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United States Patent [19] [111 4,149,521 Miller Et Al United States Patent [19] [111 4,149,521 Miller et al. [45] Apr. 17, 1979 [54] SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION SYSTEM 3,972,600 8/1976 3,973,748 8/1976 [76] Inventors: James C. Fletcher, Administrator of 3,985,116 10/1976 the National Aeronautics and Space 3,994,435 1 VI976 Barr ............... Administration with respect to an 4,010,614 3/1977 ..................... 126/270 invention of Charles G. Miller, 4,O 10,732 3/1977 Pasadena; James B. Stephens, La 4,033,324 7/1977 Crescenta, both of Calif. 4,040,410 8/1977 Libowitz .............................. 126/270 [21] Appl. No.: 762,362 Primary Examiner-James Yeung Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Monte F. Mott; John R. [22] Filed: Jan. 25, 1977 Manning; Wilfred Grifka Related US. Application Data [571 ABSTRACT [62] Division of Ser. No. 598,969, Jut. 24, 1975, Pat. No. A fixed, linear, ground-based primary reflector having 4,065,053. an extended curved sawtooth-contoured surface cov- ered with a metalized polymeric reflecting material, 1511 Int. C1.z ................................................. F24J 3/02 reflects solar energy to a movably supported collector [52] U.S. C1. ................................... 126/271; 237/1 A; that is kept at the concentrated line focus of the reflec- 350/288; 350/299; 126/400 tor primary. The primary reflector may be constructed [58] Field of Search ....................... 126/270, 271, 400; 237/1 A, 65; 350/288, 293, 294, 295,299, 310, by a process utilizing well-known freeway paving ma- 320, 199; 248/278,281, 284 chinery. The solar energy absorber is preferably a fluid- transporting pipe. Efficient utilization leading to high ~561 References Cited temperatures from the reflected solar energy is obtained U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS by cylindrical shaped secondary reflectors that direct off-angle energy to the absorber pipe. To obtain higher 1,047,554 12/1912 Nichols ................................ 126/271 1,271,800 7/1918 Sutton ....... ...... 126/270 X temperature levels, refocusing secondary reflectors, 1,661,473 3/1928 Goddard et that cause a series of discrete spots of highly concen- 2,960,272 11/1960 Saunders ................................ 237/65 trated solar energy to fall on the fluid-transporting pipe, 3,118,437 1/1964 Hunt .......... are utilized. A seriatim arrangement of cylindrical sec- 3,134,906 5/1964 Henker ...... ondary reflector stages and spot-forming reflector 3,229,682 VI966 Perlmutter et al. .................. 126/270 stages produces a high temperature solar energy collec- 3,243,l 17 3/1966 Morgan ................ 3,868,823 3/1975 Russell, Jr. et al. tion system of greater efficiency. 3,869,199 3/1975 Cummings ....... 3,957,029 5/1976 Nozik ......... .............. 126/271 37 Claims, 28 Drawing Figures 237 Sheet 1 of 13 4,149,521 U.S. Patent Apr. 17,1979 Sheet 2 of 13 4,149,521 ,’JI Af” e Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 3 of 13 4,149,52 1 U.S. Patent Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 4 of 13 4,149,521 Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 5 of 13 4,14932 1 U.S. Patent Apr. 17,1979 Sheet 6 of 13 4,149,521 knfl Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 7 of 13 4,14932 1 U.S. Patent Apr. 17,1979 Sheet 8 of 13 4,149,521 atent Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 9 of 13 4,149,521 U.S. Patent Apr. 17,1979 Sheet 10 of 13 4,149,521 I I I I I Wd 5.9 I I I I I I;L -- 1 knt Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 11 of 13 4,149,521 U.S. Patent Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 12 of 13 4,149,521 m.4 atent Apr. 17, 1979 Sheet 13 of 13 4,149,521 - h t P% 4,149,521 1 A 2 Yet another object of this invention is to provide SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION SYSTEM secondary reflectors that substantially increase absorp- tion of visible light and reduce emission of heat rays ORIGIN OF THE INVENTION from the collector. The invention described herein was made in the per- 5 Still a further object of this invention is to provide a formance of work under a NASA contract and is sub- large-scale solar power system that is sufficiently effi- ject to the provisions of Sections 305 of the National cient and cost effective to be competitively attractive. Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, Public Law 85-568 These objects and the general purpose of this inven- (72 Stat. 435; 42 U.S.C. 2457). tion are accomplished in the following manner. A large 10 CROSSREFERENCETORELATED fixed primary reflector is constructed at ground level by APPLICATIONS slip-forming in concrete or stabilized dirt a trough with a segmented one-dimensional circular cross-section This application is a division of application Ser. No. profile. This profile is covered with an inexpensive 598,969 filed July 24,1975, for "Low Cost Solar Energy light-reflective material. The axis of the primary reflec- Collection System", now U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,053. 