Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Gerben Bruinsma David Weisburd Editors

With 311 Figures and 150 Tables Editors Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) Amsterdam, The Netherlands

VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands

David Weisburd Department of Criminology, Law and Society George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA

Faculty of Law The Hebrew University Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

ISBN 978-1-4614-5689-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-5690-2 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4614-5691-9 (Print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946647

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

Introduction

When we began our effort to outline and organize the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice with our distinguished Associate Editors, we set before ourselves a major task that would be different from that of most other encyclopedias that are produced today in various fields. We looked back in history to find our task. We sought to define the parameters of the discipline of criminology and criminal justice, in the spirit of the encyclopedias first developed in the 18th century. This Encyclopedia would not be a dictionary of the field, but a cutting edge statement of knowledge in the field at this time. Crime and criminal justice are major dynamic issues in contemporary societies. Every society is confronted with variations in crime rates and has to deal with large groups of crime places, offenders, and victims. Crimes appear in changing images in everyday life and criminal justice agencies have to find solutions for these societal phenomena. This means that the science of criminology is important not just for scientists and scholars who want to develop basic knowledge and understand the causes of crime, but also to policy makers and practitioners. Criminology as a discipline spans both basic and applied research questions, and criminology has been enriched by its ability to both provide scientific knowledge to practice and to raise critical questions about the basic principles and effects of policy and practice. There is an international community of active producers of criminological knowledge in every continent at universities, research institutes, and governmental offices. The globalization of criminological knowledge has increased the dissemination of criminological research and theory to all parts of the world. This Encyclopedia seeks to summarize that broad array of knowledge. Undergraduate and graduate students in criminology and criminal justice are taught using general text books with brief sections on relevant topics. Further information is explored on the Internet, using Wikipedia texts for additional knowledge or for writing papers. These texts have not been reviewed by scholars in the field. The print and online versions of this Encyclopedia give students, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners direct access to a reliable body of knowledge on topics that have been written by experts in the discipline. Indeed, in this Encyclopedia it is often the originators of theories, practices, or methods that are writing the entries. These entries will give students and scholars efficient and solid insights into the knowledge they need for their courses.

v vi Preface

Goals

This Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice presents the current state of knowledge of this discipline. Like science in general, criminology expanded during the last two centuries, starting with the first geographic studies on the distribution of crime rates until new neurological knowledge of offenders and innovative forensic techniques to detect perpetrators, and to evidence-based treatment programs for serious or frequent offenders or local governmental to private interventions in crime situations. We needed ten volumes with 579 entries to display today’s criminology and criminal justice knowledge base. It represents our efforts to provide the reader with current state-of-the-art knowledge in criminology and criminal justice. The aim of the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice is to supply a comprehensive reference tool for the field of criminology and criminal justice that is both cutting edge and of very high scientific quality. This ten volume work provides a complete and systematic coverage of this growing field that is unprecedented, as it is truly international and includes fields related to criminology, such as police science, forensics, and certain areas of psychology. Each entry offers an extended description of the topic, relevant literature, current base of knowledge, and ideas about what needs to be studied in the future. The on-line version will be updated continuously after the first publication serving millions of students, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners of all continents.

Defining the Discipline

The goal of this Encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work for the field of criminology and criminal justice. We worked hard, meeting mul- tiple times with our Associate Editors, to identify what the critical areas were, and what research existed that we could include in the Encyclopedia. The Encyclopedia in this sense "defines the field" through its choice of organization and entries. We aimed at identifying emerging ideas and trends, so that the work will be timely at publication and afterwards. This Encyclopedia covers the field broadly, and internationally, and attempts to be up to date as to recent developments in research and practice in the field. This Encyclopedia is not a dictionary, nor a kind of Wikipedia without any quality assessment, and aims at comprehensive and cutting edge knowledge that defines the contours of the field of criminology and criminal justice. That is why we included the fast developing new fields of forensics, psychology of law, and investigative psychology. The ten volumes cover the following broad fields of criminology and criminal justice (listed with the Associate Editors responsible): Corrections and Criminal Justice Supervision in the Community (Doris MacKenzie) Courts, Sentencing, and the Judicial System (Leslie Sebba) Police and Law Enforcement (Stephen Mastrofski) Crimes, Criminals, and Victims (Alex Piquero) Preface vii

Crime Places and Situations (Cynthia Lum) Explanations for Criminal Behavior (Sally Simpson) History of Criminology (all Associate Editors and Editors-in-Chief) Data, Methods, and Statistics (Arjan Blokland and Dan Nagin) Social Interventions and Prevention (Gwladys Gillie´ron & Martin Killias) Forensics and Forensic Science Investigative Psychology (Peter Neyroud) Psychology of Law (Karen Amendola) Every section defines a number of areas of research (a total of 111), and consequently a number of relevant topics or articles that are included as entries (579). The entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry provides an overview of what is covered, followed by a short list of suggested readings and references. All entries have been reviewed, first by the Area Editors, then by the Associate Editors, and finally by the Editors-in-Chief. Not all of the articles submitted could be accepted into the Encyclopedia, as is the case with other academic work that is reviewed. We very much appreciate the efforts of all of our authors, who have truly produced an important work in criminology and criminal justice.

Acknowledgements

As the reader can imagine, this ten volume Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice is a work that involves the collaborative efforts of many people. In the 18th century, Dennis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert published between 1751 and 1772 the first encyclopedia on science with the assistance of hundreds of scholars. It consisted of 28 volumes with 60,000 articles on all imaginable topics of the natural sciences. The editors themselves contributed 6,000 articles. This Encyclopedia is also a joint effort of many people. When David Weisburd was approached by Springer, he invited Gerben Bruinsma to join him as Editor-in-Chief. We contributed equally to the Encyclopedia, explaining the alphabetical order of our names. We had the magnificent support of a group of 12 Associate Editors, all renowned experts in their fields. They organized their section by defining the areas of research and used their extended professional network to contact the 111 Area Editors. We owe them very much for their efforts: Karen Amendola (Police Founda- tion), Arjan Blokland (NSCR), Gwladys Gillie´ron (Distance Learning Uni- versity Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland), Martin Killias (KRC Killias Research & Consulting SA), Cynthia Lum (George Mason University), Doris MacKenzie (Penn State University), Stephen Mastrofski (George Mason University), Daniel Nagin (Carnegie Mellon University), Peter Neyroud (Cambridge University), Alex Piquero (The University of Texas at Dallas), Leslie Sebba (The Hebrew University), and Sally Simpson (University of Maryland). We also would like to thank the 111 Area Editors who selected the authors and reviewed the papers in their areas. Their names are listed separately in this Encyclopedia. Lastly, we are grateful to all our authors who contributed with scholarly entries to the Encyclopedia. It is their viii Preface collective effort and expertise that has made the publication of Springer’s Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice a successful enterprise. A special word of gratitude is for the staff of the publisher, Springer. Many people have contributed to the Encyclopedia from its inception through its production. We thank them all for their wonderful work. But some Springer staff deserve special mention. Welmoed Spahr, Executive Editor, Social and Behavioral Sciences, and Katie Chabalko, Criminology Editor, supported us from the beginning to the end of the project often going much beyond their obligations to ensure the academic quality of the work. Without Saskia Ellis, the project manager, this project would never have been finished, or at least would not have come out in a timely manner. She was a power house in moving the Encyclopedia along, and worked closely with us in bringing this major project to completion. To the literally hundreds of people who worked on this project we thank you all, and hope that you are very pleased with the scope and quality of Springer’s Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice.

