G. RAJOVIĆ , J. BULATOVIĆ , College of Textile Design, Technology and Management
SOME GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF EXAMPLE ANDRIJEVICA (MONTENEGRO)
Goran Rajović , Jelisavka Bulatović , Ph.D
College of Textile Design, Technology and Management, Belgrade, Serbia Phone: (0038161) 19 24 850, 30 82 651 E mail: [email protected] , [email protected]
Received May 17, 2012
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the economic and geographical factors of rural settlements of Andrijevica. Iso- lated traffic and geographical position adversely affect the economic and social development of rural settlements. Natural features indicate that rural areas of Andrijevica economy do not comply with all the natural conditions. Incompatibility between the available natural and current conditions of the rural economy determine by the overall socio-economic factors of development. The percentage de- crease in rural population in the municipality Andrijevica period 1948-2003 amounted to - 49.44%. The main characteristic of the modern development of rural settlements are give industrialization and urbanization processes. Age groups, due to migration and the reduction of fertility change and take on unfavorable characteristics, reduces the proportion of younger and older increases the proportion of the population. In both cases, the disturbed age structure has a reverse effect on the movement of the population (the size of reproductive contingent), but also to all other structures of the population (the size of contingent employment, population, compulsory school contingent, contingent dependent popu- lation ratio). Rating natural conditions aimed at separation of homogenous territorial units with some degree of benefits and limitations types of economic development.
KEY WORDS Andrijevica; Rural settlements; Population; Genetic soil types; Rural development; Participation; Reclamation; Temperature; Relative humidity; Activities.
The case studies in this paper feature the measures followed by other necessary changes in modern development of the rural population of the rural economy, which has been proven that the Andrijevica. Natural indigenous strengths and qualitative properties of optimal population and very favorable conditions for colonization (relief favorable economic structure, now a component in and hydrographic openness and permeability, fer guiding the transformation of space, the decisive tile land, abundant water, temperate continental factor in the differentiation and polarization of the climate, diverse plant life) have long attracted to environment. the population in these areas. Fundamental The aim is to show fundamental changes in changes occur in the second half of the twentieth the total number and spatial distribution of the ru century and in accordance with the changed policy ral population of Andrijevica in the period 1948 to of socio economic development, which is opposite 2003, and to analyze the tendencies of social and the orientation of the population in the traditional economic factors of development in 2003. The agricultural activities, stimulated the economy in purpose of the research is to determine the extent dustrialization and urbanization of society. The analyzed and displayed differentiated processes of process of land reclamation and transfer of the social and economic development in rural areas workforce in non agricultural activities accelerated are a factor of Andrijevica total disruption of so the depopulation of rural areas, demographic aging cial and economic development of the area. Rating and feminization of the village. Negative selection natural conditions showed that the rural economy has led to a very unfavorable economic structure of Andrijevica does not comply with all the natu of the population, from the standpoint of labor and ral conditions. productive capacity. In addition, these uncon trolled demographic processes are not adequate
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METHODOLOGY rized road network of Montenegro (7368 km). One indicator of development of road network of The core of the methodological procedure Andrijevica is the density of road network, which used in this study makes geographic (spatial) me is 39.8 km/100km² and is significantly below thod and included the rural village of Andrijevi average compared to the density of road network ca. for collection of data related to basic demo in Montenegro (53.3 km/km²). Isolated traffic graphic and socio geographic factors of devel and geographical position of Andrijevica ad opment, we used a statistical method. Compara versely affect its economic and social develop tive method allowed us to social and economic ment. development factors we look at the comparison Beginning of the seventies of the twentieth of the population of rural settlements of Andrije century was a decisive moment. That in this pe vica. Permeated through the entire text of the me riod begin with the construction of roads and in thod and integrity, thanks to which we were able frastructure that is all that life in rural areas to identify, define and assess possible limitations makes it not only worthy of a modern man, but of economic development. The scientific expla also attractive, rural village today of Andrijevica nation of terms, two methods applied as follows: would not provide such depopulation space. analytical and synthetic. Analytical methods con sidered some of the dimensions of research sub NATURAL FEATURES OF COURT jects, a synthetic whole, the relations between the subject and proposed measures that derive there Natural terrain features are the basis of exis from. tence and progress of each geospatial unit. The distribution of natural resources is a measure of GEOGRAPHY POSITION opportunity to develop a specific territory. The natural resources of rural settlements of Andrije Andrijevica is municipality located in the vica challenge for understanding the possibilities northeastern part of Montenegro. It covers an of development of certain economic activities, area of 340 km². In this area according to the particularly agriculture, tourism and construction. census in 2003, lived in rural areas were 4,592 The geo morphological territory of Andrije residents, or 14.1 inhabitants in/km². Otherwise, vica is the mountainous character. Height differ the total population in the municipality is 5785 or ence between the highest (Kom Vasojevićki 2461 20, 4 in/km². Andrijevica municipality bordered m) and lowest (at Navotine 700 m) is 1761 m. on the north and east with the municipality of Thus, forms of relief in height and configuration, Berane, in the southeast of Plav municipality, in exposed slopes, and under the influence of differ the west with the municipality of Podgorica and ent features of the surface (forests, meadows, Kolapšin and in the south with the Republic of litisoli, fields, and orchards), based on diverse Albania. natural, and which may be of importance for the The municipality has Andrijevica peripheral development of agriculture and tourism. The geographical position, since in this region do not most widespread and most important geo cross the road, with bond functions in the organi morphological travel motif of Andrijevica zation of space in the Republic of Montenegro. represents Bjelasica and Komovi. Namely, the The backbone network consists of two travel municipality Andrijevica, covers parts of South routes. The first is a section of the highway M 9: east Bjelasica mountain ranges where peaks stand Kolasin Mateševo Andrijevica Murino Peć. out: Troglav (2072), Jelenak (1887 m), Lisa The second route is a section of the regional road (1878 m), Pobodenjak (1839 m.), Zminja glava R 2: Berane Andrijevica. Highway M 9 extends (1733 m), Rudo Brdo (1649 m) and Žoljevica a distance of 31 km and passes through five rural (1510 m). The massif is Bjelasica Trešnjevik settlements of the Municipality: Gnjili Potok, over the saddle (1573 m), associated with mas Sjenožeta, Kralje, Gornje Luge and Ulotina. The sive Komovi, where in addition to the munici regional road R 2 provided through the valley of pality Andrijevica Vasojevićkog Coma, are Ba the River Lim in length of 7.9 km and Berane vani (2252 m), Štavna (1828 m), Carine (1987 m) passes through or near a rural village: Prisoje, and Ogorela glava (1561 m). In the south of the Slatina, Trešnjevo and Marsenić Rijeka. border with the Republic of Albania are Klaja Categorized road network in the municipali Zabeljit (2130 m), Mojan (2157), Lijina glava ty Andrijevica has a total length of about 113 km, (2165 m), Žijova glava (2129 m) and Biograd which represents approximately 1.5% of catego (2123 m). In the southeastern part of the south