15 tor is optimally aligned with respect to the sun path in BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION the area. A heat-absorbing structure is movably sup- ported above the primary reflector. The support mech- The present invention relates generally to improve- anism transversely shifts the heat-absorbing structure to ments in solar energy collection systems and more par- track the changing position of the sun's image diurnally ticularly pertains to new and improved sun-tracking 20 and seasonally, keeping the structure at the changing solar energy collection systems that are capable of pro- line focus of the primary reflector. The heat-absorbing ducing high solar energy concentration ratios. structure carries secondary reflectors that either direct The overriding problem confronting developers of off-angle solar energy to the structure or refocus the solar energy power systems has been the problem of line focus of the primary reflector into discrete spots of producing the required high temperatures at a cost that 25 intense solar energy. These secondary reflectors are would make the utilization of solar power competi- constructed so as to maximize absorption and minimize tively attractive. Presently, systems capable of produc- heat emission from the heat-absolrbing structure. Build- ing the required high temperatures directly from solar energy utilize tracking devices with large moving pri- ing the solar energy collection system in stages, each mary reflectors. Accurate tracking devices, however, 30 stage designed for optimum efficiency within a certain are expensive to construct and costly to maintain if they temperature range, provides a more efficient and cost- are to track under conditions of weather extremes and effective overall system. varying high wind forces. The cost of producing large BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS tracking reflectors and the costs of an associated track- ing mechanism sturdy enough to withstand expected 35 Other objects and many of the attendant advantages wind forces make a solar energy heat generating plant of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same that can provide sufficient power to produce electricity becomes better understood by reference to the follow- in the multi-megawatt range an uneconomical prospect. ing detailed description when considered in conjunction Solar energy collection systems that are to be used with the accompanying drawings in which like-refer- for producing superheated steam for use by steam- 40 ence numerals designate like parts throughout the fig- driven generator equipment for generating electric ures thereof and wherein: power must be capable of transforming solar energy FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a staged solar energy into thermal energy in the range of looo" F. or higher. collection system; The prior art systems capable of such heat generation FIG. 2 is a perspective, partial section, illustrating a involve tracking concentrators such as three-dimen- 45 solar energy collection system according to the present sional paraboloidal dishes which can be precisely invention; steered in both altitude and azimuth to follow the sun's FIG. 3 is a perspective, partial section, illustrating a movement. In order to generate temperatures in the solar energy collection system according to the present range of looo" F. in sufficient quantity for use as energy invention; for the generation of electrical power, literally thou- 50 FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration, useful in ex- sands of 20-foot diameter, three-dimensional parabolic plaining the principle of the large-scale primary reflec- dishes must be utilized. The cost of producing large tor of the present invention; numbers of such optically finished compound curve FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic illustration, useful in ex- reflecting surfaces that are sturdy enough to hold their plaining the desired structure of the large-scale primary figure when tilted and turned in the wind is prohibitive. 55 reflector of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic illustration of the daily and OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE seasonal adjustments required by the collector system INVENTION of the present invention; An object of this invention is to provide an inexpen- FIG. 7 is a partial perspective illustration of a type of sive, high temperature solar energy collection system. 60 laterally movable collector system and a cross section Another object of this invention is to provide a track- of the large-scale reflector of the present invention; ing solar energy collection system utilizing a fixed, FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration of one type of linear, ground-based primary reflector and a movable laterally movable supporting structure for the collec- supported collector. tors of the present invention; A further object of this invention is to provide sec- 65 FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of the operation of ondary reflectors for refocusing the solar energy re- the laterally movable supporting structure of FIG.
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