May 2013 Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) & VU University Amsterdam (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

David Weisburd Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University (Fairfax, VA, USA) & Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University (Jerusalem, Israel) Editors-in-Chief

Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Professor Dr. Gerben Bruinsma is, since 1999, director of the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) in Amsterdam, a national research institute of the National Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). He is also, since 2009, professor of environmental criminology at VU University Amsterdam. In the past he has held positions as professor of criminology at Twente University and Leiden University. He studied sociology and criminology at Utrecht University and finished his doctoral dissertation Crime as a Social Process: A Test of the Differential Association Theory in the Version of K-D- Opp at the Radboud University Nijmegen. In the 1990s he co-founded the International Police Institute at Twente University. He was president of the Dutch Society of Criminology and one of the founding fathers of the European Society of Criminology, editor or editorial board member of various journals, and has held a great number of advisory and board positions in the field of police and criminal justice. In 2009, he received the Freda Adler Distinguished Interna- tional Scholar Award of the Division of International Criminology of the American Society of Criminology (ASC). He has researched and published on juvenile delinquency, organised crime, spatial distributions of crime, police theory, and methodological issues. He has published more than 100 articles, 30 books, and 60 book chapters. His current interests are geographical, theoretical, and historical criminology.

ix x Editors-in-Chief

David Weisburd Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

David Weisburd is Distinguished Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at George Mason University (and Director of its Center for Evidence Based Crime Policy) and Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice at The Hebrew University, Faculty of Law in Jerusalem. He also serves as Senior Fellow at the Police Foundation in Washington, DC and is Chair of its Research Advisory Committee. Professor Weisburd is an elected Fellow of the American Society of Criminology and of the Academy of Experimental Criminology. He is a member of the Science Advisory Board of the Ofﬁce of Justice Programs (USA), the Steering Committee of the Campbell Crime and Justice Group, the Harvard Executive Session in Policing, and the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences, USA). Professor Weisburd is one of the leading international researchers in crime and justice. He is author or editor of more than 20 books and more than 100 scientiﬁc articles that cover a wide range of criminal justice research topics, including crime at place, violent crime, white collar crime, policing, illicit markets, criminal justice statistics, and social deviance. Professor Weisburd is editor of the Journal of Experimental Crim- inology and sits on many journal editorial boards, including Evaluation Review, the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, and the Journal of Quantitative Criminology. He is the 2008 recipient of the Joan McCord Award from the Academy of Experimental Criminology, the 2010 recipient of the Stockholm Prize in Criminology, and the 2011 recipient of the Klachky Prize for the Advancement of the Frontiers of Science. In 2011, he was chosen by a committee of the Israeli Academy of the Sciences and Humanities as a recipient of the Minister’s Prize for Outstanding Immigrant Scientists. Associate Editors

Karen L. Amendola Police Foundation, Washington, DC, USA Subject Area: Psychology of Law

Arjan A. J. Blokland Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Subject Area: Data, Methods, and Statistics

Gwladys Gillie´ron Distance Learning University Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland Subject Area: Social Interventions and Prevention

Martin Killias KRC Killias Research & Consulting SA, Lenzburg, Switzerland Subject Area: Social Interventions and Prevention

Cynthia Lum Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Crime Places and Situations

Doris L. MacKenzie The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Subject Area: Corrections and Criminal Justice Supervision in the Community

Stephen D. Mastrofski George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA Subject Area: Police and Law Enforcement

Daniel S. Nagin Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Subject Area: Data, Methods and Statistics

Peter Neyroud University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Subject Area: Forensic and Investigative Psychology

Alex R. Piquero Department of Criminology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Subject Area: Crimes, Criminals and Victims

Leslie Sebba Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel Subject Area: Courts, Sentencing and the Judicial System

Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: Explanations for Criminal Behavior

Area Editors

Michael G. Aamodt DCI Consulting Group, Inc., Washington, DC, USA Subject Area: Psychology and Policing

Robert Agnew Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Subject Area: Strain Theories

Mimi Ajzenstadt Rothberg International School, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel Subject Area: Archival and Historical Methods

Karen L. Amendola Police Foundation, Washington, DC, USA Subject Area: Detection of Deception

Martin A. Andresen School of Criminology, Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Subject Area: Predictive Models and Geographic Proﬁling

Robert Apel School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Subject Area: Quasi-experimental Methods

Gaylene S. Armstrong College of Criminal Justice, Correctional Management Institute of Texas Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Subject Area: Prisons and Jails Including Correctional Management

Nachman Ben-Yehuda Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel Subject Area: Labeling Theories

Michael L. Benson School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Subject Area: White Collar

Catrien Bijleveld Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, NSCR, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Subject Area: Multivariate Analyses

xiii xiv Area Editors

Ingrid A. Binswanger Division of General Internal Medicine and Division of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA Subject Area: Health and Corrections/Medical Issues

Daniel Birks ARC Center of Excellence in Policing and Security, CEPS, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia Subject Area: Simulation Models

Donna M. Bishop School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Subject Area: Juvenile Crime

Erhard Blankenburg Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Law, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Subject Area: Legal Change, Regulation, and Compliance

Kate J. Bowers Department of Security and Crime Science, Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Subject Area: Crime Specialization and Concentrations

Robert Brame Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Univer- sity of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Subject Area: Criminal Careers and Selection Models

Marjie Britz College of Business and Behavioural Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA Subject Area: New Horizons for Forensics

Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Subject Area: Organized Crime

Catherine Burton Department of Criminal Justice, The Citadel, Charleston, SC, USA Subject Area: New Horizons for Forensics

Julia L. Carrano School of Public Affairs, American University, Washington, DC, USA Subject Area: Wrongful Convictions

Janet Chan Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Subject Area: Technology and Policing

Steven M. Chermak School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA National Consortium for the Studies of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) Subject Area: Media Area Editors xv

Heith Copes University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Subject Area: Property Crime

Gary Cordner Department of Criminal Justice, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA, USA Subject Area: Specialized Police Functions

Robert D. Crutchﬁeld University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Subject Area: Disorganization

Michael R. Davis Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Subject Area: Forensic Psychology

Matthew DeMichelle Justice Center for Research, Department of Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Subject Area: Comparative Corrections

