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A Comparative Study Op Tee Geographic Factors in Tee Rise Op Cities in the Hocking Valley, Ohio

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A Comparative Study Op Tee Geographic Factors in Tee Rise Op Cities in the Hocking Valley, Ohio A COMPARATIVE STUDY OP TEE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN TEE RISE OP CITIES IN THE HOCKING VALLEY, OHIO, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR LOCATIONS AND SITES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Graduate School of The Ohio State University. By FORREST LESTER McELHOE Jr., B. A., M. A. The Ohio State University 1955 4 Approved by T) Adviser Department of Geograph ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is difficult to recognize all of the individuals who have made significant contributions to this study. Nevertheless, several persons should be singled out as deserving of this writer’s special appreciation for their unselfish efforts In helping to bring this work to a suc­ cessful conclusion. Without their aid it is doubtful if this study could have been presented in anything resembling Its completed form. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the critical advice and valuable suggestions made by Professor Eugene Van Cleef, Department of Geography, of The Ohio State University, who acted as the adviser. His careful reading and advice on organization of the manuscript has been responsible for much of the character of the finished product. Also, Professor Guy-Harold Smith, Professor Roderick Peattie, and Professor John R. Randall, Department of Geography, of The Ohio State University, made critical examinations of the final draft and offered many helpful suggestions. Their comments are appreciated. For her critical reading, advice and assistance in the preparation of the manuscript, and aid in field work, Mrs. Frances E. McElhoe is deserving of sincere and special recognition. -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vil I THE NATURE OF THE AREA AND THE CENTERS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY 1 II HISTORICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE LOCATION AND SITE OF EACH CENTER 7 Hockingport 10 Athens 12 , Grosvenor 16 i Lancaster 17 Roclonills 21 Greencastle 21 Hooker 23 Rockbridge 24 Enterprise 26 Logan 26 Nelsonville 28 Coolville 31 Guysville 31 Sugar Grove 33 Chauncey 37 Armitage 38 Harmony 39 Beaumont 39 Canaanville 39 East Clayton 44 Kimberly 45 0Id Floodwood 45 Glen Ebon 45 Doanville 45 Stewart 46 Frost 46 Floodwood 47 Haydenville 48 Diamond 50 -ill- TABIE OP CONTENTS CONTINUED Chapter Clark Crossing 51 Circle Hill 51 Plains 51 Beebe 52 III . LOCATION OP CITIES IN RELATION TO FORMER DRAINAGE 53 IV CENTERS IN RELATION TO PRESENT DRAINAGE 76 Relation to Meanders 76 Comparative Study of Centers Located at Valley Intersections 84 Floods as a Factor in Location of Cities 87 V LOCATION OF CITIES IN RELATION TO RELIEF 97 Cities, Routes, in Relation to Relief 97 Local Relief 103 Average Slope 108 VI CENTERS IN RELATION TO SUN AND SHADE 114 VII EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION ON DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 120 River Transportation, 1795~l34o 120 Roads, 1800-1955 122 Hocking Canal, 1836-1894 139 Railroads, 1856-1955 146 VIII DEVELOPMENT OF CENTERS IN RELATION TO NATURAL RESOURCES 152 Rapids and Falls 152 Forests 154 Salt 155 Iron Ore 157 Coal 159 Clay 167 Sandstone 169 Natural Gas 169 IX THE PLAY OF HUMAN FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 173 Founding of Centers 173 -iv- TABIE OE CONTENTS CONTINUED Chapter Page Growth of Centers Due to Human Resource l8l X CONCLUSIONS 185 BIBLIOGRAPHY 194 AUTOBIOGRAPHY 200 -v- LIST OP TABLES Table Page I LOCAL RELIEF 105 II AVERAGE SLOPE 111 III POPULATION OF MAJOR CITIES 133 IV LOCATION OP CENTERS IN RELATION TO THE ROAD NETWORK 135 V LOCATIONS AND SITES OF CENTERS IN RELATION TO NATURAL CONDITIONS 153 -vl- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. LOCATION OF CENTERS ALONG HOCKING RIVER 2 2. PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF OHIO 4 3. HOCKING VALLEY AREA 4. 4. PURCHASES OF LAND IN OHIO 8 5. EARLY ROUTES IN OHIO 8 6. HOCKINGPORT AND COOLVIL1E 11 7. ATHENS AND VICINITY 13 8. LANCASTER AND HOOKER 18 9. ROCKMILLS AND GREENCASTIE 22 10. ROCKBRIDGE AND ENTERPRISE 25 11. LOGAN 27 12. NELSONVILLE AND VICINITY 29 13. GUYSVILLE-FROST SECTION 32 14. SUGAR GROVE AND CLARK CROSSING 34 15. SALT PRODUCING CENTERS 36 16. CANAANVILLE 40 17. COAL MINING CENTERS 42 18. HAYDENVILLE AND DIAMOND 49 19. TEAYS DRAINAGE 54 20. DEEP STAGE DRAINAGE 60 21. POST ILLINOIAN DRAINAGE 62 -vii- LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CONTINUED F igure Page 22. LANCASTER, LOGAN SECTIONS 67 23. NELSONVILLE, ATHENS, GUYSVILLE, COOIVILIE SECTIONS 68 24. CENTERS NEAR LANCASTER 77 25. CENTERS NEAR LOGAN 78 26. CENTERS NEAR NELSONVILLE 79 2 7 . CENTERS NEAR ATHENS 80 28. CENTERS IN LONER VALLEY 8l 29. VALLEY CROSS-SECTIONSTHROUGH EACH CENTER 88 30. VALLEY CROSS-SECTIONS 89 31. VALLEY