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G. RAJOVIĆ , J. BULATOVIĆ , College of Textile Design, Technology and Management
western municipality of intervention, western and deeply cut into their beds, in places, and building northwestern parts: Visitora with Lipovicom a real cliff. The most important is certainly the (1882 m), Grebenom (2196 m) and Zeletinom Lima valley, which has a significant expansion, (2126m). To the east of the Municipality is in places where the Lim its tributaries flow tipped Balj Teferič (1557 m). Mountain ranges (www.andrijevica.me ). split and cut the number of river valleys that
Figure 1– The geographical position of Andrijevica on the map of Montenegro (Source: available from: http://www.nasme.me )
Thanks to the geological structure in the of white and gray white marble belonging to the municipality are Andrijevica ore metals: lead, C1 category is 60,000 m³. When it comes to the zinc, copper, iron and pyrite (Dulipolje, Zabrñe, exploitation and processing of marble and orna Sjekirica ...). Of non metallic mineral deposits, mental stone, it should noted that there are mul occur in building materials: gravel, sand and de tiple sites of different architectural building stone corative stones. Numerous deposits of gravel and and marble, of which the most significant site sand found in the bed are of the river Lim. Only Trebačka River, Seoce, Piševska River, stream in Bandović Bridge, the amount of gravel and Babovo, Pčelinjak, Žoljevica. sand, available for the annual extraction esti Municipality Andrijevica have moderate mated at about 100 to 120,000 m³. On the hill continental climate, with some elements of sub Žoljevica, there is slot architecture building mountainous and mountainous. As the measure stone. The estimated reserves of gray marble B + ment of meteorological elements performed only C1 category, amount to 2,223,000 m³, a reserve in Berane and provides a basis for conclusions
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about the state of is running climate in the muni very positive effects in the future development of cipality Andrijevica. The mean annual air tem rural settlements of Andrijevica. perature is 8.0 º C. According to a vertical gra In the area of Andrijevica represented be dient with the increase of altitude, mean annual tween the two types of two types of land cover air temperature is lower and amounts to 1000 m lines and automorphic to hydromorphic soil and above 7.0 ° C at 1200 m above 6.4 ° C at 1400 m its variations. The first class includes land auto above 5.8 ° C, at 1600 m n.v. 5.2 ° C at 1800 m morphic undeveloped and underdeveloped land above sea level is 4.6 ° C at 2000 m above 4.0 º (A S profiles): litisoli, regosols and colluvial C. Absolute maximum temperature in July and is deposits. For the second class (A S profile) au 32.6 º C and an absolute minimum in January is tomorphic soil characteristic is continuously de 19.4 ° C. The mean annual relative humidity is veloped and conspicuous morphological humus 67%. In summer, (July and August) monthly horizon. This class consists of four types: moun mean relative humidity in the afternoon (14h) is tain soil, land on marl, limestone and dolomite, below 45%, and in April below 63%. Cloudiness rankers and vertisols. The third class consists of has an average annual value of 9.0 / 10. The min land automorphic land (A (V) S) and (A (V) imum average coverage of the sky in July and is R) profile is characterized by the appearance of 4.4 / 10. Average annual rainfall is around 1152 the horizon (V), which sits on the loose substrate mm. The least amount of rainfall in September or on a compact system. Within this class is (47 mm) and August (54 mm), while the highest representing by three types of land: eutric cami rainfall related to the period from October to De soles, district cambisol and calc camisoles. The cember (96 mm to 107 mm). Prevailing winds in fourth class consists of eluvia soil soil illuvials the winter months the north west and north, and (A E V S, or A E V R) profile: luvisol, in other months of the south wind. North and podsol and brown podsol soil. As a special class northwest winds, bringing dry and stable time, of automorphic anthropogenic land set aside the perfect for tourism are during the summer and land that, the treatment has changed its original winter. Winds from the south direction diversi status. Second row (row B) is hydromorphic soil: fied in the winter, when making a significant epigley, hypogley, alluvial soil and peat. The first amount of snowfall (Rajović, 2005). category consists of land epigley hydromorphic Hydrographic features and profiles a variety soil, represented pseudogley and stagnogley. The of important water resources, as well as natural second class of hydromorphic soils are wealth. In terms of hydrographic municipality represented by land: hipogley, enegley, semigley Andrijevica, belongs to a highly developed hy and amfigley land. The third class consists of drographic network. In this sense, in the munici hydromorphic soil fluvisol, hums fluvisol. Fluvi pality, there are obvious power potential of the sol is the most important agricultural production Lim River and its tributaries (Piševskom, value and type of soil is mostly prevalent along Šekularska river, which originates from Zlorecica the river valleys. Hums fluvisol as independent Perucica and Kutski River, which originates from genetic type of soil has a profile (A S G). The Kraštica Rajovi river, Trebačka ...). Besides fourth class of hydromorphic soil makes one type these, there are numerous smaller streams, espe of land lowland required. Relief formed in de cially in rural settlements: Gnjili Potok, Kralje, pressions in which water constantly stagnates Ulotina, Gornje Luge, Zabrdje, and Trešnjevo. It above the ground. It is located about Bukumirs is height position of rural settlements, with em kog lakes (Rajović, 2011). phasis on the aspect valorization importance of For the appearance of the landscape of An water management and groundwater. In other drijevica, is of particular importance biogeogra words, the use of groundwater for water supply phy characteristics. Flora consists of forest and of rural heritage is of crucial importance. Thus, grass vegetation. In the lower parts of trees are from the source "Krkori" located in the area of represented hydrophilic willow, poplar, alder, rural settlements Kuti, water supplies in addition hornbeam, oak, oak, beech, birch, maple. The to urban and rural settlements Andrijevica: belt of beech is most common in the form of four Đuliće, Bojoviće, Seoce, Božiće, Prisoja, Slatina, regions: mountain beech (at lower altitudes), Zabrñe and Trešnjevo. Water as natural re mountain beech forest at height 1000 1300 m sources, have a range of options from the stand above sea level, sub alpine beech forest at alti point of of hydro potential, market valuation tudes greater than 1800 m spruce dominated by and ecology. The economic use, protection and forests. With some of the mountain, high moun rational approach to water resources, can have tain forests stretch, molike and white bark pine.