James M. Doyle Independent Researcher, Carney & Bassil, Boston, MA, USA Subject Area: History of Psychology and Law

Frieder Dunkel€ Faculty of Law, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Subject Area: Alternative/Community Sanctions

Laura Dugan Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: History of Methods and Statistics

Jennifer Dysart Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA Subject Area: Eyewitnesses

Henk Elffers Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Subject Area: Simulation Models

Lee Ellis Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysia Subject Area: Biosocial Theoretical

Robin Engel School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Subject Area: Police Discretion and its Control

Horst Entorf Department of Economics and Business Administration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Subject Area: General Deterrence & General Prevention

David P. Farrington Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Subject Area: Psychological Theories xvi Area Editors

James O. Finckenauer School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Subject Area: Comparative Deﬁnitions

James Frank School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Subject Area: Criminal Investigations

David O. Friedrichs Department of Sociology/Criminal Justice, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA Subject Area: Political-State Crime

Lior Gideon Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA Subject Area: History of Corrections and Punishment

Charlotte E. Gill Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Probation and Parole

Denise C. Gottfredson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: School-based Prevention

Jack R. Greene School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Subject Area: Police Management and Leadership

Matthew Hall School of Law, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK Subject Area: Victims in Criminal Procedure

Roger A. Hanson National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Subject Area: Culture and Organisation of the Courts

Nathan Harris Regulatory Institutions Network, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia Subject Area: Shaming, Deﬁance, Procedural Justice

Badi Hasisi Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Univer- sity, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel Subject Area: Policing Terrorism and Homeland Security

Julie Hibdon Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA Subject Area: Geographic Study of Crime

Joshua C. Hinkle Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Subject Area: Social and Physical Disorder

Tony Hoskin Criminology Program, The University of Texas of the Perm- ian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA Subject Area: Biosocial Theoretical Area Editors xvii

Shane D. Johnson Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Subject Area: Crime Specialization and Concentrations

Gerry Johnstone Law School, University of Hull, Hull, UK Subject Area: Restorative Justice

Darrick Jolliffe School of Law, University of Greenwich, London, UK Subject Area: Early Prevention and Interventions in Families

Martin Killias KRC Killias Research & Consulting SA, Lenzburg, Switzerland Subject Area: Evidence Based Policy

David Klinger Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Subject Area: Police Organization and Culture

Christopher S. Koper Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Police Strategies and Practices

Marvin Krohn Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Subject Area: Self-control Theories

Candace Kruttschnitt Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Subject Area: Feminist Theories

Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State Univer- sity, East Lansing, MI, USA Subject Area: Police Abuse of Authority

Gary LaFree National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: Terrorism

Tapio Lappi-Seppal€ a€ National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Helsinki, Finland Subject Area: Incapacitation

Brian Lawton Criminology, Law and Society, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Criminology of Crime Places/History and Context of Crime and Speciﬁc Crimes, Speciﬁc Places

Michael Levi Centre for Crime, Law and Justice at Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK Subject Area: Explanations for White-collar and Corporate Crime xviii Area Editors

Rolf Loeber Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Subject Area: Longitudinal Designs

Cynthia Lum Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Units of Analysis

Patrick Lussier Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Subject Area: Sex Offenders

Ineke Haen Marshall Department of Sociology & Anthropology and School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Subject Area: Self-report Methodology

Matt Matravers Morrell Centre for Toleration, University of York, York, UK Subject Area: Sentencing Philosophy

Rob I. Mawby University of South Wales, Newport, South Wales, UK Department of Natural Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK Subject Area: Comparative and International Policing

Lorraine Mazerolle The Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia Subject Area: Third Party Policing

Paul Mazerolle Arts, Education, and Law, Grifﬁth University, Grifﬁth, QLD, Australia Subject Area: Specialization

Jean McGloin Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: Co-offending

Tracey L. Meares Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Subject Area: Law and the Police

Guus Meershoek Department of Management and Governance, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands Police Academy, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands Subject Area: Police History

Robert Meier School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA Subject Area: Moral Crimes

Ruth M. Morgan Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Subject Area: Identiﬁcation Area Editors xix

Daniel S. Nagin Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Subject Area: Systematic Observation and Visual Representation

Roger B. Parks Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA Subject Area: Police Performance

Stephan Parmentier Leuven Institute of Criminology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Subject Area: International Criminal Justice

Raymond Paternoster Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: Rational Choice/Deterrance and Developmental Statistical Methods

Ken Pease Jill Dando Institute, University College London, London, UK Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK Subject Area: History of Social Interventions and Prevention

Anthony Petrosino Learning Innovations, WestEd, Woburn, MA, USA Subject Area: Experimental Methods

Alex R. Piquero Department of Criminology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Subject Area: Violence

Paul Ponsaers Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Subject Area: Police and Community

Paul Roberts School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Subject Area: Forensics and the Criminal Trial Process

Dennis Rosenbaum Department of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Subject Area: Police Legitimacy

Dawn L. Rothe Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Domin- ion University, Norfolk, VA, USA Subject Area: Political-state Crime

David B. Rottman National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Subject Area: Alternative Courts and Procedures

Wenona Rymond-Richmond Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA Subject Area: Violations Human Rights

Martin D. Schwartz George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA Subject Area: Critical Criminology xx Area Editors

Leslie Sebba Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel Subject Area: Sentencing and the Judicial System - Miscellaneous topics

Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Subject Area: Social Learning and History of Criminological Theory and Routine Activity Theory

Alette Smeulers Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands Subject Area: International Criminal Justice

Nigel South Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK Subject Area: Environmental-green

Cyrus Tata Law School, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Subject Area: Sentencing Processes

Faye S. Taxman Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Rehabilitation, Recidivism, and “What Works” and Health and Corrections/Medical Issues

Terrance J. Taylor Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Subject Area: Juvenile Gangs

William J. Tilstone Centre for Forensic Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Subject Area: History and Evolution and Forensic Science

George Tita Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Subject Area: Network Analysis

Michael Townsley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Subject Area: Geographical Information System and Spatial Statistics

Andromachi Tseloni School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent Univer- sity, Nottingham, UK Subject Area: Victimization

Jan J. Van Dijk Human Security and Safety International Victimology Institute, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands Subject Area: Victimization Survey

Vere M. van Koppen VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Neth- erlands Subject Area: Organized Crime Area Editors xxi

Antoinette Verhage Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent Univer- sity, Ghent, Belgium Subject Area: Police and Community

David Weisburd Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel Subject Area: Experimental Methods

Celine Weyermann Institut de Police Scientiﬁque (IPS), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Subject Area: Scientiﬁc Quality and Forensic Science

Per-Olof H. Wikstro¨m Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Subject Area: Developmental Theories

James J. Willis Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Political Systems and Policing

David B. Wilson Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Subject Area: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses

Richard Wortley Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Subject Area: Situational Crime Prevention

Sue-Ming Yang Department of Criminology, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan Subject Area: Criminal Careers of Places

