DECEMBER 2000 Inside

3 FELLOWSHIP PROJECT Creating Civil Society in the Vol. VII, No. 1 Balkans

UN I T E D STAT E S IN S T I T U T E O F PE A C E ■ WA S H I N G T O N, DC 4 Stojan Cerovic on Serbia

5 Challenges in Macedonia Strategic Nonvi o l e n t 6 ETHNIC CON- FLICT IN DECLINE Action Key to Ted Robert Gurr Se r b i a ’s 11NEW BOARD Revo l u t i o n

Training in nonviolent techniques helped the youth movement focus its strategy to topple Slobodan Milosevic, an Otpor leader says.

discussed a broad range of political and economic issues facing Yugoslavia’s new leadership. For video eliance on a strategy of and audio recordings of the event, visit our web site Serbs turn out nonviolent resistance at www.usip.org/oc/cibriefing/yugorevo_cb.html) in the tens of enabled the Serbian opposition to remove Popovic noted that three months of peaceful street thousands to Slobodan Milosevic from power almost demonstrations in Belgrade against Milosevic in demonstrate without violence, says Srdja Popovic, a 1996–97, led by the political opposition and the outside the leader of Serbia’s grassroots youth move- youth movement, marked the beginning of the oppo- Yugoslav ment, Otpor (“Resistance”). Otpor was sition’s nonviolent strategy, signaling to Milosevic, Parliament in a critical participant in the October 5 uprising, dur- and to his supporters, that the people no longer Belgrade in ing which demonstrators stormed the Yugoslav feared him. Their disciplined defiance generated October. Parliament, took control of state-run television stu- increasing support among the populace. dios, and ousted Milosevic. While many observers The opposition’s steady application of nonviolent thought the uprising was spontaneous, the targets pressure is “emblematic of how nonviolent resistance had been carefully selected in a well-thought-out works,” noted panelist Peter Ackerman, principal strategic plan, Popovic says. “Nonviolence is critical content adviser for the recent PBS documentary, A to this story,” he stressed at a U.S. Institute of Peace Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict, Current Issues Briefing, “Yugoslavia After the and co-author of a companion book by that name Revolution,” held on October 12. and of Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics (While this article focuses on the Serbian opposi- of People Power in the Twentieth Century (1994). tion’s use of nonviolence, speakers at the briefing See Strategic Nonviolence, page 2 2 St r a t e g i c No nv i o l e n c e Continued from page 1 Right: Serbian Research for the documentary was demonstrators funded in part by the Institute of hold up arrow- Peace. shaped signs “Milosevic terrorized the few saying, “He has to gain compliance of the many, to go,” refer- which allowed him to use a very ring to Yugoslav small core group of fanatics sup- president porting him to leverage his activi- Slobodan ties and stay in control of the Milosevic dur- many,” Ackerman said. “The ing a second genius of nonviolent resistance day of protest movements is that they are dis- in front of the tributed throughout all of society, federal not just geographically but demo- nonviolent struggle have been Events in Serbia provide further Parliament in graphically, among old people, undertaken by people such as evidence. Belgrade in young people, the rich, the poor, those in the Serbian opposition, October. men, women—vastly complicat- who had no viable military Training in Nonviolent ing the requirements in manpower options for overthrowing the Resistance and materiel for the authorities to oppressor, Ackerman said. Recent maintain power.” Most cases of events in Serbia represented “a Over the last two years, Popovic considerable broadening of resist- said, the opposition honed its ance in that country that had not understanding and use of nonvio- been seen before.” The tyrant lent action, most recently with the depends not just on force, but on help of a retired U.S. Army the loyalty over time of agents of colonel, Robert Helvey, who pro- repression such as the police and vided some 20 hours of intensive Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is pub- lished six times a year by the United States military. training in nonviolent principles Institute of Peace, an independent, nonpar- In Serbia, the police and army and strategy in March and April. tisan federal institution created by Congress to promote research, education, abandoned Milosevic, notes The International Republican and training on the peaceful resolution of international conflicts. The views Stojan Cerovic, a senior fellow at Institute, a nongovernmental expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the Institute and columnist for organization based in the views of the Institute or its board of directors. Vreme, an independent weekly Washington, D.C., which had To receive Peace Watch, write to the Editor, Peace Watch, United States Institute newspaper in Serbia. “Serbia’s been working to develop political of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, Suite 200, army is a conscript force, it is part parties in Serbia, hired Helvey to Washington, DC 20036-3011. For general information call 202-457-1700, fax 202- of the people; when the people are do the training. 429-6063, e-mail: [email protected], or check our web site: www.usip.org. in the mood to resist that means “Those were sharp young men the army is in the mood to resist, and women,” Helvey said of the President: Richard H. Solomon Executive Vice President: Harriet Hentges too,” he said in an interview. Otpor trainees. He discussed the Publications Director: Dan Snodderly Ackerman stressed that the training effort in a phone inter- Editor: Cynthia Roderick Production Manager: Marie Marr foreign affairs community has view following the Institute’s Photo Credits: Staff, AP Wide World Photos ignored the policy implications of briefing. “They were obviously Board of Directors nonviolent conflict: “It is widely very committed and courageous. Chairman: Chester A. Crocker. Vice Chairman: Max M. Kampelman. Members: assumed that violence is the only Many had been arrested and beat- Dennis L. Bark, Stephen J. Hadley, force to reckon with in the man- en several times. They did a great Theodore M. Hesburgh, Zalmay Khalilzad, Seymour Martin Lipset, W. Scott agement of conflict. That assump- job and all the credit goes to Thompson, Allen Weinstein, Harriet Zimmerman. Members Ex Officio: tion remains unchallenged in the them.” Helvey explained that he Madeleine Korbel Albright, Secretary of face of enormous evidence to the bases his training on the concepts State; Paul G. Gaffney II, National Defense University; Walter B. Slocombe, contrary, including the nonviolent of Gene Sharp, author of The Department of Defense; Richard H. movements throughout eastern Politics of Nonviolent Action Solomon, Institute president (nonvoting). Europe that ended the Cold War.” (1973), a three-volume opus on the subject. The second volume 3 lists 198 examples of nonviolent F E L L O W S H I P P R O J E C T direct action techniques. In his training sessions, Helvey covers the sources of power in a society, Creating Civil Society in the Balkan s their strengths and weaknesses, then has participants define their fter ten years of intervention in the Balkans, the international com- own objectives and develop a Amunity needs to assess the way it conducts business and politics strategic plan for reaching them. there, says Keith Brown, a senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace. Among many other related tech- “Some people in the region have mastered the skill of saying what pow- niques and issues, the training erful international institutions want to hear without necessarily embrac- also covers how to put an oppo- ing the ideas,” he notes. “They declare commitments to whatever will nent in a situation where he has secure access to resources. Over the long term, this works only two options, “to lose or to against the goal of building a stable civil society.” lose,” Helvey said. Br own is prof essor of anthrop o l o g y at the Wat s o n After the training, Otpor cre- Institute of Interna t i o nal Studies at Brown Univer s i t y, ated a user’s manual of nonviolent wh e r e he focuses on nationalism in Southeast Europ e , resistance theory and techniques es p e c i a l ly Macedonian culture and society. His fel - based on Sharp’s books and lo wship project details the kind of intimate and trained some 70,000 activists nuanced knowledge of local practices and who, through a variety of nonvio- be l i e f s that is necessary to refine policy lent methods and actions, paved rec om m e n d a t i o ns that might win the the way for and helped to lead su p p o r t of people in the Balkans reg i o n the October 5 revolt. and help them to build a more stable future. In spite of all the planning, Brown bases his analysis of international there was still a considerable activity in the Balkans on the traditional role of degree of uncertainty as to how “broker figures” in society. Broker figures are influen- things would unfold, no guaran- tial in creating and managing authority, Brown explains. tee that the resistance would be Brokers are those individuals who exercise some control or free of violence and deaths, and influence over flows of information, people, and goods within and much room for spontaneity on between societies, or segments of societies, and who are able to convert the part of demonstrators, this control or influence into authority or profit, he says. Cerovic said. The demonstrators There are two broadly defined types of brokers: mediators and fixers. showed great courage—some said Mediators have a long-term commitment to their community, while fix- they were ready to die. And not ers focus more on the immediate returns possible for their clients and everyone in the opposition sup- themselves. Fixers thrive in a society where an adversarial worldview ported the plan to storm the predominates, especially between individuals and alien institutions. Parliament, including, reportedly, Fixers depend on the resulting alienation for their living and thus act to Vojislav Kostunica, the new further a culture of conflict and competition for scarce resources among Yugoslav president, Cerovic said. the people they ostensibly serve. “Many people didn’t like it.” Still, Unfortunately and inadvertently, current pressures to deliver results the opposition had created a situ- in the Balkans lead the international community to support local figures ation in which Milosevic could who get things done quickly, rather than those whose activities yield not use his most repressive longer-term advantages, Brown says. This explains in part the success of weapon—force—because he had fixers in the former Yugoslavia. “In such a context, the notion of collec- already lost his legitimacy, tive good can barely be glimpsed in the struggle to build particularistic Cerovic said. “When you don’t pathways of privilege,” he says. have legitimacy, you can’t use Offering some funds over a longer period could potentially lead to force because when you call to more substantial and meaningful social contributions, by creating give the order, nobody answers opportunities for more enduring and extensive collaboration among the phone.” local people and between them and the international community. In a similar vein, Brown concludes, allowing local activists and partners a greater role in setting the agenda of their projects could lead to wider creative notions of how civil society could be built according to the plans of those most directly invested in its creation and form. 4 hile Serbia looks much the same as it did before the October 5 uprising, the Serbs Wtoday are a different people and Serbia is a different place, says Stojan Cerovic, a columnist for Vreme, an independent weekly newspaper in Se rbianrbian Belgrade, and currently a senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace. Cerovic returned to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for several weeks in October and November to finish research for his fellowship project. People The Serbs have regained their self-respect and the respect of the international community by peacefully ousting former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic, Cerovic says. And the country now has a Have fresh start with new leaders. “No more Milosevic. He and his wife are gone. It’s unbelievable. Vojislav Seselj, Vuk Draskovic—all those ‘guys’ who were so indispensable are gone!” Cerovic says. Still, some observers are concerned that Hope indeed they are not ‘gone’ and might still cause con- siderable political turmoil. Milosevic was recently reelected head of the Socialist Party, his wife, Mirjana Markovic, leads the Yugoslav United Left, for the Seselj leads the Serbian Radical Party, and Draskovic for the the Serbian Renewal Movement. But Cerovic says confidently that these former leaders are now mar- ginalized and their power permanently curtailed. Serbs are in a different mood these days, a differ- Fuutu r e ent frame of mind, Cerovic says. They are likely to completely redefine what constitutes their national interest—leaving behind ideas of a greater Serbia, losing interest in whether or not Kosovo remains a province. “There is no chance that we will fight for anything like that anymore,” Cerovic predicts. However, should Kosovo become independent and stir efforts to create “greater Albania,” it becomes a problem for Albania and for Macedonia, which has a significant Albanian population living on the border with Kosovo. Serbs still care deeply about the Serbian minority in Kosovo and would want international guarantees on the protected status of historic Serbian Orthodox monasteries there, such as Decani Monastery and the Patriarch of Pec, the former seat of the patriarch of the church. But the Serbian people are fed up with the Serbian national myth and the consequences of national policy shaped by that myth under Milosevic, Cerovic says. While national pride is still important, it will not be part of an “aggressive, arrogant national policy.” Dismantling the Secret Service, a holdover from communist times, and the police structure has to be done carefully, Cerovic says. “Dismantling is risky for the security of the country. Many members might 5 survive and become some kind of mafia, which is Challenges in Macedonia already the case to some extent. The police have acedonia needs to establish a more modern been involved in all sorts of Mdemocracy, increase transparency and efficiency shady dealings, smuggling in governance, and address endemic corruption and oil and cigarettes. What’s at public cynicism, according to a group of stake for them is really big Macedonian leaders. Failure to address these and money. The paramilitary other crucial issues threatens the country’s social police were involved in peace, prosperity, and further integration into the some of the worst war European economy. More than 20 Macedonian crimes in Kosovo. Many are leaders from a broad spectrum of political and civil Stojan Cerovic worried they will be put on society arrived at these conclusions at a “Workshop Weak institu- trial. Their lives, their freedom, and their fortunes are on the Future of Macedonia” held in Mavrovo, tions, a lack at stake. They are organized and loyal to each other. Macedonia, on October 20–22. The conference was They are well connected.” sponsored by the U.S. Institute of Peace and the of trans- Further, some elements of the military and police National Democratic Institute for International parency in supported the anti-Milosevic opposition on October Affairs. Daniel Serwer, director of the Institute of 5. There are rumors that some opposition forces may Peace’s Balkans Initiative, and program officer Kurt government, have cut a deal with them and may be in their debt. Bassuener helped to organize the event with NDI’s and ethnic “With the collapse of this kind of a regime, you Skopje office. should expect huge moral problems. I don’t see how Although discussion at the meeting was not for tensions we can overcome that,” Cerovic says. “This revolu- attribution, the Institute of Peace will publish a need urgent tion may owe too much to people who ought to be Special Report summarizing key points made at the put on trial.” roundtable in the near future (to order the report, attention in From these groups and from other sectors of soci- see the February 2001 issue of Peace Watch). Macedonia if ety many newly minted “democrats” are emerging, Conference participants reflected the diversity of people with tarnished and even sordid histories. peoples and interests in Macedonian society as a the country This, too, poses moral problems because society at whole, notes Serwer. The Institute of Peace held a is to achieve large knows the things they have done. Indeed, such similar meeting in Washington, D.C., last year. guilt pervades the society. Also, Serbs have not dealt The report will present a large number of key its goal of with the crimes of Tito’s time, of the communist areas of broad, if not universal, agreement among integration past, and many of those perpetrators are still active. participants while also enumerating the cleavages “How can you solve this problem in court?” Cerovic among them, which were not necessarily ethnic in with Europe. asks. “The most healing process may be to forget. character. This article briefly summarizes areas of Not to say that everyone is pardoned, but put some agreement below. on trial to achieve a kind of symbolic justice.” At the ■ Macedonia’s gravitation toward group rights same time, a clear and accurate history of the times is reflects a failure to promote and protect individual needed. A major goal at this shaky time of transition human and civil rights. Macedonia’s ethnic minori- must be to not ask too much too soon of the new ties—Albanians, Roma, Turks, and Vlachs—believe government, which needs time to solidify gains and that the state favors the ethnic Macedonian majority. Opposite page: carve out new directions. Responsibility for this falls not only upon the cur- Opposition Also, the Serbian people are exhausted. “The rent and previous governments, but also upon the demonstrators country is in bad shape. There are too many banal civic sector. Until the state is impartial, minorities wave the things to worry about on a daily basis—people talk will seek refuge in group rights, and progress on Serbian flag about the shortage of electricity more than anything other fronts in Macedonia’s economic and demo- during a rally else. The quality of life is dramatically reduced,” cratic development is difficult to envision. in Belgrade on Cerovic says. “But at the same time there is a sense of ■ Weak institutions in Macedonia have led to rife October 6 cele- hope for the first time in many years. Everything is cronyism and corruption, fostering widespread cyni- brating the in terrible shape, but more important than that is cism and lack of respect for the law. This state of takeover of the their sense of where they’re going. This is what puts affairs subverts efforts to construct a functioning Yugoslav people in a good mood. They sense they’re pulling economy and deters investment and long-term Parliament out of something terrible, and that’s great.” planning. The citizenry must press for measures to building the See Challenges in Macedonia, page 9 previous day. 6 Ethnic Conflict in Dec l i n e

An increase in the number of democratic states over the last decade has led to policies of recognition, pluralism, and group autonomy for ethnic minorities, encouraging them to give up armed action.

Right: Ted hile many observers Th e r e are essentially three Robert Gurr believe that ethnic con- rea s o ns for the decline in Wflict has continued to ethnic conf l i c t , Gurr said. Fir s t , increase over the last decade, the shocks of state ref o rm a t i o n in Chechnya and Sudan.” Indeed, extensive research indicates the the afte r math of the collapse of Gurr identifies some 90 groups as opposite: since 1990, such conflict the Soviet Union have largely being at significant risk of conflict has been in decline, says Ted pa s s e d . Se c on d ,d e m o c ratic elites in the early 21st century. While it Robert Gurr of the University of ar e more likely to follo w policies of is not possible to contain all con- Maryland. “Ethnonational wars re c o g n i t i on ,p l u ra l i s m , and grou p flict, the international community are among the most deadly and au t on om y , as opposed to the more nonetheless deserves high praise protracted conflicts, posing the au t h o ri t a r ian policies of assimila- for the evolution of good interna- greatest threat to regional secur- ti o n and rep re s s i on . And third, tional practices for managing ity,” he says. “They are either set- in t e rn a t i o nal efforts at publicizing inter-ethnic conflict, Gurr said. tled in less than five years or they and preventing violations of grou p Panelist Ro y Gu tm a n , fo re i g n go on for a very long time. rights increased marke d ly after the po l i c y corres p o ndent for News d a y , Perhaps that’s why people are Cold War . States and interna t i on a l pointed out that while the number convinced there’s a tidal wave of or g a n i za t i o ns general ly have been of refugees may be down globally, them. . . . People fixate on the mo r e willing to initiate preven t i v e as Gurr notes in his res e a r ch ,t h a t most persistent conflicts, and it’s and remedial action. ma y not be an indicator of red u c e d harder to see the broader trends.” “Democracy makes a substan- co nflict but rather because states Gurr discussed his res e a r ch on tive difference to ethnic groups,” ar e closing their borders to et h n on a t i o nal political conflict at a Gurr said. Thirty-three new ref u g e e s . The number of interna l ly U.S . Institute of Peace Curren t democracies emerged in 1984–94, displaced persons has increa s e d . Issues Briefing last summer. Th e and an additional thirty-two The numbers tend to be inexact, event was held in conj u n c t i o n with attempted democracies failed. For Gutman said, but a rough estimate the USIP Pres s ’ s publicat i o n of his more than one-third of the ethnic of current refugees and interna l ly bo ok , Peoples versus State s : groups in his study, discrimination displaced persons combined is Mi n o r ities at Risk in the New had eased in the last decade about 41 milli on . “This is a matter Ce n tu r y (to order books from the “mainly due to changes in public of grav e conc e rn . ” USIP Pres s , see page 12). Gurr is policy and practice.” While Sti ll , Gur r ’s study is cause for founder and director of the democracy did not end open eth- ce l e b ra t i on , said panelist An d r ew Mi n o r ities at Risk Project at the nic conflict, it encouraged minori- Ma ck , di r ector of the Stra t e g i c Un i ve r s i t y of Maryla n d ’s Center ties to give up armed action and Planning Unit, Office of the for Interna t i o nal Devel o p ment and pursue their objectives by demo- Sec re t a r y General at the United Co nflict Management and distin- cratic means. Nat i on s . “It tells the UN that some guished univer s i t y prof essor there. Still, many individual conflicts of the things we have been doing The project trac ks and analyzes are still being contested with ha v e been important and made a the status of some 275 political ly ferocity, Gurr stressed. “Some di f fe r ence in the realm of conf l i c t ac t i v e ethnic and other commu n a l groups do not want their conflict pr even t i on . ” The decline in ethnic gr oups throughout the world . managed, they want to win, as in co nflict is “t ru l y extrao rd i n a r y.” 7 Adapting to the New National Security Envi r o n m e n t

ecretary of State Madeleine Albright said that the United States is the indispensable nation, S“but we have to decide where we are indispensa- ble,” notes Chester A. Crocker, chairman of the board of the U.S. Institute of Peace and James R. Schlesinger distinguished professor of diplomacy at Georgetown University. “We should lead where we have interests, where we are relevant, where our goal is welcome and we can develop strategic weight and traction.” Crocker discussed national security and leadership issues at the annual conference of the Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Retired Association (DACOR) organized in conjunction with the Institute of Peace and held at the World Bank on October 6. Richard H. Solomon, president of the Institute, moderated and chaired the conference, entitled “Adapting to the New National Security Environment.” The event featured presentations by Clockwise from Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., former assistant secretary of top left: defense for international security affairs, Richard Richard Haass, Haass, former National Security Council director Anthony Zinni, of Near East and South Asian affairs, and Gen. guidance that will articu- Richard Anthony Zinni (ret.), among others. late objectives and priori- Solomon, The Institute has published a Special Report ties and realistically explain Chester based on the conference, Adapting to the New how to achieve them. Crocker, and National Security Environment (to order, see page 12). Developing and implementing a well-thought-out Chas. Freeman Like the meeting, the report, compiled by Patrick strategy will be greatly enhanced by reorganizing the M. Cronin, director of the Institute’s Research and existing security and foreign policy structures and Studies Program, focuses on identifying the national standard operating procedures. In this regard, the security and foreign policy challenges the next report outlines a number of major steps that might administration and Congress are likely to face. be considered, including the following: Cronin notes in the report that “the new adminis- ■ Strengthen the duties, accountability, and tration’s signal challenge in international affairs will standards of our diplomats and other foreign affairs be to use U.S. primacy to foster a global system that officials advances freedom, peace, and prosperity for ■ Improve the quality and resources of our civilian Americans and the world.” One of the first orders of agencies involved in international affairs so they are business for the new administration should be to better prepared for interagency cooperation, and conduct a sweeping review of the nation’s security enlarge the array of possible instruments of policy, to and foreign policy organization and strategy, he include better use of public diplomacy and political notes. At the beginning of the new millennium, the tools new century, and the second decade of the post–Cold ■ Incorporate into the traditional portfolio of mili- War era, it is time to examine anew whether the tary and diplomatic instruments legal, economic, and present structure meets the needs of the nation in other “new” instruments of policy such as, for exam- significantly changed circumstances. At the same ple, using third-party mediatiors, encouraging track time, strategic policy planners in the new administra- two efforts, and focusing more on prevention, recon- tion should attempt to prepare the critical policy ciliation, and post-conflict peacebuilding. 8 In s t i t u t e Peo p l e

PAMELA AALL, director of the October 15 and an article on Iran on October 23. On November 21 Education Program, participated is in the January issue of Current he discussed “The Challenges in a workshop in Uppsala, History. Posed by Regional Conflicts” at Sweden, in October to review Georgetown University’s National two dozen conflict resolution Bo a r d cha i r man CHE S T E R A. Security Studies Program. nongovernmental organizations CRO C K E R discussed “Les s o ns from (NGOs) working in serious con- Af ri c a” at a confe r ence on “C o p i n g ELLEN ENSEL, computer systems flicts around the world. The with Conf l i c t : The Role of Forc e librarian in the Library Program, consultation, co-hosted by the in For eign Po l i cy ”o r g a n i zed by discussed “Products and Services Collaborative for Development the Meridian Interna t i o nal from the United States Institute Action of Cambridge, Mass., and Center in cooperat i o n with of Peace Supporting International the Life and Peace Institute in the Smi t h s o nian Associates in Conflict Resolution” at the Uppsala, was part of a multi-year Was h i n g t on , D.C . , on Novem b e r Federal Depository Library project funded by the Swedish 1 .C ro cker discussed “The United Conference held in Washington, and Dutch governments and States and Africa : Forging a New D.C., on October 25. She noted undertaken by the Collaborative Part n e r s h i p ” at the Council on available print publications, high- for Development Action. For eign Relations , Was h i n g t on , lighted Institute web resources, D.C . , on November 2. and discussed the library’s part- Program officer JON B. nership with the U.S. ALTERMAN discussed recent media PATRICK M. CRONIN, director Government Printing Office coverage of Arab-Israeli hostilities of the Research and Studies (GPO) to improve bibliographic at the Arab Correspondents Program, lectured on “The United control and access to web Association meeting on States and Coercive Diplomacy: resources compiled by the library. November 21. On October 21, he Ambitious Goals, Limited The presentation, along with discussed the digital divide in the Means,” at Harvard University’s those of other speakers, will be Middle East at the Middle East Olin Institute on November 20. published in the conference pro- Institute’s Annual Conference. He discussed cross-strait relations ceedings and posted in the An opinion piece on the Arab- between Taiwan and Mainland Federal Depository Library Israeli conflict entitled “Where China at a conference on “A New Program area of the GPO web Are We Going?” appeared in Era in Taiwan’s Democracy” at site. Arabic in Asharq al-Awsat on the American Enterprise Institute DAVID SMOCK, director of the Religion and Peacemaking ecent projects funded by the Institute’s Grant Program have produced Initiative, discussed recent devel- Rbooks that span a wide range of issues and regions. To order the opments in the Ivory Coast at a books, please contact the publisher listed below or your local bookstore. State Department conference on This House Has Fallen: Midnight in Nigeria by Karl Maier (Public Affairs, November 2. 2000). Portrays the most intractable crisis points and the ethnic and regional tensions threatening the survival of Nigeria. Institute president RICHARD H. Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts: African Conflict “Medicine” edited SOLOMON was a panelist for the by I. William Zartman (Lynne Rienner, 2000). Assesses the extent to which tradi- Nuclear Threat Initiative Scoping tional processes might be helpful in resolving current conflicts in African states. Study’s meeting on “Reducing the Nuclear Threat on the Korean Urban Peace-Building in Divided Societies: Belfast and Johannesburg by Scott A. Bollens (Westview Press, 1999). Explores the role that urban management Peninsula,” held on October of ethnic conflict plays in stabilization and reconciliation processes in strife-torn 24–25. Earlier that month, he societies. spoke on a panel discussing “Diplomats and Warriors: Coping War of Visions: Conflict of Identities in the Sudan (in Arabic) by Francis M. Deng (Sudanese Studies Center, 1999). Assesses the civil war in Sudan in terms of with an Era of ‘Endless Small contrasting visions of its national identity. Wars,’ ” which opened Meridian International's six-panel series REPORT ON CUSTOMER SERVICE SURVE Y entitled “Coping with Conflict: The Role of Force in Foreign Customers gave the U.S. Institute of Peace a 93 percent positive rating on Policy.” On September 29, he its performance in 1999 in four key areas—timeliness of response, clarity of information delivered the luncheon address and applications, accessibility of publications, and overall performance. at a conference on “The Korean The Institute implemented an annual survey in 1996 to evaluate its performance and to Peninsula: Paths to Reconcilia- assess how well it meets its published performance standards as part of its ongoing effort to tion and Reunification” co-spon- increase customer satisfaction. Readers of Peace Watch rated the Institute’s performance for sored by George Washington 1999 in relation to these standards on a survey response card included in the February University’s Sigur Center and 2000 issue. The responses and comments provided the basis for the Institute’s third annual the American Council on Asian customer service report. Pacific Affairs. Of 321 responses, 57 percent indicated that the Institute’s performance was excellent, 27 percent said it was above average, and 9 percent rated it as average. Board member W. SCOTT The Institute believes that a 93 percent satisfaction rate among its customers and clients THOMPSON’S book, The Baobab indicates strong appreciation for the way in which we serve our constituents. Thank you for and the Mango Tree: Lessons About your continuing interest in the Institute’s work and in our commitment to serving you. Development—African and Asian We invite you to evaluate our customer performance during 2000 on the form stapled Comparisons, co-written with his inside this issue of Peace Watch. Please remember to include your return address if you wish son Nicholas Thompson, was to receive a response to a specific question. published recently by Zed Books.

GEORGE WARD, director of the Training Program, chaired Challenges in Macedonia the U.S. delegation to the Continued from page 5 annual Human Dimension build solid public institutions, root out corruption, and foster expecta- Implementation Review Meeting tions of accountability if they are to succeed, but this requires leadership of the Organization for Security from civil society and the media, hitherto lacking. and Cooperation in Europe ■ True decentralization in governance, coupled with transparency and (OSCE) in Warsaw on October public accountability of administration, could help diffuse tensions in 17–27. During the meeting, the Macedonia and increase governmental efficiency. At present, local U.S. delegation, composed of administrative units are too small to function efficiently and rely on the members from the executive and center, making them parking lots for patronage and havens of corrup- legislative branches of govern- tion. These new administrative units should not be drawn on an ethnic ment and nongovernmental basis, but rather on an administratively logical one. organizations, joined with repre- ■ The Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, as with the European sentatives of 53 other states in Union (EU) in general, is viewed as not having fulfilled expectations. examining the practices of mem- Announced in summer 1999, the Stability Pact is aimed at promoting ber governments with respect to democratic and economic development in Southeastern Europe through human rights and fundamental objective standards and assistance from donors, primarily in the freedoms. European Union. Macedonia, which suffered greatly during the past decade due to the wars in the former Yugoslavia, is not being given ade- Board member ZALMAY quate cons i d e ra t i o n or rel i e f . How e ver , al l sectors of Macedonian society KHALILZAD’S report on The want Macedonia to eventually join the EU. Future of Turkish-Western ■ Responsibility for Macedonia’s internal democratic and institutional Relations:Towards a Strategic development rests with those citizens with the vision and willingness to Plan was published recently by advocate the changes necessary. However, the West has an abiding the RAND Corporation. interest in helping to promote civic values and public accountability. In addition to aiding indigenous progressive civic forces, the United States, the EU, and NATO should do what they can to promote stability and prosperity on the macro level, to create an environment for Macedonian reform to succeed. 10 Mennonite International “Mennonite peacebuilding ration with the Organization of Peacebuilding efforts have been able to build on American States (OAS) Unit for p until the 1970s, “Me n n on i t e s values and experiences already the Promotion of Democracy. Uhad no trad i t i o ns of political central in our religious tradition,” Participants came primarily me d i a t i on , as our comp a ra t i ve l y such as caring for one’s neighbor from Colombia and Guatemala, wo rl d ly bret h re n , the Qua k e r s , and service, noted Kraybill, a con- with others from Chile, Costa had had for sever al generat i on s , ” tributor to the book. Lederach Rica, and Ecuador, and they rep- sa ys Ron Kraybi l l of Eastern added that Mennonites believe resented sectors that spanned the Me n n o nite Univer s i t y. But today, that peacebuilding—the term government, educational institu- peacebuilding is a key focus of the Mennonites prefer over “conflict tions, the church, the private sec- Me n n o nite Central Comm i t t e e ’s resolution”—must be done from tor, and a wide range of non- ac t i v i t i e s . Most Mennonite col- the ground up, which requires governmental and international leges and seminaries offer courses that those involved respect the organizations. Institute program or degrees in peacebuilding, an d environment they are working in officer Lewis Rasmussen led the do z ens of people with Mennoni t e and think about how things need training, entitled “Capacity roots work full time around the to change and about what they Building for Consensus and wo r ld in active res p o nse to situa- are trying to build. Peacebuilding Dialogue Processes,” with pro- ti o ns of conf l i c t . moves the focus away from prob- gram officer Curtis Morris; Kraybill discussed Mennonite lems to an emphasis on relation- Margarita Studemeister, director peacebuilding at an Institute ships. of the Library Program; Pete workshop on the subject, held on Swanson of the Federal November 2 to introduce a new Capacity Building in Mediation and Conciliation book, From the Ground Up: Latin America Service; and Sofia Clark and Mennonite Contributions to ome 25 Latin American pro- Dominique Reyes of the OAS. International Peacebuilding, edited Sfessionals with peacemaking Using presentations, discus- by Cynthia Sampson and John experience in the region analyzed sions, and an exercise on negotia- Paul Lederach and published challenges they had faced and tion and consensus building, sem- by Oxford University Press. lessons they had learned at a inar participants focused on three Research for the book was funded Professional Development areas: conflict analysis, dialogue by an Institute grant. The pro- Seminar offered by the U.S. and consensus building, and gram was organized by the Grant Institute of Peace in Antigua, development of strategic plans Program and the Religion and Guatemala, September 17–22. for specific problems. They also Peacemaking Initiative. The seminar was held in collabo- developed and enhanced profes- sional networks. In their evalua- tions of the seminar, participants said the training provided new perspectives and tools to improve their work in conflict prevention, management, and resolution. “The training provided a good opportunity to practice thinking from an opponent’s point of view,” noted one participant. “It helped me to be more innovative,” wrote another. Many said they looked forward to teaching their new skills and insights to col- leagues in their country.

Left: Latin Americans with peace- making experience in the region participate in a workshop at the Professional Development Seminar. 11 Gr a n t Awar d s CONGRESS APPROVES NEW he Institute’s board of direc- Ttors recently approved the INSTITUTE BOARD MEMBERS following grants.

ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY, Vasa, AND FY2001 BUDGET Finland. Extract from anthropological studies of traditional societies’ lessons In its final hours, the 106th Congress approved six new members to regarding effective mechanisms to pro- mote peace. Douglas P. Fry. $25,000. the Institute’s Board of Directors and a $15 million budget for FY2001.

ALEXSEEV, MIKHAIL A., Boone, N.C. n its final session on December 15, Congress approved six new members to the U.S. Assemble policy relevant data on eco- Institute of Peace’s board of directors: Betty Bumpers, Holly Burkhalter, Marc Leland, nomic growth fueled by Chinese migra- I tion and cross-border trade in the Russian Mora McLean, Maria Otero, and Barbara Snelling. In addition, serving members Far East, and its potential impact on Seymour Martin Lipset and Harriet Zimmerman were confirmed for second terms. nationalist activism by ethnic Russians in Congress also approved $15 million for the Institute’s FY2001 budget, a 16 percent the region. $40,000. increase over the previous year. The increase is designed to fund an expansion of the AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTER- Institute’s Balkans Initiative, headed by Daniel Serwer, and its Conflict Resolution NATIONAL LAW, Ithaca, N.Y. Develop Training Program, directed by George Ward. proposals to help policymakers and inter- Joining the board is Betty Bumpers, of Washington, D.C., who is the founder—and national lawyers identify appropriate since 1982 president—of Peace Links, a Washington, D.C., nonprofit grassroots organiza- occasions, means, and objectives for future military interventions with human- tion that promotes peace abroad. Holly Burkhalter serves as advocacy director of itarian aims; focus on the prerequisites for Physicians for Human Rights, a Washington, D.C.–based human rights organization spe- successful intervention. David Wippman, cializing in medical, scientific, and forensic investigations of violations of internationally Jane Stromseth. $40,000. recognized human rights. AMERICAN RADIOWORKS, National Marc Leland, an attorney, is president of Marc E. Leland & Associates, Arlington, Va., Public Radio, St. Paul, Minn. Produce a an investment management firm. Mora McLean serves as president of the Africa-America radio documentary series, with an Institute, New York, N.Y., a nonprofit organization whose mission is to foster develop- Internet component, that will track the ment in Africa through education and training, and to promote educational and cultural investigation and prosecution of war crimes committed in several villages in exchanges and other ties between Americans and Africans. Kosovo. Stephen Smith. $35,000. Maria Otero is president and CEO of ACCION International, Somerville, Mass., a nonprofit umbrella organization for a network of microlending institutions that fight ASSOCIATION FRANCAISE POUR LES poverty in the Americas by making loans to poor and low-income people. Barbara Snelling ETUDES ET RECHERCHES SUR L’AFRIQUE, Antony, France. Delineate of Shelburne, Vt., is state senator elect and the former lieutenant governor of Vermont. For internal and external actors that have full biographies of the new board members, visit our web site at www.usip.org. determined the cycles of violence that have characterized the Great Lakes region of Central Africa; measure the logue with peers on contested international Carina Korostelina. $30,000. impact of a broad range of factors on the issues. Susan Graseck. $40,000. conflict. Jean-Pierre Chretien. $25,000. CENTER FOR PEDAGOGICAL AND CARE, Kampala, Uganda. Develop a man- SOCIAL RESEARCH–BALTIC INSIGHT, BJORNLUND, ERIC, Washington, D.C. ual for humanitarian assistance organiza- Riga, Latvia. Develop an on-line database Assess the impact of election monitoring tions to assess the benefits and harms of on minority rights for use by NGOs, gov- on consolidating transitions to democracy their assistance work; develop a benefits- ernmental agencies, journalists, academics, and resolving conflicts under inter- harms training-of-trainers manual for use and others in Central and Eastern Europe. nationally negotiated peace agreements. by field personnel of both CARE and Boris Koltchanov. $25,000. Eric Bjornlund. $38,000. other international and local NGOs who provide humanitarian assistance. CENTER FOR POLICY STUDIES IN BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, Paul O’Brien. $35,000. RUSSIA–PIR CENTER, Moscow, Russia. Washington, D.C. Research and orches- Analyze Russian nuclear capabilities and trate dialogue that might contribute to CENTER FOR ETHNO-SOCIAL intentions, with a focus on the prospects the termination of the civil war in Sudan. RESEARCH, Simferopol, Ukraine. Develop for U.S.-Russian dialogue on non- Francis Deng. $20,000. and implement a training workshop for proliferation. Vladimir A. Orlov. $35,000. professors and community leaders in BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R.I. Crimea, Ukraine, on peacebuilding, Hold a series of forums in several states conflict resolution, cross-cultural com- to engage high school students in a dia- munication, negotiation, and mediation. Rec e n t Pu b l i c a t i o n s he following Institute publications are available free of The Tragedy Tcharge. Write to the Institute’s Office of Communications, call 202-429-3832, or check out our web page at ww w. u s i p . o rg . of Russia’s Reforms Market Bolshevism against ✔ Adapting to the New National Security Democracy Environment (Special Report no. 64, December 2000) Peter Reddaway and Dmitri Glinski ✔ February 2001 Europe in the 21st Century: A Strategy for “A monumental book, unsurpassed in sophistication and 768 pp. • 6 x 9 Achieving Stable Peace (Special Report $29.95 (paper) no. 63, November 2000) insight. A must-read for anyone struggling to understand Russia’s past, present, and future.” 1-929223-06-4 ✔ Bosnia’s Next Five Years: Dayton and $55.00 (cloth) Beyond (Special Report no. 62, —David Johnson, Johnson’s Russia List 1-929223-02-2 November 2000) ✔ Coercive Prevention: Normative, Political, and Policy Dilemmas, by Bruce W. Jentleson (Peaceworks no. 35, October 2000) The South African Trut h ✔ Kosovo Brief: Information Management Offers a New Opportunity for Cooperation Co m m i s s i o n between Civilian and Military The Politics of Reconciliation Entities, by Col. Michael J. Dziedzic and William B. Wood (Virtual Dorothy Shea Diplomacy Series no. 9, August 2000) Shea investigates the origins of the TRC in South Africa’s ✔ The Role of the Ambassador in transition from apartheid to democracy, focuses on how the October 2000 Promoting Human Rights Policy politics of the TRC were played out, and draws lessons 128 pp. • 6 x 9 Abroad (Special Report no. 61, August from the experience for other transitions. $8.95 (paper) 2000) 1-929223-09-9 ✔ Women in War and Peace: Grassroots Peacebuilding, by Donna Ramsey Marshall (Peaceworks no. 34, August 2000) ✔ Defining the Path to a Peaceful, Undivided, from and Democratic Europe, by Stephen Hadley (Special Report no. 60, June 2000) NTo order,e callw 800-868-8064 us i p pr e s s N(U.S. eonly) orw 703-661-1590us i p pr e s s

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