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Above this band is representing by white space RURAL AREAS AND TERRITORY and black pine. Some forest stands and makes the dwarf pine, whose propagation exceeds 2000 m, The administrative territorial structure of and juniper pine, which ends above 2200 m. The Andrijevica comprises 24 rural settlements, and share of forests in total area of Andrijevica is 25 cadastral municipalities (340 km²), with 23 13912.80 ha. Regarding the breeding categories, settlements with their attar make a category Rural dominated by commercial forests. Of the total Geospatial, but the cadastral municipality of Sla area, the forest industry are waste 7687.02 ha, tina and Slatina II belongs to a village Prisoje, and 258.05 ha of forest low. Forests for other while one village and cadastral municipalities purposes and barren forestland are covering an Andrijevica belongs urban environment. Within area of 5806.23 ha. The total density is 3,284,660 the cadastral municipality Andrijevica mentioned m³. Annual growth forests estimated to be 44,817 in addition to urban and two rural villages And m³. Taking into account the habitat conditions zelati and Božiće. In addition, the latest statistical and photos sociological composition, grass cover classification of settlements of 2011, changes of Andrijevica can be divide into the damp valley made in the number of places in the municipality meadows habitats, mountain (mountain) mea Andrijevica, so that the town received a new dows and pastures mainly related to the belt of name Andželati Sućeska Andželate, and while oak forests and mountain pastures that reach the there is a new rural settlement Navotina. highest peaks of the mountains. Flora of forests Atari rural territory is different and is in the and pastures enriched with various kinds of herbs range of 3.45 km² (C.M. Bojovići) to 42.25 km² and edible fungi. Most of them occupy a high (C.M. Jošanica). According to the size of the ter place in folk medicine, pharmaceutical produc ritory can be divided into three groups: up to 10 tion, which is very important for the tourism de km² (Kralje, Trepča I, Trepča II, Trešnjevo I, Sla velopment. Herbs rich in its diversity, physiolog tina, Sjenožeta, Zabrñe I, Upper Luge, Gnjili Po ical and pharmacological action, and a healthy tok, Bojoviće), of 10 km ² to 20 km ² (Andrijevi quantity of raw materials, offers unimagined pos ca, Gracanica, Dulipolje, Djulici, Košutići, Kuti, sibilities in the development of health and educa Marsenić Rijeka, Oblo Brdo, Seoca, Slatina II, tional tourism. The most important species of Trešnjevo II, Ulotina) and more than 20 km ² medicinal plants from the commercial aspects are (Cecune, Jošanica and Zabrñe II). These groups yarrow, thistle, birch, hawthorn, horsetail, cran differ in a number of relevant spatial and demo berry, gentian, wild thyme, omen, blueberries, graphic characteristics. Therefore, in 2003, the mint, blackberry, raspberry, dandelion, thyme, first group of up to 10 km² covering an area of and nettle. Of forest products: hawthorn, juniper, 64.74 km² and includes 10 rural territory (C.M.) strawberry, cornelian cherries, blackberries, rasp in which he lived in 55.41% of the total rural berries, blueberries, saffron, rose hip, and mu population of Andrijevica. Another group of shrooms: porcini, black trumpet mushrooms and 10 km² to 20 km², comprised of 12 rural settle Blagva. However, the most important product ments (C.M.) with an area of 171.48 km² and makes blueberries, which reaches its annual pur lived in this territory is 39.39% of the rural popu chase of about 100 tons. Thanks to the wide lation. And in the third largest with more than 20 spread forests, pastures and meadows are diverse km² and an area of 103.78 km and the number of landscapes and picturesque, which provides sig 3 rural settlements (C.M.) lived 5.2% of rural nificant environmental and tourism values and population in relation to the total rural population makes an attractive area of Andrijevica. Mea of Andrijevica (Table 1). dows and pastures covered with succulent grass «If the current negative trends in the devel and mountain meadow flowers, so that together opment of the rural population continue in the with forests, providing a unique landscape future, and socio economic facts point to this decorative value. The belt of forests is particular conclusion, one can expect a significant distor ly interesting as living space varied wildlife, tion of spatial and demographic balance between birds, fish and insects that are. Is the pearl of the the groups of rural territory and population distri unique natural beauty and a spoilt nature? From bution of the municipal territory» (Stamenković the aspect of tourism resources and has consider and Tošić, 1998). able potential for developing different types of General population density is one of the ba tourism such as hunting, fishing, adventure, sic demographic characteristics that indicate the adrenaline (Rajović, 2010). spatial distribution of the population. It ranges from 2.7 in/ km² (C.M.Kuti) to 37.1 in / km²
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(C.M.Bojoviće). We did not take into account the of geo rarely populated rural settlements (popula C.M. Andrijevica (139 in / km²) because we do tion density of the observed general geo space is not have official data demarcation between ur 17.0 in / km²), or the territory of the observed ban and rural settlements Andrijevica Andzelata total of 25 C.M. in 12 of them, population density and Božiće. The settlements belonging to a group ranges from 2 to 15 in / km² (Table 2).
