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Abortion News in the Late 1920S: a New York City Case Study

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Abortion News in the Late 1920S: a New York City Case Study 724 JOURNALISM QUARTERLY Abortion News in the Late point ofthe supposed "silent era,"' Since 1920s: A New York City Case those newspapers extensively covered local crime, the hypothesis was that they would Study not ignore those abortion operations which led to deaths of mothers involved, and the consequent need to quietly dis- By Marvin Olasky pose of bodies. One month's worth of issues for each • During the past two decades a growing newspaper each year was chosen at ran- number of historians have used medical dom: April, 1925; July, 1926; November, records, court documents, and other re- 1927; September, 1928; January, 1929; sources to recapture the history of abor- and March 1930, Coverage in the three tion in America.' Several researchers, not newspapers was compared to coverage in finding much press debate about abortion the New York Times, and issues of the during the years from 1900 to 1955, have Journal of the American Medical Associ- labeled that period the "silent era" of ation were used for background informa- abortion history, citing a scarcity of refer- tion. Typical stories are summarized below, ences in the New York Times Index and and a conclusion gives the overall picture. the Readers' Guide to Periodical Litera- ture as proof of that assertion.^ The Bodies of Babies The use of those two indexes is under- The first indication in the study that the standable. Of all the nation's newspapers, "silent era" designation is incorrect came only the New York Times has been consis- in reading coverage in 1925 ofthe arrest of tently indexed for those years, and to Henry L, Mottard, alias Dr. H. L. Green. crank reels of microfilm in search of oc- The New York Journal played the story at casional stories in other newspapers wea- the top of its front page, with pictures and ries both eye and spirit. But journahsm text emphasizing the search of Mottard's historians more aware of the historical farm on Long Island "for surgical instru- variation among newspapers need to ex- ments and bodies of infants,"^ As Mot- amine the record. Generalizations about tard confessed to crimes, the Journal abortion's invisibility in the press are not expressed horror and amazement: "The true, at least in New York City, blandness with which Mottard uttered his A look at the New York press shows remarkable professions leads the authori- that while the Times may have been ties to believe that he has been a "passive" during the 1920s, the city's "sen- veritable Moloch in his destruction of sational" newspapers often wrote stinging infants' lives,"' exposes of illegal abortion practices. The Journal also connected abortion This article is based primarily on read- with "pagan ritual" when it described ing of three of New York's newspapers— Mottard's farm as a "temple where the Daily News, the Journal, and the women came in considerable numbers to American—irom 1925 to 1930, the mid- sacrifice,"* It emphasized Mottard's wealth by captioning a photograph of the interior of Mottard's house, "One of the ••The author is an associate professor in the Depart- tnent of Journalism at the Univenity of Ttoias at Luxurious Rooms in Mottard's Home,"^ Austin. Additional infonnation on abortion coverage According to the Journal, the house was may be found iti his book The Press arui Abortion (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum Associates, 1988). ' The Daily News was owned tiy Joieph Medill Ptttnwn, the ' The moil useful works art James Mohr, Abortion itt Joumal and the American by William Randolph Heant. America (New Tfork: Oxfoid Utuversity Press. 1978); Cermiin * New Ybrk Joumal, April 10, I9ZS, p. I. Griicz, Abortion: The Myths, the Realities and the Argutnents ' Ibid. p. 2. Moloch was the Ammonite (od meationed (New \brk: Corpui Books, 1970); atid JoKph DclUpemu, fifteen times in the Old Tkttamem, in passages such as "Do not "The History of At>ortion: tbchnology. Morality, atid L«w," give any of your children to be sacrificed to Moloch" (Leviticiii University of Pittsburgh Uw Review 40:359-428 (Spring 1979). 18:21). ' See, for example, Kmtin Luker, Abortion and the Politics *Ibid. of^4otherhood(Berke\ey: Univcnity of California Presi, I9M). ''Ibid. Research in Brief 725 "lavishly furnished and has especially Physician Accused in Girl's Murder," '* handsome furniture in the music room. Follow-up stories including pictures of Hunting trophies adorn the walls and Edith Green with the caption, "Death two skulls rest on tables at the entrance to Ends Smile," " and the arrest of a second the front door," Mottard's chicken farm physician, under the front page headline had "more than 1,700 hens of varied fine "Arrest Here in Tbrso Murder,"'* The breeds,"* The Journal described Mot- New York Times covered the death very tard's "fully equipped operating room," briefly—on page 26." complete with "countless photographs of In September, 1928, the three newspa- pretty women—some of them known on pers reported a major scandal that had its the stage—who ventured to inscribe their origins in San Francisco two decades be- pictures with various terms of affection, fore. Robert Thompson, a San Francisco such as to 'our dear benefactor and abortionist, was convicted of murder in friend.'"' Coverage in the other two sam- 1910 and sentenced to 20 years in San pled newspapers was comparable. Quentin Prison, but he received parole after nine years and moved to Boston. A Torso Murder There he once more opened an abortion business, this time under the alias In July, 1926, the three sensational news- "Stanton A. Hudson." In August, 1922, papers also reported a major abortion he was arrested on the charge of procuring story, one that began when police found a an abortion, but was discharged. In De- body cut into pieces and packed into two cember 1922, he was sentenced to three boxes, "The packing was done by a trained months in jail for violating the state med- surgeon," the New York Joumal noted on ical practice act. He was freed in February its first day of coverage, and cited police 1923, only to be rearrested on a charge of belief that the boxes were dropped acci- advising and prescribing instruments to dentally while being sent to medical stu- procure abortion. dents for research,"* The next day, Thompson, avoiding conviction on the however, a front page headline "Clue to last charge, moved to New York City and Slain Girl in Box," attracted attention to became known to the city's reporters. In four photographs and a story emphasizing September 1927, Thompson—using the death following "an illegal operation,"" alias "Robert Malcolm"—was charged with The three newspapers carried graphic de- attempted abortion and possession of nar- scriptions of the body cut into eight pieces cotics, but the case was dismissed by a local and put in the box, along with a "blood- magistrate, with Thompson boasting that soaked bundle containing a tablecloth, "he could beat any police case because he several towels and female apparel." The had the pull." " Evidently, that was provo- legs of the corpse still had stockings on cation enough for the New York Daily News them.'2 and one of that tabloid's aggressive report- Stories continued the following day with ers, John O'DonneU. Angered at Thomp- identification of the "pretty 18 year old son's ability to continue in practice despite virtim of the box tragedy" as Edith Green, his long police record, O'DonneU spent whose fiance confessed that he had taken months in developing sources in the city her "to Doctor Walsh's office for an op- board of health. In September 1928, he eration to forestall approaching moth- reported that 30 physicians were sending erhood."'' One headline read, "Vital patients to Thompson "in return for gener- Organs Found in a Raid on the House of ous commissions," and private hospitals * Ibid. '* Ibid.. July 16, 1926, p. I. *lbid. New Ybrk American. July 16, p. 5. " New Vwk Joumal, July 13, 1926, p. 2. '*lbid., July 20, p. 2. " Ibid., July 14, 1926, p. 1. " New Ybrk Times, July 14, 1926, p. 26. " for eounple, see the New Wk Joumal, July 14, 1926, pi I. " Joumal qf the Amertcan Medical Association. Vol. 92, "ibid.. July IS, 1926, p. I. Na 7 (Feb. 16, 1929), p. 579. 726 JOURNALISM QUARTERLY were supplying narcotics and drugs for that Thompson "often boasted he couldn't Thompson's operations." be prosecuted because 'What I know about Police, pushed by public opinion and the girl friends of some officials will burn the board of health, eventually raided them up,' " The Daily News played the Thompson's office. But the raid was story like a fictional serial, asking in italics botched, with the Daily News charging at the end of one story, "Has the law "that policewomen had been bribed by sprung its trap sufficiently well to hold Thompson to destroy evidence of the clin- 'Dr,' Thompson this time, or will he again laugh at it? Read newest developments ic's criminal operations and had assisted in THE NEWS tomorrow,"" the quack doctor in spiriting away his semi-conscious women patients."^ The policewomen actually helped key witnesses Conclusions into taxicabs, according to the Daily News, Some examples of abortion coverage are which quoted Thompson's nurse as say- given, but there were many more. During ing, "My God, some of these women are the six months examined the three New too sick to be moved," but then rushing York newspapers each ran 24 to 30 abor- them out anyway,^' tion stories, an average of four or five per Lack of evidence allowed Thompson to month.
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