Contributors

Michael G. Aamodt DCI Consulting Group, Inc., Washington, DC, USA Howard Abadinsky St. John’s University, New York, USA Lynn A. Addington Department of Justice, Law, and Society, American University, Washington, DC, USA Marcelo F. Aebi School of Criminal Sciences, Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Robert Agnew Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Gracie Aguilar Spring, TX, USA Cyrus Ahalt Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Melissa Alexander US District Court, North Carolina Middle Probation Ofﬁce, USA Tracy Alexander Cold Case Investigation, LGC Forensics, Abingdon, UK Laurence Alison University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Rob Allen Justice and Prisons Tim Allen Department International development, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK Paul Almond School of Law, University of Reading, UK Anna Alvazzi del Frate Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland Kai Ambos Department of Foreign and International Criminal Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Justice, Georg-August-Universit€at Go¨ttingen, Go¨ttingen, Germany Karen L. Amendola Police Foundation, Washington, DC, USA Gail S. Anderson School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Martin A. Andresen School of Criminology, Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

xxiii xxiv Contributors

Donald L. Anthony Program in Community Research and Action, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

Robert Apel School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA

Carol A. Archbold Department of Criminal Justice and Political Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

Fabio Arcila Jr. Touro Law Center, Central Islip, NY, USA

Barak Ariel Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Shawn Armbrust Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project, American University, Washington, DC, USA

Rachel Armitage Applied Criminology Centre, University of Huddersﬁeld, Huddersﬁeld, UK

Gaylene S. Armstrong College of Criminal Justice, Correctional Manage- ment Institute of Texas, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Louise Aronson Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Bruce A. Arrigo Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Univer- sity of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Cassandra A. Atkin-Plunk Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Leena Augimeri Centre for Children Commiting Offenses, Child Develop- ment Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Barbara A. Babb Center for Families, Children and the Courts, University of Baltimore School of Law, Baltimore, MD, USA Tom Barker Department of Criminal Justice, College of Justice and Safety, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA Stephen W. Baron Department of Sociology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada Kelle Barrick RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA David G. Barrie Discipline Group of History, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia Jennifer L. Beaudry Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia Eric Beauregard School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada Contributors xxv

Kevin M. Beaver School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Ryan Bell Australian Centre for Arson Research and Treatment, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia Roberta Belli UNDSS Somalia SIOC, Springette, Spring Valley, Nairobi, Kenya Jyoti Belur University College London, London, UK Craig Bennell Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Christopher Bennett Department of Philosophy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Jessica Bennett JB National Investigations, Fairmont, WV, USA Sarah Bennett Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security (ARC), Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Michael L. Benson School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Richard A. Berk Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Giulia Berlusconi Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and Transcrime, Milan, Italy Wim Bernasco Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Spatial Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Joń Gunnar Bernburg Faculty of the Social and Human Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavı´k, Iceland Heather Y. Bersot Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Alex Biedermann School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Forensic Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Ingrid A. Binswanger Division of General Internal Medicine and Division of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA Ivan Birch The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA xxvi Contributors

Daniel Birks ARC Center of Excellence in Policing and Security, CEPS, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia Donna M. Bishop School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeast- ern University, Boston, MA, USA Beth Bjerregaard Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Marc Le Blanc School of Criminology and School of Psychoeducation, Universite´ de Montreál and Boscoville 2000, Montreal, QC, Canada Emmanuel Blanchard Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Peńales (CESDIP), Universite´ de Versailles, Guyancourt, France Stephen Bleay Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Home Office Science, Sandridge, Hertfordshire, UK Marieke Bloembergen KITLV, Leiden, The Netherlands Arjan A. J. Blokland Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands The Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ulf Bo¨ckenholt Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Dankmar Bo¨hning Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Danielle Boisvert College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Christian L. Bolden Criminal Justice, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA Robert Boruch Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Ilaria Bottigliero International Development Law Organization (IDLO), Rome, Italy Anthony Bottoms University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Leana A. Bouffard College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Kate J. Bowers Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Jordan Bowman William & Mary School of Law, Williamsburg, VA, USA Ben Bradford Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Contributors xxvii

Catherine P. Bradshaw Johns Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Elizabeth A. Bradshaw Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA Anthony A. Braga School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Valerie Braithwaite Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet), The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia Robert Brame Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Univer- sity of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Steven G. Brandl Department of Criminal Justice, University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA Kathleen F. Brickey Washington University School of Law, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA Avi Brisman School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA Chester L. Britt School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Ton Broeders Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Eileen M. Brooks College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Jennifer Brown Mannheim Centre, Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics, London, UK Kenly Brown Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Michelle Brown Department of Sociology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Angela Browne Vera Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, USA Christopher R. Browning Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Daniel Brown-Kenyon Institute for Social Science Research, Policing and Security, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Henry H. Brownstein NORC at The University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, USA xxviii Contributors

Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Mark Brunger Department of Law and Criminal Justice, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK Vaughn M. Bryant Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Michael E. Buerger Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA Peter A. Bull Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Christina L. Bullard University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC, USA Amanda Burgess-Proctor Criminal Justice, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA Alafair S. Burke Maurice A. Deane School of Law, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA William D. Burrell Lawrenceville, NJ, USA Shawn D. Bushway School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Mark Button University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK Kathleen A. Cagney Departments of Sociology and Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Francesco Calderoni Transcrime, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy Jesse Cale Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Rob Canton Community and Criminal Justice, Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK I. Bennett Capers Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY, USA Joel M. Caplan School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Elaine Carey Department of History, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA Peter J. Carrington Department of Sociology and Legal Studies, Univer- sity of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Richard F. Catalano Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Contributors xxix

Michael Caudy Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Breanne Cave George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Javier A. Cepeda Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS and Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Spencer Chainey Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK

William J. Chambliss George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Steven L. Chanenson School of Law, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA

David Charlton Surrey and Sussex Police Forensic Services, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK

Ali Chaudhary Department of Sociology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Jorge M. Chavez Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA

Jehanzeb Cheema University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA

Stephen Chicoine Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

Yi-Ning Chiu School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth Univer- sity, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Brendan C. Clark Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Shawna Cleary School of Criminal Justice, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA

Stephen Clipper The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Alison K. Cohen Health and Human Development Program, WestEd, Oakland, CA, USA

Simon A. Cole Department of Criminology, Law & Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA xxx Contributors

Steven Le Comber School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK Eric J. Connolly Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA David P. Connor Justice Administration, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA Philip J. Cook Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA NBER, Cambridge, MA, USA David J. Cooke Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Barry S. Cooper The Forensic Alliance, The University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University and The Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission, Vancouver, BC, Canada Heith Copes University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Gary Cordner Department of Criminal Justice, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA, USA Nicholas Corsaro School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Marina L. Costanzo University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA Mark A. Costanzo Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, USA Stacy De Coster Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Hazel Croall School of Business and Society, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK Karen L. Cropsey Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Robert D. Crutchﬁeld University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Maarten Cruyff Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Kelly R. Damphousse University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Andrew L. B. Davies School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Jacqueline Davis Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security (ARC), Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Contributors xxxi