Table 1 – Groups of rural settlements on the surface of Andrijevica and share in total rural geo space (km²) and population in 2003
Number of settlements and Largest settlements Area Cadastral Municipality % Population % Cadastral Municipality Up to 10 km² 10 64,74 19,04 2.544 55,41 From 10 km² to 20 km² 12 171,48 50,44 1.809 39,39 More than 20 km² 3 103,78 30,52 239 5,2
Table 2 – Basic information about the rural territory (C.M.) in km² and population density in 2003
Cadastral Municipality Cadastral Municipality Number of settlements Population Density area in km² Andrijevica 3 10,45 1.457 139 Bojovići 1 3,45 128 37,1 Gnjili Potok 1 8,83 111 12,6 Gornje Luge 1 9,75 150 15,4 Gračanica 1 19,03 307 16,1 Dulipolje 1 15,29 134 8,8 Đulići 1 12,14 130 10,5 Zabrñe I 1 4,15 302 8,7 Zabrñe II 30,46 Jošanica 1 45,25 162 3,6 Košutići 1 10,64 143 13,4 Kuti 1 14,89 49 3,3 Marsenić Rijeka 1 13,20 353 26,7 Oblo Brdo 1 10,52 69 6,6 Seoca 1 16,74 117 7,0 Sjenožeta 1 6,30 95 15,1 Slatina I 1 6,70 753 36,5 Slatina II 14,29 Trešnjevo I 1 7,31 539 24,6 Trešnjevo II 14,59 Trepča I 1 4,32 238 20,08 Trepča II 7,12 Ulotina 1 19,70 243 12,3 Kralje 1 6,81 228 33,5 Cecuni 1 28,07 77 2,7 In total 24 340 5.785 17,0
From the established density, we can con According to statistics from the 1948 census clude, that this distribution of the rural population is: a very small village (population 100) there had its causes in the economic underdevelopment was; a small village (100 300 inhabitants) 6 of rural settlements of Andrijevica. The basis for with 944 inhabitants; lower middle of the village their diversion is adequate rural policy, rural (300 500 people) 14 with 5722 inhabitants and planning and special projects planned revitaliza settlements and medium (higher than 500 inhabi tion of rural settlements and territories. tants) 3 with 2321 inhabitants. The rural village of Andrijevica differs and According to statistics from the 1971 census demographic size, i.e. Municipalities in geo space is: a very small village (population 100) there can extract following a group of place: a very was; a small village (100 300 people) 10 with small village (population 100), a small village 2080 inhabitants, smaller settlements medium (100 300 inhabitants), lower middle of the vil (300 500 people) 11 with 4437 inhabitants and lage (300 500 inhabitants) and medium sized settlements; medium (higher than 500 inhabi settlements (more than 500 inhabitants). tants) 2 with 1455 inhabitants.
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G. RAJOVIĆ , J. BULATOVIĆ , College of Textile Design, Technology and Management
According to statistics from the 2003 census, – in 1948 and in 1971 we had a very small are: a very small village (population 100) 4 with village (population 100), while in 2003 we record 290 inhabitants; small villages (100 300 people) four such settlements; 14 with 2048 inhabitants; lower middle of the vil – small town (population of 100 300) in lage (from 300 500 inhabitants) 3 with 962 inha 1948, we have 6, 1971 10, in 2003 14; bitants and settlements; medium (higher than 500 – the 1948 our research records recorded inhabitants) 2 with 1292 inhabitants (Table 3). less high places (from 300 500 people) 14, 1971 The rural village of Andrijevica the total ru 11, 2003 3 and medium settlements (more than ral population in the analyzed period, indicate the 500 people) 1948 to 3, 1971 2, 2003 2. following changes:
Table 3 – Changes in the structure of rural settlements by demographic size of the municipality Andrijevica
Demographic size 1948 1971 2003 of rural settlements Number % Number % Number % The very small 4 6,31 Small 6 10,50 10 26,09 14 44,60 Less medium 14 63,67 11 55,66 3 20,95 Central 3 25,83 2 18,25 2 28,14
The essential and characteristic changes in reducing the total population in 1971 compared the structure of rural settlements of Andrijevica to the 1948 had 19 rural settlements, or 82.61% largest demographic groups and their participa in 2003 22 rural villages, or 95.65% compared to tion in the total population of the rural population 1971. The percentage decrease in rural popula are: tion in the period 1948 2003 in the municipality – Crease the number of very small rural amounted to Andrijevica 49.44%. Therefore, settlements, until 60 years ago in rural areas of Andrijevica – Increase the number of small rural set there is human life in full force, but today that tlements, same space, a territory that is empty. Remain in – Decrease in the number of secondary them, almost exclusively elderly households towns and smaller decline in the number of rural whose life expectancy is low. secondary settlements in relation to 1948, The Society's programs of demographic and – Increase the participation of the rural economic development are not sufficiently res population in small rural settlements in the total pected geographical conditions specific constella rural population, tion of factors and territorial development in rural – Reducing participation of rural people in areas of Andrijevica. Development problems and less secondary settlement in 1971 and a drastic irrational economic system, kept all technical and decline in 2003 and scientific narratives, with no possibility of any – Declining share of rural population with concrete action implemented. The rural economy secondary settlement in the total rural population has been blocked and moved to the logic of their – The decline in participation of the rural powerlessness. Then, and it seems now, we were population with secondary settlement in the total not able to rise above statement. Therefore, the rural population conclusion that it is necessary to develop specific Beginning of the seventies of the twentieth demographic economic strategy for innovative century was a decisive moment. That in this pe regional policy of rural settlements, adapted to riod to start with small businesses, building the hilly and mountainous areas (Grčić, 1991). roads, faster electrification of rural settlements, In population, issues, in addition to the rural rural settlements today of Andrijevica, might not exodus and the concentration of population in provide the usual picture of much of the rural urban settlements, came to the fore the negative settlements of our country, and we believe that natural increase. The birth rate in 2003 shows we treat underdeveloped. that for every 1,000 residents born children in the municipality 11.1 Andrijevica. Therefore, in SOCIO ECONOMIC FACTORS terms of territorial distribution in birth rate, we can draw the following conclusions: The emergence of depopulation of rural set 1. The birth rate would be more likely, that tlements of Andrijevica is consequence of the there is a higher standard of living, better condi reduction in their total population. For example,
