073 48.999 50.072 Low 9 21.053 429.661 450.714 High 10 40.016 652.601 692.617 High 11 35.571 97.689 133.26 Moderate 12 6.08 69.177 75.257 Moderate 14 0.423 49.424 49.847 Low 15 28.084 0.473 28.557 Low 16 1.443 11.378 12.821 Low 17 8.017 115.237 123.254 Moderate 18 2.335 53.092 55.427 Low 19 2.983 24.495 27.478 Low 20 1.428 78.379 79.807 Moderate 21 1.306 10.872 12.178 Low 23 8.663 14.438 23.101 Low 24 0.034 22.304 22.338 Low 25 0.652 27.506 28.158 Low 26 1.419 261.947 263.366 High 27 1.499 253.328 254.827 High 28 4.749 106.673 111.422 Moderate 29 5.393 4.837 10.23 Low 30 2.208 3.658 5.866 Low 31 0.479 14.826 15.305 Low 32 1.622 15.326 16.948 Low 33 2.627 21.998 24.625 Low 34 5.447 125.077 130.524 Moderate 35 0.436 5.471 5.907 Low 36 3.695 3.841 7.536 Low 38 1.21 16.45 17.66 Low 39 11.195 7.58 18.775 Low 40 1.963 11.89 13.853 Low 41 7.851 20.311 28.162 Low 42 3.611 34.163 37.774 Low 43 2.503 18.92 21.423 Low 44 3.26 69.437 72.697 Moderate 45 5.749 15.969 21.718 Low 46 5.393 14.99 20.383 Low 47 22.321 3.389 25.71 Low 48 8.48 12.534 21.014 Low 49 10.169 10.587 20.756 Low 50 3.554 5.911 9.465 Low 51 8.502 30.068 38.57 Low 52 3.225 36.919 40.144 Low 53 1.431 83.062 84.493 Moderate 54 2.682 39.589 42.271 Low 55 9.827 31.502 41.329 Low 56 5.074 0.529 5.603 Low 57 2.243 12.234 14.477 Low 58 6.52 11.112 17.632 Low 59 5.11 1.177 6.287 Low 60 4.93 16.716 21.646 Low 61 5.75 73.428 79.178 Moderate
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 115 Table 25 continued …
62 10.394 2.895 13.289 Low 63 5.365 24.483 29.848 Low 64 26.372 7.055 33.427 Low 65 0.426 21.695 22.121 Low 66 5.147 9.269 14.416 Low 67 3.62 9.502 13.122 Low 68 7.135 10.871 18.006 Low 69 3.12 15.665 18.785 Low 70 0.44 6.504 6.944 Low 71 0.659 14.51 15.169 Low 73 12.397 6.588 18.985 Low 74 2.782 11.622 14.404 Low 75 2.435 26.982 29.417 Low 76 2.955 25.464 28.419 Low 77 4.095 52.064 56.159 Low 78 5.191 20.89 26.081 Low 79 6.677 39.221 45.898 Low 80 3.959 55.944 59.903 Low 81 9.509 0.916 10.425 Low 82 12.599 4.418 17.017 Low 83 7.621 7.43 15.051 Low 84 3.731 3.774 7.505 Low 85 11.252 3.493 14.745 Low 86 10.239 14.133 24.372 Low 87 1.237 0.473 1.71 Low 88 0.626 1.092 1.718 Low 89 8.709 0.486 9.195 Low 90 1.281 2.755 4.036 Low 91 1.088 37.136 38.224 Low 92 0.158 19.148 19.306 Low 93 2.085 5.371 7.456 Low 95 11.405 2.108 13.513 Low 96 8.368 15.542 23.91 Low 97 14.048 5.683 19.731 Low 98 4.697 1.415 6.112 Low 99 1.323 0.401 1.724 Low 100 4.353 5.084 9.437 Low 101 7.654 30.761 38.415 Low 102 2.477 9.016 11.493 Low 103 2.376 3.132 5.508 Low 104 0.697 1.101 1.798 Low 105 3.006 50.386 53.392 Low 106 0.686 34.723 35.409 Low 107 0.637 6.023 6.66 Low 108 2.174 8.921 11.095 Low 109 1.785 7.243 9.028 Low 110 5.478 4.236 9.714 Low 111 12.9 0.223 13.123 Low 112 2.61 23.245 25.855 Low 113 6.24 5.824 12.064 Low 114 12.91 24.756 37.666 Low
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 116 Table 25 continued …
115 1.807 16.042 17.849 Low 116 1.92 0.102 2.022 Low 118 8.161 57.487 65.648 Low 119 4.31 2.132 6.442 Low 120 0.293 7.125 7.418 Low 121 1.453 46.732 48.185 Low 122 0.535 85.155 85.69 Inadequate 123 0.014 55.175 55.189 Low 124 1 28.243 29.243 Low 125 0.229 18.18 18.409 Low Ave 5.09 40.89 45.98 Low
30.0 CONCLUSION
West Coast
Seven (7) transects traversed the mangrove areas of Barangay Napsan and Bagong Bayan. The dominant species was R. apiculata while B. gymnorhiza was the co-dominant spp. West Coast had very low biodiversity index. Generally, west coast mangrove forest condition was categorized as dense to sparse vegetation cover. Varying degree of mangrove stand density was noted. While mangrove areas in Bahile are generally intact, Bagong Bayan registered the lowest in volume. Open areas were subjected to selective cutting for poles, fishing implements and low cost housing materials.
Honda Bay
There were 62 transects established and sampled in Honda Bay including the islets/ small islands. R. apiculata was the dominant mangrove species followed by R. stylosa, R. mucronata, B. gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal, S. alba and X. granatum. It had a low to very low biodiversity index. Generally Honda Bay manifested dense to sparse forest cover but there were clearings in Concepcion and recently developed fishponds in barangay Babuyan, Sta. Cruz, Bacungan, Sta. Lourdez, Tagaburos and San Manuel were observed. There were clearings of mangrove for agricultural purposes (planting of coconut in Barangay Maoyon and for nipa plantation in barangay Concepcion). Boardwalk and dilapidated tree house inside mangrove area in barangay San Jose were also seen. Other areas like Dos Palmas, Bat or Bakau Island and Snake Island were being promoted as ecotourism destination. Cuttings (Korte) for fish trap poles, fencing and low-cost housing materials although selective were rampant all throughout the mangrove areas along Honda Bay. There were recorded dead seed trees which died naturally due to over maturity and felled down during the last typhoon particularly in barangays Maruyogon, Manalo, Sta. Cruz, Bacungan, Sta. Lourdez and San Jose. However, intact mangrove forest with an old growth stand were still encountered in the boundary of Salvacion (near boundary of Manalo, Tapol river, Siñaran) Sta. Cruz (Kalatubog river), Bacungan river and San Jose. Mangrove plantations were present in Concepcion, Tanabag, Dos Palmas,
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 117 Snake Island, Starfish Island, Manalo, Sta. Lourdez, Bacungan and San Jose. The plantation in barangay Manalo had robust growth, taller and high survival rate.
Ulugan Bay
Fourteen (14) belt transects were sampled along Ulugan Bay. The dominant and co-dominant mangrove spp were R. apiculata and B. gymnorhiza. Mangrove forest along Ulugan Bay had low to very low biodiversity index with overall forest condition of dense cover. There were rampant cuttings, girdling and charcoal making at the disputed boundary of Macarascas and Buenavista but selective cuttings for poles and files were recorded all throughout the mangrove areas along Ulugan Bay.
Cleared mangrove areas in Baheli and Macarascas in 1980’s intended for fishpond were already thickly vegetated with mangrove spp at reproduction – regeneration stage. Mangrove area in Malagan, Baheli had boardwalk to serve as access/ pathway for tourist interested to observe mangrove forest. There were still intact mangrove forest with remnants of old growth stand in barangay Baheli and Macarascas. Pilot aqua-silviculture was established in barangay Macarascas jointly by the PO and ERDB to serve as demonstration for the viability/ feasibility of aqua- silviculture in abandoned fishponds. ERDB established pilot mangrove plantation of different species and spacing in Macarascas. The plantation established by the PO’s of barangay Baheli and Macarascas through a Reforestation Contract of DENR-FSP are continuously being protected jointly by the PO’s and LGU
Puerto Princesa Bay
There were 44 belt transects sampled along the Puerto Princesa Bay from Bancao-Bancao to Kamuning. The dominant mangrove species was R. apiculata followed by R. stylosa, S. alba, R. mucronata and C. tagal. Estimated index of biodiversity was very low. Mangrove along PPC Bay had sparse to dense forest cover with substantial/ significant areas opened and developed for fishpond. Newly developed fishponds were very rampant in barangays Luzviminda and Mangingisda while conversions of mangrove into settlement were recorded in barangays Bancao- Bancao and Sta. Monica. Conversions into agriculture were recorded in barangay Luzviminda and Mangingisda. Small scale selective cutting for household uses were recorded all throughout in PPC Bay particularly in barangay Bancao-Bancao, Sta. Monica, Sicsican, Irawan, Iwahig, Sta. Lucia, Luzviminda, Mangingisda and Kamuning. Intact mangrove forest with old growth stand were recorded in Lulubog – lilitaw island, Barangay Sicsican, Tawiran and Zigsag Luzviminda
31.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
Proposed Management Zoning
All mangrove areas in Palawan were declared as mangrove swamp forest reserve as per Presidential Proclamation 2152. The implementing rules and regulation of PP 2152 as embodied in the DENR Administrative Order No. 1521 series of 1986 allowed small-scale community based utilization in sustainable manner but conversion into other uses such as fishpond, settlement and agriculture are strictly prohibited. The PCSDS allowed issuance of CBFMA in mangrove areas
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 118 under restriction of using the open, logged-over, inadequately stock areas for rehabilitation purposes only. Based on PCSDS guidelines mangrove under rehabilitation can be zoned as restricted multiple use zone. However, on the basis of the ECAN Management Framework and Guidelines, the entire mangrove areas of Palawan are classified as core zone but can be further categorized into restoration sub-zone if needing rehabilitation and those mangrove areas covered under existing CBFMA can be zoned as multiple use zone. However, PCSDS issued in 2003, SEP clearances for four (4) CBFMA projects with the objective of implementing mangrove restoration activities in the applied areas. Thus, it set the precedent of allowing CBFMA in mangrove areas of Palawan. Considering this development from PCSDS, the national mangrove policy as per PP 2152 and NIPAS law, may now allow mangrove areas in Palawan to be therefore zoned into core zone, restoration zone and restricted multiple use zones.
It is therefore proposed that the mangrove areas of the City of Puerto Princesa with open, logged over and inadequate stock with low stand volume areas be zoned as restoration zone, while mangrove forest with inadequate to adequately stock with moderate to high volume stand be delineated as core zone. Those mangrove areas identified with potentials for ecotourism activities, unproductive or abandoned fishpond, and fishpond areas without FLA may be zoned as restricted multiple use zone.
Proposed Management Strategy
The management strategy recommended is presented in Table 26. Mangrove areas with similar forest structures and conditions with those of transect 13, 15, 16, 39 and 40 are recommended for Enrichment Planting. The community based mangrove forest management (CBMFM) shall be the appropriate tenure arrangement in rehabilitating mangrove either through ANR, reforestation or aqua silviculture. Aqua-silviculture is prescribed to rehabilitate the areas with clearings and fishponds either unproductive, abandoned or not covered with FLA which may include areas with similar situation and condition to transect 21, 23, 25, 54, 60, 63, 69, 73, 82, 100 and 101. Mangrove areas in Dos Palmas, Snake Islet, Starfish Islet, Bakau Islet, Kabog Islet and other mangrove areas which are adjacent to facilities such as board walk, resort, cottages, and warfs could be developed and promoted as ecotourism destinations. The mangrove areas which were previously logged and have open or sparse mangrove cover could be rehabilitated through assisted natural regeneration such areas with similar forest structures and land use conditions to transects 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112 to 124.
