CHAPTER 1
SARSUBHA KARNATAK
The history of Marathas in South India can be traced back as early as 17"^ century when Shahjiraje carried an expeditions into Karnatak in 1637 against the
Nayakas of Ikkeri on behalf of Adilshahi rulers which was followed by another expedition in the next year. He brought under his control places like Kolar, Hoskote,
Chikka Ballapur and Dodda Ballapur, Chikka Nayakan Halli, Kanak Giri etc.
Shahjiraje practically founded a Maratha principality in Banglore. He took active part in Karnatak politics till his death in 1664.
The Maratha incursions in Karnatak continued during the period of Shi\aji
Maharaj. He attacked Hubli in 1664. Basrur in 1665; in 1675 he conquered Ankola.
Gokama etc. Shivaji Maharaj collected the tribute from Rani Chennamaji during this period. In 1677 Shivaji Maharaj led an expedition into Karnatak. The aim of his expedition was political as well as economc. He conquered Jinji. Vellore, Arni, Kolar.
Dodda Ballapur. Chikka Ballapur. Sira and left them in charge of Rango Narayan and
Manaji More. Prior to his Southern campaign he had conquered some parts of north
Karnatak like Ramdurg. Nargund and surrounding area. He created an independent administrative unit of the newly conquered territories called Prant Karnatak. Shivaji
Maharaj appointed Harjiraje Mahadik as Subhedar of Karnatak. He appointed
Ramchandra Pant Amatya as a overall in charge of Prant Karnatak.
Sambhaji Maharaj led two expeditions in Karnatak: first in 1682 and second in
1686. He sent his brother in law. Harjiraje Mahadik to take charge of .linji and the responsibility of Karnatak was entrusted to him. but he died in 1689. During these periods the relation between Sambliaji Maharaj and Ekojiraje (ruler of Tanjore) were cordial and he supported Sambhaji Maharaj in his Southern campaigns. Shambhaji
Maharaj had mainly two aims and objectives in Kamatak. First to protect the Maratha territories in Karnatak and most importantly to bring together various powers of south
India against the Mughals. Bidnur, Mysore, Madura, Tanjore, Jinji, Ikkeri were the prime states in the South. Marathas attacked Dharmpuri. Arkot but it proved unsuccessful. He collected tribute from Chikkadevaraya of Mysore. He also conquered some forts and places from Madura state. In 1686 he attacked
Shrirangapattan but was unsuccessful.
Sambhaji Maharaj and Rajaram Maharaj continued the policy of their father in respect of chauth and never caused any harm to those who paid the tribute to them.
Rajaram Maharaj left Panhala about the end of June 1689 and after many difficulties and taking shelter in Bednur for some time reached Vellore in October and finally he could reach Jinji. Mysore became an ally of Mughals during this period. The Mughals had laid siege to the fort of Jinji for almost seven years (1690-97). The Marathas successfully resisted the Mughal attack which was carried by Zulfiquar Khan for such a long period. During this period Raja of Tanjore helped Rajaram with men and money. Meanwhile the Marathas recaptured Vellore in January 1692 which was in possession of Mughals. In 1693 Trichinoploly was ceded to the Marathas by Nayak of
Madura. Thus the second front which was opened by Marathas in south Karnatak proved successful. Jinji proved to be best shelter and place of safety for Marathas and their King Rajaram Maharaj for somtime.
The disintegration of Mughal Empire after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb's death (1707) created a great confusion in south India. Nizam-uU-Mulk in the Deccan and Sadatullakhan in the Karnatak became almost independent.
10 The petty rulers in Karnatak who were called Polygars always busy in extending their boundaries and quarreling among themselves. In the presence of a powerful enemy they used to unite and pay tribute, sometimes independently or by unitedly. When the peril was over, they again continued fighting among themselves.
The southern area of Karnatak under the Mughals was divided into two Subhas i.e.
Hyderabad and Bijapur. There were number of second grade Mughal officers placed at different places in this region to help the Subhedar in conducting administration. In due course of the time these petty officers become dominant and started calling themselves as Nawabs.
In the 18"' century the ruler of Mysore and Polygars of Bidnur. Chitradurg,
Harpanhalli. Anagondee and the like were ruling over their own areas. The Nawabs of
Arkot. Shire. Kadappa. Karnool and Savnur were also ruling in their own sphere.
Many Maratha families had taken roots in Karnatak since the days of Shahjiraje and have settled there permanently. The Ghorpades were one among them. They had their jahgir at Mudhol. Gajendragad. Gutti (later on shifted to Sundur). The Baves also established themselves at Ramdurg and Nargund. The Patwardhans and Rastes were also other Maratha Sardars who acquired certain jahagirs in the North Karnatak in the latter half of the 18''' century. The Ghorpade of Ichalkaranji was in charge of Karnatak for some time.
Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj was always anxious to establish Maratha
Supremacy in the south. The Marathas were interested in Karnatak for various reasons. Firstly they wanted to liberate the Maratha region of Karnatak from the
Mughals. Secondly they wanted to bring the neighbouring areas under their control and thirdly they wanted to crush the rebellious Polygars and the Nawabs. Karnatak was situated next to Maratha country was also fertile and prosperous.
11 By the treaty of 1719 between Mughals and Marathas all the territories held by the Marathas in the time of Shivaji Maharaj were restored to them which was called as Swarajya. According to another term of the treaty the Marathas were given the right to levy chauth and Sardeshmukhi from six subhas (provinces) of the Deccan.
These six provinces of Deccan were as below :
l)Khandesh 2) Berar 3) Aurangabad 4) Bidar 5) Vijapur 6) Hyderabad.
The approximate collection of revenue of these six provinces was Rs. Seven crores.' The Marathas had to fight with the rulers of this region for collection of chauth and sardeshmukhi. The constant conflict was going on between the Marathas. the Mughals. the Mysoreans and the Europeans throughout the latter 18"^ century in
South India.
Bajirao 1 had launched a campaign cursorily in South in 1725-26 and exacted tribute from Mysore and some other rulers of South.
Nanasaheb Peshwa and Karnatak
In 1740 Chhatrapati Shahu entrusted the task of subjugating the Nawab of
Karnatak to Raghuji Bhosle, because Nawab was harassing Raja of Tanjore (Who was relative of Shahu) constantly. He defeated Dost Ali the Nawab of Karnatak in the battle of Damalcherry in 1740. He captured Trichinopoly in 1741 and brought
Chandasahib, the son-in-law of Nawab to Satara and kept him there as a prisoner.
Raghuji Bhosle entrusted the responsibility of Trichinopoly to Murarrao Ghorpade of
Gutti.
12 Nizam-ul-Mulk invaded Karnatak in 1743 and took possession of
Trichinopoly by driving out Murarrao Ghorpade. Nanasaheb Peshwa sent Sadashivrao
Bhau to settle the affairs there.
After the treaty of Bhalki in 1752 with Salbat Jung (Nizam) Nanasaheb
Peshwa was free to undertake the campaign in Karnatak. He led compaigns in
Karnatak in 1753. (Shrirangapattan). in 1754 (Bagalkot), in 1754-55 (Bednur), in
1755-56 (Savnur) and in 1757 (Shrirangapattan).
Nanasaheb Peshwa had three main objectives in the South :
1. To liberate the Maratha part of the Deccan from the Mughal rule.
2. To bring the outlying Deccan and Karnatak provinces under control.
3. To crush rebellious Polygars and Nawabs.
From 1753 to 1760, Nanasaheb Peshwa launched number of campaigns in
Karnatak to establish Maratha supremacy and to secure a regular flow of money by way of tribute. Dharwad was taken from Prithvisingh. the Mughal commandant of the fort in 1753.'