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tions of employment, housing, education, child rially distributed unevenly causing demographic care and imbalance, unstable economic conditions. These 2. Those rural areas are no longer an inex facts, and uneven economic development, com haustible source of labor force and population. pared to other municipalities in Montenegro, The mortality rate shows that for every causing significant migration movements. These 1,000 inhabitants in 2003 in the municipality An processes are 70 of the last century were intense. drijevica 15.7 people died. From which it follows «Therefore, their amounts in the general that the municipality Andrijevica 2003 had a public are often taken as an important proof of negative population growth 4.6 ‰. the vitality of our socio economic system. How Population growth is a result of the relation ever, in our opinion, the right score can obtained, ship of natural movement and migration if the process put in objective framework, or, if processes. If the rural areas of Andrijevica would you locate a time, geographical and socio be migration of the population, then the growth economic» (Ilić, 1973). How long and to which rate and natural increase were the same, that there level of population growth Municipalities should would be a territorial population balance. "How fall very hard to say because we do not have the ever, this situation actually does not exist any necessary indicators of economic development in where"(Ilić, 1973). There is not in the munici the future. However, if the population growth rate pality Andrijevica. Therefore, the municipality is still declining, Andrijevica municipalities in has a very complex Andrijevica demographic the coming time may get into a lot of difficult components related to population growth and to economic situation, due to demographic aging observe, that these components between territo and decreasing population of working contingent.
Table 4 – Basic demographic factors of development of rural settlements in Municipality Andrijevica (%), 2003*
Index of population growth in 2003/48 49,44 Number of births per 1000 inhabitants 11,1 Number of deaths per 1000 inhabitants 15,7 Natural growth 4,6 Participation of the rural population of 0 19 years in the total rural 26,83 Participation of the rural population of 20 39 years in the total rural 26,76 Participation of the rural population of 40 59 years in the total rural 23,15 Participation of the rural population of 60 or more years in the total rural 23,26 Index of aging 0,86 Participation of women in the total rural population rural 49,65 Participation of the male rural population in the total rural 50,35 The rate of femininity 986,2 The rate of masculinity 1014,0 Participation of rural people without any qualifications in the total rural aged 15 and over 6,82 Participation of rural people with incomplete primary education in the total rural aged 15 and over 13,37 Participation of the rural population have completed primary education in the total rural aged 15 and over 29,77 Participation of rural population with completed secondary education in the total rural aged 15 and over 42,27 Participation of rural population with completed higher education (at least two three years) 4,14 in the total rural aged 15 and over Participation of rural population with completed higher education in the total rural aged 15 and over 3,16
* Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro, Census population, calculations by authors.
Age groups, due to migration and the reduc ment of population and economic activity and tion of fertility change and take on unfavorable rural settlements of Andrijevica. characteristics reduced the proportion of young According to the age of the population can er and older increases the proportion of the popu be divided into young (0 19 years), middle lation. In both cases, disturbed age structure has younger (20 39 years), middle elderly (40 59 an impact on the return movement of the popula years) and old (60 years and over). In the rural tion (the size of reproductive contingent), but village of Andrijevica, there are a small propor also to all other structures of the population (the tion of young people (26.83%), the share of gen size of contingent employment, population, man eration of 20 39 years is 26.76%, an older gener datory school contingent, the ratio of dependent ation or a group of 40 59 years ranges from population), which are essential for the develop
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G. RAJOVIĆ , J. BULATOVIĆ , College of Textile Design, Technology and Management
23.15% in group of 60 or more years of partici more male labor force. Taking for example, in pation of the rural population is 23.26%. the municipality Andrijevica, there are favorable The aging index indicates the proportion of conditions for development of textile industry population aged 60 and over, according to the and handicrafts, which would be the most en population under 20 years. If its value is less than gaged female workforce, this production can sig 0.40 the population is still young, and if the pop nificantly affect the greater employment of wom ulation of greater than 0.40 showing signs of ag en. The involvement of female labor force in the ing. Index of aging rural population of Andrijevi economy, it would make more additional charac ca 2003 was 0.86. Therefore, the rural population ter that would ensure existential security of wom of Andrijevica is in the process of demographic en in society and family. aging, which manifests itself increase the share of Educational level is an important indicator the old and the older adult at the expense of the of the educational structure of the population. young. The above characteristics of the popula However, in rural areas of Andrijevica, education tion heavily influence by migration flows. Since of the population is not satisfactory. Given that the rural settlements emigration, emigration con the share of rural population without any qualifi tingent labor and fertile narrow the younger age cations is 6.82% with incomplete primary educa groups, reducing the birth rate, in this respect and tion was 13.37% with a degree in elementary slow down the influx of new generations of education was 29.77%, with secondary education working contingent. 42.27%, 4.14% higher (lasting two to three years, Gender structure is part of the male and fe after completing secondary education) and high male population in total population. At the level 3.16% of total rural population aged 15 and over. of Andrijevica rural settlements, there is a phe This educational structure of the rural popu nomenon that more males (50.35%) than female lation of Andrijevica is unfavorable for any mod population (49.65%). Masculinity rate shows the ernization of the economy. Her eases and over number of men per 1000 women. According to come the requirement for rehabilitation and sus the census of 2003, the rate of masculinity in ru tainable development. Based on these data, it ral areas of Andrijevica was 1014.0%. The rate of cannot judge the poor rural population of interest femininity shows the number of women per 1000 Andrijevica to be educated or to educate their men and it was 986.2. This may be due to emi children. The cause of the relatively small num gration or immigration of male female popula ber of rural population with higher education is tion. Since, the narrower are confines of econom certainly in poor material resources, but the fact ic development, employment of women workers that much after completing secondary education go far more slowly then men because of the leaving the municipality, due to the inability to structure of economic activity, which requires get a job in it.
