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New Plant Breeding Techniques. State-Of-The-Art and Prospects For LF-NA-24760-EN-C New plant breeding techniques State-of-the-art and prospects for commercial development Maria Lusser, Claudia Parisi, Damien Plan and Emilio Rodríguez-Cerezo New plant breeding techniques. State-of-the-art and prospects for commercial development EUR 24760 EN - 2011 ISBN 978-92-79-19715-4 9 789279 197154 New plant breeding techniques State-of-the-art and prospects for commercial development Authors: Maria Lusser1, Claudia Parisi1, Damien Plan2, Emilio Rodríguez-Cerezo1 1 European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) 2 European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protecion (IHCP) 2011 EUR 24760 EN The mission of the JRC-IPTS is to provide customer-driven support to the EU policy-making process by developing science-based responses to policy challenges that have both a socio-economic as well as a scientific/technological dimension. European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Contact information Address: Edificio Expo. c/ Inca Garcilaso, 3. E-41092 Seville (Spain) E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +34 954488318 Fax: +34 954488300 http://ipts.jrc.ec.europa.eu http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu Legal Notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 63971 EUR 24760 EN ISBN 978-92-79-19715-4 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2791/54761 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Spain Acknowledgements Authors would like to thank • For carrying out the evaluation "Changes in the genome of crops caused by the application of new plant breeding techniques" New plant breeding techniques breeding plant New Howard Davies Scottish Crop Research Institute, UK Marc de Loose Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), BE Boet Glandorf National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, NL • For carrying out the evaluation "Possibilities for detecting and identifying crops produced with new plant breeding techniques" Sylvia Broeders Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), BE Hans-Jörg Buhk Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), DE Marc De Loose Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), BE Christine Henry Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), UK Mojca Milavec National Institute of Biology (NIB), SI Katia Pauwels Scientific Institute of Public Health (IPH), BE Jaroslava Ovesna Crop Research Institute (VURV), CZ Theo W. Prins Institute of Food Safety (RIKILT), NL Slawomir Sowa Plant Breeding and Acclimatisation Institute (IHAR), PL Marc van den Bulcke European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) • For providing training and support in "Patent search" Harry Thangaraj St. George’s Hospital, London, UK • For providing training and support on the "Application of new plant breeding techniques" Frans A. Krens Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, NL Jan G. Schaart Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, NL Anne-Marie Wolters Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, NL 3 Preface The study “New Plant Breeding Techniques: State-of-the-Art and Prospects for Commercial Development” was carried out in 2010, responding to an initial request from the Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV) of the European Commission, to provide information on the state of adoption and possible economic impact of new plant breeding techniques. From February 2010, the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO) became responsible for relevant legislation on biotechnology (Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms1) and therefore the main customer of this study. The study was developed and led by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS) in cooperation with the JRC Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP). Among other sources, the report draws on information from a workshop organised on 27-28 May 2010 in Seville and a survey directed at plant breeding companies. Evaluations of specific aspects of new plant breeding techniques (evaluation of changes in the plant genome and evaluation of possibilities for detection) were carried out by two working groups of external experts coordinated by the JRC-IPTS and JRC-IHCP, respectively. 4 1 Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC - Commission Declaration - OJ L 106, 17.4.2001, p. 1–39 Executive summary BACKGROUND • Innovation in plant breeding is necessary to meet the challenges of global changes such as population growth and climate change. Agriculture has been able to cope with these challenges until now. However, further efforts are needed and therefore plant breeders search for new plant breeding New plant breeding techniques breeding plant New techniques. • Harmonised EU legislation regulating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) goes back to the year 1990. The GMO legislation has been revised during recent years. However, the definition of GMOs remains the same as in 1990. Plant breeding techniques which have been developed since this time therefore create new challenges for regulators when applying the GMO definition from 1990. • Biotechnology companies and plant breeders are particularly concerned about the legislative uncertainty of the GMO classification of new plant breeding techniques. Regulatory costs for plants classified as GMOs are much higher than those for the registration of non-GMO plants, and public acceptance is lower. • A working group established by the European Commission in 2007 is currently evaluating whether certain new techniques constitute techniques of genetic modification and, if so, whether the resulting organisms fall within the scope of the EU GMO legislation. The group is discussing the following eight new techniques:2 - Zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) technology (ZFN-1, ZFN-2 and ZFN-3) - Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis (ODM) - Cisgenesis and intragenesis - RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) - Grafting (on GM rootstock) - Reverse breeding - Agro-infiltration (agro-infiltration “sensu stricto”, agro-inoculation, floral dip) - Synthetic genomics THIS STUDY • This study focuses on the same list of techniques.3 It investigates the degree of development and adoption by the commercial breeding sector of new plant breeding techniques and discusses drivers and constraints for further development of new plant varieties based on these techniques. It also 5 2 Short definitions of the techniques are listed in Annex 9. 3 No research relevant to the use of synthetic genomics in plant breeding is under way or is likely to be undertaken in the near future. Therefore, no literature or patent search was carried out, nor was synthetic genomics included in the survey directed at companies applying biotechnology to plant breeding, nor were the changes in the genome or detection issues discussed for synthetic genomics. reviews knowledge of the changes in the genome of plants induced by these techniques and highlights studies on food, feed and environmental safety. Finally the study evaluates the technical possibilities for detecting and identifying crops produced by new plant breeding techniques. • The following methods where used: - A literature search Executive summary Executive - A patent search - A workshop with participants from public and private sectors - A survey directed at plant breeders using biotechnology - Discussions with experts during a visit to Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, NL - A working group evaluated the changes in the genome in crops obtained through new plant breeding techniques - A task force discussed the challenges for detection RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT • A scientific literature search was performed in order to evaluate the development of research activities. The results show that the new plant breeding techniques discussed in this report are still young. Publication started only ten years ago, with the exception of grafting on GM rootstock (20 years). Overall, 187 publications were identified and the number is growing quickly, showing an increase in research activities in the field. • Concerning the geographical distribution of publications, the EU is leading (with 45% of all publications) followed by North America (32%). With regard to specific techniques, the EU produced the highest number of publications on cisgenesis/intragenesis, reverse breeding, RdDM and grafting on GM rootstocks. On the other techniques (ZFN technique, ODM and agro-infiltration) North America was the leader in publications. The majority of publications (81%) are produced by public institutes, followed by collaborations between public and private institutes and private companies. • According to the findings of the literature search, the
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