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Rhythms of the World Revision Guide

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Rhythms of the World Revision Guide GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE SOME KEY MUSICAL VOCABULARY The following words relate to Rhythms of the World. Give definitions of the following terms: RHYTHM – PULSE – TEMPO – SYNCOPATION – CROSS-RHYTHM – POLYRHYTHM – IMPROVISATION – TRIPLETS – Page 1 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE SOME KEY ITALIAN MUSICAL TERMS REGARDING TEMPO The following Italian terms relate to the Tempo of a piece of music. Give definitions or meanings for of each of the terms adding a picture or drawing to help you remember them. Italian Musical Term Meaning Largo Andante Moderato Allegro Vivace Presto Accelerando Rallentando Ritenuto Allargando Rubato Page 2 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE TIME SIGNATURES Time signatures contain two numbers: The top number indicates The bottom number is a symbol to indicate Describe the following time signatures: What is this symbol and what does it describe? What is this symbol and what does it describe? DOTTED RHYTHMS A dot after a note A dotted crotchet lasts for A dotted quaver lasts for 6/8, 9/8 and 12/8 are examples of COMPOUND TIME. In compound time, each beat is a . Although 6/8 time has six quaver beats in the bar, the beat is divided into . 1 2 3 4 5 6 = 1 2 Page 3 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC Instruments and Timbres Indian classical music ensembles have only a handful of players. Most instruments are played while seated on the floor. Describe the three elements in Indian Classical music mentioning some typical instruments used for each part: Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of this musical instrument and its role within the ensemble. Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of this musical instrument and its role within the ensemble. Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of these musical instruments: Page 4 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of these musical instruments: Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of this musical instrument and its role within the ensemble. Page 5 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE Rhythm and Metre & Repetition and Ostinato Describe how Rhythm and Metre and Repetition and Ostinato feature in Indian Classical Music. What is a TALA? What is characteristic about a TALA? Use the table below to help you describe how TALAS are divided into beats. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 mātrā (beat) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● vibhāg (section) ● ● ● ● ● avartan (cycle) ● ● Identify this popular Indian TALA. How many beats per cycle? How are the beats divided? What do the “X” and “O” symbols mean? Which are the strong and weak beats of the TALA? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 X X O X CHARACTERISTIC RHYTHMS AND METRES OF INDIAN TALAS 1. Ektāl Tala 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X O X O X X 2. Kehrva Tala 1 2 3 4 X O Page 6 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE 3. Jhaptāl Tala 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 X X O X 4. Rūpak Tala 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 O X X 5. Dādrā Tala 1 2 3 4 5 6 X O 6. Dhamār Tala 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 X X O X Pitch and Melody & Harmony and Tonality What system of TONALITY is most Western music based on? How would you describe the pattern of intervals between the notes? What system of TONALITY is Indian Classical music based on? How would you describe this? How are they used? What characteristic features do these have? Page 7 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE What is name of the musical notation which Indian musicians use for writing down their music in notated form? What are the names of the scale in Indian Classical Music? Texture There are THREE BASIC LAYERS to the texture of Indian Classical Music: Identify these below and suggest musical instruments that could perform each of the textural layers: How would you describe the texture at the opening part of a RAGA PERFORMANCE? What happens to the texture in the final section of a RAGA PERFORMANCE? Ornamentation How do Indian Classical musicians ornament or decorate their melodic and rhythmic parts? Dynamics How do the dynamics change throughout a typical RAGA PERFORMANCE? Tempo How does the tempo change throughout a typical RAGA PERFORMANCE? Page 8 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE Structure and Phrasing The length of a piece of Indian classical music is not worked out beforehand. Some concerts are very long and all night concerts are popular in India. The FORM AND STRUCTURE of a RAGA PERFORMANCE is made up of four sections (there are no gaps or breaks between the different sections) and performed in the following order: Describe some key musical features which occur in different sections of a RAGA PERFORMANCE below. Section Musical Features ALAP JHOR (or JOR) JHALA GAT (or BANDISH if a song) Page 9 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE The word for music in India is SANGITA which as well as music, also means dancing and drama. Indian classical music has a history that can be traced back over 3000 years (to roughly 1700 BC) and developed in temples and royal palaces. Indian musicians learned to play RAGA (patterns of notes) and TALAS (rhythm patterns) by imitating and memorising. The music is passed on from teacher to student by . Students belong to an extended family of musicians learning from a particular master. This is known as the . Spirituality is an important part of almost all Indian classical music and it is almost always related to the Hindu religion. In Southern India, there is a long tradition where a RAGA is set to words in praise of a particular Hindu deity. Indian classical music has since developed a strong tradition that is still prominent today. The impact of modern technology on traditional music from globalisation includes Indian classical music being heard by more people around the world. Internet technology such as YouTube® and other archived music sites allow people to hear Indian classical music as well as at the cinema, on the radio or at live concerts of Indian classical music held in different places in the world. RAGA PERFORMANCES which often traditionally lasted several hours have had to be confined to a traditional “concert length”. Traditional Indian musical instruments, such as the TABLA are often heard in jazz, pop and rock music (either live or “sampled”) and the SITAR is often used in popular music. Indian classical music is also mixed with music from a different culture (or in a more popular style) producing FUSION music. The ways in which performers work together is important in Indian classical music. Ensemble musicians must work together in order to interpret the music and perform effectively as one. They have to listen carefully to each other to make sure they: (list some ways in which musicians in an Indian Classical Music ensemble have to work together) For an ensemble, it is usually essential to have may group rehearsals to discuss the interpretation of the music and to rehearse the pieces until they flow easily, with all parts acting together as one. After sorting out the “basics”, it is important to spend time on all the subtle details such as: (list some ways in which musicians in an Indian Classical Music ensemble have to work together to discuss the interpretation of a piece of music before performance) Page 10 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE Identify and briefly describe the following famous performers of Indian Classical Music. Page 11 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE PUNJABI BHANGRA Instruments and Timbres What instrument is used to provide the main rhythm? What instrument adds decorative more complex rhythms? What other “traditional” instruments are used in Punjabi Bhangra? What electronic instruments are often combined with “traditional” ones in Punjabi Bhangra? How has music technology been used in Punjabi Bhangra? Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of this musical instrument and its role within the ensemble. Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of this musical instrument and its role within the ensemble. Page 12 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE Identify and describe the sound production and playing methods of these musical instruments: Rhythm and Metre & Repetition and Ostinato What metre/time signature is most Bhangra music written in? What is the name of the rhythm which Bhangra music is based on? What does it consist of? How is the rhythm performed/heard? Describe how the rhythm shown below is performed on the DHOL drum and which beats shouts of “Hoi!” are often heard on. Tempo How would you describe the tempo of Bhangra music? Dynamics, Expression and Articulation How would you describe the dynamics of Bhangra music? Which beat of the bar commonly has a strong accent? Harmony and Tonality How would you describe the harmony of Bhangra music? How are chords used? Texture How would you describe the texture of Bhangra music? Page 13 of 40 © WWW.MUS ICALCONTEXTS.CO.UK GCSE MUSIC – RHYTHMS OF THE WORLD REVISION GUIDE Pitch and Melody Describe a typical Bhangra vocalist/singer.
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