Table 5 – Basic economic and geographical factors of rural settlements in Municipality Andrijevica (%), 2003*
Participation of the rural agricultural population in the total rural 10,06 Active participation of the rural population in the total rural 38,69 Dependent part of the rural population in the total rural 41,85 Participation of rural population with personal income in total rural 19,16 Participation of rural women's contingent labor in the total rural 24,77 Participation of rural male contingent labor in the total rural 34,04 Utilization of rural female labor contingent 22,19 Utilization of the male contingent of rural employment 44,83 Active participation of the rural population who are employed in agriculture 16,67 Participation of rural non agricultural population in the total rural 89,94 Active participation of the rural population works in the industry and mining 23,01 Active participation of the rural population works in the construction industry 2,76 Active participation of the rural population works in the traffic 6,85 Active participation of the rural population works in the trade and catering 11,45 Active participation of the rural population works in the craft 2,04 Active participation of the rural population works in the social services sector 30,37 Active participation of the rural population works in the outside activities and the unknown 6,85
* Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro, Census population, calculations by authors.
Economic geographical factors point to the rural population. Examined in several ways development of social and economic life of the through the proportion of agricultural and non
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Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, No. 5 (5) / 2012
agricultural, active and dependent, active rural 16.67% of the active rural population in the mu population by sectors. Agricultural and rural non nicipality Andrijevica. The secondary sector ac agricultural population in proportion to each oth tivities, individually speaking, are quite uneven. er indicate the level of land reclamation. The Of all the secondary development, activities had share of agriculture in the total rural population the most intensive industries. From the division in the municipality Andrijevica is 10.06% and of the active rural population by type of activity 89.94% of non agricultural. «The rural popula shows that the active rural population employed tion is increasingly non agricultural occupations in industry amounted to 23.01%. Spaces of indu leading to the socio economic preslojavalo is a strialization and urbanization in the municipality traditional agricultural area has changed, espe Andrijevica have a specific character. This fol cially along the main traffic routes» (Grčić,1994). lows from the fact that the concentration of in Consider some indicators of economic activ dustry in its existence largely agreed network ity of rural population the degree of utilization with a hierarchy of settlements. The largest con of contingent work, the overall activity rate and centration is in the urban area Andrijevica. It is the coefficient of economic dependence. They associated with the extent main traffic and market give a realistic picture of actual economic activity position. Our research noted little evidence of of rural population. active participation of rural population employed – The degree of utilization of contingent in handicrafts 3.48. In construction, the number work shows the relationship of demographic po of active employees of rural residents stood at tential that is of working age and active rural 3.48%. The overall socio economic development population. It is calculated as Rk = (R: Pr) * 100, of the complex has a direct bearing on the level where R active rural men (15 64 years) and of development of tertiary activities. Thus, the rural women (15 59 years) population, Pr male active participation of rural people in traffic is and female total rural population, the same age 6.85%. It is much more active participation of (working contingent). This ratio for the rural set rural population employed in trade and catering tlements of Andrijevica male is 34.04%, 24.77% and to share is 11.45%. According to data given female. shows a relatively high proportion of the rural – The general rate of activity shows the population in the social services sector 26.89% number of active per 100 rural inhabitants. Cal because of polycentric network of education and culated as R = (R: R) * 100, where R the total health in the municipality Andrijevica. Namely, active population, R the total rural population of the high position given these contingent educa the municipality. For rural areas is 21.30%. The tors (teachers, teachers, doctors) who perform general rate of activity of the male population professional duties in rural areas, and this entails (the total male) was 31.10% and female (in the increased administrative and other workers and overall female) 11.36%. non economic activities. In the group of outside – Economic dependency ratio indicates the activities involved 3.06% of the rural population, proportion of dependents and persons with per and 5.83% unknown group. sonal income, according to the active rural popu Without going deeper into the theoretical lation. It is obtained by the formula considerations, based on economic and geograph Fc = (Pi + P1) / Ra, where Pi dependent rural ic factors for development of rural settlements of population, P1 active rural population. The rural Andrijevica, we can conclude that due to specific population of 100 active in 2003 in rural areas of geographical conditions, there was a structural Andrijevica there were 293.9 dependents and deformation and territorial disparities, which led persons with personal income. to polarization between, the capitol building and Share dependent rural population in the total its hinterland, and between urban and rural set amount of Andrijevica 42.94%. Number of depen tlements Andrijevica settlements. dents per 100 inhabitants is active 203. This much dependent participation of the rural population is a GEOGRAPHICAL ZONING consequence of aging, i.e. declining share of OF RURAL TERRITORY young rural population and increase of rural popu lation with personal income. The share of rural Rating natural conditions aimed at separation population with personal income is 19.66%. of homogenous territorial units with some degree Structure by sectors of the rural population of benefits and limitations types of economic de is a reflection primarily of industrial develop velopment. Based on traffic position geographical, ment. In fact, agriculture in 2003 was absorbed natural features of the ground, it is possible in the