Jason Davis Criminal Justice, Clayton State University, Morrow, GA, USA Michael R. Davis Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Robert C. Davis RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA Pascal De´carpes University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Mathieu Deﬂem Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA Walter S. DeKeseredy Institute of Technology, University of Ontario, ON, Canada Matt DeLisi Criminal Justice Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Olivier Dele´mont Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Quentin Deluermoz Quentin Deluermoz, Universite´ Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cite´, CRESC/Pleiade, Paris, France Matthew DeMichele Justice Center for Research, Department of Sociology, Penn State University, University Park, PA Roger L. Depue FBI Retired James H. Derzon Battelle Memorial Institute, Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation, Arlington, VA, USA Rashaan A. DeShay School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Jan Van Dijk Human Security and Safety International Victimology Institute, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands Anja J. E. Dirkzwager Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Sandra Ferrari Disner Department of Linguistics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA David Dixon Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Jo Dixon Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, NY, USA Jonathan Doak Durham Law School, Durham University, Durham, UK Rebecca Emerson Dobash School of Law, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK School of Social Justice and Inquiry, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA Centre for Law, Crime and Justice, School of Law, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland xxxii Contributors

Russell P. Dobash School of Law, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK School of Social Justice and Inquiry, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA Centre for Law, Crime and Justice, School of Law, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland Mary Dodge School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA Alan Doig International Development Department, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK Rebekah Doley Australian Centre for Arson Research and Treatment, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia Jennifer R. Dolin University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC, USA Alfonso Donoso Instituto de Ciencia Polı´tica, Pontiﬁcia Universidad Cato´lica de Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile James M. Doyle Independent Researcher, Carney & Bassil, Boston, MA, USA Francesco Drago University Federico II Naples and CSEF, Napoli, Italy Kevin M. Drakulich School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Kirstin Drenkhahn Department of Law, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany Itiel E. Dror University College London and Cognitive Consultants International, London, UK Laura Dugan Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Dora M. Dumont The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Frieder Dunkel€ Faculty of Law, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Ioan Durnescu Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania Jennifer Dysart Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA Marleen Easton Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Ronald J. Eckert Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA Contributors xxxiii

Gary Edmond Network for Interdisciplinary Studies of Law (NISL), School of Law, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Nicole Egli Anthonioz School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Tomer Einat Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel Bryan D. Eisentraut School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Manuel Eisner Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Paul Ekblom Design Against Crime Research Centre, Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, University of the Arts London, London, UK Gloria D. Eldridge Center for Behavioral Health Research and Services, University of Alaska at Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA Henk Elffers Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforce- ment (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Anthony Ellis Department of Philosophy, Virginia Commonwealth Univer- sity, Richmond, VA, USA Lee Ellis Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysia Graham Ellison Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Law, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK V. H. Elmer College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Katja Eman Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Traqina Q. Emeka University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, USA Clive Emsley Department of History, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK Horst Entorf Department of Economics and Business Administration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Edna Erez Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Judith van Erp Erasmus School of Law, Criminology Department, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Alison Evans Cuellar George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Andrew Evans School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Jacqueline R. Evans The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA xxxiv Contributors

Martin Paul Evison Northumbria University Centre for Forensic Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Anne R. Van Ewijk Department of Political and Social Sciences, GRITIM (Interdisciplinary Research Group on Immigration), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Samhoud, Utrecht, The Netherlands

M. Lyn Exum Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

Lorna Fadden Department of Linguistics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Susan Fahey Criminal Justice Program, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, NJ, USA

Seth W. Fallik College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA

Graham Farrell Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies and School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Stephen Farrall University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK

David P. Farrington Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Katie Feavel School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Huntsville, TX, USA

Lynette Feder College of Health and Public Affairs, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Barry C. Feld University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Marcus Felson School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA

Roxana Ferllini Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK

April Fernandes University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Jeff Ferrell Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

Cassi L. Fields Fields Consulting Group, Inc., McLean, VA, USA LeT Corporation

James O. Finckenauer School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Contributors xxxv

Bonnie S. Fisher School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Victor Eugene Flango National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA John Flatley Crime Statistics and Analysis Division, Ofﬁce for National Statistics, London, UK James Alan Fox School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Brian Francis Department of Maths and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Joshua D. Freilich Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA National Consortium for the Studies of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) Steven J. Frenda University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Adrienne Freng Department of Criminal Justice, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA Kathleen Frey Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Susan Friedman Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project, American University, Washington, DC, USA David O. Friedrichs Department of Sociology/Criminal Justice, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA Katarina Fritzon Australian Centre for Arson Research and Treatment, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia Trevor Fronius Learning Innovations, WestEd, Woburn, MA, USA Adrian Furnham Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK Vasco Furtado Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, University of Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Ceara´, Brazil Robert E. Gaensslen Forensic Science Group, Department of Biopharma- ceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Roberto Galbiati Department of Economics, CNRS-OSC and Sciences Po, Paris, France Shaun M. Gann School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Nuno Garoupa College of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA xxxvi Contributors

Jacinta M. Gau Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA Julie Gawrylowicz Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, Univer- sity of London, Egham, UK Gilbert Geis School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Karen Gelb Sentencing Advisory Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia G. Geltner University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Charlotte Gerritsen Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jennifer Gibbs West Chester University at Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, USA Chris L. Gibson Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Charlotte E. Gill Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Gwladys Gillie´ron Distance Learning University Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland Svenja Go¨bbels Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Toby S. Goldbach Cornell University Law School, Ithaca, NY, USA Erich Goode Sociology Professor Emeritus, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA Alasdair M. Goodwill Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, BC, Canada Denise C. Gottfredson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Heather R. Gough School of Social Transformation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Ioanna Gouseti Department of Methodology, London School of Economics, London, UK Rick Grannis Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Sarah Greathouse RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA Jack R. Greene School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA B. K. Greener Politics Programme, School of People, Environment, and Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Contributors xxxvii

Chris Greer Department of Sociology, City University London, London, UK Adam Gregory Serious Organised Crime Agency, London, UK Elizabeth Griffiths School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Maria S. Grigoryeva Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Elizabeth R. Groff Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Garrett Grothoff School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Jeff Gruenewald Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Ben Grunwald Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Rob T. Guerette School of Criminal Justice, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA Fiona Haines School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia Camilla Hald Danish National Police, Research & Development, Copenhagen, Denmark Matthew Hall School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Mark Hamm Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA Paula Hannaford-Agor Center for Jury Studies, National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Valerie P. Hans Cornell University Law School, Ithaca, NY, USA Roger A. Hanson National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Bernard E. Harcourt Law School, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Alon Harel Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Rachel Harmon University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA, USA Danielle Arlanda Harris Justice Studies, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA Nathan Harris Regulatory Institutions Network, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia xxxviii Contributors