The pattern of conquest of Karnatak was quite different which was followed in
Malwa (as stated by Stewart Gordon) by the Marathas. In the initial stage they regulary collected the tributes form various chiefs of Karnatak including Raja of
Mysore. The collection of tribute was carried out without much violence and bloodshed. Once the tribute was received the Marathas did not harass either the chiefs or people. In the second stage they started acquiring the territory of various Chiefs like Savnur. In the third stage they established well regulated tax collection system
(Revenue system) and administrative system in the conquered territories. There was a
13 gradual expansion of tillage area, a continuous rise in the number of land holders,
increase in the revenue collection, increase in the trade and commerce and it was achieved without coercion. There are number of documents in Peshwe Daftar (Pune
Archives) to support the above conclusion (theme).
Nizam was defeated in 1760 by the Marathas. They got four famous places
Burhanpur with fort Asirgad, Daulatabad. Ahmadnagar and Vijapur. Vijapur was the part of Kamatak.
Dr. B. Muddachari blamed the Maratha rulers who came after Chhatrapati
Shahu Maharaj for showing very little sympathy towards their own Kinsmen in the
South. According to him Nanasaheb did not do anything to improve the position of
Pralapsingh of ranjore when he v.as hard pressed by the Mysoreans and other southern powers. This policy of indifference had a disastrous effect on the Maratha principalities in the south.'
The rise of Hyder Ali after 1761 checked the Maratha expansion in the south.
In 1761 Hyder Ali and Basalat Jung (Nizam) captured Hoskote, Dodda Ballapur and
Sira. Early in 1762 he occupied Chikka Ballapur, Penukonda. Madaksira. Raidurg and
Harpanhalli and the like. His aggression in Karnatak deprived Peshwa Government of tribute amounting to about 50 lakhs of rupees'*
Madhavrao I and Karnatak
While the Marathas were paralysed by internal strife and Nizam"s invasion.
Hyder Ali occupied Bidnur. Sonda. Ratehalli. Bankapur. Shirhatti and Dharwad in
1763. The Nawab of Savanur was also defeated and compelled to accept his suzerainty^
14 In 1764 near Ratehalli Hyder AH was defeated by the Peshwa. The Marathas
occupied Haveri and Dharwad fort was also capured after some time in 1764. By the
beginning of 1765 Honnali, Kumsi, Anantpur and Chitaldurg were occupied by the
Marathas. The treaty was concluded between the Peshwa and Hyder Ali in 1765 by
which Hyder Ali Surrendered most of the places to Marathas including Bankapur and
gave up all claims on the Nawab of Savanur. The responsibility for showing so much
leniency to Hyder Ali lies wholly on Raghunath Rao. Wilks also supports this view.''
In 1767 the parts of Kamatak which were lost to Hyder Ali recently, were
reoccupied by Marathas. Kittur, Kenchangudd, Gudwal, Bellary. Adoni, Sira.
Madgire, Chenraidurg, Dodda Bllapur, Chikka Ballapur. Hoskote. Nandigad. Kolar
were captured. In May 1767 peace was concluded. Peshwa retained Chenraidurg.
Madgire, Dodda Ballapur. Hoskote and Sira. Kolar. Chikka Ballapur and Nandigad
were returned to Hyder Ali. Kadappa and Gurumkonda were left to Mir Raza.
In 1769 Hyder Ali instead of paying tribute to the Peshwa. collected tribute
from some of the polygars tributary to the Peshwa. Once again in 1770 Peshwa had to
launch campaign in Karnatak. The Peshwa occupied Several Posts in Karnatak which
had been occupied by Hyder Ali. In the battle of Moti Talav on March 7. 1771 Hyder
Ali was completely defeated by Trimbakrao Pethe. In 1772 peace was concluded according to which Marathas retained Sira, Madgire. Gurumkonda. Dodda Ballapur,
Kolar and Hoskote with their dependencies but important posts like Nandigad. Chikka
Ballapur and Devarayadurg had to be handed over to Hyder Ali.
Stewart Gordon made an interesting observation in regard to Marata Mysore
(Hyder Ali) conflict. He had observed, "Madhavrao Peshwa led four expeditions in
Karnatak against Hyder Ali. They all had a similar pattern. Hyder Ali was generally
15 unable to face the Marathas in the field, fell back to one or another strong fort, burnt
the provisons needed by the invading Maratha force and paid some tribute. The
Marathas generally left small force and a minor leader to collect the tribute who was
generally pushed out of the area by Hyder's forces. Then the cycle started again
only in the battle of 1771 (Moti-Talav) Hyder lost badly."^
Latter Peshwas and Karnatak
In 1776 Hyder Ali captured Gooty and imprisoned its ruler, Murarrao
Ghorpade with his two sons.
Treaty of alliance was concluded between Peshwa. Nizam Ali Khan and Tipu
Sultan in 1786-87 by which all of the three were bound by themselves to live on terms of friendship with each other and to unite together to defend themselves against outsiders.**
It was decided in 1787-88 that Tipu Sultan was to pay Rs. 45 lakhs including previous arrears of the tribute to the Marathas. out of which some amount was immediately paid. It was further decided according to the treaty that Tipu should not attack the Taluka of Adwani which was to be continued to Nawab Nizam Allikhan. as before. The Taluka and fort of Nargund and Kittur lately taken by Tipu should be surrendered to the Peshwa and that Kalo Bahirav and Desai of Kittur and other subject of Peshwa in the confinement of Tipu should be released by him and vice versa. The fort of Badami and the territory worth Rs. 1 Vi lakhs, surrendered by Tipu should remain with the Peshwa.''
16 By the fourth Mysore war of 1799 Tipu sultan was defeated and killed by
British. The outcome of the last Mysore war was that the British emerged as formidable power in India by 1799.
Introduction of British Rule
Munro who was recently promoted as General occupied the territory south of
Malprabha by January 1818. Then he conqured Bijapur, Belgaon and finally Solapur in May 1818. He did not meet with any strong resistance during his campaign in
Kamatak.'" It appears that Saranjamdars like Patwardhans. Rastes and Ghorpades not tried to oppose the British. Thus Karnatak almost calmly passed over to the British.
The divergence of interest among the South Indian powers ultimately weakend them all and enabled the British to impose their authority upon them.
Sarsubha Karnatak:
After conquering teri'itories of western part of the Deccan, the Peshwas organized them into one administrative unit called Sarsubha Karnatak. The core sector of Sarsubha Karnatak was the area lying between the rivers Krishna in the North and
Tungabhadra in the South. It mainly comprised of the modern Belgaon. Dharwad,
Gadag, Haveri. Bagalkot. Bijapur districts, but excluding the present districts of
Raichur and part of Koppal. Some areas beyond the river Tungabhadra (South) were also included in Sarsubha Karnatak like most of the part of the present district of
Davangere and still further the isolated areas like Taluka Madgiri. Taluka Hoskote,
Taluka Chenraidurg. Taluka Gorumkonda. Taluka Sira. Chik Ballapur. Dodda
Ballapur, Gutti and the like including the forts in these Talukas. These isolated
Talukas/ Parganas for south in Karnatak were some times occupied by Hyder Ali and
17 later on by Tipu Sultan. Murarrao Ghorpade another Marata chief in South was active having capital at Gutti (now in Andhra). Later on they shifted their capital to Sundur
in Bellary district.
These areas were not only watered by Krishan and Tungabhadra but by three other important rivers, viz. the Ghataprabha. the Malaprabha with its tributaries
Tupari, Bennihalla and Varada. This area could be divided climatically into three geographical regions, the first, a narrow strip, running in a north - westerly direction from Rattihalli and Masur in the South to Sampgaon and Azamnagar in the north west, the second running from Koppal and Kanakagiri in the south east to Bilgi and
Bagalkot in the north-west, and the third one was in between these two. The first strip could be called the mallad (Malenadu) belt, the second the Bayalsime belt and the third the middle belt."