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 119 Table 26. Proposed Mangrove Forest Management Strategy, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. 2005
Location Average Forest Stand Biodi Threaten Tran Biodi Management (Barangay) Stocking Cover Volume Index Endemic sect Hotspots Strategy Class Class Class Class Spp. Logged Previously Assisted So. Labtay Bgy. 1 Open over Moderate Very Presence Logged Natural Napsan Low Regeneration So. Labtay Bgy. Logged Very Previously 2 Open High Presence ANR Napsan over Low Logged So. Labtay Bgy. Logged Very Previously 3 Open Low Presence ANR Napsan over Low Logged Old Napsan, Logged Very Previously 4 Open Low Presence ANR Sto. Niño over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 5 Old Napsan Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 6 Bagong Bayan Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 7 Bagong Bayan Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 8 Oyster Bay Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Board Walk Sparse Very Felled by Ecotourism- 9 Inadequate High Presence Bahile Low Typhoon Rehabilitation Dense Intact Ecotourism- Malagan 10 Adequate High Very Presence Strictly Bahile Low Protection Dense Intact Ecotourism- Malagan 11 Adequate Moderate Very Presence Strictly Bahile Low Protection Logged Very Previously 12 Bahile River Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Reforestation Logged Very Low Enrichment 13 Open Low Presence Site Macarascas over Low survival Planting Bagong Silang Sparse Very Cuttings 14 Inadequate Low Presence ANR Macarascas Low Macarascas Logged Very Low Enrichment 15 Open Low Presence 1992 Plantation over Low survival Planting Macarascas Logged Very Low Enrichment 16 Open Moderate Presence New Plantation over Low survival Planting Logged Very Previously 17 Macarascas Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 18 Sia River Macarascas Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 19 Buenavista Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 20 Buenavista Site Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 21 So. Liang Tagabinet Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture So. Tarabanan, Logged Very Previously 22 Open Low Presence ANR Conception over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 23 Conception Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture Logged Very Previously 24 Tanabag Open High Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 25 Babuyan Open High Presence over Low Silviculture Logged Very Previously 26 Tadyu Island, Babuyan Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 27 Tadyu Island, Babuyan Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 28 Bgy Maoyon Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 120 Table 26 continued … So. Manthis, Logged Very Previously 29 Open Low Presence ANR Maruyugon over Low Logged So. Manthis, Logged Very Previously 30 Open Low Presence ANR Maruyugon over Low Logged Logged Very Previously Ecotourism- 31 Dos Palmas Open Low Presence over Low Logged ANR Logged Very Previously Ecotourism- 32 Dos Palmas Open Moderate Presence over Low Logged ANR Logged Very Previously Ecotourism- 33 Dos Palmas Open Low Presence over Low Logged ANR Logged Very Previously 34 So Barlas, Manalo Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 35 Bugias island Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously Ecotourism- 36 Snake island Open Low Presence over Low Logged ANR Logged Very Previously Ecotourism- 37 Starfish island Open Low Presence over Low Logged ANR Logged Very Previously Ecotourism- 38 Gonzales island Open Low Presence over Low Logged ANR Bunarao Plantation Logged Very Low Enrichment 39 Open Low Presence Manalo over Low Survival Planting (EP) Logged Very Low Enrichment 40 Manalo Plantation Open Low Presence over Low Survival Planting (EP) Logged Very Previously 41 So. Nasindak Manalo Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Taudyong River, Logged Very Previously 42 Open Low Presence ANR Manalo over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 43 Nasindak, Manalo Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Sparse Very Generally- 44 Manalo River Inadequate Low Presence ANR Low Intact Manalo Boundary to Logged Very Previously 45 Open Low Presence ANR Salvacion over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 46 Salvacion Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 47 Salvacion Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 48 Salvacion River Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 49 Tapol River Salvacion Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 50 Bato-Bato Salvacion Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 51 Sagsagipe Salvacion Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 52 Siñaran Salvacion Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 53 Loling Island Salvacion Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 54 Sta. Cruz Open Low Presence over Low ilviculture Logged Very Previously 55 Sta. Cruz Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 56 Kalatubog Sta. Cruz Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Kalatubog River Sta. Logged Very Previously 57 Open Low Presence ANR Cruz over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 58 Sta. Cruz Open Moderate Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 59 Bacungan – Sta. Cruz Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 121
Table 26 continued … Camansara, Sta. Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 60 Open Low Presence Cruz over Low Silviculture Sparse Very Intact 61 Bacungan River Inadequate Low Presence Strict-Protection Low Logged Very Previously 62 Bacungan River Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 63 Bacungan River Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture San Carlos Logged Very Previously 64 Open Low Presence ANR Bacungan over Low Logged Purok Buhay Logged Very Previously 65 Open Low Presence ANR Tubig, Bacungan over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 66 Bacungan Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Magaruwak Sta. Logged Very Previously 67 Open Low Presence ANR Lourdez over Low Logged Magaruwak Sta. Logged Very Previously 68 Open Low Presence ANR Lourdez over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 69 Sta. Lourdez Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture Sta. Lourdez – Logged Previously 70 Tagburos Open over Low Very Presence Logged ANR Boundary Low Bakau island Logged Very Previously 71 Open Low Presence ANR Sta. Lourdez over Low Logged Cowrey island Logged Very Previously 72 Open Low Presence ANR Sta. Lourdez over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 73 Tagburos Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture Logged Very Previously 74 Tagaburos Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 75 So. Tagbakong Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged So. Tagbakong Logged Very Previously 76 Open Low Presence ANR San Jose over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 77 San Jose Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged San Jose Sparse Very Intact Strict- 78 Inadequate Low Presence Plantation Low Protection Logged Very Previously 79 San Jose Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 80 San Jose Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Baraling San Logged Very Previously 81 Open Low Presence ANR Manuel over Low Logged Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 82 San Manuel Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture Malumok, San Logged Very Previously 83 Open Low Presence ANR Manuel over Low Logged Jacana, Bancao- Logged Very Previously 84 Open Low Presence ANR Bancao over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 85 Bancao-Bancao Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 86 Bancao-Bancao Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 87 Sta. Monica Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 88 Sta. Monica Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged River Side Sta. Logged Very Previously 89 Open Low Presence ANR Monica over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 90 Brgy. Sicsican Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 122
Table 26 continued . . . Logged Very Previously 91 Brgy. Sicsican Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 92 Irawan Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 93 Irawan River Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Lulubog-Lilitaw Logged Very Previously 94 Open Low Presence ANR island, Sicsican over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 95 Iwaheg Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 96 Iwaheg Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 97 Bucana Iwaheg Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 98 Sta. Lucia Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 99 Sta. Lucia Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Palaran, Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 100 Open Low Presence Luzviminda over Low Silviculture Logged Very Fishpond Aqua- 101 Luzviminda Open Low Presence over Low Silviculture Logged Very Previously 102 Luzviminda Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Tawiran, Logged Very Previously 103 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Magtulongan Logged Very Previously 104 Open Low Presence ANR Mangingisda over Low Logged Bagong Silang Logged Very Previously 105 Open Low Presence ANR Mangingisda over Low Logged Naglaom, Sparse Very Previously 106 Inadequate Low Presence ANR Mangingisda Low Logged Putting Logged Previously 107 Buhangin Open over Low Very Presence Logged ANR Mangingisda Low Tinagong Dagat Logged Very Previously 108 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Tinagong Dagat Logged Very Previously 109 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Tinagong Dagat Logged Very Previously 110 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Tinagong Dagat Logged Very Previously 111 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Logged Very Previously 112 Luzviminda Open Low Presence ANR over Low Logged Turtle Bay, Logged Very Previously 113 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Zigsag, Logged Very Previously 114 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Zigsag, Logged Very Previously 115 Open Low Presence ANR Luzviminda over Low Logged Maasin Logged Previously 116 Kamuning Open over Inadequate Very Presence Logged ANR Plantation Low So. Piatuga, Logged Previously 117 Kamuning Open over Low Very Presence Logged ANR Plantation Low So. Piatuga Logged Very Previously 118 Open Low Presence ANR river, Kamuning over Low Logged So Tambanan, Logged Very Previously 119 Open Low Presence ANR Kamuning over Low Logged Kuyaw-yawan, Logged Very Previously 120 Open Low Presence ANR Kamuning over Low Logged
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 123
Table 26 continued . . . So. Logged Previously 121 Marambuwaya, Open over Low Very Presence Logged ANR Kamuning Low Marambuwaya, Logged Very Previously 122 Open Low Presence ANR Kamuning over Low Logged Puntod River Logged Very Previously 123 Open Low Presence ANR Kamuning over Low Logged So. Logged Previously 124 Marambuwaya, Open over Low Very Presence Logged ANR Kamuning Low
Quantitative description of forest structures, conditions and existing land-uses for each transect is presented in Appendix G.
______CHAPTER V: MANGROVE FOREST 124 REFERENCES
LITERATURE CITED
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______REFERENCES 130 Appendix A. Recorded Hard Coral Species, Puerto Princesa City, 2001 (Aliño et al. 2001a,b).
Scientific name Scientific name Scientific name 1 Acanthastrea echinata 53 Acropora samoensis 105 Cycloseris patelliformis 2 Acanthastrea lordhowensis 54 Acropora sarmentosa 106 Cycloseris somervillei 3 Acanthastrea sp. 55 Acropora secale 107 Cycloseris sp. 4 Acropora aculeus 56 Acropora selago 108 Cycloseris vaughani 5 Acropora acuminata 57 Acropora sp. 109 Cyphastrea chalcidicum 6 Acropora anthocercis 58 Acropora specifera 110 Cyphastrea japonica 7 Acropora aspera 59 Acropora subglabra 111 Cyphastrea microphthalma 8 Acropora austera 60 Acropora subulata 112 Cyphastrea seraila 9 Acropora brueggemani 61 Acropora tenuis 113 Cyphastrea sp. 10 Acropora bushynensis 62 Acropora valenciennesi 114 Diaseris distorta 11 Acropora carduus 63 Acropora valida 115 Diaseris fragilis 12 Acropora caroliniana 64 Acropora vaughani 116 Diaseris sp. 13 Acropora cerealis 65 Acropora verweyi 117 Diploastrea heliopora 14 Acropora clathra 66 Acropora yongei 118 Echinophyllia aspera 15 Acropora cuneata 67 Alveopora allingi 119 Echinophyllia echinata 16 Acropora cytherea 68 Alveopora sp. 120 Echinophyllia echinoporoides 17 Acropora danai 69 Alveopora spongiosa 121 Echinophyllia orpheensis 18 Acropora dendrum 70 Alveopora tizardi 122 Echinophyllia sp. 19 Acropora digitifera 71 Alveopora verilliana 123 Echinopora gemmacea 20 Acropora divaricata 72 Anacropora forbesii 124 Echinopora hirsutissima 21 Acropora donei 73 Anacropora matthai 125 Echinopora horrida 22 Acropora echinata 74 Anacropora puertogalerae 126 Echinopora lamellosa 23 Acropora elseyi 75 Anacropora sp. 127 Echinopora mammiformis 24 Acropora florida 76 Archelia horrescens 128 Echinopora sp. 25 Acropora formosa 77 Astreopora cucullata 129 Euphyllia ancora 26 Acropora gemmifera 78 Astreopora gracilis 130 Euphyllia divisa 27 Acropora glauca 79 Astreopora listeri 131 Euphyllia glabrescens 28 Acropora grandis 80 Astreopora myriophthalma 132 Euphyllia sp. 29 Acropora granulosa 81 Astreopora ocellata 133 Favia favus 30 Acropora horrida 82 Astreopora sp. 134 Favia helianthoides 31 Acropora humilis 83 Australomussa rowleyensis 135 Favia laxa 32 Acropora hyacinthus 84 Australomussa sp. 136 Favia maritima 33 Acropora latistella 85 Barbattoia amicorum 137 Favia mathaii 34 Acropora listeri 86 Barbattoia sp. 138 Favia rotumana 35 Acropora longicyathus 87 Blastomussa merleti 139 Favia sp. 36 Acropora loripes 88 Blastomussa sp. 140 Favia speciosa 37 Acropora lovelli 89 Catalaphyllia jardinei 141 Favia stelligera 38 Acropora lutkeni 90 Catalaphyllia sp. 142 Favia veroni 39 Acropora microclados 91 Caulastrea echinulata 143 Favites abdita 40 Acropora micropthalma 92 Caulastrea furcata 144 Favites chinensis 41 Acropora millepora 93 Caulastrea sp. 145 Favites complanata 42 Acropora monticulosa 94 Caulastrea tumida 146 Favites flexuosa 43 Acropora multiacuta 95 Coeloseris mayeri 147 Favites helicora 44 Acropora nana 96 Coeloseris sp. 148 Favites pentagona 45 Acropora nasuta 97 Coscinaraea columna 149 Favites russelli 46 Acropora nobilis 98 Coscinaraea exesa 150 Favites sp. 47 Acropora palifera 99 Coscinaraea sp. 151 Fungia concinna 48 Acropora palmerae 100 Coscinaraea wellsi 152 Fungia corona 49 Acropora paniculata 101 Cycloseris costulata 153 Fungia danai 50 Acropora polystoma 102 Cycloseris cyclolites 154 Fungia echinata 51 Acropora pulchra 103 Cycloseris erosa 155 Fungia fungites 52 Acropora robusta 104 Cycloseris marginata 156 Fungia granulosa
______APPENDICES 131 Appendix A continued . . .
Scientific nam e Scientific nam e 157 Fungia horrida 209 Leptoseris explanata 158 Fungia kluzingeri 210 Leptoseris foliosa 159 Fungia moluccensis 211 Leptoseris gardineri 160 Fungia paumotensis 212 Leptoseris hawaiiensis 161 Fungia repanda 213 Leptoseris m ycetoseroides 162 Fungia scabra 214 Leptoseris papyracea 163 Fungia scruposa 215 Leptoseris scabra 164 Fungia scutaria 216 Leptoseris sp. 165 Fungia sp. 217 Lithophyllon edwardsi 166 Fungia valida 218 Lithophyllon sp. 167 G alaxea astreata 219 Lobophyllia corym bosa 168 G alaxea fascicularis 220 Lobophyllia hataii 169 G alaxea sp. 221 Lobophyllia hem prichii 170 G ardineroseris planulata 222 Lobophyllia pachysepta 171 G ardineroseris sp. 223 Lobophyllia sp. 172 G oniastrea aspera 224 M adracis kirbyi 173 Goniastrea australensis 225 M adracis sp. 174 Goniastrea edwardsi 226 M erulina ampliata 175 G oniastrea flavulus 227 M erulina scabricula 176 G oniastrea palauensis 228 M erulina sp. 177 G oniastrea pectinata 229 M ontastrea annuligera 178 G o n ia stre a re tifo rm is 230 M ontastrea curta 179 Goniastrea sp. 231 M ontastrea m agnistellata 180 G oniopora columna 232 M ontastrea sp. 181 G oniopora djiboutiensis 233 M ontastrea valenciennesi 182 G oniopora fructicosa 234 M ontipora aequituberculata 183 G oniopora fructicosa 235 M ontipora angulata 184 G oniopora lobata 236 M ontipora australiensis 185 G oniopora minor 237 M ontipora caliculata 186 G oniopora norfolkensis 238 M ontipora danae 187 G oniopora sp. 239 M ontipora digitata 188 G oniopora sp. 240 M ontipora efflorescens 189 G oniopora stokesi 241 M ontipora floweri 190 G oniopora stutchburyi 242 M ontipora foliosa 191 G oniopora tenuidens 243 M ontipora foveolata 192 Halom itra pileus 244 M ontipora hispida 193 Halomitra sp. 245 M ontipora hoffmeisteri 194 Heliofungia actiniformis 246 M ontipora incrassata 195 Heliofungia sp. 247 M ontipora informis 196 Herpolitha limax 248 M ontipora mollis 197 Herpolitha sp. 249 M ontipora monasteriata 198 Herpolitha weberi 250 M ontipora peltiformis 199 Hydnophora exesa 251 M ontipora sp. 200 Hydnophora exesa 252 M ontipora spongodes 201 Hydnophora microconos 253 M ontipora spum osa 202 Hydnophora rigida 254 M ontipora stellata 203 Hydnophora sp. 255 M ontipora tuberculosa 204 Hydnophora sp. 256 M ontipora turgescens 205 Leptastrea inaequalis 257 M ontipora turtlensis 206 Leptastrea purpurea 258 M ontipora undata 207 Leptastrea sp. 259 M ontipora venosa 208 Leptoria sp. 260 M oseleya sp.
______APPENDICES 132 Appendix A continued . . .
Scientific nam e Scientific nam e 261 M ycedium elephantotus 313 P o rite s lic h e n 262 Mycedium sp. 314 Porites lobata 263 N e m e n zo p h y llia s p . 315 P orites m urrayensis 264 O ulastrea sp. 316 Porites nigrescens 265 Oulophyllia c ris p a 317 P orites rus 266 Oulophyllia s p . 318 Porites solida 267 Oxypora glabra 319 Porites sp. 268 Oxypora lacera 320 Porites stephensoni 269 Oxypora sp. 321 Porites vaughani 270 Pachyseris rugosa 322 Psam m ocora contigua 271 Pachyseris sp. 323 P sa m m o co ra d igita ta 272 Pachyseris speciosa 324 Psam m ocora explanulata 273 Palauastrea ram osa 325 Psam m ocora haimeana 274 Palauastrea sp. 326 Psam m ocora nierstraszi 275 Pavona cactus 327 Psam m ocora profundacella 276 Pavona clavus 328 Psam m ocora sp. 277 Pavona decussata 329 P s a m m o c o ra s u p e rfic ia lis 278 Pavona explanulata 330 Pseudosiderastrea sp. 279 Pavona m aldivensis 331 Pseudosiderastrea tayam i 280 Pavona m inuta 332 Sandolitha robusta 281 Pavona sp. 333 Sandolitha sp. 282 Pavona varians 334 Scapophyllia c y lin d ric a 283 Pavona venosa 335 Scapophyllia s p . 284 Pectinia alcicornis 336 Seriatopora caliendrum 285 P e c tin ia la c tu c a 337 Seriatopora hystix 286 Pectinia paeonia 338 Seriatopora sp. 287 P e c tin ia s p . 339 Stylocoeniella armata 288 P e c tin ia te re s 340 Stylocoeniella guentheri 289 Physogyra lichtensteini 341 Stylocoeniella sp. 290 Physogyra sp. 342 Stylophora pistilla ta 291 Physophyllia s p . 343 Stylophora sp. 292 Platygyra daedalea 344 S y m p h y llia agaricia 293 P la ty g y ra la m e llin a 345 S y m p h y llia ra d ia n s 294 Platygyra pini 346 S y m p h y llia re c ta 295 Platygyra sinensis 347 S y m p h y llia s p . 296 Platygyra sp. 348 S y m p h y llia v a le n c iennesii 297 Platygyra verweyi 349 T ra c h y p h y llia geoffroyi 298 Plerogyra sinuosa 350 Turbinaria bifrons 299 Plerogyra sp. 351 Turbinaria frondens 300 Plesiastrea sp. 352 Turbinaria m esenterina 301 Plesiastrea versipora 353 Turbinaria peltata 302 Pocillopora dam icornis 354 Turbinaria reniformis 303 Pocillopora etdouxi 355 Turbinaria sp. 304 Pocillopora meandrina 356 Turbinaria stelluta 305 Pocillopora sp. 357 W ellsophyllia ra d ia ta 306 Pocillopora verrucosa 358 W ellsophyllia s p . 307 Podabacia crustacea 308 Podabacia sp. 309 P o ly p h y llia s p . 310 P o ly p h y llia ta lp in a 311 Porites australiensis 312 Porites cylindrica
______APPENDICES 133 Appendix B. Occurrence of Reef Fishes from 86 Sampling Stations, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, 2005 Fish Categories include: I – indicator species, M – major species and T – target species. Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Family Species Cagetgory Acanthuridae Acanthurus japonicus T * Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus T * * * * * * * Acanthuridae Acanthurus olivaceus T * * Acanthuridae Acanthurus pyroferus T * * * * * * * Acanthuridae Acanthurus sp. (white tial) T * Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus T * * Acanthuridae Acanthurus xanthopterus T * * * * * * * * Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus binotatus T Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus strigosus T * Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus tominiensis T * * Acanthuridae Naso lituratus T * Acanthuridae Naso sp. Juvenile T Acanthuridae Naso thynnoides T Acanthuridae Naso unicornis T * * * * * * Acanthuridae Zebrassoma scopes M * * * * * * * * * Acanthuridae Zebrassoma veliferum T Apogonidae Apogon bandanensis M Apogonidae Apogon compressus M Apogonidae Apogon cyanosoma M Apogonidae Apogon griffini M * Apogonidae Cheilodipterus macrodon M Apogonidae Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus M * * Apogonidae Sphaeramia nematoptera M Balistidae Balistapus undulates T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Balistidae Balistoides viridescens T * Balistidae Melichthys vidua T * *
______APPENDICES 134 Appendix B continued . . . Balistidae Odonus niger T Balistidae Pseudobalistes flavimarginatus T Balistidae Rhinecanthus verrucosus T * * * * * Balistidae Sufflamen chrysopterus T * * * Blenniidae Atrosalarias fuscus M Blenniidae Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos M * Blenniidae Salarias fasciatus M * * Caesionidae Caesio caerulaurea T * * Caesionidae Caesio sp. (red chrysozona) T Caesionidae Caesio teres T * * * * * * * * Caesionidae Pterocaesio chrysozona T * Caesionidae Pterocaesio tile T Carangidae Carangoides ferdau T * Carangidae Decapterus sp. T Carangidae Gnathanodon speciosus T Carangidae Selar sp. T Carcharhinidae Triaenodon obesus T Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus I * * * Centropomidae Psammoperca waigiensis T Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga I * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon baronessa I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon citrinellus I * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon kleinii I * * * * * * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus I * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula I * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus I * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellicaudus I * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon octofasciatus I * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ornatissimus I * *
______APPENDICES 135 Appendix B continued . . . Chaetodontidae Chaetodon oxycephalus I * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon rafflesii I * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon speculum I * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifascialis I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ulietensis I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vagabundus I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chelmon rostratus I * * * * Chaetodontidae Heniochus chrysostomus I * * * * Chaetodontidae Heniochus varius I * * * * * * * * * * * Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri M * Dasyatidae Dasyatis khulii T Dasyatidae Taeniura lymna T Diodontidae Diodon hystrix M Diodontidae Diodon liturosus M * Engraulidae Spratelloides sp. T * * Ephippidae Platax pinnatus T * Ephippidae Platax teira T * Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii T * Haemulidae Plectorhinchus chaetodonoides T * * Haemulidae Plectorhinchus lessonii T * * * Haemulidae Plectorhinchus lineatus T * * * Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan T * * Holocentridae Myripristis sp. T * Holocentridae Neoniphon samara T * * Holocentridae Sargocentron caudimaculatum T * * * Holocentridae Sargocentron rubrum T Holocentridae Sargocentron spiniferum T * Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens T * * * Labridae Anampses caeruleopunctatus M * * * * *
______APPENDICES 136 Appendix B continued . . . Labridae Anampses geographicus M * * Labridae Anampses meleagrides M * * Labridae Bodianus mesothorax M * * * * Labridae Cheilinus chlorourus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Cheilinus fasciatus T * Labridae Cheilio inermis T * * * * Labridae Choerodon anchorago T * * * Labridae Coris aygula T Labridae Coris batuensis M * * * * * * * Labridae Coris dorsomacula M Labridae Coris gaimard M * * * * * * Labridae Diproctacanthus xanthurus I * * * * Labridae Epibulus insidiator T * * * * Labridae Gomphosus caeruleus M * * * Labridae Halichoeres binotopsis M Labridae Halichoeres chloropterus M * * * * * Labridae Halichoeres hortulanus M * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Halichoeres leucurus M Labridae Halichoeres marginatus M * Labridae Halichoeres melanochir M * * * Labridae Halichoeres melanurus M * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Halichoeres nebulosus M * * * * Labridae Halichoeres podostigma M * * * * * * Labridae Halichoeres scapularis M * * * * * * Labridae Hemigymnus fasciatus T * * Labridae Hemigymnus melapterus T * * * * * * * * * Labridae Hologymnosus doliatus M * Labridae Labrichthys sp. M Labridae Labrichthys unilineatus I * * * * * * * Labridae Labroides dimidiatus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
______APPENDICES 137 Appendix B continued . . . Labridae Macropharyngodon meleagris M * * * Labridae Oxycheilinus arenatus T * Labridae Oxycheilinus celebicus T Labridae Oxycheilinus digrammus T * * * * * * Labridae Oxycheilinus unifasciatus T Labridae Pseudocheilinus hexataenia M * * Labridae Stethojulis bandanensis M * * * * Labridae Stethojulis strigiventer M * * * * * * Labridae Stethojulis trilineata M * * * * Labridae Thalassoma hardwicke M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Thalassoma jansenii M * * * Labridae Thalassoma lunare M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Thalassoma oxycephalus M * * Labridae Thalassoma purpurescens M * Lethrinidae Gnathodentex aurolineatus T * Lethrinidae Lethrinus erythracanthus T * Lethrinidae Lethrinus erythropterus T * * * Lethrinidae Lethrinus genivittatus T * * Lethrinidae Lethrinus harak T * * * * * Lethrinidae Lethrinus olivaceus T * Lethrinidae Lethrinus sp. (yellow) T Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar T Lutjanidae Lutjanus carpanotatus T * Lutjanidae Lutjanus decussatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Lutjanidae Lutjanus erhenbergii T Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulvus T * * * * * Lutjanidae Lutjanus monostigma T * * * * * * * * Lutjanidae Lutjanus sp. T Lutjanus sp. (blk peduncle, y Lutjanidae body) T Lutjanidae Macolor niger T
______APPENDICES 138 Appendix B continued . . . Lutjanidae Monotaxis grandoculis T Lutjanidae Symphorus nematophorus T Microdesmidae Ptereleotris evides M * * * Monacanthidae Amanses scopas M * Monacanthidae Cantherines pardalis M * * * * * Monacanthidae Oxymonacanthus longirostris I * Monacanthidae Paraluteres prionurus M Monacanthidae Pervagor janthinosoma M * Mugilidae sp. T Mullidae Mulloidichthys flavolineatus T * * * Mullidae Parupeneus barberinoides T * * * Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus T * * * * * Mullidae Parupeneus bifasciatus T * * * * * * * Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus T * * * * Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus T * * * * * * * * * * * Mullidae Upeneus tragula T * Muraenidae Gymnomuraena zebra T * Nemipteridae Pentapodus bifasciatus T Nemipteridae Pentapodus caninus T * * * * * * Nemipteridae Pentapodus emeryii T * Nemipteridae Pentapodus lineatus T * Nemipteridae Scolopsis bilineatus T * * * * * * * * * * Nemipteridae Scolopsis ciliatus T * * * * * Nemipteridae Scolopsis lineatus T * * * Nemipteridae Scolopsis margaritifer T * * * * * Nemipteridae Scolopsis monogramma T Nemipteridae Scolopsis trivittatus T * * * Ophichthidae Myrichthys maculosus M * Ostraciidae Lactoria cornuta M * Ostraciidae Ostracion meleagris M * * * * * *
______APPENDICES 139 Appendix B continued . . . Pempheridae Pempheris oualensis M * * Pinguipedidae Parapercis clathrata M * Pinguipedidae Parapercis hexophtalma M * * * Pinguipedidae Parapercis millepunctata M * Pomacanthidae Centropyge tibicen M * * Pomacanthidae Centropyge vrolikii M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacanthidae Chaetodontoplus mesoleucus M * * * * * Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus semicirculatus M * Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus sexstriatus M * * Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus xanthometopon M Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus M * * * * Pomacentridae Abudefduf bengalensis M Pomacentridae Abudefduf sexfasciatus M * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Abudefduf vaigiensis M * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Acanthochromis polyacanthus M * * * * Pomacentridae Amblyglyphidodon curacao M * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Amblyglyphidodon ternatensis M * * * * Pomacentridae Amblypomacentrus breviceps M * Pomacentridae Amphiprion clarkii M * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Amphiprion frenatus M * * * * Pomacentridae Amphiprion ocellaris M * Pomacentridae Amphiprion sandaracinos M Pomacentridae Chromis margaritifer M * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Chromis viridis M * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Chromis weberi M * * * * * * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera leucopoma M Pomacentridae Chrysiptera parasema M * * * * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera rex M * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera rollandi M * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera unimaculata M * * * * * *
______APPENDICES 140 Appendix B continued . . . Pomacentridae Damsel sp. 1 M Pomacentridae Dascyllus aruanus M * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Dascyllus melanurus M Pomacentridae Dascyllus reticulatus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Dascyllus trimaculatus M * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Dischistodus melanotus M * * * * Pomacentridae Dischistodus perspicillatus M * Pomacentridae Dischistodus prosopotaenia M * * * * Dischistodus Pomacentridae pseudochrysopoecilus M * Hemiglyphidodon Pomacentridae plagiometopon M * * * * * Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon melas M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon nigroris M * * * * * Pomacentridae Neopomacentrus anabatoides M * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon dickii M * * * * * Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus alexanderae M * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus amboinensis M * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus bankanensis M * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus brachialis M * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus burroughi M * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus caeruleus M * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus chrysurus M * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus coelestis M * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus grammorhynchus M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus lepidogenys M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus muloccensis M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus philippinus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus simsiang M * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus sp. 1 M *
______APPENDICES 141 Appendix B continued . . . Pomacentrus sp. 2 (neon blue Pomacentridae ocellus) M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus tricinctus M * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus vaiuli M * Pomacentridae Premnas biaculeatus M Pomacentridae Stegastes lividus M Pseudochromidae Labracinos cyclophthalmus M * Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis paranox M Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor T * * Scaridae Chlorurus bleekeri T * * * * Scaridae Hipposcarus longiceps T * * * * * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus bleekeri T * Scaridae Scarus dimidiatus T * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus forsteni T * * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus ghobban T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus hypselopterus T * * * Scaridae Scarus microrhinos T * Scaridae Scarus niger T * * * * * * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus psittacus T Scaridae Scarus rubroviolaceus T * * * Scaridae Scarus schlegeli T * * * * * Scaridae Scarus sordidus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus sp. (black head) T * Scaridae Scarus sp. (green) T Scaridae Scarus sp. (orange head) T * Scaridae Scarus sp. (violet) T * * * * * * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus sp. 1 T * Scaridae Scarus sp. 2 T Scaridae Scarus sp. juvenile T * Scaridae Scarus spinus T * * Scaridae Scarus tricolor T *
______APPENDICES 142 Appendix B continued . . . Scorpaenidae Pterois volitans M * Serranidae Cephalopholis argus T * * Serranidae Cephalopholis boenak T * Serranidae Cephalopholis cyanostigma T * * Serranidae Cephalopholis formosa T Serranidae Cephalopholis microprion T * * * * Serranidae Cephalopholis miniata T * Serranidae Cephalopholis urodeta T * * * Serranidae Diploprion bifasciatum M Serranidae Epinephelus fasciatus T * * Serranidae Epinephelus merra T * * * Serranidae Plectropomus leopardus T * * * * * Serranidae Pseudanthias huchtii M * * * Siganidae Siganus corallinus T * * * Siganidae Siganus fuscescens T * * Siganidae Siganus guttatus T * * * * Siganidae Siganus puellus T * Siganidae Siganus spinus T * * * * Siganidae Siganus stellatus T * Siganidae Siganus virgatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Siganidae Siganus vulpinus T * * Sphyraenidae Sphyraena flavicauda T * * Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus M * Tetraodontidae Arothron nigropunctatus M * * * Tetraodontidae Canthigaster solandri M * * * Tetraodontidae Canthigaster valentini M * * Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus M * * * * * * * * * * * * TOTAL # # 38 # # # # # # 61 65 68 20 68 64 68 61 52 32 58 30 46 24 9 6 3 14 2
______APPENDICES 143
Appendix B continued . . .
Station 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Family Species Cagetgory Acanthuridae Acanthurus japonicus T Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus T * * * * Acanthuridae Acanthurus olivaceus T Acanthuridae Acanthurus pyroferus T Acanthuridae Acanthurus sp. (white tial) T Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus T Acanthuridae Acanthurus xanthopterus T Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus binotatus T * Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus strigosus T Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus tominiensis T Acanthuridae Naso lituratus T * * * * Acanthuridae Naso sp. juvenile T Acanthuridae Naso thynnoides T Acanthuridae Naso unicornis T Acanthuridae Zebrassoma scopas M Acanthuridae Zebrassoma veliferum T Apogonidae Apogon bandanensis M Apogonidae Apogon compressus M Apogonidae Apogon cyanosoma M Apogonidae Apogon griffini M Apogonidae Cheilodipterus macrodon M Cheilodipterus Apogonidae quinquelineatus M Apogonidae Sphaeramia nematoptera M * Balistidae Balistapus undulatus T * * * Balistidae Balistoides viridescens T * * * * * * * * Balistidae Melichthys vidua T
______APPENDICES 144 Appendicx B continued . . . Balistidae Odonus niger T Pseudobalistes Balistidae flavimarginatus T * Balistidae Rhinecanthus verrucosus T * Balistidae Sufflamen chrysopterus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Blenniidae Atrosalarias fuscus M Plagiotremus Blenniidae rhinorhynchos M Blenniidae Salarias fasciatus M Caesionidae Caesio caerulaurea T * * * * * * * Caesio sp. (red Caesionidae chrysozona) T * * * Caesionidae Caesio teres T * * * * Caesionidae Pterocaesio chrysozona T * * Caesionidae Pterocaesio tile T * * Carangidae Carangoides ferdau T * Carangidae Decapterus sp. T * Carangidae Gnathanodon speciosus T Carangidae Selar sp. T * * Carcharhinidae Triaenodon obesus T * * Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus I Centropomidae Psammoperca waigiensis T Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga I * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon baronessa I * * * * * * * * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon citrinellus I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon kleinii I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus I * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula I * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellicaudus I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon octofasciatus I
______APPENDICES 145 Appendix B continued . . . Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ornatissimus I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon oxycephalus I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon rafflesii I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon speculum I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifascialis I * * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus I * Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ulietensis I Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vagabundus I * Chaetodontidae Chelmon rostratus I Chaetodontidae Heniochus chrysostomus I Chaetodontidae Heniochus varius I Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri M Dasyatidae Dasyatis khulii T * Dasyatidae Taeniura lymna T Diodontidae Diodon hystrix M * Diodontidae Diodon liturosus M Engraulidae Spratelloides sp. T Ephippidae Platax pinnatus T Ephippidae Platax teira T * * * Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii T Plectorhinchus Haemulidae chaetodonoides T Haemulidae Plectorhinchus lessonii T * * Haemulidae Plectorhinchus lineatus T Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan T Holocentridae Myripristis sp. T Holocentridae Neoniphon sammara T Sargocentron Holocentridae caudimaculatum T Holocentridae Sargocentron rubrum T Holocentridae Sargocentron spiniferum T
______APPENDICES 146 Appendix B continued . . . Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens T * Anampses Labridae caeruleopunctatus M Labridae Anampses geographicus M Labridae Anampses meleagrides M Labridae Bodianus mesothorax M * Labridae Cheilinus chlorourus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Cheilinus fasciatus T Labridae Cheilio inermis T * * Labridae Choerodon anchorago T Labridae Coris aygula T Labridae Coris batuensis M Labridae Coris dorsomacula M Labridae Coris gaimard M Diproctacanthus Labridae xanthurus I * * Labridae Epibulus insidiator T Labridae Gomphosus caeruleus M * * * * Labridae Halichoeres binotopsis M Labridae Halichoeres chloropterus M * * Labridae Halichoeres hortulanus M * * * * * * * Labridae Halichoeres leucurus M Labridae Halichoeres marginatus M Labridae Halichoeres melanochir M Labridae Halichoeres melanurus M Labridae Halichoeres nebulosus M * * * * * Labridae Halichoeres podostigma M Labridae Halichoeres scapularis M Labridae Hemigymnus fasciatus T Labridae Hemigymnus melapterus T Labridae Hologymnosus doliatus M
______APPENDICES 147 Appendix B continued . . . Labridae Labrichthys sp. M * Labridae Labrichthys unilineatus I * Labridae Labroides dimidiatus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * Macropharyngodon Labridae meleagris M Labridae Oxycheilinus arenatus T Labridae Oxycheilinus celebicus T Labridae Oxycheilinus digrammus T * * Labridae Oxycheilinus unifasciatus T * Pseudocheilinus Labridae hexataenia M Labridae Stethojulis bandanensis M Labridae Stethojulis strigiventer M * * * * * Labridae Stethojulis trilineata M * * * * Labridae Thalassoma hardwicke M * * * Labridae Thalassoma jansenii M Labridae Thalassoma lunare M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Labridae Thalassoma oxycephalus M Labridae Thalassoma purpurescens M Gnathodentex Lethrinidae aurolineatus T Lethrinidae Lethrinus erythracanthus T * Lethrinidae Lethrinus erythropterus T * * Lethrinidae Lethrinus genivittatus T * Lethrinidae Lethrinus harak T Lethrinidae Lethrinus olivaceus T Lethrinidae Lethrinus sp. (yellow) T * * * * Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar T * Lutjanidae Lutjanus carpanotatus T Lutjanidae Lutjanus decussatus T * * * * * * * * Lutjanidae Lutjanus erhenbergii T Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulvus T * * *
______APPENDICES 148 Appendix B continued . . . Lutjanidae Lutjanus monostigma T * * * Lutjanidae Lutjanus sp. T * Lutjanus sp. (blk Lutjanidae peduncle, y body) T * * * * Lutjanidae Macolor niger T * Lutjanidae Monotaxis grandoculis T * Lutjanidae Symphorus nematophorus T Microdesmidae Ptereleotris evides M * Monacanthidae Amanses scopas M Monacanthidae Cantherines pardalis M * * * * * Oxymonacanthus Monacanthidae longirostris I Monacanthidae Paraluteres prionurus M Monacanthidae Pervagor janthinosoma M Mugilidae sp. T * Mulloidichthys Mullidae flavolineatus T Mullidae Parupeneus barberinoides T * Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus T * * Mullidae Parupeneus bifasciatus T Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus T * * * Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus T * * * * * * Mullidae Upeneus tragula T * Muraenidae Gymnomuraena zebra T Nemipteridae Pentapodus bifasciatus T Nemipteridae Pentapodus caninus T * Nemipteridae Pentapodus emeryii T * Nemipteridae Pentapodus lineatus T Nemipteridae Scolopsis bilineatus T * * Nemipteridae Scolopsis ciliatus T Nemipteridae Scolopsis lineatus T * Nemipteridae Scolopsis margaritifer T
______APPENDICES 149 Appendix B continued . . . Nemipteridae Scolopsis monogramma T * * Nemipteridae Scolopsis trivittatus T Ophichthidae Myrichthys maculosus M Ostraciidae Lactoria cornuta M Ostraciidae Ostracion meleagris M Pempheridae Pempheris oualensis M * * * * * * Pinguipedidae Parapercis clathrata M * Pinguipedidae Parapercis hexophtalma M Pinguipedidae Parapercis millepunctata M Pomacanthidae Centropyge tibicen M Pomacanthidae Centropyge vrolikii M Chaetodontoplus Pomacanthidae mesoleucus M Pomacanthus Pomacanthidae semicirculatus M * * * Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus sexstriatus M * Pomacanthus Pomacanthidae xanthometopon M * Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus M Pomacentridae Abudefduf bengalensis M * * * * * * Pomacentridae Abudefduf sexfasciatus M * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Abudefduf vaigiensis M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Acanthochromis Pomacentridae polyacanthus M * * * * * Amblyglyphidodon Pomacentridae curacao M Amblyglyphidodon Pomacentridae ternatensis M Amblypomacentrus Pomacentridae breviceps M Pomacentridae Amphiprion clarkii M Pomacentridae Amphiprion frenatus M * Pomacentridae Amphiprion ocellaris M Pomacentridae Amphiprion sandaracinos M Pomacentridae Chromis margaritifer M
______APPENDICES 150 Appendix B continued . . . Pomacentridae Chromis viridis M * * Pomacentridae Chromis weberi M Pomacentridae Chrysiptera leucopoma M * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera parasema M * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera rex M * * * * Pomacentridae Chrysiptera rollandi M Pomacentridae Chrysiptera unimaculata M * * * Pomacentridae Damsel sp. 1 M * Pomacentridae Dascyllus aruanus M Pomacentridae Dascyllus melanurus M Pomacentridae Dascyllus reticulatus M * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Dascyllus trimaculatus M * * * Pomacentridae Dischistodus melanotus M Dischistodus Pomacentridae perspicillatus M Dischistodus Pomacentridae prosopotaenia M * Dischistodus Pomacentridae pseudochrysopoecilus M Hemiglyphidodon Pomacentridae plagiometopon M * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon melas M Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon nigroris M * * * Neopomacentrus Pomacentridae anabatoides M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon dickii M * * Plectroglyphidodon Pomacentridae lacrymatus M * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus alexanderae M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus amboinensis M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus bankanensis M * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus brachialis M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus burroughi M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus caeruleus M
______APPENDICES 151 Appendix B continued . . . Pomacentridae Pomacentrus chrysurus M * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus coelestis M * * * * * Pomacentrus Pomacentridae grammorhynchus M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus lepidogenys M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus muloccensis M * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus philippinus M * * * * * * * * Pomacentridae Pomacentrus simsiang M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus sp. 1 M Pomacentrus sp. 2 (neon Pomacentridae blue ocellus) M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus tricinctus M Pomacentridae Pomacentrus vaiuli M Pomacentridae Premnas biaculeatus M Pomacentridae Stegastes lividus M Labracinos Pseudochromidae cyclophthalmus M * Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis paranox M Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor T * * Scaridae Chlorurus bleekeri T * * Scaridae Hipposcarus longiceps T Scaridae Scarus bleekeri T Scaridae Scarus dimidiatus T Scaridae Scarus forsteni T * * * * * Scaridae Scarus ghobban T * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus hypselopterus T Scaridae Scarus microrhinos T Scaridae Scarus niger T * * * * * * * Scaridae Scarus psittacus T Scaridae Scarus rubroviolaceus T Scaridae Scarus schlegeli T Scaridae Scarus sordidus T * * * * * *
______APPENDICES 152 Appendix B continued . . . Scaridae Scarus sp. (black head) T Scaridae Scarus sp. (green) T * * * * Scaridae Scarus sp. (orange head) T * * Scaridae Scarus sp. (violet) T * * Scaridae Scarus sp. 1 T Scaridae Scarus sp. 2 T * Scaridae Scarus sp. juvenile T Scaridae Scarus spinus T * Scaridae Scarus tricolor T Scorpaenidae Pterois volitans M Serranidae Cephalopholis argus T Serranidae Cephalopholis boenak T Cephalopholis Serranidae cyanostigma T Serranidae Cephalopholis formosa T * * * * * * Serranidae Cephalopholis microprion T * Serranidae Cephalopholis miniata T Serranidae Cephalopholis urodeta T Serranidae Diploprion bifasciatum M * Serranidae Epinephelus fasciatus T * * Serranidae Epinephelus merra T Serranidae Plectropomus leopardus T * * * * Serranidae Pseudanthias huchtii M Siganidae Siganus corallinus T Siganidae Siganus fuscescens T * * * * Siganidae Siganus guttatus T Siganidae Siganus puellus T Siganidae Siganus spinus T * * * * * * * * Siganidae Siganus stellatus T Siganidae Siganus virgatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * Siganidae Siganus vulpinus T
______APPENDICES 153 Appendix B continued . . . Sphyraenidae Sphyraena flavicauda T * * * * * * * Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus M Tetraodontidae Arothron nigropunctatus M * * Tetraodontidae Canthigaster solandri M Tetraodontidae Canthigaster valentini M Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus M * * * * * TOTAL 11 9 16 14 8 3 12 2 3 13 22 26 18 21 27 15 20 19 3 8 8 25 16 19 15 20 3 6 13 17 43
______APPENDICES 154
Append B continued . . . Station 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 TOTAL Family Species Cagetgory Acanthuridae Acanthurus japonicus T * 2 Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus T * * * * * 16 Acanthuridae Acanthurus olivaceus T 2 Acanthuridae Acanthurus pyroferus T * * 9 Acanthuridae Acanthurus sp. (white tial) T 1 Acanthuridae Acanthurus triostegus T * 3 Acanthuridae Acanthurus xanthopterus T * * * * * * 14 Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus binotatus T * * 3 Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus striatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 48 Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus strigosus T 1 Acanthuridae Ctenochaetus tominiensis T * 3 Acanthuridae Naso lituratus T * 6 Acanthuridae Naso sp. juvenile T * 1 Acanthuridae Naso thynnoides T * * 2 Acanthuridae Naso unicornis T * 7 Acanthuridae Zebrassoma scopas M * 10 Acanthuridae Zebrassoma veliferum T * 1 Apogonidae Apogon bandanensis M * 1 Apogonidae Apogon compressus M * 1 Apogonidae Apogon cyanosoma M * 1 Apogonidae Apogon griffini M * * * 4 Apogonidae Cheilodipterus macrodon M * 1 Cheilodipterus Apogonidae quinquelineatus M * 3 Apogonidae Sphaeramia nematoptera M * 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus T * * * * * * * * * * * 32 Balistidae Balistoides viridescens T * * * 12 Balistidae Melichthys vidua T 2
______APPENDICES 155 Appendix B continued . . . Balistidae Odonus niger T * 1 Pseudobalistes Balistidae flavimarginatus T * 2 Balistidae Rhinecanthus verrucosus T * * 8 Balistidae Sufflamen chrysopterus T * * * * * * 24 Blenniidae Atrosalarias fuscus M * 1 Plagiotremus Blenniidae rhinorhynchos M 1 Blenniidae Salarias fasciatus M * * * * 6 Caesionidae Caesio caerulaurea T * * 11 Caesionidae Caesio sp. (red chrysozona) T * 4 Caesionidae Caesio teres T * 13 Caesionidae Pterocaesio chrysozona T 3 Caesionidae Pterocaesio tile T 2 Carangidae Carangoides ferdau T 2 Carangidae Decapterus sp. T 1 Carangidae Gnathanodon speciosus T * 1 Carangidae Selar sp. T 2 Carcharhinidae Triaenodon obesus T 2 Centriscidae Aeoliscus strigatus I 3 Centropomidae Psammoperca waigiensis T * * 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon adiergastos I * * 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon auriga I * * * * * * * * 15 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon baronessa I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 40 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon citrinellus I * * 6 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon kleinii I * * * * 15 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lineolatus I * 4 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula I * * * * 7 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon melannotus I * 4 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellicaudus I * 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon octofasciatus I * * * * * * 12
______APPENDICES 156 Appendix B continued . . . Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ornatissimus I * 3 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon oxycephalus I 1 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon rafflesii I * * * * * * * * * 15 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon speculum I * * * * * * * 8 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifascialis I * * 4 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 29 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ulietensis I * 1 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon vagabundus I * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 31 Chaetodontidae Chelmon rostratus I * * * * * 9 Chaetodontidae Heniochus chrysostomus I * * 6 Chaetodontidae Heniochus varius I * * * * * * * * * 20 Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri M * 2 Dasyatidae Dasyatis khulii T 1 Dasyatidae Taeniura lymna T * 1 Diodontidae Diodon hystrix M 1 Diodontidae Diodon liturosus M 1 Engraulidae Spratelloides sp. T * 3 Ephippidae Platax pinnatus T * 2 Ephippidae Platax teira T 4 Fistulariidae Fistularia commersonii T 1 Plectorhinchus Haemulidae chaetodonoides T * 3 Haemulidae Plectorhinchus lessonii T * * * 8 Haemulidae Plectorhinchus lineatus T * * 5 Holocentridae Myripristis murdjan T * 3 Holocentridae Myripristis sp. T 1 Holocentridae Neoniphon sammara T * 3 Sargocentron Holocentridae caudimaculatum T * 4 Holocentridae Sargocentron rubrum T * 1 Holocentridae Sargocentron spiniferum T 1
______APPENDICES 157 Appendix B continued . . . Kyphosidae Kyphosus cinerascens T 4 Anampses Labridae caeruleopunctatus M * 6 Labridae Anampses geographicus M * * * 5 Labridae Anampses meleagrides M 2 Labridae Bodianus mesothorax M 5 Labridae Cheilinus chlorourus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 50 Labridae Cheilinus fasciatus T * * * * * 6 Labridae Cheilio inermis T * 7 Labridae Choerodon anchorago T * * * * * * * * * 12 Labridae Coris aygula T * 1 Labridae Coris batuensis M * * * 10 Labridae Coris dorsomacula M * 1 Labridae Coris gaimard M * * 8 Labridae Diproctacanthus xanthurus I * * * * * * * 13 Labridae Epibulus insidiator T * * * * * * * * * 13 Labridae Gomphosus caeruleus M 7 Labridae Halichoeres binotopsis M * * * * * * 6 Labridae Halichoeres chloropterus M * * * * * * * * * * * 18 Labridae Halichoeres hortulanus M * * * * * * * 26 Labridae Halichoeres leucurus M * * * 3 Labridae Halichoeres marginatus M * * 3 Labridae Halichoeres melanochir M 3 Labridae Halichoeres melanurus M * * * * * * * * * * 21 Labridae Halichoeres nebulosus M * * 11 Labridae Halichoeres podostigma M 7 Labridae Halichoeres scapularis M * 7 Labridae Hemigymnus fasciatus T 2 Labridae Hemigymnus melapterus T * * * * * * * 16 Labridae Hologymnosus doliatus M 1 Labridae Labrichthys sp. M 1
______APPENDICES 158 Appendix B continued . . . Labridae Labrichthys unilineatus I * * * * * * 14 Labridae Labroides dimidiatus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 50 Macropharyngodon Labridae meleagris M * * * 6 Labridae Oxycheilinus arenatus T 1 Labridae Oxycheilinus celebicus T * 1 Labridae Oxycheilinus digrammus T * * * * * * * 15 Labridae Oxycheilinus unifasciatus T 1 Labridae Pseudocheilinus hexataenia M * 3 Labridae Stethojulis bandanensis M * 5 Labridae Stethojulis strigiventer M * * * * * * * * * * * 22 Labridae Stethojulis trilineata M * * * * 12 Labridae Thalassoma hardwicke M * * * * * * * * * * * * 32 Labridae Thalassoma jansenii M * 4 Labridae Thalassoma lunare M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 52 Labridae Thalassoma oxycephalus M 2 Labridae Thalassoma purpurescens M 1 Lethrinidae Gnathodentex aurolineatus T 1 Lethrinidae Lethrinus erythracanthus T 2 Lethrinidae Lethrinus erythropterus T * * * * * * 11 Lethrinidae Lethrinus genivittatus T * * * 6 Lethrinidae Lethrinus harak T 5 Lethrinidae Lethrinus olivaceus T 1 Lethrinidae Lethrinus sp. (yellow) T 4 Lutjanidae Lutjanus bohar T * * 3 Lutjanidae Lutjanus carpanotatus T * 2 Lutjanidae Lutjanus decussatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 44 Lutjanidae Lutjanus erhenbergii T * 1 Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulvus T * 9 Lutjanidae Lutjanus monostigma T * * * * * 16 Lutjanidae Lutjanus sp. T 1
______APPENDICES 159 Appendix B continued . . . Lutjanus sp. (blk peduncle, Lutjanidae y body) T * 5 Lutjanidae Macolor niger T 1 Lutjanidae Monotaxis grandoculis T 1 Lutjanidae Symphorus nematophorus T * 1 Microdesmidae Ptereleotris evides M 4 Monacanthidae Amanses scopas M 1 Monacanthidae Cantherines pardalis M * * 12 Oxymonacanthus Monacanthidae longirostris I 1 Monacanthidae Paraluteres prionurus M * 1 Monacanthidae Pervagor janthinosoma M * 2 Mugilidae sp. T 1 Mulloidichthys Mullidae flavolineatus T 3 Mullidae Parupeneus barberinoides T * * * 7 Mullidae Parupeneus barberinus T * * * * 11 Mullidae Parupeneus bifasciatus T * * 9 Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus T * * * * 11 Mullidae Parupeneus multifasciatus T * * * * * * * 24 Mullidae Upeneus tragula T 2 Muraenidae Gymnomuraena zebra T 1 Nemipteridae Pentapodus bifasciatus T * * 2 Nemipteridae Pentapodus caninus T * * * * * * * * * 16 Nemipteridae Pentapodus emeryii T 2 Nemipteridae Pentapodus lineatus T 1 Nemipteridae Scolopsis bilineatus T * * * * * * * * * 21 Nemipteridae Scolopsis ciliatus T * * 7 Nemipteridae Scolopsis lineatus T * * * * 8 Nemipteridae Scolopsis margaritifer T * * * * * * * * * * 15 Nemipteridae Scolopsis monogramma T 2 Nemipteridae Scolopsis trivittatus T 3
______APPENDICES 160 Appendix B continued . . . Ophichthidae Myrichthys maculosus M 1 Ostraciidae Lactoria cornuta M 1 Ostraciidae Ostracion meleagris M 6 Pempheridae Pempheris oualensis M 8 Pinguipedidae Parapercis clathrata M 2 Pinguipedidae Parapercis hexophtalma M 3 Pinguipedidae Parapercis millepunctata M 1 Pomacanthidae Centropyge tibicen M 2 Pomacanthidae Centropyge vrolikii M * * * * * 20 Chaetodontoplus Pomacanthidae mesoleucus M * * * * * * * 12 Pomacanthus Pomacanthidae semicirculatus M 4 Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus sexstriatus M * * 5 Pomacanthus Pomacanthidae xanthometopon M 1 Pomacanthidae Pygoplites diacanthus M * 5 Pomacentridae Abudefduf bengalensis M * * * 9 Pomacentridae Abudefduf sexfasciatus M * * * * * * * * 27 Pomacentridae Abudefduf vaigiensis M * * * 24 Acanthochromis Pomacentridae polyacanthus M * * * * * 14 Pomacentridae Amblyglyphidodon curacao M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 29 Amblyglyphidodon Pomacentridae ternatensis M * * * * * * 10 Amblypomacentrus Pomacentridae breviceps M 1 Pomacentridae Amphiprion clarkii M * 9 Pomacentridae Amphiprion frenatus M * 6 Pomacentridae Amphiprion ocellaris M * 2 Pomacentridae Amphiprion sandaracinos M * 1 Pomacentridae Chromis margaritifer M * 9 Pomacentridae Chromis viridis M * * * * * * * 18 Pomacentridae Chromis weberi M * 7
______APPENDICES 161 Appendix B continued . . . Pomacentridae Chrysiptera leucopoma M * 2 Pomacentridae Chrysiptera parasema M * * * * 9 Pomacentridae Chrysiptera rex M * * * * 17 Pomacentridae Chrysiptera rollandi M 1 Pomacentridae Chrysiptera unimaculata M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 24 Pomacentridae Damsel sp. 1 M 1 Pomacentridae Dascyllus aruanus M * * 9 Pomacentridae Dascyllus melanurus M * * * 3 Pomacentridae Dascyllus reticulatus M * * * * * * * 28 Pomacentridae Dascyllus trimaculatus M * * * * * 18 Pomacentridae Dischistodus melanotus M * * * * * * 10 Pomacentridae Dischistodus perspicillatus M * * * 4 Pomacentridae Dischistodus prosopotaenia M * * * * * * * * * * 15 Dischistodus Pomacentridae pseudochrysopoecilus M * * * * 5 Hemiglyphidodon Pomacentridae plagiometopon M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 30 Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon melas M * * * * * * * * * 23 Pomacentridae Neoglyphidodon nigroris M * * * 11 Neopomacentrus Pomacentridae anabatoides M * * * * * * 27 Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon dickii M * * 9 Plectroglyphidodon Pomacentridae lacrymatus M * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 34 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus alexanderae M 4 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus amboinensis M * * 9 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus bankanensis M 3 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus brachialis M 3 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus burroughi M * * * 4 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus caeruleus M 2 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus chrysurus M * * * * * * * * * * * 27 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus coelestis M * * * * * * * * * 22 Pomacentrus Pomacentridae grammorhynchus M * 1
______APPENDICES 162 Appendix B continued . . . Pomacentridae Pomacentrus lepidogenys M * * * * * * * 21 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus muloccensis M * * * * * * * * * * * * * 28 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus philippinus M * * * * * * * * 31 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus simsiang M * * * * 5 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus sp. 1 M 1 Pomacentrus sp. 2 (neon Pomacentridae blue ocellus) M * 1 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus tricinctus M 1 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus vaiuli M 1 Pomacentridae Premnas biaculeatus M * 1 Pomacentridae Stegastes lividus M * * 2 Pseudochromidae Labracinos cyclophthalmus M 2 Pseudochromidae Pseudochromis paranox M * * * * * * 6 Scaridae Cetoscarus bicolor T * * * 7 Scaridae Chlorurus bleekeri T * * * 9 Scaridae Hipposcarus longiceps T * 12 Scaridae Scarus bleekeri T 1 Scaridae Scarus dimidiatus T * * * * 10 Scaridae Scarus forsteni T * * * * * 18 Scaridae Scarus ghobban T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 39 Scaridae Scarus hypselopterus T 3 Scaridae Scarus microrhinos T 1 Scaridae Scarus niger T * * * * * * * * 27 Scaridae Scarus psittacus T * 1 Scaridae Scarus rubroviolaceus T * * 5 Scaridae Scarus schlegeli T * 6 Scaridae Scarus sordidus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * 32 Scaridae Scarus sp. (black head) T 1 Scaridae Scarus sp. (green) T * 5 Scaridae Scarus sp. (orange head) T 3 Scaridae Scarus sp. (violet) T * * * * 18
______APPENDICES 163 Appendix B continued . . . Scaridae Scarus sp. 1 T 1 Scaridae Scarus sp. 2 T 1 Scaridae Scarus sp. juvenile T 1 Scaridae Scarus spinus T * 4 Scaridae Scarus tricolor T * 2 Scorpaenidae Pterois volitans M 1 Serranidae Cephalopholis argus T 2 Serranidae Cephalopholis boenak T 1 Serranidae Cephalopholis cyanostigma T * * * * 6 Serranidae Cephalopholis formosa T 6 Serranidae Cephalopholis microprion T * * 7 Serranidae Cephalopholis miniata T 1 Serranidae Cephalopholis urodeta T 3 Serranidae Diploprion bifasciatum M * * * 4 Serranidae Epinephelus fasciatus T * * * 7 Serranidae Epinephelus merra T * * * * 7 Serranidae Plectropomus leopardus T * * * 12 Serranidae Pseudanthias huchtii M * 4 Siganidae Siganus corallinus T * 4 Siganidae Siganus fuscescens T * * * * * * 12 Siganidae Siganus guttatus T * 5 Siganidae Siganus puellus T 1 Siganidae Siganus spinus T * * * * * 17 Siganidae Siganus stellatus T 1 Siganidae Siganus virgatus T * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 42 Siganidae Siganus vulpinus T 2 Sphyraenidae Sphyraena flavicauda T * * * 12 Tetraodontidae Arothron hispidus M 1 Tetraodontidae Arothron nigropunctatus M * 6 Tetraodontidae Canthigaster solandri M * * 5
______APPENDICES 164 Appendix B continued . . . Tetraodontidae Canthigaster valentine M 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus M * * * * * * * * * * * 28 TOTAL 17 21 25 16 10 20 13 7 15 20 12 15 49 50 25 37 37 38 32 52 57 34 52 75 47 56 46 2,431
______APPENDICES 165
Appendix C. Documented Occurrences of Seagrasses and Seaweeds Consolidated from NRDB Pro v1.0 (CI 2000) and Roleda et al. (2002a, b). Puerto Princesa City
Mainland Puerto Species Honda Bay Ulugan Bay Coast Princesa Bay Seagrasses –
Family Hydrocharitaceae Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii
Halophila ovalis
Seagrasses –
Family Potametogetonaceae
Cymodocea rotundata Cymodocea serrulata Halodule uninervis Halodule pinifolia Syringodium isoetifolium
N sp.ecies 8 8 8 8 Seaweeds –
Family Chlorophyceae
Acetabularia calyculus
Acetabularia dentata Acetabularia major Acetabularia ryukyuensis Acetabularia sp. Anadyomene plicata Anadyomene stellata Anadyomene wrightii Avrainvillea capituliformis Avrainvillea erecta Avrainvillea lacerata Avrainvillea sp. Boergesenia forbesii Boodlea composita Bornetella nitida Bornetella sp.haerica Bornetella sp. Bryopsis plumosa Bryopsis sp. Caulerpa brachypus Caulerpa cupressoides Caulerpa lentillifera Caulerpa macrodisca Caulerpa mexicana
______APPENDICES 166 Mainland Puerto Species Honda Bay Ulugan Bay Coast Princesa Bay Caulerpa microphysa Caulerpa peltata Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa serrulata Caulerpa sertularioides Caulerpa taxifolia Caulerpa urvilliana Caulerpa verticillata Caulerpa sp. Chaetomorpha anteninna Chaetomorpha crassa Chlorodesmis comosa Chlorodesmis fastigiata Chlorodesmis sp. Cladophoropsis vaucheriaeformis Codium arabicum Codium bartlettii Codium geppii Codium sp. Cymopolia vanbosseae Dictyosp.haeria cavernosa Dictyosp.haeria versluysii Enteromorpha clathrata Enteromorpha intestinalis Halicoryne wrightii Halimeda cylindraceae Halimeda discoidea Halimeda incrassata Halimeda macroloba Halimeda opuntia Halimeda simulans Halimeda tuna Halimeda velasquezii Halimeda sp.
Hormophysa cuneiformis Hydrolithon samoense Lyngaya sp. Neomeris annulata Neomeris vanbosseae Neomeris sp. Sporolithon erythraeum Sporolithon sp.
Tydemania expeditiones Udotea argentea Udotea geppii Udotea javensis
______APPENDICES 167 Udotea orientalis Udotea sp. Ulva reticulata Valonia aegagropila Valonia macrophysa Valonia utricularis Valonia ventricousa Valoniopsis sp. Vidalia obtusiloba Seaweeds –
Family Phaeophyceae Colpomenia sinuosa Dictyopteris repens Dictyopteris sp. Dictyota cervicornis Dictyota dichotoma Dictyota divaricata Dictyota mertensii Hormophysa cunieformis Hydroclathrus clathratus Lobophora crassa Lobophora variegata Padina australis Padina boergesenii Padina crassa Padina japonica Padina minor Padina sp. Sargassum binderi Sargassum cristaefolium Sargassum duplicatum Sargassum giganteifolium Sargassum granuliferum Sargassum möllei Sargassum myriocystum Sargassum oligocystum
Sargassum plagiophyllum Sargassum polycystum Sargassum siliquosum Sargassum sp. Spatoglossum flabelliforme Sphacelaria rigidula Sphaecelaria sp.
Turbinaria conoides Turbinaria decurrens Turbinaria luzonensis Turbinaria ornata Seaweeds –
Family Rhodophyceae
______APPENDICES 168 Acanthophora muscoides Acanthophora sp.icifera Actinotrichia fragilis Actinotrichia sp. Amansia glomerata Amphiroa dimorpha Amphiroa ephedraea Amphiroa foliacea Amphiroa fragilissima Amphiroa valonioides Amphiroa sp. Bostrychia tenella Carpopeltis angusta Ceratodictyon sp.ongiosum Cheilosporum cultratum Cheilosporum jungermannioides Chondria sp. Chrysmenia sp. Coelothrix sp. Cryptarachne polyglandulosa Digenea simplex Eucheuma arnoldii Eucheuma denticulatum Eucheuma gelatinae Eucheuma gelatium Eucheuma striatum Galaxaura fasciculata Galaxaura filamentosa Galaxaura oblongata Galaxaura subverticillata Galaxaura subfruticulosa Galaxaura sp. Gelidiella acerosa Gelidiopsis intricata Gelidiopsis repens Gigartina sp. Gloeopeltis tenax Gracilaria arcuata Gracilaria blodgettii Gracilaria canaliculata Gracilaria coronopifolia Gracilaria edulis Gracilaria eucheumoides Gracilaria firma Gracilaria salicornia Gracilaria sp.
Grateloupia filicina
______APPENDICES 169 Halymenia durvillae Herposiphonia secunda Hypnea boergesenii Hypnea cervicornis Hypnea charoides Hypnea pannosa Hypnea valentiae Hypnea sp. Jania capillaceae Jania decussato-dichotoma Jania pacifica Jania radiata Jania tenella Kallymenia sessilis Kallymenia sp. Kappaphycus cottonii Kappaphycus striatum Kappaphycus sp. Laurencia cartilaginea Laurencia flexilis Laurencia intermedia Laurencia nidifica Laurencia obtusa Laurencia okamurae Laurencia papillosa Laurencia parvipapillata Laurencia patentiramea Laurencia tronoi Laurencia undulata Laurencia sp. Liagora farinosa Lithophyllum pallescens Lithophyllum pygmaeum Lithophyllum valerobe Liagora sp. Mastophora rosea Neurymenia fraxinifolia Peyssonnelia rubra Porolithon boergesenii Portieria hornemannii Rhodopeltis borealis Rhodymenia sp. Trichogloea requienii Tolypiocladia calodictyon Tolypiocladia glomerulata Zellera tawallina
N sp.ecies 82 108 140 101
______APPENDICES 170 Appendix D. Marine Wildlife Survey Form
Date: ______Interviewer: ______Barangay & Sitio: ______
MARINE WILDLIFE* SURVEY FORM *marine wildlife in this survey is limited to dugongs, sea turtles, and cetaceans
A. Knowledge on Marine Wildlife
1. Have you seen/spotted: _____ dugong _____ dolphin _____ whale _____ turtles at sea? _____ No
2. How does the animal look like, please describe.
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Size Color Head Dorsal fin Others
3. What were the animals doing when you saw it? (multiple answers expected)
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Swimming Floating on surface Breathing on surface Suckling the calf Mating Giving birth Others
4. Would you know what kind of species the animal is (applicable to marine turtles & cetaceans only)? _____ Yes _____ No.