Rita Haverkamp Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freibur, Germany J. David Hawkins Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Dana L. Haynie Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Ðurđica Hazard School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Bill Hebenton Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Law, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Jon Heidt School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada Peter G. M. van der Heijden Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Karen Heimer Department of Sociology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Alana Henninger John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA Bryn Ann Herrschaft Department of Research, Center for Court Innovation, New York, NY, USA Hugues F. Herve´ The Forensic Alliance, Port Moody, BC, Canada Joshua C. Hinkle Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Andreas von Hirsch Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Dick Hobbs University of Essex, Essex, UK Andrew Hochstetler Department of Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Barbora Hola Department of Criminology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Simon Holdaway School of Law, Centre for Criminological Research, The University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK Meghan Hollis-Peel Northeastern University and University of Massachu- setts, Boston, MA, USA Kristy Holtfreter School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Robert Hopper JB National Investigations, Fairmont, WV, USA Contributors xxxix

Jonathan C. Hoskin Clemson Computing and Information Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA Lawrence Houston The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA L. Rowell Huesmann Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Wim Huisman School of Criminology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jennifer C. Hunt Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA Neil Hutton Centre for Law, Crime & Justice, School of Law, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland Jonathan Jackson Department of Methodology and Mannheim Centre for Criminology, London School of Economics, London, UK John D. Jackson School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Rick Jacobs Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University and EB Jacobs, University Park, PA, USA Sonia Jain Health and Human Development Program, WestEd, Oakland, CA, USA Jesse Jannetta Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA Fabien Jobard Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Pe´nales (CESDIP), CNRS, Guyancourt, France Brian Johnson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Shane D. Johnson Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Darrick Jolliffe School of Law, University of Greenwich, London, UK Tal Jonathan-Zamir Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Susyan Jou Graduate School of Criminology, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan Roberta Julian Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies, Univer- sity of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia Marianne Junger Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands Robert J. Kane Program in Criminal Justice, Drexel University, Philadel- phia, PA, USA Kristiina Kangaspunta United Nations Ofﬁce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna, Austria xl Contributors

Takhmina Karimova Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland David Kauzlarich Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice Studies, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA Lila Kazemian John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA Ingo Keilitz CourtMetrics, Williamsburg, VA, USA Gregory F. Kellermeyer Denver Health Medical Center and Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA George Kelling Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Christopher E. Kelly University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Sally Kelty Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia Jasper J. van der Kemp Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Leslie W. Kennedy School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA Sesha Kethineni Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University, IL, USA Stuart A. Kinner Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne and School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Janne Kivivuori Criminological Unit, National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Helsinki, Finland Gary Kleck College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA Edward R. Kleemans VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Matthew Kleiman National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Joanne Klein Department of History, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA Michel C. A. Klein Department of Computer Science, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ellen Klinkers KITLV, Leiden, The Netherlands Melanie Klinkner Business School, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK Contributors xli

Paul Knepper School of Law, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK Tammy Rinehart Kochel Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA Christopher S. Koper Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Vere M. van Koppen VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Margo De Koster Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VU University, Brussels, Belgium VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ronald C. Kramer Department of Sociology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA Derek A. Kreager Department of Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Jonathan Allen Kringen School of Criminal Justice, Texas State Univer- sity-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA Charis E. Kubrin Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA Landon B. Kuester Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behavior, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Annette Kuhlmann University of Wisconsin, Baraboo, WI, USA Margaret R. Kuklinski Social Development Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Megan C. Kurlychek School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Helmut Kury University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic´ School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State Univer- sity, East Lansing, MI, USA Sharon Ingrid Kwok City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Peter van der Laan Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) and Faculty of Law, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Nicola Lacey All Souls College Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Tapio Lappi-Seppal€ a€ National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Helsinki, Finland A. Karl Larsen Forensic Science Group, Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA xlii Contributors

Edward J. Latessa School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Pamela K. Lattimore Crime, Violence, and Justice, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Andrew R. Laurence Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M Univer- sity, College Station, TX, USA

Julia Lavenberg University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Christopher Lawless University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Paul Lawrence Department of History, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

Victoria Z. Lawson Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

William B. Lawson Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

Gloria Laycock Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK

Benoit Leclerc School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Cynthia G. Lee National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Daniel R. Lee Department of Criminology, Indiana University of Pennsyl- vania, Indiana, PA, USA

Michael J. Leiber Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Richard A. Leo University of San Francisco School of Law, San Francisco, CA, USA

Chrysanthi Leon Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Joanne van der Leun Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

S. C. Leung Scientiﬁc Consultancy Limited, Hong Kong, China

Kathy Levene Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Michael Levi Centre for Crime, Law and Justice at Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

Kay Levine Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, GA, USA Contributors xliii

Marissa P. Levy School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, NJ, USA

Claire Lightowler Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services, Glasgow, UK

Antonia Linde School of Criminal Sciences, Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain

Christine H. Lindquist Crime, Violence, and Justice, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Weiwei Liu NORC at The University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, USA

Caleb D. Lloyd Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Shawnta L. Lloyd Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

T. Wing Lo City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Eric Lock Brigade de Police Technique et Scientiﬁque, Police Cantonale, Geneva, Switzerland

Rolf Loeber Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Elizabeth F. Loftus University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Ross London Berkeley College, New York, NY, USA

D. Kall Loper Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lyle School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA

Nicholas Lord School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

Friedrich Lo¨sel Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Institute of Psychology, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Jennifer Eno Louden The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA

Thomas A. Loughran Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Barry Loveday Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Brian Lovins School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA xliv Contributors

Christopher T. Lowenkamp Administrative Ofﬁce of the U.S. Courts, Washington, DC, USA Hong Lu University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA Douglas M. Lucas The Centre of Forensic Sciences Ontario, Burlington, ON, Canada Cynthia Lum Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Erik Luna Washington and Lee University School of Law, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA, USA Arthur J. Lurigio Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Patrick Lussier Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada Stephanie Maass Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason Univer- sity, Fairfax, VA, USA Anna Macdonald Department of War Studies, King’s College London, London, UK John M. MacDonald Department of Criminology, University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Doris Layton MacKenzie Justice Center for Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA David Maimon Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Nick Malleson School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Michael D. Maltz Department of Sociology, Criminal Justice Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Emeritus, Department of Criminal Justice and Department of Information and Decision Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Sarah M. Manchak School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Matthew Manning School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia Peter K. Manning College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Otwin Marenin Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA Pierre Margot School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Forensic Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Contributors xlv

Ineke Haen Marshall Department of Sociology and Anthropology and School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Shadd Maruna Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK Gary T. Marx Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Brent D. Mast Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Depart- ment of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, USA Sarah van Mastrigt Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Giovanni Mastrobuoni Collegio Carlo Alberto, IZA, Netspar, Moncalieri, Italy Stephen D. Mastrofski George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA Katherine E. Masyn Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA Matt Matravers Morrell Centre for Toleration, University of York, York, UK Kristy N. Matsuda Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Ross L. Matsueda Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Rick A. Matthews Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, USA Roger Matthews University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK Rob I. Mawby University of South Wales, Newport, South Wales, UK Department of Natural Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK David May Mississippi State University, MS, USA Pat Mayhew Crime and Justice Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellingon, Wellington, New Zealand Lorraine Mazerolle Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Paul Mazerolle Arts, Education, and Law, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, Australia Logan M. McBride The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA James T. McCafferty Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA Bill McCarthy Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA xlvi Contributors