Most of this area was formerly under the Vijayanagar rule and after its fall it passed under the sway of Bijapur. hi the heyday of its power the Bijapur kingdom is said to have consisted of the following 12 Subhas. namely, Bijapur, Belgaon. Solapur.
Raichur. Miraj, Bankapur. Naldurg, Bidar, Gulbarga. Bangalore. Madura and Tanjore.
However, the area that was directly under the Adilshahi administration seems to have been much smaller. Subhas such as Bangalore. Madura and Tanjore being largely ruled by the feudatory chiefs of the Adilshahs.'"
Under Shivaji Maharaj. Sambhaji Maharaj and Rajaram Maharaj Prant
Karnatak formed a separate administrative unit. Pant Amatya was over all in charge of
Prant Karnatak. When the Mughals conquered the Bijapur Kingdom, they organized it into 18 Sarkars. nameh' Haveli Bijapur. Miraj. Azamnagar. Panhala. Raibag.
Malikwad, Karnataka. Bankapur, Torgal, Gazipur, Adwani, Mudgal, Sagar, Raichur,
Dabhol, Naldurg, Malkhed and Gulbarga.'-^
18 When Nanasaheb (Balaji Bajirao) Peshwa conqunered Northern Kamatak by
1756. he formed it into separate administrative unit entitled as Sarsubha Kamatak. As
this research is focused on Sarsubha Kamatak. it becomes necessary to know exact
extent of it. The number of villages have been identified in different Parganas in
Sarsubha Kamatak with the help of documents in Pune Archives. Now it is possible to
know the exact extent of Sarsubha Karnatak. which was not known earlier. After
examining the number of documents of Karnatak Jamav in Peshwe Daftar (Pune
Archives), one can identify exact number of villages of Sarsubha Karnatak. There were 1378 Khalsa villages, 52 Sarva inam villages, 176 Jodi inam and 68 Jahagir villages in Dharwad dividsion. The total comes to 1674 villages. In Ranebennur division there were 410 Khalsa villages. 27 Sarva inam villages, 9 Jodi inam villages and one .lahagir village. The total comes to 447 villages. Similary in Vijapur division there were 651 Khalsa villages. 87 Sarva inam villages, 3 Jodi inam villages and 8
Jahagir villages. The grand total of all villages in Sarsubha Karnatak thus comes to
2870.'''
The population of Sarsubha Karnatak (excluding the area south of
Tungabhadra) can be estimated during the beginning of the British rule with the help of Chaplin's report as below:
Dharwad 684193
Southern Jagirs 778183
Total 1462376
It is to be noted that Dharwad district in the beginning of British rule covered almost all area between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers which was formerly with
Peshwas Government. Under the term southern Jageers generally the areas held by
19 different saranjamdars and samsthaniks south of Krishna river was included, e.g. the territories under Patwardhans, Rastes, Ghorpades, Bhaves and the Hke. So it can be concluded that the population of sarsubha Karnatak at the end of Peshwa period was approximately 14 to 15 lakhs.
The following is a comprehensive list of Parganas/Mahals which were included in Sarsubha Karnatak.'''
1 Pargana Solapur 36 Pargana Masur 71 Pargana Kolar
2 Pargana Ahirwadi 37 Ranebidnur(Ranebennur) 72 Pargana Halsangi
3 Pargana Bagalkot 38 Karyat Annigire 73 Pargana Bagewadi
4 Pargana Kerur 39 Peth Haveri, Havasbavi 74 Pargana Ruli
& Halgire-3
5 Pargana Nandwadki 40 Pargana Hangal 75 Pargana Sidnath
6 Pargana Badami 41 Taluka Ugargol 76 Pargana Beloti
7 Pargana Jalehal 42 Pargana Dharwad 77 Pargana Gothe
8 Pargana Mutkavi 43 Pargana Mishrikote 78 Pargana Almele
9 Pargana Old Hubli 44 Karyat Narendra 79 Pargana Tambe
10 Pargana Pachhapur 45 Karyat Huli 80 Pargana Indi
11 Pargana Belgaon 46 Karyat Tadkod 81 Pargana Mamadapur
12 Pargana Khanapur 47 Karyat Yekodi 82 Pargana Chandkavathe
13 Pargana Galgale 48 Karyat Betgire 83 Pargana Hoorti
14 Parganai Kittur 49 Karyat Aminbav 84 Pargana Hosur
15 Pargana Naval gund 50 Karyat Devar Hubli 85 Pargana Nidgunde
16 Mamie Torgal 51 Sammat Kalghatgi 86 Pargana Athani
17 Pargana Gadag 52 Taluka Maradgi 87 Pargana Ukali
18 Deshgat Dambal 53 Kabenur and Sarsubha-2 88^ Pargana Kokatnor
20 19 Tape Tegur 54 Karyat Solapur- 89 Pargana Molwad
Saranjam Vallabhagad
20 Pargana Akkalkot 55 Saranjam Pargad 90 Pargana Honwad
56 Saranjam Bhimgad 91 Pargana Jalwad 21 Pargana Hongunde Kokatnor
57 Deshgat Havnoor & 92 Kasha Sidagi 22 Pargana Karatgi Madlira-2
58 Saranjam Kile Kalanidhi 93 Pargana Jat 23 Pargana Adur & Chand
59 Pargana Bankapur 94 Pargana Karajgi 24 Pargana Guttal 60 Pargana Talikot 95 Pargana Mudhol-5
25 Pargana Shiggaon 61 Pargana Naiatwad 96 Pargana Sundur
26 Pargana Nidsangi 62 Pargana Hansangi 97 Town Pargana Hukkeri
27 Pargana Morab 63 Pargana Kodekal 98 Town Pargana Kagal
28 Pargana Kagnela 64 Village Sul 99 Town Pargana
29 Pargana Kod Rayabag
30 Pargana Kerur khurd 65 Taluka Manoli 100 Saranjam Patwardhan-
Mahals 19
31 Pargana Kerur 66 Village Kankanwadi & 101 Nargund & Ramdurg-2
budruk other Villages
32 Pargana Ahirni 67 Pargana Haveli Vijapur 102 Jakat Miraj Prant-1
(Eairani)
33 Pargana Kopelur 68 Pargana Hiparge 103 Deshmukhi Prant
(Kuppelur) Vijapur
34 Pargana Tilvali 69 Pargana Chimalage Total 129
21 35 Pargana Rattehalli 70 Pargana Bidri 104 Town and Pargana
Lakshmeshwar
So there were in all 129 to 130 Mahals including some towns in Sarsubha
Kamatak. If far Southern Mahals are added to this list the strength will be increased
further. But all of them were not directly under the Peshwa administration. Generally
there were 114 Mahals under the administration of Peshwas which were administered
through their regularly appointed administrators called Mamlatdars or Kamavisdars.'^
Other Mahals were under the administration of Saranjamdars like Patwardhans.
Ghorpades. Rastes and Samsthaniks like Bhave. Among the Patwardhans. the chieftans of Sangli. Miraj. Tasgaon. .lamkhandi. Kurundwad. or Shedhal had their jagirs in Karnatak. In addition to that there were local chiefs having their own jagirs or desgats like chiefs of Kittur, Navalgund. Shirhatti. Lakshmeshwar. Havanur.
Dambal. Nippani. Some territory was held by the .lagirdars of the Chhatrapati of
Kolhapur like Shindes of Torgal and Manoli. Some of the villages or parts of villages were held by the local watandars such as Desais and Nadgaudas.
