Photonic Metamaterials
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Role of Dielectric Materials in Electrical Engineering B D Bhagat
ISSN: 2319-5967 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2013 Role of Dielectric Materials in Electrical Engineering B D Bhagat Abstract- In India commercially industrial consumer consume more quantity of electrical energy which is inductive load has lagging power factor. Drawback is that more current and power required. Capacitor improves the power factor. Commercially manufactured capacitors typically used solid dielectric materials with high permittivity .The most obvious advantages to using such dielectric materials is that it prevents the conducting plates the charges are stored on from coming into direct electrical contact. I. INTRODUCTION Dielectric materials are those which are used in condensers to store electrical energy e.g. for power factor improvement in single phase motors, in tube lights etc. Dielectric materials are essentially insulating materials. The function of an insulating material is to obstruct the flow of electric current while the function of dielectric is to store electrical energy. Thus, insulating materials and dielectric materials differ in their function. A. Electric Field Strength in a Dielectric Thus electric field strength in a dielectric is defined as the potential drop per unit length measured in volts/m. Electric field strength is also called as electric force. If a potential difference of V volts is maintained across the two metal plates say A1 and A2, held l meters apart, then Electric field strength= E= volts/m. B. Electric Flux in Dielectric It is assumed that one line of electric flux comes out from a positive charge of one coulomb and enters a negative charge of one coulombs. -
Investigation of Natural Photonic Crystal and Historical Background of Their Development with Future Aspects
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 11, November-2019 ISSN 2229-5518 580 Investigation of Natural Photonic crystal and Historical background of their development with future aspects Vijay Kumar Shembharkar, Dr. Arvind Gathania Abstract— In this work, microstructural and optical characteristics nanoparticles of wings of Lemon pansy (Junonia lemonias) butterfly were studied with the help of different characterization techaniques. And the historical review of their fabrication and characterizations. We developed the sequence of descoveries and investigations which had happenned in past few years and described future advancements of photonic crystals, with their importance. The mathematical description given for the understanding different dtructures and r elate them for the applications. We represented here optical images of butterfly wings which is taken by optical microscop. —————————— —————————— 1 INTRODUCTION He Nature provides ample number of biological systems T which display beautiful patterns and colours. The study of the microstructures in these systems gives hints about fabricating artificial photonic structures [1]. These biological systems provide novel platforms and templates so as to ac- commodate interesting inorganic materials. There are several biomaterials, such as bacteria [2] and fungal colonies [3], wood cells [4], diatoms [5], echinoid skeletal plates [6], pollen grains [7], eggshell membranes [8], human and dog’s hair [9] and silk Historical Devolopment. [10] which have been used for the biomimetic synthe- sis of a range of organized inorganic make ups that has potential in catalysis, magnetism, separation technology, electronics and photonics. Several re- search groups have workedIJSER on different novel meth- ods to produce such inorganic materials using natural Historical Background templates. -
Bringing Optical Metamaterials to Reality
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Bringing Optical Metamaterials to Reality Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d37803w Author Valentine, Jason Gage Publication Date 2010 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Bringing Optical Metamaterials to Reality By Jason Gage Valentine A dissertation in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering – Mechanical Engineering in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Xiang Zhang, Chair Professor Costas Grigoropoulos Professor Liwei Lin Professor Ming Wu Fall 2010 Bringing Optical Metamaterials to Reality © 2010 By Jason Gage Valentine Abstract Bringing Optical Metamaterials to Reality by Jason Gage Valentine Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley Professor Xiang Zhang, Chair Metamaterials, which are artificially engineered composites, have been shown to exhibit electromagnetic properties not attainable with naturally occurring materials. The use of such materials has been proposed for numerous applications including sub-diffraction limit imaging and electromagnetic cloaking. While these materials were first developed to work at microwave frequencies, scaling them to optical wavelengths has involved both fundamental and engineering challenges. Among these challenges, optical metamaterials tend to absorb a large amount of the incident light and furthermore, achieving devices with such materials has been difficult due to fabrication constraints associated with their nanoscale architectures. The objective of this dissertation is to describe the progress that I have made in overcoming these challenges in achieving low loss optical metamaterials and associated devices. The first part of the dissertation details the development of the first bulk optical metamaterial with a negative index of refraction. -