If yes, please state species: ______
B. Seasonality of Occurrence
5. How often do you see the animals at sea?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Every day Once a week Once a month Once a year Others
______APPENDICES 171 6. Can you give specific locations that you know of where you can find these animals (district, municipality, island, province or point in a map or draw)? Are there seagrasses in the area (for dugong & turtle locations only)? Are there turtle nests in the area? Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Location Seagrass Present Seagrass absent Don’t know Turtle Nest Present Turtle Nest Absent Don’t Know
7. At what time of the day are these sightings made?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Early am, before 10 am Late am, bet 10-12 am Early pm, bet 12-3 pm Late pm, bet 3-5 pm Evening, after 5 pm
8. Are these animals present in this area all year round? _____ Yes _____ No _____ Don’t know If no, what months of the year do you see them?
Month Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
9. When was the last time you saw these animals?
Day / Week / Month Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
10. Where did you see the animal?
Location Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
______APPENDICES 172
11. Where were you when you saw the animals?
_____ boat _____ elevated land _____ beach ____others: ______
C. Abundance In Terms of Group Size
12. On average, how many animals are there when you see them?
Dugongs Turtles Dolphins Whales One Two adults A mother w/ calf Three Others, please specify
D. Trends In Number of Animals
13. Have you noticed any changes with regards to the number and location of these animals since you were young?
____ If yes, why?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Number Increasing Decreasing Location
_____ If no, why do you think there are no differences/changes?
E. Threats to Marine Wildlife
14. Have you ever caught any one of the mentioned animals?
Dugongs Turtles Dolphins Whales Yes No
15. How did you catch the animal? Was it accidental or direct?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
______APPENDICES 173 16. What did you do with the animal?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
17. Are the animals in this barangay ______hunted or ______accidentally caught?
18. What implements are they caught with? _____ fish net _____ fish corral _____ dynamite _____ other methods, please specify: ______
19. How often are these animals caught in this barangay?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Once a week Once a month Once a year Twice or thrice a year Four-Six times a year Others, please specify
20. What is done with the caught animal?
Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale Alive - slaughtered Dead – slaughtered Alive – released Surrendered to (DENR, LGU, etc.) specify to which agency Others
21. Has any of the mentioned animals ever stranded in this barangay?
Yes No Details (if yes: Year, # on indv, status, axn taken) Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
______APPENDICES 174 22. As far as you can recall, how many individuals have stranded in this barangay for the past year?
No. of individuals stranded Dugong Turtle Dolphin Whale
23. What do you think are the threats in your barangay that can affect dugongs, sea turtles, dolphins, and whales?
_____ dynamite _____ cyanide _____ pollution / garbage _____ boat traffic _____ siltation _____ dredging in sea grass areas _____ others, please specify: ______
F. Conservation Awareness / Level of Enforcement:
24. If you catch any one of the mentioned animal, what will you do with it? If it is alive ______. Why? ______If it is dead ______. Why? ______
25. Do you think marine wildlife needs to be conserved/protected? ____ Yes ___ No Why? ______
26. Do you know of any law prohibiting the slaughter of marine wildlife and the trade of its meat? ______Yes ______No
27. From where did you learn about this law? _____ newspaper / print media / posters _____ radio _____ shared by fellow fishermen _____ shared by extension workers _____ expressed by community leaders (barangay captain, mayor, etc.) _____ others, please specify: ______
28. Do you suppose that law is being implemented in your area?
_____ Yes, as evidenced by ______No, why? ______I do not know
29. Are there any conservation activities being implemented to protect marine wildlife in this area? ______Yes ______No
______APPENDICES 175 If yes: What are these activities: ______Who is implementing this? ______
Respondent Background
30. Name of Respondent: ______31. Sex ______32. Age: ___ 33. Civil Status: _____ Single ____ Married _____Separated _____ Widow 34. Highest educational attainment: ______35. Years of residency in the area: ______36. Ethnic Origin: ______37. Fishers’ classification: ______Full-time ______Part-time ______Occasional 38. Where do you mostly fish (specify fishing area)? ______39. How long have you been fishing in the area (specify no. of years)? ______40. What fishing gears do you use? ______41. How frequently do you fish? _____ twice daily, on average _____ once daily, on average _____ twice weekly, on average _____ thrice weekly, on average _____ irregular _____ others, please specify, ______
-- End of Interview --
______APPENDICES 176 Appendix E. Fisherfolk Attitudes on Accidental Animal Captures
A. When animal is alive:
Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay Reason % West Coast % RELEASE 85.00 98.20 100.00 Animals already rare 3.70 0.94 2.30 Pitiful 20.37 13.21 9.20 Catching prohibited 54.62 58.49 56.31 No economic value 4.63 7.55 1.15 No reason given - 9.44 22.99 Not eating animal meat 4.63 2.83 3.45 To increase their #s 5.56 0.94 - Help people 2.78 2.83 1.15 I might be caught 0.93 - 1.15 Animal won’t fit in boat 0.93 0.94 1.15 Bad luck when in boat 1.85 2.83 - I have to set example - - 1.15 REPORT 13.40 - - Barangay Capt. 41.18 - - DENR 58.82 - - SLAUGHTER ANIMAL 1.60 1.80 - TOTAL 100 100 100
B. When animal is dead
Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay Reason % West Coast % % BURY 9.00 9.27 2.20 To prevent stench 100.00 100.00 100 No reason given - - LEAVE AT SEA 51.35 50.94 25.28 No economic value 7.02 23.64 17.39 Getting carcass is 22.81 32.72 21.74 prohibited Already decayed 28.07 29.09 17.39 Don’t eat animal meat 28.07 10.91 43.48 Bad luck when in boat 1.75 1.82 - Unsure why 1.75 - - I might be blamed for its 10.53 1.82 - death NO ANSWER 4.50 8.33 18.68 REPORT 19.84 13.88 26.37 Barangay Capt. 68.18 93.33 54.17 DENR - - 4.16 Fisheries 13.64 - - Don’t know to whom will 4.55 - 25 report Bantay dagat - - 16.67 Will just report to avoid 9.08 6.67 - blame on animals’ death ELAC 4.55 - - TAKE CARCASS 15.31 9.25 15.38 For eating 94.12 90.00 78.57 For burying 5.88 10.00 21.43 THROW OFFSHORE - 8.33 12.09 TOTAL 100 100
______APPENDICES 177 Appendix F. Source of laws regarding large marine wildlife
Source Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay % West Coast % % BARANGAY 46.67 58.90 51.43 Barangay Captain 60.00 70.93 83.34 Barangay Officials - 2.33 - Fellow Fishermen 37.14 26.74 12.96 BFRMC 2.86 - 1.85 Immediate Family - - 1.85 GOVERNMENT 10.00 7.54 9.52 AGENCIES Coast Guard / Bantay Dagat 6.67 45.45 - DENR 13.32 - - PCSD 6.67 9.09 0 BFAR 66.67 27.28 70.00 City Government 6.67 18.18 30.00 NGOs 2.00 6.85 11.43 ELAC 66.67 100 83.33 Haribon - - 16.67 WWF 33.33 - - MEDIA 40.00 22.60 23.81 Newspaper 5.00 9.09 12.00 Posters - 3.03 - Radio 88.33 84.85 88.00 TV 6.67 3.03 - SEMINAR 1.33 4.11 3.81 TOTAL 100 100 100
______APPENDICES 178 Appendix G. Respondents’ opinion on why captures of large marine wildlife are prohibited
Opinion Puerto Bay Ulugan Bay Honda Bay % West Coast % % Animal #s decreasing 17.24 16.22 12.64 Animals are endemic to 0.86 - - Palawan Unsure 6.90 24.32 19.54 For the next generation 14.66 15.32 11.49 Animals slow to 1.72 - 4.60 reproduce Was only told that 25.87 21.62 14.95 catching is illegal So animals won’t go 13.79 10.81 17.24 extinct Animals are helpful to 17.24 8.11 19.54 people Animals are pitiful 0.86 - - Value for tourism - 1.80 - Have aesthetic value 0.86 1.80 - TOTAL 100 100 100
______APPENDICES 179 Appendix H. Quantitative description of forest structures conditions and existing land- uses for each transect, Puerto Princesa, Palawan. 2005
Basal Mean Mean Mea Transect Stocking Area Vol DBH Height n IV Dmg H' E 1/D N∞ No. (G) (Dg) (H) Reg
414. 1 238 19.1869 73.832 22.55687 12.13155 5 300 0.5482 0.7381 0.025471 0.49307 1.85938 0.8529 2 203 74.04063 309.6315 24.66478 10.90692 1394 300 0.7528 6 0.019316 0.46725 1.84545 0.8247 3 163 6.9364 16.086 18.3708 6.064085 214 299 0.7853 4 0.016177 0.50299 1.58252 1.2512 4 44 3.882205 20.5355 24.64265 13.63058 64.5 299 1.5855 2 0.004501 0.40275 1.62963 1.8774 5 75 10.02939 52.221 22.16228 12.83041 194 299 2.3162 4 0.005725 0.21081 2.5 0.8823 6 15 0.29184 0.3105 12.81539 4.578845 19.5 299 0.7385 2 0.003159 0.40952 1.875 7 29 5.65201 26.2075 22.599 10.394 302 300 1.4849 1.4631 0.003424 0.2734 2.07143 8 133 7.961445 25.036 19.66502 10.50198 13 300 0.6135 0.9821 0.01591 0.42219 1.92754 1.0969 9 1271 59.83305 225.357 19.29791 11.56355 514 299 0.8394 4 0.064051 0.41615 1.8054 1011 0.7858 10 2264 92.17414 346.3085 18.56855 11.8176 .5 300 0.9062 9 0.087892 0.60176 1.3263 0.5697 11 1827 27.08717 66.63 14.10047 9.061415 1188 300 0.2663 4 0.144959 0.65262 1.28121 12 502 12.20841 37.6285 14.74073 9.676635 263 299 0.6432 0.6466 0.039287 0.66939 1.24257 13 53 8.295045 0.2115 2.92264 5.75 0 300 0 0 0 1 1 588. 1.0569 14 996 6.512155 38.754 15.40211 9.99324 5 299 1.883 2 0.039772 0.56257 1.35326 0.1478 15 71 3.05729 0.958 13.83485 4.616365 38.5 300 0.4692 5 0.011936 0.94406 1.02899 0.3380 16 382 14.37657 9.6975 15.70543 7.61545 542 300 0.5046 7 0.036968 0.83176 1.10086 1.2919 17 190 6.380845 58.786 21.04474 12.55301 136 300 1.3341 1 0.014174 0.3658 1.91919 221. 2.0114 18 210 4.64501 28.0375 18.66866 10.55756 5 300 1.6832 9 0.013874 0.16555 3.08824 1.2305 19 112 7.85547 12.9615 17.57024 9.11643 58.5 299 1.0597 2 0.010689 0.33816 2.28571 1.2737 20 131 1.98697 39.8425 20.09444 12.23412 273 300 1.2307 2 0.011195 0.37111 1.81944 211. 21 207 4.032235 9.7675 15.11337 11.25055 5 299 0.375 0.6705 0.028744 0.59411 1.36184 22 1 2.66922 0.017 12 6 14 299 65535 0 0 65535 1 168. 0.6898 23 37 3.76721 7.545 23.22734 8.698835 5 299 0.2769 5 0.010903 0.48949 1.85 1.4856 24 103 28.62634 11.8615 18.27836 10.50784 85.5 300 2.1576 9 0.007453 0.32857 1.9434 125. 1.3656 25 129 31.82394 14.5025 17.46498 9.753375 5 300 2.0577 5 0.008971 0.36628 1.84286 1.5086 26 275 12.2398 133.348 25.7425 10.23601 99.5 299 0.7122 4 0.024609 0.23496 3.05556 1.3740 27 251 2.64449 129.3605 22.55971 9.20166 62.5 300 1.4478 8 0.016766 0.36067 1.79286 264. 1.5992 28 186 1.534875 54.4405 20.63929 12.14297 5 299 1.9136 4 0.012083 0.29317 2.11364 309. 1.6362 29 38 3.667695 2.658 19.33421 6.25 5 299 1.9244 1 0.003718 0.2276 2.71429 465. 2.1791 30 92 3.714755 2.64 15.67744 6.133495 5 299 2.4327 9 0.00655 0.12375 4.18182 1.2456 31 225 3.686195 8.7265 15.16811 6.94038 82 299 0.7385 9 0.020977 0.3352 2.12264 1.4104 32 242 18.53971 10.3865 15.94215 8.569545 49 300 1.8218 5 0.014923 0.40314 1.62416 33 38 1.61925 11.217 21.84231 6.80769 13.5 300 0.2749 0.1217 0.011154 0.94737 1.02703 100. 1.4689 34 252 2.047605 64.386 23.08853 8.50698 5 300 1.0851 6 0.018991 0.27202 2.47059 1.7136 35 37 3.71456 3.3405 17.21061 7.43561 2.5 299 2.2155 1 0.00344 0.21922 2.64286 0.7054 36 479 4.86547 7.518 14.15777 7.850895 340 299 0.4861 2 0.044008 0.58111 1.38841