The following Mahals were with Peshwa Government 17
Rs. 1672040-9-0 Taluka Dharwad
(included number of Karyats. Sammats Talukas)
Rs. 426885-0-0 Pargana Badami
Rs. 143414-0-0 Pargana Hongunde
Rs. 18000-0-0 Fort Kalanidhi
Rs.298731-12-0 Taluka Bagalkot
22 Rs.16105-0-0 Village Kankanwadi
Rs. 161468-0-0 Taluka Mudgiri
Rs.268853-0-0 Taluka Hoskote
Rs. 37106-0-0 Taluka Chenraidurg
Rs.714054-0-0 Taluka Gurumkonda (Except Murarrao
Ghorpade"s Mahas)
Rs. 28038-0-0 Fort Bankapur including Kasba
Rs. 20452-0-0 Taluka Mutkavi assighed to Topkhaa (Artillery)
Rs.12125-0-0 Tape Tegur Sarkar Torgal
Rs.366015-0-0 Taluka Sire
4183288-5-0 Total
Some Prominent Saranjamdars have been mentioned below along with their
Saranjams 18
The Mahals under Patwardhans.
Rs. 99793-1-0 Pargana Terdal
Rs. 68957-8-0 Pargana Jamkhandi
Rs. 50915-10-0 Pargana Yadwad
Rs. 36340-8-0 Pargana Shahapur
Rs. 98781 -9-0 Taluka Vithal Vishram
Rs. 9376-15-0 Pargana Anwal
Rs. 12797-15-0 Karyat IngalhalH
Rs. 120453-9-0 Pargana Mulgund
23 Rs. 137045-6-0 Tribute of Kittur
Rs. 44913-9-0 Harihar and Ukadgatre
Rs. 41996-10-2 Pargana Tadas
Rs. 155598-1 -0 Pargana Kundgol
Rs. 93699-9-2 Pargana Rayer Hubli
Rs. 2779-10-10 Karyat Benkikate
Rs. 54672-9-0 Kasha Behatti
Rs. 15456-12-0 Mamie Sardesgat
Rs.207786-14-0 Pargana Lakshmeshwar
Rs. 122573-15-0 Pargana Bankapur Dodya
Rs. 175000-0-0 By way of tribute of Mahals of
Adwani
Rs. 1548979-4-0 Total
The Mahals under Raste
Rs. 193782-0-0 Pargana Bagalkot
Rs. 53552-12-0 Pargana Kerur
Rs. 43297-0-0 Pargana Nandwadgi
Rs. 7955-0-0 Pargana Badami
Rs. 148417-0-0 Pargana Jalihal
Rs. 4201 -0-0 Sammat Ahiwali (Aihole)
Rs. 5000-0-0 Ghasdana of Pargana Dambal
Rs. 8000-0-0 Tribute of Mudgal
Rs. 464304-12-0 Total
24 Shriniwas Pandit Pant Pratinidhi
Shriniwas Pandit Pant Pratinidhi was having rights of Nadgaudaki, Savotra and Babti of some areas in Karnataic, especially in the area of Vijapur. Nanasaheb
Peshwa issued letters in 1750-51 to Jamidars of following Mahals of Prant Vijapur enjoining them to pay regularly to Kamavisdars of Pratinidhi the amount of
Nadgaudaki (3 % of the chauth) and Savotroa (6 % of the chauth).
Sammat Haveli 2. Sammat Bagewadi 3. Sammat Hiparge
4. Sammat Malewadi 5. Sammat Honwad 6. Sammat Jalwad Kokatnur
7. Sammat Hardale 8. Sammat Karajagi 9. Sammat Athani
10. Sammat Indi 11. Sammat Tambe 12. Sammat Halsangi
13. Sammat Hurati 14. Sammat 15. Sammat Ukali
Chandkavathe
16. Sammat Goote 17. Sammat Kokatnur 18. Sammat Jat
19. Sammat Kolhar 20. Thane Chimalge 21. Thane Ruli
22. Thane Bidari 23. Thane Husur 24. Thane Mahamadpur
25. Thane Belati 26. Thane Sidnath 27. Thane Nirdij
28. Kasabe Sindagi
Rs. 100000-0-0 The Mahals under Malooji Ghorpade of
Mudhol - Mudhol, Veleshwar. Lokapur.
Jamagi, Machhur
Rs. 127154-14-3 The Mahals under Bhaves of Nargund
25 Rs. 24000-0-0 Taluka Ramdurg under Bhaves
Rs. 22000-0-0 Hebalikar
Rs. 13669-2-2 Phatesing Bhosle
Rs. 112999-13-1 Pratinidhi Babati of Bagewadi etc.
Rs. 261909-1-2 Sidojirao Naik Nimbalkar Sarlashkar (Nipanikar)
113986-11-0 Karyat Annigere
57920-2-1 Taluka Ugargol
8590-11-0 Pargana Hosur
10408-0-0 Pargana Chandkavathe
8949-0-0 Village Karvadagi of Pargana Molwad
15818-12-0 Village Satirade Rahatagi, Pargana
Kokatnur
19200-0-0 Pargana Galgale
16517-4-0 Pargana Nidgunde
3265-6-0 Of Pargana Mamadapur
7253-3-1 Village Hootagi of Pargana Ahirwadi
Rs.261909-1-2
Rs. 4345-2-3 Sachiv (Sahotra)
1250-0-3 Ahirwadi of Pargana Solapur
26 453-10-1 Pargana Hoorti
1718-3-1 Pargana Almele
208-12-2 Pargana Hoosur
512-12-3 Pargana Chandkavthe
201-11-2 Pargana Nidgunde
Rs. 4345-2-3
Rs. 2179-6-0 Phatesingh Bhosle of Pargana Solapur which is not
included above
Rs. 56350-0-0 Ramchandrarao Ghorpade Pargana Belagi Taluka Bagalkot
Rs. 16870-13-2 Mankoji Shinde
2995-0-0 Villages of Tirth and Alegaon Pargana Ahirwadi
8215-1-2 Of Pargana Hoorti
4443-12-0 Of Pargana Mamadapur
1217-0-0 Village Gudagi of Pargana Almele
Rs. 16870-13-2
Rs. 102392-8-3 Roopram Choudhari
78462-0-0 Pargana Hangal
6660-7-3 Of Pargana Mamdapur
27 13270-1-0 OfPrantMiraj
4000-0-0 Village Kavathe Piran of Prant Panala
Rs. 102392-8-3
Rs. 33256-5-2 Manohar Girgosavi
1153-0-0 Village Khandal of Pargana Terdal
8259-13-2 Of Pargana Halsangi
13843-8-0 OfPrantMiraj
10000-0-0 Pargana Valve
Rs. 33256-5-2
Rs. 2885-7-0 Rangrao Vodhekar- of Prant Miraj
Rs. 3600-0-0 Sadashiv Mankeshwar- of Prant Miraj
Rs. 6840-8-0 Sakharam Thorat
4552-0-0 OfPrantMiraj
445-0-0 of Prant Rayabag
285-8-0 of Prant Hukeri
1558-0-0 of Prant Kagal
Rs. 6840-8-0
Rs. 1153968-1-0 Bapuji Ganesh Gokhale
394415-11-0 Pargana and Desgat Dambal
87618-14-2 Pargana Indi
28 72729-4-3 Pargana Tambe
119883-2-3 Pargana Almele
2000-0-0 Village Mugad of old Hubli
464521 -0-0 Taluka Navalgad and Desgat Mamie Tergal
12800-0-0 TapeTegur
Rs. 1153968-1-0
Following Karyats were included in Kittur Principality which was a part of
Sarsubha Karnatak
1. Kasba Hubli 2. Karyat Nesari
J. Kar>at Phutgaon 4. Kar}at Sampgaon
5. Karyat Belwadi 6. Karyat Manoli
7. Karyat Gonyali 8. Karyat Amadkate
9. Karyat Kadroli 10. Karyat Kekoli
11. Karyat Marlage 12. Karyat Halsindigar
13. Village Akale Karyat Bagewadi 14. Village Halashi
15. Village Angool
16. Karyat Huli
17. Kasba Bidi
18. Kasba Nesari
The Marathas recaptured once again the southern mahals of Sarsubha
Karnataka from Tipu Sultan of Mysore by 1792; the details of account like receipts
29 and expenditure of the mahals of this period are available. From this list one comes to
know the extent of Sarsubha Karanatak in far south. '^
: Name of the Mahal Akar (Actual Exf senses Balance Fajil (Extra
Receipts) Expenses)
Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.