Weberˇs Planetary Model of the Atom
Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Bearbeitet von Andre Koch Torres Assis, Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr 1. Auflage 2011. Taschenbuch. 184 S. Paperback ISBN 978 3 8424 0241 6 Format (B x L): 17 x 22 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Physik, Astronomie > Physik Allgemein schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Figure 0.1: Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891) Foto: Gudrun Wolfschmidt in der Sternwarte in Göttingen 2 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Band 19 Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt Hamburg: tredition science 2011 Nuncius Hamburgensis Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften Hg. von Gudrun Wolfschmidt, Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Technik, Universität Hamburg – ISSN 1610-6164 Diese Reihe „Nuncius Hamburgensis“ wird gefördert von der Hans Schimank-Gedächtnisstiftung. Dieser Titel wurde inspiriert von „Sidereus Nuncius“ und von „Wandsbeker Bote“. Andre Koch Torres Assis, Karl Heinrich Wiederkehr and Gudrun Wolfschmidt: Weber’s Planetary Model of the Atom. Ed. by Gudrun Wolfschmidt. Nuncius Hamburgensis – Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Band 19. Hamburg: tredition science 2011. Abbildung auf dem Cover vorne und Titelblatt: Wilhelm Weber (Kohlrausch, F. (Oswalds Klassiker Nr. 142) 1904, Frontispiz) Frontispiz: Wilhelm Weber (1804–1891) (Feyerabend 1933, nach S. -
HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF (B
ndsbv3_H 10/2/07 5:38 PM Page 291 Herschel Hertz he and Alexander had lost the physical strength necessary HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF (b. to repolish the mirror. Hamburg, Germany, 22 February 1857; d. Bonn, Ger- Much more is now known about the wealth that Mary many, 1 January 1894), physics, philosophy. For the origi- Pitt brought to their marriage in 1788. Her inheritance nal article on Hertz see DSB, vol. 6. from her late husband, and subsequent legacies from her The centenaries of Hertz’s discovery of radio waves, mother and other members of her family, rendered of his death, and of the publication of The Principles of Herschel’s annual “pension” from the crown insignificant. Mechanics served to invigorate scholarship on the life and Why then did he continue to make telescopes for sale? Part work of Heinrich Hertz. While it was true until 1994 that of the reason seems to lie in the delight he took at his inter- there was no book-length study, the next dozen years pro- national eminence in work so far removed from his profes- duced a 600-page biography, two highly focused mono- sion of music—ambassadors were reduced to writing what graphs, and a collection of essays on Hertz as classical were, in effect, begging letters, for if Herschel refused physicist and modern philosopher. These books appeared them, there was no one else to whom they might turn. But alongside numerous articles and the discovery of new it has been argued that some of his production was des- biographical sources, laboratory notes, correspondence, tined for fellow observers who might, he hoped, confirm and manuscripts. -
To Super-Radiating Manipulation of a Dipolar Emitter Coupled to a Toroidal Metastructure
From non- to super-radiating manipulation of a dipolar emitter coupled to a toroidal metastructure Jie Li,1 Xing-Xing Xin,1 Jian Shao,1 Ying-Hua Wang,1 Jia-Qi Li,1 Lin Zhou,2 and Zheng- Gao Dong1,* 1Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China 2School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China * [email protected] Abstract: Toroidal dipolar response in a metallic metastructure, composed of double flat rings, is utilized to manipulate the radiation pattern of a single dipolar emitter (e.g., florescent molecule/atom or quantum dot). Strong Fano-type radiation spectrum can be obtained when these two coupling dipoles are spatially overlapped, leading to significant radiation suppression (so-called nonradiating source) attributed to the dipolar destructive interference. Moreover, this nonradiating configuration will become a directionally super-radiating nanoantenna after a radial displacement of the emitter with respect to the toroidal flat-ring geometry, which emits linearly polarized radiation with orders of power enhancement in a particular orientation. The demonstrated radiation characteristics from a toroidal- dipole-mediated dipolar emitter indicate a promising manipulation capability of the dipolar emission source by intriguing toroidal dipolar response. ©2015 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (160.3918) Metamaterials; (250.5403) Plasmonics. References and links 1. L. B. Zel’dovich, “The relation between decay asymmetry and dipole moment of elementary particles,” Sov. Phys. JETP 6, 1148 (1958). 2. T. Kaelberer, V. A. Fedotov, N. Papasimakis, D. P. Tsai, and N. I. Zheludev, “Toroidal dipolar response in a metamaterial,” Science 330(6010), 1510–1512 (2010). -