CROSS-SECTIONS 90 32. LOCAL RELIEF 104 33. ANGLE OF THE SUN’S RAYS 116 34. ANGIE OF THE SUN’S RAYS 117 35. MAJOR COUNTY ROADS, 1840 123 36. POPULATION OF LANCASTER, LOGAN, NELSONVILLE ATHENS 127 37. COAL PRODUCTION, POPULATION OF MAJOR CITIES IN ATHENS COUNTY, 1870-1950 160 -vlii- A COMPARATIVE STUDY OP THE GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN THE RISE OF CITIES IN THE HOCKING VALLEY, OHIO, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR LOCATIONS AND SITES CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF THE AREA AND THE CENTERS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY The Hocking River lies in the southeastern part of Ohio. The head of the river is about 20 miles southeast of Columbus, in the western part of Fairfield County. It flows in a southeasterly direction about 87 miles through Fairfield, Hocking, and Athens Counties, and empties into the Ohio River at Hoclcingport. The Hocking River lies entirely within the Allegheny Plateau section of eastern Ohio, and, except in Fairfield County, flows through the unglaciated part of the state. The upper course is located on a level to rolling till plain in central Fairfield County. The river is largely in a stage of early maturity and its tributaries in various stages of youth. The overall drainage pattern is dendritic(Figures 2 and 3)» At Lancaster, the river enters the hill country of southeastern Ohio where its valley takes on well formed -1- LocATior of getters a l c :-’g hocking elver Greencastle Lancaster Clark Crossing' £ugar Grove r Ro ckbridge Enterprise .Logan TJ East Clayton Nelsonville Kimberly Doanville/ Old. Floodwood ^loodwood Glen Ebon I Cirfcl*e Hill B e a m o n N — y t Chauncey Plains .rmitage Grosvenor Athens .arm Canaanville Stewart . Beebe Guysville Frost Scale 1 inch = 6,5 miles Figure 1 -3- characteristics for the first time. The Hocking Valley., from Lancaster to Hockingport, varies from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width. Along the associated runs and small creeks, valley floors are limited in areal extent, diminishing rapidly in width upstream. 1 The head of the Hocking River has an elevation of 1080 feet and its mouth is about 575 feet above sea level. The gradient is fairly uniform, with an average fall of six feet to the mile. This fact accounts in part for the river's high, damaging floods after excessive rains. The river has several rapids and two falls; one of the latter six miles above Lancaster has a height of 20 feet and one above Logan about five feet high. At Sugar Grove, Rush Creek joins the Hocking from the east and is slightly larger than the main stream al­ though each is a creek at normal flow. There are several other large tributaries flowing into the Hocking from the east. With two exceptions - Clear Creek below Sugar Grove and Margarets Creek at Athens - the Hocking has no western tributaries of substantial size. There are many small creeks and runs which rise principally in the hills along the edge of the valley. The bordering hills generally have steep slopes, 1. W. G. Tight, Drainage Modifications in South­ east Ohio and Adjacent Parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, Washington, 1903., pp. 35-363 PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF OHIO -4- Lake Erie “ T- Lake Plain Allegheny Till Plain Plateau Scale 10 30 SO Figure 2 HOCKING VALLEY AREA 8 1 s 30 nil Is FAIR? r M c R C- A K _ _| HOCKING Chauncey ROSS ii o c k ±ngport\. 8aa3t> Figure 3 -5- rising 150 to 400 feet above the valley floor. Little level land is present on the ridge tops. Very little of the original Allegheny Plateau remains, having been eroded by a complicated system of present and pre-glacial streams. The plateau has been maturely dissected and the region itself is largely in a stage of mature relief.^ Most of the Hocking Valley has a deep accumulation of glacial gravel, and bedrock is exposed in only a few places. The strata dip toward the southeast and have a greater slope than the river, about 30 feet per mile compared with about six feet for the river. Clay beds are exposed in the hills from Logan to Nelsonville and coal seams from Nelsonville to Chauncey. Some of the earliest settlement took place in south­ eastern Ohio, especially in the Hocking Valley. However, the region did not. develop as rapidly or to the same extent as most of the rest of the state. Good farm land has been scarce, providing a limited base for agriculture. Extensive coal deposits have diverted public attention from farming to mining. Few important transportation routes have been developed in the region. Of the 33 trade centers that originated along the Hocking River, 2^ are still active and nine have become 2. Charles Miller, History of Fairfield County, Oh i o , Chicago, 1912, pp. 31-32. ghost towns. At present only four are large enough to he cities in the political sense: Lancaster in Fairfield County, Logan near the mouth of Oldtown Creek, Nelsonville near the mouth of Monday Creek, and Athens near the mouth of Margarets Creek.
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