: Taluka Madgire 161468 136829 24639 0
\ Taluka Hoskote 268853 162693 106160 0
1 Taluka Chenraidurg 37106 68670 0 31564
Taluka Gurumkonda 714054 377855 336199 0
(Except the mahals with
Murarrao Ghorpade)
Pargana Harihar etc. 55139 5726 51413
Pargana Ballapur- 146963 24389 122574
Thorale (Dodda)
The Mahals with family : Approximately
of Murarrao Ghorpade - ;
approximately- As
Stated by Baji Govind
Joshi
The Share received form 650000
Nawab of Kadappa- The
total Mahals
30 Savandur Pale (Sundur) 100000 ; i & Hirehal etc.
Part of Kolar and 75000
Hoskote
1 Paingunda & 400000
\ Udemangiri
1 Madaksire 200000
Villages under Gutti 300000
Some samsthans granted to Ghorpades by Go^
: Rayadurg 45000
Nilgad 7000
: Pavgad 3000
Of Hoskote 1500
Grand Total 1781500
In addition to above Ghorpades might have their former mahals.
Taluka Sire
The Taluka Sire was in possession of Marathas for long time. In 1770-71
Mahimaji Shinde was in charge of this Taluka. The total villages in Taluka Sire were
585. Out of this 381 were with Peshwa Government and remaining were with
31 Murarrao Ghorpade, Polygars and Jamidars. The sammats which were with
Government were as below^'':
Name of the sammat No. of Villages Revenue in Rs. Haveli 104 Rs.66608 Bukapatan 38 Rs. 32387 Hulikate 42 Rs. 33751 Morwagal 22 Rs. 11080 Hosur 26 Rs. 11504 Dahikute 13 Rs. 3880 Malaldara 17 Rs. 3014 Tavalgire 33 Rs. 26559 Agrahar 25 Rs. 11203 ChikanhalH 28 Rs. 38176 Hunanhall Rs. 6112 Total Rs. 243475
Forts
The number of Forts and Thanas (military post) which were under the control the Peshwas in Sarsubha Karnatak are listed below:
1. Dharwad 2. Bagalkot 3. Badami 4. Bhivgad 5. Pargad 6. Vallabhgad 7. Kalanidhi 8. Ajamnagar 9. Mutkavi 10. Solapur i.e. i.e. Belgaon Gahandurg
The forts of Ramdurg and Nargund were under the Bhaves.
The administrative expense of the forts of Sarsubha is given in the Table No.l.
32 rH 1 o CO rH rH CM o rj 1 9 9 IS 9 vo IN 6 ^ 1 A 1 0"0? ti in rH rH in rH rCOH 00 n in 1 1 in 00 00 in i CO VO m o ts CO in CM VC VO ON CTN in m in CO rsH VO rH CO S rH CO CO rH rH S in O d rH CM rH CM
1 9 rH rH rH CM CM 9 9 0& rH rH CM I 1 S 1 1 B rH 1 rH 4 6 rH rH 00 1 O 1 CO rH 4 4^ cn in CO FH O NO1 1 ^ IS ?5 rH CM rH oTH \D ISS o g VO O ^ c^ > rH rH rH rH 00 rH B e (N CD o CO CO O 9 CN O CM I—V in in CO CO CM rii C5 rH 9 9 9 9 1 9 1 9 9 *? ts in ^ ^ rH s rH CO ^ 9 CO U rH 1 1 rH rH 1 rH 1 rH rH 1 1 rH m IN 00 in CO CO 1 H 00 ?5 in in CO CTV 9\ 1 C5MS rH ts 00 IN m ^ tCMs o^ trHs rH rH in o s ^ ON rH rH rH rH o CM o O O o CO o O CO O O CO 1 1 00 0^ rH in CD CO T-H rinH 1 1 4rH rH V ^ 1 o 1 t^ ^ in IS rH r0H0 NO ON CO •* o NO CO t^ d t>. ON cn IS in in in PIS NO t^ 1 i rH 00 o CO ON rH rH iCO o o Trt 00 IS ON CM •* CO r-i rH a (X) VO SrH nj rH cp o O o o O O 9 O O 9 J5 (3 § O O CM 1 rH 6 6 1 6 rH 6 rH in 1 o 4 o CO 1 o ci o S^ .'^ &H irHn o ion ON1 NO rH ON irnH in '=•! !3 ^ ON o Cr- •4-> , o o o o -a > i-H H 73 CI. bO 0) X S > ^ i rt 6 bOTS o u 2a CO CO o CQ o Sarsubha karnatak The area beyond (south) Tungabhadra river is not shown here apur [ *V^W 0 SifidagLf /^ • -O Bijapur •^ 1Legen d ^ ^Vj Bagalkot ^^V^/ 1 Bijapur Halkami Bagalkot -J Belgaon f * ^vJ^^*^-^ ^t^^^ Ron « A Av •J/*'^ Belgaon Khanapuf -^••'•^^'^^^^^^'y i ^"^^ \* f-» ^ ravalgutj/=^"By ys,^ Gadag ^'"^-'^Dharwad y >~—11 ^^ JJIJIIH Kustagi imil Dhan/vad HanagaS* • r S^**^ Haveri / Haven Vr'* x Koppal Hirtk«furTr C*^ \ Davanagere ^A^Davanagere/ ^ * Map is not according to scale. 34 The features of Saranjam and Deshgats The number of Mahals assigned to Saranjamdars amounted to Rs. 2761334. The definition of Saranjam is given by M. Elphinstone is as "The assignments (territories) in Saranjam are held on the condition of military service and are either as personal pay, zat saranjam or for the support of the troops, and the maintenance of forts called fouz Saramjam." The some of the Saramjamdas existed even before Peshwas rule in Sarsubha Kamatak. They were Ghorpades of Mudhol, Gajendragad. Gutti (later on Sundur) and Bhaves of Ramdurg and Nargund. Prior to Peshwa's rule in Karnatak and during British rule their status was that of samsthaniks. It appears that Ghorpades were turned into saramjamdars during Peshwas's rule. The other Ghorpades (of Ichalkaranji) were relati\e of Peshwas. During the earh stage the Peshwas entrusted the responsibility of Karnatak to Ghorpades of Ichalkarnji, but they found to be incapable later on. Patwardhans and Rastes were having large saranjams in Sarsubha Karnatak. The list of their Saranjam is given in this chapter. The saranjamdars were supposed to keep stipulated number of troops and to lead in the battles. The role of Rastes in military activity as a saranjamdar seems to be negligible. During the time of Bajirao II some other Saranjamdars were raised to prominence, e.g. Bapu Gokhale. Desai of Nipani (Nimbalkar). Manohar Girgosavin. Roopram Chaoudhari and the like. Probably the Patwardhans and Rastes might have lost the confidence of Peshwa Bajirao II and hence new Saranjamdars like Bapu Gokhale might have been created. The saranjam of Desai of Nipani was increased during the time of Bajirao II because he was used as pawn against Raja of Kolhapur. He defeated and harassed Raja of Kolhapur on many occastions. 35 In addition to Saranjamdars there were some deshgats under Desais like Navalgund, Shirhatti, Lakshmeshwar, Havnur, Dambal. They held small territories under them. It is argued that they enjoyed varying degree of independence and power. From the available records it is clear that they were under the control of Peshwas and many times there deshgats or villages were confiscated due to the fault on their part. It seems that the powers and territory of Savnur and Desai of Kittur was reduced to great extent in later times. So in short the different saranjamdars, samsthaniks. Desais and the like were under control of Peshwas except under Bajirao II. The jamidars were subjected to number of taxes as discussed in Chapter No. 3. The Jamidars were allowed to enjoy their titles, rights and perquisites by Government but had no real authority over the people. At the beginning of British rule the total amount of saranjam held by different Saranjamdars was Rs. 38,08,526-15-2.