Chapter 5 Capacitance and Dielectrics
Chapter 5 Capacitance and Dielectrics 5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................5-3 5.2 Calculation of Capacitance ...................................................................................5-4 Example 5.1: Parallel-Plate Capacitor ....................................................................5-4 Interactive Simulation 5.1: Parallel-Plate Capacitor ...........................................5-6 Example 5.2: Cylindrical Capacitor........................................................................5-6 Example 5.3: Spherical Capacitor...........................................................................5-8 5.3 Capacitors in Electric Circuits ..............................................................................5-9 5.3.1 Parallel Connection......................................................................................5-10 5.3.2 Series Connection ........................................................................................5-11 Example 5.4: Equivalent Capacitance ..................................................................5-12 5.4 Storing Energy in a Capacitor.............................................................................5-13 5.4.1 Energy Density of the Electric Field............................................................5-14 Interactive Simulation 5.2: Charge Placed between Capacitor Plates..............5-14 Example 5.5: Electric Energy Density of Dry Air................................................5-15 -
And Ku-Band Application
applied sciences Article Compact Left-Handed Meta-Atom for S-, C- and Ku-Band Application Md. Mehedi Hasan 1,*, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque 1,* and Mohammad Tariqul Islam 2,* ID 1 Space Science Centre (ANGKASA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 2 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.M.H.); [email protected] (M.R.I.F.); [email protected] (M.T.I.); Tel.: +60-102938061 (M.R.I.F.) Received: 10 August 2017; Accepted: 10 October 2017; Published: 23 October 2017 Abstract: A new compact left-handed meta-atom for S-, C- and Ku-band applications is presented in this paper. The proposed structure provides a wide bandwidth and exhibits left-handed characteristics at 0◦, 90◦, 180◦ and 270◦ (xy-axes) rotations. Besides, the left-handed characteristics and wide bandwidth of 1 × 2, 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 arrays are also investigated at the above-mentioned rotation angles. In this study, the meta-atom is designed by creating splits at the outer and inner square-shaped ring resonators, and a metal arm is placed at the middle of the inner ring resonator. The arm is also connected to the upper and lower portions of the inner ring resonator, and later, the design appears as an I-shaped split ring resonator. The commercially available, finite integration technique (FIT)-based electromagnetic simulator CST Microwave Studio is used for design and simulation purposes. The measured data comply well with the simulated data of the unit cell for 1 × 2, 2 × 2, 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 arrays at every rotation angle. -
Photonic Crystal Flakes Ali K
Letter pubs.acs.org/acssensors Photonic Crystal Flakes Ali K. Yetisen,*,†,‡ Haider Butt,§ and Seok-Hyun Yun*,†,‡ † Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States ‡ Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States § Nanotechnology Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Photonic crystals (PCs) have been traditionally produced on rigid substrates. Here, we report the development of free-standing one- dimensional (1D) slanted PC flakes. A single pulse of a 5 ns Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm, 350 mJ) was used to organize silver nanoparticles (10−50 nm) into multilayer gratings embedded in ∼10 μm poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate- co-methacrylic acid) hydrogel films. The 1D PC flakes had narrow-band diffraction peak at ∼510 nm. Ionization of the carboxylic acid groups in the hydrogel produced Donnan osmotic pressure and modulated the Bragg peak. In response to pH (4−7), the PC flakes shifted their diffraction wavelength from 500 to 620 nm, exhibiting 0.1 pH unit sensitivity. The color changes were visible to the eye in the entire visible spectrum. The optical characteristics of the 1D PC flakes were also analyzed by finite element method simulations. Free-standing PC flakes may have application in spray deposition of functional materials. KEYWORDS: photonics, nanotechnology, diffraction, Bragg gratings, nanoparticles, hydrogels, diagnostics unable PCs have a wide range of applications including consist of multilayered silver nanoparticles (Ag0 NPs) dynamic displays, mechanochromic devices, and multi- embedded in a poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-metha- T − plexed bioassays.1 5 Embedding PCs in hydrogel matrixes allow crylic acid) (p(HEMA-co-MAA)) hydrogel film. -