______APPENDICES 180 Appendix G continued . . .
0.6720 37 83 2.671125 0.9815 9.46 6.18 52.5 300 0.2263 2 0.021553 0.51513 1.66 1.3854 38 319 5.385335 12.1505 15.68884 8.1071 98 300 1.5611 7 0.019336 0.31841 2.14094 232. 39 275 6.71332 5.5955 16.92438 6.40565 5 300 0.5341 1.1692 0.028571 0.32395 2.5463 1.3290 40 232 4.40542 7.1965 16.24367 7.57886 215 299 2.0196 6 0.013924 0.38767 1.70588 1.0045 41 151 12.16807 11.7855 17.09152 9.63968 207 300 1.3952 5 0.011766 0.50737 1.46602 1.6771 42 253 4.39051 19.956 17.69714 10.13172 253 299 1.9879 1 0.014919 0.25422 2.78022 43 222 3.835035 12.1565 17.96203 8.98601 1009 300 1.4807 1.3408 0.015201 0.3635 1.85 1.3803 44 1034 6.950435 45.879 16.50697 8.947645 417 299 1.4407 3 0.044958 0.31673 2.33937 2323 0.9374 45 519 4.555205 12.2245 15.67452 8.304515 .5 299 0.6398 2 0.040295 0.51618 1.44568 301. 1.2214 46 385 4.069085 12.5795 15.1422 10.16132 5 300 0.8399 9 0.028776 0.39313 1.71875 1.6546 47 192 1.994415 3.4715 14.74396 7.359305 73 300 1.3314 4 0.014294 0.25213 2.25882 0.9389 48 273 6.47602 10.518 15.89842 10.05618 204 299 1.2479 2 0.018937 0.49653 1.55114 1.2360 49 135 7.021455 6.906 15.87644 10.27935 50.5 300 1.0193 1 0.012461 0.33908 2.41071 1.6899 50 70 13.13558 3.671 19.06809 8.73819 97.5 300 1.883 4 0.005897 0.24141 2.33333 1.4755 51 116 6.860905 16.375 20.94274 9.1259 65 300 1.2622 5 0.010131 0.28276 2.18868 0.8794 52 366 7.590055 23.373 16.4439 9.76449 60 300 0.5082 3 0.035759 0.55076 1.38113 146. 1.8885 53 287 1.543235 44.068 20.65669 9.195555 5 300 1.9436 1 0.016487 0.17531 3.87838 1.0415 54 123 2.93017 20.916 20.7246 9.091075 31.5 300 1.039 2 0.011546 0.41277 1.83582 190. 1.1912 55 254 3.755205 19.011 21.26543 8.85249 5 299 1.0836 2 0.019111 0.39834 1.71622 224. 1.7407 56 196 1.679455 2.8195 14.86042 7.334895 5 300 1.7052 9 0.013125 0.2236 3.21311 1.4880 57 181 4.3296 8.582 17.6793 9.22163 80 299 1.1542 4 0.014565 0.2539 2.62319 1.1607 58 198 11.82928 8.431 16.63208 9.176335 188 299 0.9455 4 0.017006 0.43542 1.59677 0.8232 59 331 3.279845 5.7855 13.47541 8.90106 175 300 0.6894 9 0.028476 0.61604 1.28794 1.3753 60 210 5.46911 11.0405 17.94384 9.16515 390 299 2.0572 6 0.012856 0.42224 1.59091 1.2618 61 1088 8.04234 49.9 15.64704 10.54411 425 300 0.7151 6 0.06238 0.33877 2.05283 0.9899 62 23 4.162785 1.6605 16.83269 9.33846 30.5 299 0.6379 4 0.004575 0.36759 2.3 1.2443 63 193 2.88833 14.815 17.0787 10.25947 88 299 1.7102 7 0.012963 0.45137 1.53175 1.8457 64 149 2.66011 5.3375 15.32777 8.115105 218 300 1.7986 9 0.010511 0.22184 2.40323 362. 65 284 3.64256 14.415 29.23162 8.421875 5 300 0.8851 1.2983 0.022675 0.33788 1.97222 1.3069 66 183 3.5506 6.1945 16.93234 7.0055 146 299 2.1115 2 0.011507 0.45481 1.5124 1.0795 67 38 1.32437 4.971 18.56648 9.595785 23.5 299 0.5498 3 0.007037 0.32859 2.375 0.9289 68 41 2.87986 5.765 22.1125 8.7625 10 299 0.5386 6 0.007508 0.41707 1.86364 1.0519 69 445 4.190015 14.031 16.14824 9.473615 456 300 1.1479 1 0.027729 0.50908 1.44013 70 126 2.78756 4.643 18.39159 8.55557 88 299 0.6203 0.9284 0.015221 0.43721 2.03226 1.4256 71 147 5.237215 8.4725 19.71634 7.96051 66.5 300 1.4027 9 0.011511 0.28637 2.82692 0.3789 72 111 5.09678 1.4775 9.64 6.4 117 300 0.2123 6 0.027427 0.77756 1.14433 140. 0.8854 73 126 11.44046 5.3415 16.57819 9.121845 5 299 0.4135 7 0.019206 0.43822 2.1 109. 0.9931 74 187 6.422855 8.4065 16.95271 7.65303 5 300 0.5735 5 0.02099 0.42079 1.81553 186. 0.6641 75 288 7.347575 16.8295 16.72229 8.738675 5 300 0.5298 3 0.029633 0.65866 1.25217 2.0274 76 271 9.472145 14.7115 18.60861 8.06208 840 300 2.3206 8 0.014835 0.16422 3.43038
______APPENDICES 181 Appendix G continued . . .
612. 1.7204 77 554 3.54482 30.7865 18.5517 6.77499 5 299 2.3745 8 0.024576 0.27525 2.12261 1.6644 78 675 5.978875 16.7445 16.80688 6.3954 336 299 1.3815 5 0.034317 0.26077 2.24252 1.8131 79 293 3.623095 23.421 22.03437 8.60707 472 299 1.2324 8 0.020026 0.19279 2.9898 1.2491 80 185 2.195745 29.8375 22.0721 9.23426 131 299 0.7662 8 0.017924 0.32697 2.28395 188. 1.0046 81 538 5.027315 6.084 14.15941 6.08532 5 299 1.4313 4 0.028944 0.47128 1.61078 1.5153 82 449 4.976135 7.3285 15.41475 6.53766 211 299 1.6375 6 0.024212 0.31077 2.01345 1.0901 83 94 0.560585 4.3335 17.13422 6.774185 204 300 1.3206 2 0.008514 0.41844 1.77358 0.6035 84 64 0.492615 2.2 15.75015 5.221015 20.5 299 0.9618 3 0.007468 0.71776 1.18519 1.0182 85 402 2.92748 6.101 19.75321 6.921155 95 300 0.5003 4 0.038459 0.44416 1.63415 1.2581 86 54 1.027975 7.707 22.7256 8.420235 107 299 1.2535 7 0.005814 0.31936 2.25 198. 1.4528 87 42 8.020645 0.7805 17.1625 8.6 5 300 2.1404 3 0.003832 0.35075 1.75 1.5626 88 17 3.590395 0.625 16.21923 7.403845 63 299 1.7648 7 0.00216 0.20588 2.42857 0.8554 89 97 1.851725 1.2855 13.68218 6.68598 66 300 1.093 3 0.009491 0.54983 1.4058 1467 1.0622 90 515 3.53886 7.08 15.43914 7.570135 .5 299 0.9609 8 0.033132 0.428 1.67208 1.3855 91 366 5.03637 22.752 19.55525 8.52984 575 300 1.1859 7 0.023839 0.33699 2.03333 276. 1.3842 92 501 4.675865 16.598 16.29379 9.12084 5 299 1.2869 5 0.028733 0.40562 1.61613 93 161 1.614005 5.034 17.66212 7.905985 140 300 1.1808 1.4916 0.013246 0.29309 2.0641 94 52 0.47159 0.6615 9.36 7 2.5 300 0 0 0 1 1 0.7362 95 142 2.444715 3.2305 14.88255 10.05795 132 299 0.8071 4 0.014458 0.55869 1.43434 1.1854 96 273 6.004265 11.598 16.1382 9.39887 445 300 1.6044 2 0.017102 0.44743 1.58721 1.2814 97 126 2.352585 4.08 16.92516 7.219575 340 299 1.4474 2 0.010147 0.41105 1.61538 1.2388 98 120 1.24259 1.8955 14.65371 6.585645 128 299 1.2533 2 0.010417 0.42129 1.6 0.3198 99 53 0.560825 0.549 16.56961 6.583335 89.5 300 0.5037 9 0.009333 0.85486 1.08163 1.3809 100 158 8.451485 4.045 16.93282 6.215235 160 299 1.5802 7 0.011553 0.32145 2.35821 0.9957 101 45 10.4445 15.7235 36.3242 8.778075 106 300 1.0508 1 0.005547 0.4798 1.5 1.0747 102 46 1.7888 4.8265 22.49126 7.527385 68 299 0.5224 2 0.008279 0.33527 2.3 1.0858 103 70 2.558305 2.653 15.89271 7.78142 47 300 1.4123 8 0.006659 0.46957 1.52174 0.9045 104 83 1.898125 1.443 14.07048 7.06644 85.5 300 1.1315 1 0.008338 0.53159 1.43103 0.9981 105 221 2.253115 27.932 21.46351 8.09316 160 299 0.9262 9 0.018574 0.42258 2.14563 679. 1.1209 106 700 4.55647 23.8115 16.59038 5.795755 5 299 0.9159 8 0.041719 0.45057 1.55556 0.8043 107 125 4.443025 4.3165 17.68721 6.825315 199 300 0.6213 1 0.015121 0.51574 1.52439 1.1728 108 375 3.548535 7.5805 15.32611 6.62429 516 300 0.6749 4 0.031388 0.36846 2.14286 0.9242 109 445 7.3803 10.0765 14.02997 9.139305 351 300 0.8199 3 0.032181 0.5009 1.49329 1.2822 110 96 3.42253 3.0215 14.92408 8.908685 80.5 299 1.0954 7 0.00941 0.32566 2.08696 0.9344 111 86 0.63165 1.0715 18.33294 6.677645 94.5 299 0.449 3 0.014007 0.4301 1.7551 112 231 10.93418 15.703 19.96825 9.444945 191 299 0.9187 0.6474 0.019243 0.67521 1.23529 134. 0.9463 113 154 1.73034 5.067 17.03969 9.06568 5 299 1.3897 8 0.011956 0.56413 1.35088 124. 1.1083 114 37 1.10348 12.5245 25.76315 8.51426 5 300 0.8308 2 0.005452 0.35135 2.05556 0.9350 115 73 8.052605 8.7475 19.30999 7.572935 46 300 0.6992 3 0.009681 0.43455 1.92105 0.9502 116 10 12.00238 0.3185 15.33334 10.71111 26 300 0.8686 8 0.002217 0.37778 1.66667
______APPENDICES 182 Appendix G continued . . .
117 5 7.740495 0.007 5.54 3 42 300 0 0 0 1 1 1.3451 118 168 4.83775 29.2435 18.49838 9.726465 283 300 1.171 8 0.013712 0.29327 2.70968 0.8418 119 23 3.446575 1.1805 17.01116 5.912945 31.5 299 0.6379 5 0.004575 0.43478 2.09091 0.8033 120 15 0.063735 3.6425 25.65179 8.870535 16.5 300 0.7385 2 0.003159 0.48571 1.5 1.3265 121 579 3.788775 30.239 17.07425 9.34187 416 300 0.786 5 0.039317 0.33194 2.01742 556. 122 520 2.631835 47.9245 18.49893 10.33657 5 300 1.9188 1.8373 0.025321 0.20505 3.42105 1.5306 123 790 6.165375 39.058 15.85519 9.6351 586 299 0.8993 8 0.045608 0.23366 3.55856 205. 1.3322 124 544 4.23932 23.154 16.63311 10.10128 5 300 0.9525 9 0.034538 0.33919 1.9639 1.5391 125 326 2.03928 13.186 15.73435 9.0171 304 300 1.5552 7 0.019668 0.27364 2.37956
______APPENDICES 183