^' The names of some prominent Saranjamdars along with their Saranjam have been mentioned as below: Rs. 48000-0-0 Nawab of Savnur Rs. 112999-15-1 Pant Pratinidhi Rs. 2013952-0-3 Patwardhans Rs. 486921-1-2 Chintamanrao Apa Sangalikar Rs. 475394-7-2 Ganpatrao Mirajkar Rs. 20000-0-0 Madhavrao Mirajkar Rs. 10211-1-2 Gopalrao Mirajkar 36 Rs.466809-7-1 Gopalrao Chichanikar Rs. 238776-1-2 Ganpatrao Bapu Tasgankar Rs. 10000-0-0 Govindrao Nana Tasgaonkar Rs. 278687-1-0 Keshavrao Baba Kurundwad & Ganpatrao Shedbalkar Rs. 27158-13-0 Inam villages and lands. Total Rs. 2013952-12-0 (Rs. 2013958-1-1) Rs. 100000-0-0 Venkatrao Raje Ghorpade - Mudhol Rs. 25000-0-0 Yeshwantrao Ghorpade Tal. - Pachhapur Rs. 10274-0-0 Phatesingh Bhosle Rs. 359871-6-0 Sidojirao Nimbalkar - Sarlashkar Rs. 127154-14-3 Venkantrao Nargundkar (Bhave) alias Appasaheb Rs. 24000-0-0 Narayanrao Ramdurgakar (Bhave) Rs. 22000-0-0 Krishnarao Raghunath Hebalikar 37 Rs. 20450-0-0 Madhavrao Raste Rs. 1000-0-0 Madhavrao Panashe Rs. 664613-2-0 Desais Rs. 611213-2-0 DesaiofKittur Rs. 23000-0-0 Navalgund Desai Rs. 10000-0-0 Havnur Desai Rs. 20400-0-0 Dambalkar Desai Rs. 3500-0-0 Bahiraji Ghorpade Kolhar & Mamadapur Rs. 20000-0-0 Yamunabai Ghokhale Tal. Navalgund (widow of Bapu Gokhale) Rs. 18897-0-0 Ghorpade of Gajendragad Rs. 30000-0-0 Ghorpades of Sundur Rs. 10009-5-2 Jambhatikar Desai The division of Mahals In 1785-86 Tipu Sultan had inxaded Sarsubha Karnatak and occupied the number of Mahals for Some time. The distribution of Mahals of Sarsubha Karnatak between Peshwas and Tipu Sultan was as below:'- 38 The Mahals under Peshwa Rs. 426885-0-0 Pargana Badmai including fort and surrounding Villages. Rs. 143414-0-0 Pargana Hongunde Rs. 157614-9-0 Of Taluka Dharwad Rs. 7778-8-0 Fort Bhivgad Rs. 10384-15-0 Fort Pargad Rs. 19441-8-0 Fort Vallabhagd Rs. 89691-0-0 Pargana Gokak Rs. 30378-10-0 Taluka Khanapur Rs. 1576749-9-0 Total Rs. 18000-0-0 Fort Kalanidhi Rs. 298731-12-0 Taluka Bagalkot Rs. 1044705-5-0 Total Rs. 16105-0-0 Village Kankanwadi RS..1060810-5-0 Total Rs. 354788-4-0 Under Chintamanarao Pandurang Patwardhan Rs. 99793-1-0 Pargana Terdal Rs. 68957-8-0 Pargana Jamkhandi Rs. 50915-10-0 Pargana Yadwad Rs. 36340-8-0 Pargana Shahapur Rs. 98781-9-0 Taluka Vithal Vishram Rs. 354788-4-0 Total 39 Mahals under Tipu Sultan of Sarsubha Karnatak which were previously with Government. Rs. 161468-0-0 Taluka Madgiri Rs. 268853-0-0 Taluka Hoskote Rs. 37106-0-0 Taluka Chennarayadurg Rs. 714054-0-0 Taluka Gurumkonda (Except Murarrao Ghorpade's Mahals) Rs. 28038-0-0 Fort Bankapur including Kasba Rs. 20452-0-0 Taluka Mutkavi assigned to Topkhana (Artillery) Rs. 12125-0-0 Tape Tegur Sarkar Torgal Rs. 1514426-0-0 Taluka Dharwad-excluding mahals which are with Government Rs. 366015-0-0 Taluka Sire Rs. 3122537-0-0 Total -Th- l^\2-7^ Mahals of Saranjamdars with Tipu Sultan : Rs. 1194191 -0-0 of Chintamanrao Pandurang (Patwardhan) Rs. 9376-15-0 Pargana Anwal Rs. 12797-15-0 Karyat Ingalhalli Rs. 120453-9-0 Pargana Mulgund Rs. 137045-0-0 Tribute of Kittur Rs. 44913-9-0 Pargana Harihar and Ukadgatre Rs. 41996-10-2 Pargana Tadas 40 Rs. 155598-1-0 Pargana Kundgol Rs. 93699-9-2 Pargana Rayer Hubli Rs. 2779-10-0 Karyat Benkinkate (Bomikate) Rs. 54672-9-0 Kasba Behati Rs. 15496-12-0 Mamie Sardesgat Rs. 207786-14-0 Pargana Lakshmeshwar Rs 122573-15-0 Pargana Bankapur Dodya Rs. 175000-0-0 Tanakha of mahals of Adwani by way of Tribute Rs. 108750 Pargana Kautal Rs. 168750 Pargana Bhanu Rs. 108375 Pargana Revadkunda Rs. 105652-8-0 Pargana Sidnur Rs. 491527-8-0 Against this Basalat Jung (Nizam) used to pay Rs. 175000- 0-0 Tribute to Patwardhans as part of saranjam Rs. 1194191-0-0 Toatal Amout not mentioned of Daultrao Ghorpade Not mentioned Fort Gajendragad Not mentioned Hanamsagar Not mentioned Sammat Devadurg 41 Tribute of Kanalcgiri - Since 1770 Tribute of Gudgonte - Since 1770 Tribute of Kenchangud - since 1770 Tribute of Belagi - Since - 1770 Amount not mentioned of Sankarji Ghorpade Rs. 53452-8-0 Pargana Mudhol (Maloji Ghorpade) Amount not mentioned Pargana Jambgi Pargana Lokapur Pargana Veleshwar Pargana Machnur Rs. 74068-12-0 of Chinto Hari & Abaji Vishwanath Rs. 24000 Pargana Tavargire Rs. 35950 Sarkar Mudgul Rs. 13200 Kardikal Sammat. Rs. 12425 Satimalur Sammat. Rs. 10325 Lingnur Sammat. Rs. 359250 Rs. 14118-12-0 of Taluka Budhakop Pargana Tamalkot Rs. 74068-12-0 Total 42 Rs. 1781500 Of Murarrao Ghorpade (approximate) Rs. 650000 Share of Kadpekar of mahals Rs. 100000 Savandur Pale & villages of Kolhar, Hoskote Rs. 75000 Some tarafs & villages of Kolar. Hoskote Rs. 200000 Madaksire Rs. 300000 The villages coming under Gutti and of Polygars together Rs. 56500 Some Samsthans granted from Government to him (as below) Rs. 45000 Rayadurg Rs. 7000 Nilgad Rs. 3000 Pa\gad Rs. 1500 of Hoskote Rs. 56500 Total 1781500 Total Rs. In addition to above some more Talukas belonging to him were with him Mahals of Peshwa Government and Saranjamdars under the possession of Tipu Sultan Rs. 3122537-0-0 of Government Rs. 1194191 -0-0 of Patwarthan 43 Rs. 53452-8-0 Part of Mudhol of Ghorpade Rs. 74068-12-0 of Chinto Hari & Abaji Vishwanath Rs. 1781500-0-0 Of Murarao Ghorpade Rs. 6225749-4-0 Total The amount of Mahals of Daulatrao Ghorpade and Sankraji Gorpade are not available. In addition to above Samsthan Nargund of Bhave was also occupied by Tipu for some time. Administrative structure of Sarsubha Karnatak: The separate officer was appointed as overall in charge of Sarsubha Karnatak who was styled as Sarsubha or Sarsubhedar. The sarsubha was further divided into Talukas and Parganas. The Taluka consisted of some Parganas and sometimes Karyats and Sammats. The Parganas, Karyats and Sammats consisted of number of villages. The village was last administrative unit. The Karyats and Sammats were small administrative units as compared to Pargana. The Pargana was approximately equal to Tehsil of present day, but Taluka was larger than Pargana. The term Mahal was also frequently used in the records in the sense of Pargana. The following examples will give some idea of the extent of these administrative units.-^ 1. Taluka Dharwad consisted of following Karyats and Sammats in 1816-17. 1) Pargana Dharwad 2) Karyat Devar Hubli 3) Karyat Narendra 4) Karyat Huli 5) Karyat Aminbav (Aminbhavi) 6) Samat Kalghatgi 7) Pargana Mishrikote 8) Village Kabenur. 44 2. Taluka Savnur included following Parganas in 1816-17. 1) Pargana Kagnela 2) Pargana Karadgi 3) Pargana Nidsangi 4) Pargana Kerur Buduruk 5) Pargana Tilwali 6) Pargana Kod 7) Pargana Kerur Khurd 8) Pargana Ratehalli 9) Pargana Kuppelur 10) Pargana Ahirani 11) Peth Haveri 12) Deshgat Havnur 13) Kasba Havasbhavi 14) Pargana Adur, 3. Taluka Nandwadgi Consisted of 42 villages 4. Pargana Bagalkot was comprised of 36 villages. 5. Sammat Harekal consisted of 5 Villages. 6. Sammat Benur consisted of 22 Villages. The Pargana as a administrative unit was introduced under the Tughalaqs in South India and continued by Adilshahi rulers. Mughals and the Marathas.^"* In the beginning the responsibility of Sarsubha Karnatak was entrusted to Ghorpades of Ichalkarnji (relative of Peshwas). who later on proved incapable. The Mamlatdars were in charge of bigger divisions while Kamavisdars under smaller one. After examining the records housed in Pune Archives, especially Karnatak Jamav it is observed that all the Kamavisdars did not have same remuneration and allowance. There was great deal of variation in their payscale. They were Peshwa"s representative in their Parganas and their duties and responsibilities were of most comprehensive in character and covered all aspects of administration. They had to look after the welfare of the cultivator, they had to devise means for improving agriculture, they had to encourage new industries, they had to enquire into dispute of both civil and criminal nature, and appoint a Panchayat for decision. The shibandi of the Pargana was under their control and also police force."^ The concentration of so much power in a single person is likely to make him corrupt. There are some such examples are found in the contemporary recoils. For instance 45 the Kamavisdars Hariram and Yesajiram in collaboration with Deshpande at Karyat Betgire found to be involved in fraudulent case. This fraud was brought to light by Jiwaji Gopal who was auditing the accounts.^^ The set of officers were appointed from the central Government in each Pargana to check the accounts of Kamavisdars and practices of corruption if any. The Jamidars like Desai and Deshpande were used as a check on the mamlatdars and no accounts were passed, unless corroboratd by corresponding accounts from them. Generally the Mazumdar supervised the work of Jamenis, Fadnis and Chitnis. The Daftardar while auditing the accounts submitted by the Kamavisdar had to explain every matter to the Phadnis. From the following two letters addressed to Venkatrao Narayan Ghorpade (incharge of Karnatak) by Peshwa Government in the year 1764-65 one comes to know the duties of the Mazumdar and Daftardar exacth.-^ Ragho Gangadhar was appointed to the office Majmu of the taluka with the forts and troops attached there to. under Venkatrao Narayan (who was in charge of Sarsubha Karnatak at the time), and the following instructions were issued in regard to his duties : a. He should see that the day-book is balanced every day. b. He should authenticate every letter and account prepared by the Phadnis or Chitnis. c. He should see that the Salary registers of sowars and soldiers newly employed is correctly totaled. He should muster every month the sowars and soldiers already in service. d. He should prepare estimates of receipts and expenditure in regard to the portion of the Taluka proposed to be entrusted to a sub-mamlatdar, and the 46 detailed account to be taken from the Mamlatdar, should be received through the Majumdar. e. Change of Mamlatdar should not be made without his knowledge. 2. Vithal Udhav was Daftardar of Dharwad and other Mahals in Karnatak under Venkatrao Narayan. Vithal Udhav complained that all the duties of his office were not entrusted to him. Therefore following instructions were issued to Venkatrao. a. The day-book should be written by the Fadnis and the ledger should be prepared from it by the Daftardar. b. The annual estimates of receipts and expenditure shoud be prepared by the Daftaradar; the detailed accounts Submitted by the Kamavisdars at the end of the year should be examined by him with reference to the records. c. He should inquire into loans advanced and their recoveries; d. He should examine the accounts relating to the sowars entertained from the Mahal; e. He should explain every matter to the Phadnis, and they both to Venkatrao Narayan (who was in charge of Sarsubha Karanatak). The orders to the Subordinates should not be issued by the Fadnis direct but through the Daftardar. During the absence of Fadnis his work should be done by the Daftardar. While securing Kamavis the Mamlatdars / Kamavisdars had to make advance payment to Government. The interest was generally paid by Government on this amount at the rate of varying from 1 to 1 I/2 percent per month. The Mamlatdar was provided with Beheda in the beginning only. It served as a guidance to them while collecting the revenue. The beheda was an estimate of possible income and expenditure of Pargana most carefully drawn up by most experienced officers in the 47 secretariat with minute details. In the initial period the Mamlatdars were generally appointed for short terms and were transferred frequently but in the latter period they succeeded in getting their term of office repeatedly renewed e.g. Raghoram was Kamavishdar of Karyat Betgire (Taluka Dharwad) from 1761-62 to 1771-72.^^ As stated in the beginning the administration of Sarsubha Karnatak was looked after by Sarsubha (Sarsubhedar). The Peshwa Government appointed from time to time the following Sarsubhedars in Karnatak as below:-'' 1. In 1771-72 NaroBabaji 2. In 1790-91 Parashram Ramchandra 3. From 1793-94 to 1797-98 Moro Bapuju Phadke 4. In 1799-1800 again Moro Bapuju Phadke 5. In 1800-1801 Balkrishna Lagu 6. In 1803-04 and 1804-05 Keshavrao Balkrishan Lagu 7. In 1807-08 Anandrao Ramchadra 8. In 1810-11 Parashram Khanderao 9. In 1812-13 Trimbakji Dengle 10. In 1815-16 Balkrishna Bapuji 11. In 1816-17 Dhondo Vishwanath Bapuji Shinde was Subha (Subhedar) of Karnatak. He is mentioned as Subha'*' (Subhedar and not Sarsubha) in various documents e.g. In following documents of 1. In Hutavali Jamakharch Peth Karyat Betgire of the year 1801-02 as ""Subha Rajshree Bapuji Shinde Kille Dharwad" 48 2. In Terij Patrak Jamabandi gaonganna Mahal Karyat Betgire Mamie Torgal of the year 1810-11 as "Subha Rajeshri Bapuji Shinde Taluka Kille Dharwad." 3. In Terij Patrak Jamabandi vasul baki gaonganna Karyat Betgire Mamie Torgal of the year 1815-16 as "'Rajeshree Bapuji Shinde Subhedar Taluka Kille Dharwad." Similarly in the area of Rayer Hubli (New Hubli) Anandrao Ram Chandra was Subhedar in the year 1807-08.^' The following Mamlatdars were incharge of certain Talukas / Parganas as mentionaed below, but during what time they occupied the post is not known: The list is incomplete.^^ 1. Taluka Sholapur Ramchandra Shivaji 2. Pargana Hoongunde. Taluka Mutkavi For artillery and Panshi (Panashe) and Pargana Hiparge 3. Taluka Bagalkot Anandrao Bhikaji Raste 4. Sardeshmukhi Prant Vijapur Mantri 5. Taluka Savnur Bhaskar Sakhadev 6. Pargana Pachhapore and Belgaon Mahipatroa Vishwanath Biniwale 7. Taluka Gadak (Gadag). Deshgat Anandrao Ramchandra Dambal and Bankapur 8. Taluka Navalgund Govind Bhikaji 9. Taluka Kittur Mahadaji Khanderao 10. Taluka Dharwad Trimbakrao Yeshwant Sarsubha Karnatak Moro Bapuji Phadke 12. Taluka Kalanidhi Vasudev Govind 49 13. Pargana Khanapur Parashram Ramchandra There were rare examples of Kamavisdars being from local areas e.g. Putappa Naik Halgeri was Kamavisdar of Pargana Rayer Hubli (New Hubli) in the year 1 SOT- OS. One more example was that of Udapi Narsih of Paragana Dharwad.^^ The number of staff employed in each Mahal / Pargana along with Kamavisdr was not uniform. In small Mahals or relatively less important Mahals the number of staff employed was less.^** In Taluka Solapur (including Paraana Ahirwadi) the strength of the staff was 23 including Mamlatdar. The break-up is as following: 1 No. Mamlatdar for the whole Taluka 1 No. Majamdar for Parganas of Solapur and Ahirwadi 1 No. Phadnis - Pargana Athirwadi 1 No. Potnis. 5 No. Daftardar and Clerks 14Nos. Clerks (Karkuns) In Taluka Bagalkot the number of staff employed was 32 including Mamlatdar. The break-up is as following 1 No. Mamlatdar for the whole Taluka 1 No. Majamdar 1 No. Phadnis 29 Nos. Karkuns (Clerks) 20 for Pargana Baglakot 3 for Pargana Kerur 50 4 for Pargana Badami 2 for Taluka Nandwadgi 32 In old Hubli the number of staff employed was only 8 including Kamavisdar. The break-up is as belwo: 2 Nos. Kamavisdar and Clerk (Karkun) 1 No. Phadnis 1 No. Majamdar 3 Nos. Karkuns (Clerks) employed for supervising the operation of setting and Sowing (Lavani) in different villages. 1 No. Clerk (Karkun) for every t)pe of work 8 Nos. Similary the staff was employed for the administration of Forts and Saranjam (Villages) assigned to them. 2 Nos. One Kamavisdar and Karkun for Fort Vallabhagad and Karyat Solapur (Which was assigned as Saranjam to fort) For the management of the Peth also Kamavisdar and the staff was employed. e.g. Peth Haveri 1 No. Kamavisdar 2 Nos. Phadnis and Potnis 3 Nos. 51 All above information throws light on the administrative system of Sarsubha Kamatak. From above study it can be concluded that the Peshwas had established well regulated administrative system in Sarsubha Karnatak which was functioning efficiently till the first decade of the 19"' century. It is to be noted that polity and economy are closely related to each other. One can not study Economy in isolation. The well being of economic condition of a country or province generally related to political and administrative invirorment. The chief economic aspects are Agriculture. Trade, Industry and Commerce. The attempt has been made to study them in further chapters. 52 Notes 1. Setu Madhavrao Pagadi. Eighteenth Century Deccan, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1985.p.2. Hereafter. Eighteenth Century Deccan. 2. Pune Archives, Peshwa Rojkirda, Rumal No. 46. 3. B. Muddachari, The resistance of Mysore to the Maratha Expansion, Prasaranga. University of Mysore. Mysore. 1970.p.l45. Hereafter. B., Muddachari. The Resistance of Mysore to the Maratha Expansion. 4. R.C. Majumdar. and V.G. Dighe. (eds.). The Maratha Supremacy, vol. VIII, Bharati Vidya Bhavan. Bombay, 1977,p.204. Hereafter. The Maratha Supremacy. 5. Ibid..pp.204-05. 6. Lt. Colonel Mark Wilks. Historical Sketches of the South of India in an attempt to trace History of Mysoor, vol. I. Higgin Botham and Company Publishers, Madras. 1932.p.287. Hereafter. History of Mysoor. 7. Stewart Gordon. The Marathas (1600-1818), The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press, New Delhi. 2005.p.l58. Hereafter. The Marathas (1600-1818). 8. K. B. Marathe. and G. C. Vad. eds.. Selections from the Satara Rajas" and the Peshwas" Diaries, vol. 1 of IV. The Poona Deccan Vernacular Translation Society, Poona, 1908. Document No. 388,p.328. Hereafter, S.S.R.P.Diaries. 9. Ibid. Document No. 387. pp.326-27. 10. R.D. Choksey. Economic History of the Bombay Deccan & Karnatak (1818- 1868) The Oriental Watching Publishing House. Pune. 1943,pp.234-35. Hereafter, The Bombay Deccan & Karnatak (1818-1868). 53 11. K.N. Chitnis, Agrarian Economy in Prant Karnatak During the Eighteenth century. Presidential Address, Section on Socio-Economic History, South Indian History Congress, Tength session, Rajapalayam, January. 10-12. 1990,p.2. 12. Ibid..pp.2-3. 13. Ibid., p.3. 14. Pune Archives, Karnatak Jamav. Rumal No. 989. 15. Pune Archives, Karnatak Jamav, Rumal No. 988. 16. Ibid. 17. Pune Archives. Karnatak Jamav. Rumal Nos. 988 & 992. 18. Pune Archives. Karnatak Jamav. Rumal Nos. 988. 992 & 989. 19. Pune Archi\es. Karnatak Jamav. Rumal No. 988. 20. Pune Archives. Karnatak Jamav. Rumal No. 27. 21. Pune Archives. Karnatak Jamav. Rumal No. 992. 22. Ibid. 23. Pune Archives. Karnatak Jamav. Rumal Nos. 877 & 878. 24. P. J.Marshall, (ed.). The Eighteenth Century in Indian History Evolution or Revolution.. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 2005,pp.240-41. 25. S. N. Sen. Administrative System of the Marathas, K.P. Bagchi & Company. Calcutta. 1976.p.l54. Hereafter. ASM. 26. Pune Archives, Samshodhanasathi Nivadlele Kagad. Rumal No. 54. Hereafter. SNK. 27. S.S.R.P. Diaries, vol. 11 of VII. Document Nos. 522 and 523. pp.125-127. 28. Pune Archives. Karnatak Jamav, Rumal No. 55. 54 29. Pune Archives, Kamatak Jamav, Rumal Nos. 27, 989, 1101 & SSRP. Diraies, vol.111 of VIII, Document No. 849,p.25. 30. Pune Archives, Karnatak Jamav. Rumal No. 54. 31. Pune Archives, Kamatak Jamav, Rumal No. 1101. 32. Pune Archives, Kamatak Jamav, Rumal No. 989. 33. Pune Archives, Karnatak Jamav, Rumal Nos. 1101 & 49. 34. Pune Archives, Kamatak Jamav, Rumal No. 989. 55