Sensitivity Enhanced Biosensor Using Graphene-Based One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
Sensors and Actuators B 182 (2013) 424–428 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/snb Sensitivity enhanced biosensor using graphene-based one-dimensional photonic crystal a b,c b a,d,∗ Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth , Shuwen Zeng , Ken-Tye Yong , Ting Yu a Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore b School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore c CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block, Singapore 637553, Singapore d Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive, Singapore 117542, Singapore a r a t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c t Article history: In this paper, we propose and analytically demonstrate a biosensor configuration based on the excitation Received 22 October 2012 of surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC). The Received in revised form 16 February 2013 proposed graphene-based 1D photonic crystal consists of alternating layers of high (graphene) and low Accepted 13 March 2013 (PMMA) refractive index materials, which gives a narrow angular reflectivity resonance and high surface Available online 22 March 2013 fields due to low loss in PC. A differential phase-sensitive method has been used to calculate the sensitivity of the configuration. Our results show that the sensitivity of the proposed configuration is 14.8 times Keywords: higher compared to those of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors using gold thin Graphene films. -
Super-Resolution Imaging by Dielectric Superlenses: Tio2 Metamaterial Superlens Versus Batio3 Superlens
hv photonics Article Super-Resolution Imaging by Dielectric Superlenses: TiO2 Metamaterial Superlens versus BaTiO3 Superlens Rakesh Dhama, Bing Yan, Cristiano Palego and Zengbo Wang * School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 1UT, UK; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (B.Y.); [email protected] (C.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: All-dielectric superlens made from micro and nano particles has emerged as a simple yet effective solution to label-free, super-resolution imaging. High-index BaTiO3 Glass (BTG) mi- crospheres are among the most widely used dielectric superlenses today but could potentially be replaced by a new class of TiO2 metamaterial (meta-TiO2) superlens made of TiO2 nanoparticles. In this work, we designed and fabricated TiO2 metamaterial superlens in full-sphere shape for the first time, which resembles BTG microsphere in terms of the physical shape, size, and effective refractive index. Super-resolution imaging performances were compared using the same sample, lighting, and imaging settings. The results show that TiO2 meta-superlens performs consistently better over BTG superlens in terms of imaging contrast, clarity, field of view, and resolution, which was further supported by theoretical simulation. This opens new possibilities in developing more powerful, robust, and reliable super-resolution lens and imaging systems. Keywords: super-resolution imaging; dielectric superlens; label-free imaging; titanium dioxide Citation: Dhama, R.; Yan, B.; Palego, 1. Introduction C.; Wang, Z. Super-Resolution The optical microscope is the most common imaging tool known for its simple de- Imaging by Dielectric Superlenses: sign, low cost, and great flexibility. -
Measurement of Dielectric Material Properties Application Note
with examples examples with solutions testing practical to show written properties. dielectric to the s-parameters converting for methods shows Italso analyzer. a network using materials of properties dielectric the measure to methods the describes note The application | | | | Products: Note Application Properties Material of Dielectric Measurement R&S R&S R&S R&S ZNB ZNB ZVT ZVA ZNC ZNC Another application note will be will note application Another <Application Note> Kuek Chee Yaw 04.2012- RAC0607-0019_1_4E Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Overview ................................................................................. 3 2 Measurement Methods .......................................................... 3 Transmission/Reflection Line method ....................................................... 5 Open ended coaxial probe method ............................................................ 7 Free space method ....................................................................................... 8 Resonant method ......................................................................................... 9 3 Measurement Procedure ..................................................... 11 4 Conversion Methods ............................................................ 11 Nicholson-Ross-Weir (NRW) .....................................................................12 NIST Iterative...............................................................................................13 New non-iterative .......................................................................................14