Ron McCarthy Director Emeritus, National Tactical Ofﬁcers Association, Los Angeles Police Department (Retired), Doylestown, PA, USA Carole McCartney School of Law, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Richard McCleary School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA John D. McCluskey Department of Criminal Justice, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA Jude McCulloch Arts Faculty, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia David McDowall School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Jenny McEwan School of Law, Exeter University, Exeter, Devon, UK Troy McEwan Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash Univer- sity and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia Edmund F. McGarrell School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State Univer- sity, East Lansing, MI, USA James McGuire Institute of Psychology, Health, and Society, Division of Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Sarah J. McLean John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, Inc., Albany, NY, USA Fergus McNeill Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Tracey L. Meares Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Robert T. Meesig Melbourne, FL, USA Robert Meier School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA Christian A. Meissner The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA Amina Memon Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK Guadalupe Mendiola-Washington University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, USA Wyatt Merritt University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA Gorazd Mesˇko Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia Lauren C. Messina Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Contributors xlvii

Steven F. Messner Department of Sociology, Arts, and Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Silke Meyer Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Tom Mijares Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA Erin Miller University of Maryland/START Consortium, College Park, MD, USA Andrew Millie Department of Law and Criminology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK Ojmarrh Mitchell Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Terrie E. Moffitt Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychia- try, and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA J. Monckton-Smith University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK George T. Monteleone Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Kathryn D. Morgan Department of Justice Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Ruth M. Morgan Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Christine Morgenstern Ernst Moritz Arndt Universit€at Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Katherine Morris Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA Robert G. Morris The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Christian Mouhanna Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Peńales (CESDIP), CNRS, Guyancourt, France Giulia Mugellini Institute of Criminology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Rebecca Mugford Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada Kristina Murphy Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Chongmin Na School of Human Science and Humanities, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA Daniel S. Nagin Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Joseph L. Nedelec School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA xlviii Contributors

David Nelken Cardiff University Law School, Cardiff, UK Karen A. Newirth The Innocence Project, New York, NY, USA Eryn J. Newman Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand Graeme R. Newman School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Jamie Newsome Department of Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA Andrew Newton Applied Criminology Centre, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK Holly Nguyen Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Amanda S. Nicholson Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Paul Nieuwbeerta Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Faye Nitschke Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security (ARC), Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia Kenneth J. Novak Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA William O’Brian School of Law, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK James R. P. Ogloff Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Daniel Ohana The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Michael M. O’Hear Marquette University Law School, Milwaukee, WI, USA David E. Olson Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA David O’Mahony Durham University, Durham, UK Pat O’Malley Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia Brian J. Ostrom National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Nicola Padfield Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Letizia Paoli Institute of Criminology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Contributors xlix

Eugene A. Paoline III Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA Andrew V. Papachristos Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Karen F. Parker Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Robert Nash Parker University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA William Parkin Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA Roger B. Parks Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA Stephan Parmentier Institute of Criminology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Raymond Paternoster Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Michele Pathe´ Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service and Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia Irene Pavesi Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland Allison Ann Payne Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA Kenneth J. Peak Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA Ken Pease Jill Dando Institute, University College London, London, UK Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK Jennifer H. Peck Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Steven D. Penrod Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Jennifer T. Perillo John Jay College of Criminal Justice and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Douglas D. Perkins Program in Community Research and Action, Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Barbara Perry Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, North Oshawa, ON, Canada Simon Perry Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Thomas Søbirk Petersen Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark l Contributors

Joan Petersilia Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Hanno Petras Research and Development, JBS International, North Bethesda, MD, USA K. V. Petrides Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Educational Psychology Group, University College London, London, UK Anthony Petrosino Learning Innovations, WestEd, Woburn, MA, USA Carolyn Petrosino Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA Nickie D. Phillips Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY, USA Nathan W. Pino Department of Sociology, Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA Paolo Pinotti Universita` Bocconi, Milan, Italy Alex R. Piquero Department of Criminology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Nicole Leeper Piquero The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Jenny C. Piquette Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Greg Pogarsky School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Paul Ponsaers Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Chad Posick School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Hillary Potter Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA Travis C. Pratt School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Tim Prenzler Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth Univer- sity, Brisbane, Australia Ineke Pruin Department of Criminology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Lesleigh Pullman University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada David Pyrooz College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Contributors li

Steven M. Radil Department of Geography, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA Myrna Raeder Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA, USA Lee Rainbow Serious Organised Crime Agency, London, UK Erin Rajca Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Marieke van de Rakt Avans University of Applied Sciences, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands Kevin Ralston Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Suzanna Ramirez The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia Janet Ransley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia Jerry H. Ratcliffe Temple University, Philadephia, PA, USA Allison D. Redlich University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Michael H. Reggio

Robert Reiner Department of Law, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK Herbert Reinke Bergische Universit€at Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany Michael Rempel Drug Courts, Criminal Justice Intervention, Center for Court Innovation, New York, NY, USA Callie Marie Rennison School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA Danielle M. Reynald School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Griffith, Australia Anne Giurianna Rhodes Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Richmond, VA, USA William Rhodes Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA Olivier Ribaux Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Michele Riccardi Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, Milan, Italy Josiah D. Rich The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The Miriam Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Jason Roach Crime and Policing Group, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK lii Contributors

Kent Roach Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Julian V. Roberts Faculty of Law, Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Paul Roberts School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK James Robertson National Centre for Forensic Studies (NCFS), Faculty of Education, Science, Engineering, Technology and Maths, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia Charles Robinson Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Washington, DC, USA Gwen Robinson Reader in Criminal Justice, School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Michael Rocque Department of Sociology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA Richard Rosenfeld University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Jacqueline E. Ross University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign, IL, USA Jeffrey Ian Ross School of Criminal Justice, College of Public Affairs, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA D. Kim Rossmo School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA Thomas Roth NS-Dokumentationszentrum der Stadt Ko¨ln, Ko¨ln, Germany Dawn L. Rothe Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Domin- ion University, Norfolk, VA, USA David B. Rottman National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA Claude Roux University of Technology, Sydney, Centre for Forensic Science, Broadway, NSW, Australia Danielle S. Rudes George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Vincenzo Ruggiero School of Law, Middlesex University, London, UK Stijn Ruiter Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforce- ment (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amanda L. Russell The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Jesper Ryberg Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark Wenona Rymond-Richmond Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA Mari Sakiyama University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA Contributors liii

Gerhard Salter€ Documentation and Research, Berlin Wall Memorial and UHK/BND, Philipps-Universit€at Marburg, Berlin, Germany

Rachel Boba Santos School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA

Roberto Santos Professional Standards Division, Port St. Lucie, Police Department, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA

Maria Sapouna School of Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK

Ryan Sarasin School of Justice Studies, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA

Federica Sarno Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and Universita` degli Studi di Trento, Milan, Italy

Joachim J. Savelsberg Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Ernesto U. Savona Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and Universita` degli Studi di Trento, Milan, Italy

Joseph A. Schafer Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Barry C. Scheck The Innocence Project, New York, NY, USA

Conrad Schetter Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), Bonn, Germany

Martin Schmucker Institute of Psychology, University of Erlangen– Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Christopher J. Schreck Department of Criminal Justice, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA

Anja Schro¨der Ofﬁce of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, The Hague, The Netherlands

Dorothy Moses Schulz John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Joseph A. Schwartz School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Martin D. Schwartz George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Michael S. Scott Law School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

Leslie Sebba Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel liv Contributors

Revital Sela-Shayovitz David Yellin Academic College and The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Ralph C. Serin Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada Michael C. Seto Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Ottawa, ON, Canada Karen Sewell Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Joanna Shapland School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Lawrence W. Sherman Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA Christopher Shields Terrorism Research Center in Fulbright College, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Haia Shpayer-Makov Department of History, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Rashi K. Shukla School of Criminal Justice, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA Aiden Sidebottom Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Megan Sims Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA Simon I. Singer School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Jennifer L. Skeem University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA John J. Sloan III Department of Justice Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA Lee Ann Slocum Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA Michel De Smedt Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, The Hague, The Netherlands Monika Smit Administration of Justice, Legislations, and International and Aliens Affairs (RWI), Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) of the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice Paul R. Smit Ministry of Safety and Justice, Research and Documentation Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands Contributors lv

Brent L. Smith Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Chris M. Smith Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA Gavin J. D. Smith Senior Lecturer in Sociology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia Martha J. Smith School of Community Affairs, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS, USA Brian Soller Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Ragnhild Sollund Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Keith Soothill Department of Maths and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK William Sousa University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA Nigel South Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK Toine Spapens Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands Anne C. Spaulding Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Sandra A. Springer Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS and Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Elizabeth Spruin International Research Centre for Investigative Psychol- ogy (IRCIP), University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK Janet P. Stamatel Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Elizabeth Stanley School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria Univer- sity of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand Richard Stansfield Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Richard Staring Department of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Carl S. Stauffer Center for Justice and Peacebuilding, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA Eric Stauffer School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Crime Scene Unit and Crime Laboratory, Fribourg State Police, Fribourg, Switzerland lvi Contributors

Mark Stevenson School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK Anna Stewart School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, Australia Reinoud D. Stoel Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands Bas van Stokkom Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Kevin J. Strom RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Karen Heetderks Strong

Jeanne Subjack College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State Univer- sity, Huntsville, TX, USA Christopher J. Sullivan School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Lucia Summers School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA Hung-En Sung Department of Criminal Justice, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA Mike Sutton School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK Rachel Swaner Center for Court Innovation, New York, NY, USA Gary Sweeten Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Justice Tankebe Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Lusine Tarkhanyan Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Franco Taroni School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Forensic Science, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Faye S. Taxman Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Cody W. Telep School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Jan Terpstra Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Contributors lvii

Richard Tewksbury Justice Administration, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA Jo Thakker School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand Delphine Theobald Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK George C. Thomas III Rutgers University School of Law, Newark, New Jersey, NJ, USA Kyle J. Thomas Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Terence P. Thornberry University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Stephen G. Tibbetts Department of Criminal Justice, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA Nick Tilley Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK William J. Tilstone Centre for Forensic Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Victoria B. Titterington College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA Michael Townsley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Grifﬁth University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Lawrence F. Travis III School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Christian Traxler Department of Economics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany Ruth Triplett Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA Andromachi Tseloni School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent Univer- sity, Nottingham, UK Maria M. Ttoﬁ Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Jillian J. Turanovic School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Justin Turner Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA Michael G. Turner Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA lviii Contributors

Tom R. Tyler Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA Craig D. Uchida Justice and Security Strategies,Inc.,SilverSpring,MD,USA Ambros Uchtenhagen Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction, University of Zurich Medical School, Zurich, Switzerland Jeffery T. Ulmer The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Brigitte Unger Utrecht University School of Economics, Utrecht, The Netherlands Abby Vandenberg School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA Sean P. Varano School of Justice Studies, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, USA Jennifer Varriale Carson Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, USA Marı´aB.Ve´lez Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Antoinette Verhage Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent Univer- sity, Ghent, Belgium Lynne Vieraitis The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Jill Viglione George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Kees van der Vijver University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands William J. Vizzard Division of Criminal Justice, California State Univer- sity, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, USA Alison Wakeﬁeld University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK Sandra Walklate Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Danielle Wallace School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA Roy Walmsley World Prison Brief, The International Centre for Prison Studies, London, UK Margaret Walsh Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Glenn D. Walters Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA, USA Reece Walters School of Justice, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia Rasmus H. Wandall Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Contributors lix

Emily A. Wang Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Tony Ward Experts & Institutions Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, UK

Tony Ward School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Nicole L. Waters National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Frank M. Weerman Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NCSR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

David Weisburd Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

Douglas B. Weiss University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Elmar G. M. Weitekamp University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

Ronald Weitzer Department of Sociology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Brandon C. Welsh School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeast- ern University, Boston, MA, USA Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NCSR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Hilde Wermink Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

David B. Wexler International Network on Therapeutic Jurisprudence, University of Puerto Rico School of Law, San Juan, Puerto Rico University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Rob White School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

Matthias Wienroth Centre for Forensic Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

Per-Olof H. Wikstro¨m Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Brie Williams Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Kirk R. Williams Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Univer- sity of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Robin Williams Centre for Forensic Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK lx Contributors

Gwenda M. Willis University of Auckland, School of Psychology, Auckland, New Zealand James J. Willis Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA David B. Wilson Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA Dean Wilson Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Law, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK Ronald E. Wilson Ofﬁce of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, USA Sandra Jo Wilson Peabody Research Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA Andreas Wimmer Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Jan M. Winter National Police Services Agency, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands Jessica Woodhams School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Alissa Pollitz Worden School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA Robert E. Worden School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, Inc., Albany, NY, USA John L. Worrall School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA Richard Wortley Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, UK Hal S. Wortzel Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and VISN–19 MIRECC, Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA John Paul Wright School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Ronald F. Wright Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Timbre Wulf-Ludden School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA Sue-Ming Yang Department of Criminology, National Chung-Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan Contributors lxi

Angela M. Yarbrough Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Donna Youngs International Research Centre for Investigative Psychology (IRCIP), University of Huddersﬁeld, Huddersﬁeld, UK John C. Yuille The Forensic Alliance, The University of British Columbia, Salt Spring Island, BC, Canada Marvin Zalman Department of Criminal Justice, Wayne State Univer- sity, Detroit, MI, USA Marjorie S. Zatz School of Social Transformation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Don Zettlemoyer Penn State Justice and Safety Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Gregory M. Zimmerman School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Dirk van Zyl Smit University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK