Study on the Fluoride and Chloride Concentration in Ground Waters of Vilavancode, Kanyakumari District

Study on the Fluoride and Chloride Concentration in Ground waters of Vilavancode, Kanyakumari District

C.Amutha Rani (Reg.No.12525)1, Ajitha Mol. A2, Albin Sathiya Dhas. S3, Jayaseeli Antony4

1 Research scholar, Department of Zoology St. Xaviers Autonomous college, Palayamkotai, M.S.University,Tirunelveli 2,Assistant professor, Department of Zoology, Nanjil Catholic College of Arts and Science, Kaliyakkavilai 3Assistant professor,Centre for Marine Science and Technology , Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari District. 4 Research Guide, Department of Zoology, Assistant professor, St. Xaviers Autonomous college, Palayamkotai, M.S.University, Tirunelveli

ABSTRACT Fluoride and Chloride concentration in ground waters of Vilavancode taluk, Kanyakumari

District were investigated. A total of 30 water samples from Kadayal town and surrounding area in different bore wells were collected and analyzed during January 2016 to December 2016. In the study area, the Fluoride and Chloride concentration was higher than the standard value for drinking water purposes. Fluorosis has no remedy and only the way is prevention. Hence, it is suggested that a defluoridation plant based on Nalgonda technique may be practiced for drinking water.

Key Words: Ground waters, Fluoride, Chloride, Vilavancode, Fluorosis.

INTRODUCTION

The quality of the water bodies varies widely depending on the location and environmental factors (Tay 2007). Fluoride is a fairly common element, representing about 0.38 g/kg of the earth’s crust (WHO 2003). Fluoride has a great health problem worldwide. The public health burden of these chemicals far exceeds that of other chemical contaminants in drinking – water, but globally it is masked by the public health impact of microbial contamination (WHO 2012).

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1115

The Fluoride is more in ground waters than in surface waters. Among various elements, Fluoride is thirteenth in the order of abundance in the earth’s crust (DHHA 1991). Naturally, it occurs in the combined form because of its high reactiveness. Srikabtia, 1974 found out that the Fluoride concentration (0.6-1.5 ppm) in drinking water which prevent the development of dental problems.

Fluoride content between 2-4 ppm, which causes the mottling of teeth in U.S.A and skeletal Fluorosis in India has been reported. Epidemiological observations in India indicated that the Fluoride ion in the range of 0.9 -1.2 ppm causes a high incidence of dental mottling and in some areas even skeletal

Fluorosis is observed at these levels (Gopalakrishnan et al ., 1991).

Animals and plants are also affected (Chinoy, 1991 and Ghinmine et al., 1998). Fluoride is present in the teeth, bones , thyroid gland and skin of animals. Normally, man receives about 1 mg/1 of Fluoride per day from drinking water and about 0.25-0.35 mg from other eatables. Toothpastes also add Fluoride content in the body of human beings. However, the daily need of Fluoride for human body is about 0.5 to 0.8 mg/1 only (Anil and Shashikant, 1995).

According to Meletis (2003), chloride is an ‘essential’’ mineral for human beings.The Chloride is presented in fertilizer, road salt, human and animals wastes and industrial applications. The guideline value for the palatability and health significance of residual chlorine is 0.2 to 0.5 mg/1 in drinking water distribution systems (Who, 2003).

The pH of the water is high, chlorine is less effective up on pathogens, because the chloride concentration in shallow ground water is runoff through the soil (USEPA, 1999). Chloride may make your water taste salty and indicates contamination from an outside source such as salt storage, sea water or septic waste. Town and rural water supplies in Vilavancode taluk are dependent on surface and

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1116

© 2018 IJRAR December 2018, Volume 5, Issue 04 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138) ground water, but mainly dependent on the ground water. Therefore, it is very necessary to conduct scientific survey of Fluoride and Chloride in ground waters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The water samples were collected from 30 various localities of Kadayal town and its surrounding using Random sampling technique and the following procedure was adopted for sampling. Monitoring was done during June 2016 to December 2016. Polythene bottles of one liter capacity were used for collecting samples. The samples were then brought to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Chemical analysis of water was done following the standard methods (APHA, 1995 and Neeri, 1988).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The minimum concentration of Fluoride (0.15 mg/1) in the sampling station of Kanavathikal

(S30) and maximum (1.75 mg/1) in Karoodu (S17). The amount of Fluoride concentration in the water samples varied from one sampling site to other sampling site. Out of 30 bore wells studied, fluoride concentration in 19 samples, remained within the permissible limit for drinking water and the remaining 11 water samples the concentration of Fluoride exceeded 1.5 mg/1.

In the (Fig 1and 2) the Flouride concentrations are maximum in S1, S10, S17, S25, S26 and minimum in all other stations . In the (Fig 3 and 4) Chloride concentrations are maximum S5, S6, S25,

S28, S30 and minimum in all other stations. It indicating the fact that the water in them is not fit for drinking purposes. The same observation was reported by (BIS, 1998).

The minimum Chloride concentration is 22 mg/1 in Pattukani (S18) and maximum concentration is 1155 mg/1 in Kanavathikal (S30). However, in most of the samples studied, the values were well within the permissible limit prescribed for drinking purpose except in sample area

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1117

Kanavathikal (S30). Discharge of industrial effluents may also increase the chloride content in natural waters (Deepali et al., 2001).

Similarly, high Fluoride consent is due to geological sources such as the presence of pegmatite’s, Schist belt and igneous rocks such as granites in the soil crust are responsible for the increase of Fluoride concentration in certain bore wells. During the study period, the Fluoride concentration is more in water . The same findings was reported by RGNDWM, 1993 which causes the ill effect on health.

Fluoride content less than 1 mg/1 for a long period of consumption leads to fluorosis in the rural environment (Apparao et al., 1986). Therefore, it is suggested that a defluoridation plant based on

Nalgonda technique is required before water is supplied for drinking purpose. Further, people should be advised to take adequate calcium-rich diet like ragi, milk and vitamin C and diet in the endemic areas to overcome the impact of Fluoride hazard. The concerned district authorities should take necessary steps to create health awareness among the people with regard to the ill effects of fluorosis and water born diseases.

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1118

Table 1 Average distribution of Fluoride and Chloride concentration (mg/l) in ground waters of

Vilavancode Taluk during June 2016 to December 2016

Samples Sampling stations Fluoride (mg/1) Chloride (mg/1)

S1 Kadayal 1.65±0.23 238.00±4.32 S2 Pokinkalai 0.51±0.03 76.07±2.10 S3 Chittain karai 1.60±0.12 141.03±4.10 S4 Katta Vilai 0.24±0.03 254.63±4.23 S5 Siruthotam 0.28±0.01 328.00±7.32 S6 Kattuva 0.75±0.12 1031.33±12.67 S7 Alancholai 0.67±0.16 172.00±1.34 S8 Thirparappu 1.55±0.12 112.53±2.32 S9 Arakanadu 1.60±0.11 276.45±4.87 S10 Netta 1.61±0.10 144.00±1.32 S11 Majakonam 0.79±0.13 98.36±1.29 S12 Mulucode 1.55±0.29 194.09±2.30 S13 Anducode 1.25±0.11 61.00±1.21 S14 Melpuram 0.48±0.12 224.73±3.43 S15 Pacode 0.33±0.08 87.16±1.42 S16 Arumani 0.49±0.12 72.00±1.20 S17 Karode 1.90±0.15 215.54±3.42 S18 Pattukani 0.25±0.03 22.31±1.01 S19 Kaliyal 1.55±0.11 70.42±2.30 S20 Kattavillai 0.52±0.13 134.46±2.32 S21 Thiruvattar 0.41±0.11 285.16±4.48 S22 Puthen kadai 0.46±0.10 100.64±2.43 S23 Majalumoodu 0.17±0.02 52.31±2.43 S24 Malaikode 1.55±0.12 79.15±2.45 S25 Melpalai 1.63±0.14 384.12±4.36 S26 Panachamoodu 1.70±0.16 73.00±2.32 S27 Thiruvarampu 1.23±0.07 227.32±2.43 S28 Kuruvikadu 1.60±0.16 395.00±4.25 S29 Kirathoor 1.20±0.12 257.33±3.21 S30 Kanavathikal 0.15±0.02 1155.67±23.43

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1119

(Fig 1) Average distribution of Fluoride in sampling stations of Vilavancode Taluk

Fluoride (mg/l)

2 1 0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

(Fig 2) Average distribution of Fluoride in the sampling stations of Vilavancode Taluk

Fluoride (mg/l) 2

0 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30

(Fig 3) Average distribution of Chloride in the sampling stations of Vilavancode Taluk

1500 Chloride (mg/l) 1000

500

0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15

(Fig 4) Average distribution of Chloride in the sampling stations of Vilavancode Taluk

1200 1000 Chloride (mg/l) 800 600 400 200 0 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23 S24 S25 S26 S27 S28 S29 S30

Conclusion

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1120

Impacts from anthropogenic sources can be reduced by proper management of animals and human wastes, minimizing the applications of soaps and detergents and farmers must be advised to use the chlorinated pesticides/ fertilizers in a judicious way. Reverse osmosis, ion exchange and distillation are treatment methods for removing Chloride from water, Proper sanitation and drainage system should be provided to avoid contamination of drinking water; therefore, concerned authorities should take appropriate steps.

REFERENCES

Anil K. Rajina and Shashikant (1995). Dental Flurosis – A case study in three villages of district Rojouri ( J & k). Proc. Acd. Environ. BIol.4(2): 143-146.

APHA, (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 18th ed. APHA. New York, USA.

Apparao B V and Kartikeyan G (1986). permissible limits of Fluoride ion in drinking water in Indian rural environment. I JEP. 6(3): 172-175.

BIS, Bureau of Indian Standards (1998). Specification for drinking water New Delhi.

Chinoy N J (1991). Effects of Fluoride on Physiology of animals and human beings. Indian J. Environ. Toxi col.I (1): 17-32.

Deepali Sohani, Sapna Pande and Srivastava V S (2001). Ground water quality at tribal town: Nandurbar (Maharashtra ). Indian J. Environ. Ecoplan.5 (2): 475-749.

DHHA (Department of Health and Human services, 1991). Review of Fluoride benefits and risks. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.

Ghinmine R M (1998). Impact of increase in Fluoride in ground water on Environment and socio- economic status of the people – A case study in pilani (Rajasthan). J. IPHE India. 2: 17-29.

Gopalakrishnan S, Narasimhan S and Seenipandian C (1991). Incidence of Fluorosis in 10 villages near Tuticorin – suggestions for prevention and control. Indian. J. Environ Prot.1(2): 118-123.

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1121

Meletis CD (2003). Chloride : The forgotten Essential Mineral. Elete Water. Mineral Resources International. 1990 West 3300 South Ogden, UT84401 USA. Available online at www. Eletewater.com.

Neeri (1988). The manual of water and waste water analysis National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra (India). P.100-106.

RGNDWN (1993). Prevention and Control of Fluorosi, New Delhi. Pondicherry region of south India. Ph.D. thesis. Anna University – Chennai -600 025.Short (1937) Endemic Fluorosis in the Madras Presidency. Indian J. Medical Research 25:553-561.

Tay C K (2007): Chemical characteristics of ground in the Akatsi and Ketu Districts of the Volta Region, Ghana. CSIR – Water Research Institute. AQccra, Ghana. West Africa journal of Applied Ecology, 11: 1-23.

USEPA (1999). Conducting Sanitary Surveys of public Water systems: surface water and Ground Water. EPA Guidance Manual.

WHO (2003). Guidelines for drinking water quality, Vol.3. World Health Organizations, Switzerland, Geneva.

WHO; UNICEF. (2012). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: Update; World Health Organisation/UNICEF: Geneva, Switzerland.

IJRAR1944358 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 1122