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municipality Andrijevica, separate areas with dif most important aspect of the production for possi ferent economic advantages for profitable produc ble cultivation of most crops. The river terraces as tion. However, one should bear in mind that some the dominant soil types of various production val components of natural resources and change in a ues, there are eutric camisoles, vertisols, pseudog small area (changing slope, exposure, genetic ley and amphigley. According to the natural ad types and soil productivity). vantages river alluvial plains and river terraces are Taking into account the natural conditions of suitable for intensive agriculture, particularly crop the Upper zoning Polimlja (Rajović,2005), basic production. This sub area is very important for the planning criteria of rural territory (Simonović and class trip, a certain summer tourist season and has Ribar, 1993), the use value of the combination of characteristics of a distinct seasonal occurrence favorable and limiting factors, we can distinguish due to climate, or rather the air temperature. Aver three relatively homogeneous area for the devel age air temperature in the area during July and opment of rural economy. August is around 18°C, and mean air temperature I AREA includes valley Andrijevica and over 20°C, it cannot taken as an absolute rule. high mountain regions of low relief up to 1100 m First, the local population acclimated to river wa above sea level, and in this the area located 11 ter temperature are conditions corresponding to an rural settlements (Božiće, Gornje Luge, Dulipolje, average value equal to or greater than 15°C. Sea Zabrñe, Jošanica, Kralje, Prisoja, Marsenić Rijeka, son bathing tourism and recreation at appropriate Trepča, Trešnjevo and Ulotina ). Within the area points may last from 30 to 90 days. This fact can can be distinguished wholes of a lower hierarchic not ignored no matter what it is that the tempera al level: the area river alluvial plains, river terrac ture conditions of a relatively modest measures es, lake sediments Andrijevica basin that has the conducive to the development of swimming, and most favorable conditions for intensive agricultur therefore dismissed the coastal population and re al production, summer tourism, and construction creational functions. In relation to the recreational and transport development. Within the area can be use of available resources of the area value as distinguished wholes of a lower hierarchical level: sessment can do in terms of benefits of rowing – Area under the alluvial plains of rivers, sports, especially kayaking and canoe. The devel river terraces, lake sediments basin Andrijevica , opment of these activities strengthened by almost which has the most favorable conditions for inten guaranteed a sufficient amount of water flowing in sive agricultural production, summer tourism, con Lima, but the average decline (Murino Andrije struction and transport development. These are vica overall fall 75 feet, Andrijevica Berane 85 areas with a slope of up to 3 ° and underexposed m). At the same profile is registered and mean an exposures. Length of growing season with Td ≥ 10 nual discharge of water, which meets the kayaking ° C over 150 days and the sum of active tempera as one of the aspects of sports and recreational ture Td ≥ 10 ° C are over 2100 ° C, allow the cul activities. Mountain water flows in what one of tivation of various plants vegetable crops. Howev Lim (Andrijevica the valley) can use for kayaking er, low values of relative humidity during April and canoe. Rowing, sailing, kayaking, walking (62%) increases the risk of spring frost and dew, and hiking tourism are possible on the rivers of and make these areas less favorable for fruit pro this district. Despite favorable conditions for de duction. Adverse climatic characteristics are asso velopment of agriculture and tourism are this spa ciated with a small amount of rainfall during July tial entity characterized by the favorable condi and August. In summer, (July and August) tions for development of construction and trans monthly mean relative humidity in the afternoon port. Any form of development (settlement, infra (14 h) is below 45%. This low value of saturation structure, industrial facilities, etc.) Indicates the of air is with water vapor, a very negative impact specific is requirements in relation to certain mor on agricultural crops. Large amplitude fluctuations phometric characteristics. Morphometric require of groundwater in alluvial deposits and the grow ments for construction, we have defined over from ing use of these waters makes it difficult for irriga the construction of settlements and roads. The tion during the summer period. Therefore, the fur construction of the village is very small gradients ther back from the riverbed increases the depth of (up to 1°) are not optimal, because the removal of underground aquifers and less irrigation. Summer atmospheric and water channel requires the forma low flow, lack of access to coast, distance from the tion of slope. However, since this region dominat riverbed, are reducing the possibility of using river ed by gradients of 1 3°, unexposed surface, good water for irrigation. For the alluvial flat alluvial structure height (height ratio as an indicator of are rivers connected with the land, which was the energy efficiency infrastructure, and express
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Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, No. 5 (5) / 2012
transport accessibility in relation to overcoming the expansion of Luge (inclination of 3 ° 6 °) height differences) and the construction season with the land (eutric camisols, colluvial soil, verti lasts about 260 days, we have very good condi sols, amphigley land) are suitable for the produc tions for the construction of settlements and roads. tion of vegetable crops, cultivation of meadows Compared to the corresponding properties of cli and forests. Landscapes on the right side of Lima, mate, mean annual air temperature around 80 10 ° which include about Piščevske River (slope 6 ° C, relative humidity below 75% make this area 9, and 12 °) with the dominant land and districts suitable for habitation and livelihood of the popu and eutric cambisols, are relatively favorable for lation. Eating on development traffic characterized agricultural production. Average air temperature primarily for the winter half year. With regard to in the vegetation during the area period about 12 ° mean maximum thickness of snow along the route C, relative humidity is about 68%, and the length of the main roads in the valley of Lima does not of growing season with Td ≥ 10 ° C for 130 days exceed 50 cm in January when the largest amount and the sum of active temperatures 1800 ° C al of snow and the number of days with snowfall lows growing of certain vegetable crops. On this lasting from October to May (when the snow point, the area of tourism is not as attractive for melts already in contact with the ground), this area summer and winter holidays are no conditions. An has good conditions for the flow of road traffic. interesting detail can be sulfuric water in the vil Considered a whole has the capacity for industrial lage of Kralje. It can be developed or transitional development because the site Trebačka river are a excursion tourism. From the point of building certain amount of building stone in the bed of the roads and settlements in this area has the benefits river Lim deposits of gravel and sand. of class III (the vertical belt of northern exposure – Under the area of high mountain land- and adverse). Under the area has opportunities for scapes of low relief and low high-mountain re- industrial development, the Stalak and Zabrñe are gions up to 1100 m of relief , characterized by deposits of lead and zinc. mild forms of relief and side slopes of 6° to 9°, II AREA linked to the zone from 1100 greater depth of land covers (luvisols, vertisols, 1700 m above sea level, locally dissected by deep eutric camisols, districts cambisol, sometimes river valleys cut into it is located in 12 rural set represented rendzina), relief forms are relatively tlements (Andzelati, Bojovići, Gnjili Potok, favorable for agricultural production. The land is Gračanica, Đulići, Košutiće, Kuti, Oblo Brdo, suitable for the production of various agricultural Seoca, Sjenožeta, Slatina, and Cecuni). This spa crops, orchards, and above 1000 m as is mainly tial unit characterized mainly with severe forms of woodland (beech fir forests, oak woods and fo the relief angle 12° 20°. This region has rolled rests of black and white pine), pastures and mea land cover, with the dominant land: rendzina, pod dows. Bases Balja, the area around the rural set sol, calc camisoles calkocambisol, calkomenasol, tlements in the valley of the river Kralje Kraštica, rankers, and in places and districts camisoles sug Trešnjevik (relief and slope of the form (3° 9°), gesting that the predominantly grassland and for are favorable for the production of certain fruits est vegetation (forest pine, spruce, beech, oak, fir). and vegetables. They represent the following area: This relief unit is suitable for cattle breeding. districts cambisol, iatric camisoles, rankers, col Length of growing season with Td ≥ 10 ° C from luvial soil et al. Dulipolje the settlements around 91 to 130 days, with the sum of active temperature Zlorecica which flows into rivers Perućica and Td ≥ 10° C to 1600°C to 2300° C, the mean air Kutska (slope 3° 6°), good production potential of temperature in the vegetation period is 9.5°C land (marsh gley soil, eutric camisols, rendzina, 12°C. Given that, for each food crop biologically districts camisoles, land, meadow), suitable for determined minimum, the area near the river val growing various crops, plants such as alder, field leys (for example, Kutski River, the river Rajova) ash, oak, birch, and various types of forests it is possible to grow certain crops (wheat, barley, (beech, oak, pine, etc.). Kutski river valley of the oats, peas, beans, and rye), orchards and grass river can seen as favorable for the production of lands (dominated eutric camisols and rendzina). certain crops (barley, oats, and corn) and fruit pro From the standpoint of tourism, this area provides duction, from the mouth to the settlement Zloreci opportunities for the development of health and ca Cecuni. Further to the source of the geomor sports and recreational tourism. Moderately and phologic features, which make up the system on a slightly favorable for the development of winter particular area are not favorable for agricultural tourism, which provide spaces: Bjelasica and Ko production but mostly there are pastures, meadows movi. Average amount of precipitation (snow) and forests. Areas on the left side of Lima from from 101 cm to 130 cm. Slopes are mostly from
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G. RAJOVIĆ , J. BULATOVIĆ , College of Textile Design, Technology and Management
12° 20° and the altitude belt above 1300 m above tion by improving the defensive power of the or sea level considered relatively favorable in terms ganism. However, this area is most suitable for the of alpine lake disciplines. Bukumirsko provides development of ski sports, mountain climbing, opportunities for the development of picnic and mountaineering, etc. summer tourism. In winter the lake under the ice and can be used as a natural ice rink with the pre CONCLUSION vious detailed inspection. Given the presence of mineral deposits (lead, zinc, iron, pyrite), provides A number of natural characteristics of the the foundation for industrial development. Con terrain determine development and deployment struction season is from 230 to 250 days, but for of a modern economy. They have shown that ru certain work (e.g. work with concrete), this period ral economies Andrijevica municipality does not coincides with the length of the free period with comply with all the natural conditions. Incompa out freezing temperatures, ranging from 67 to 117 tibility between the available natural and current days. The absolute amount of snow in this region conditions of the rural economy determine by may be greater than 200 cm, which is a serious adverse socio economic factors of development. obstacle to the flow of traffic. In this area, there Increasingly unfavorable demographic are numerous mountain pastures. During the win processes characterize development of the total ter and summer but here come a large number of population in the municipality Andrijevica and climbers from various countries. They are as at the population of rural settlements. In this paper, tractive characteristic of this region and provide a found negative trends of demographic and eco basis for further development of sports, mountain nomic development. Total depopulation, demo and hunting tourism, as well as the development of graphic aging, the educational structure of the ecological tourism. rural population are imposed as a leading con III AREA includes the high mountain belt temporary demographic processes in rural areas above 1700 m as in this region exacerbated by the of Andrijevica. relief, thermal and land conditions. The slope of The development of demographic structures the spatial structure of the completely dominant are essentially marked the contemporary socio slopes is over 18°, and slopes over 20°. Most land economic processes such as industrialization, is represented as calkomenasol, litisoli, rendzina urbanization and land reclamation. In other and podsol, so this area under forest vegetation words, the demographic structure of rural settle and mountain pastures with blueberry and juniper ments is a specific indicator of the trend and in (except where the parent material litisoli). Length tensity of socio economic processes in the muni of growing season with Td ≥ 10° C is less than 90 cipality Andrijevica in the period after the days, the sum of active temperature Td ≥ 10°C for Second World War. 1100°C and the mean daily temperature is less Demographic and economic reconstruction than 4.9° C, a maximum height of snow is greater and to stop the negative demographic and eco than 240 cm in the winter months. That is to say nomic processes are imposed as a key factor in that this area suitable for tourism development, it development and strategic and goal of total social is for the development of sports and recreation, reconstruction and future economic development sports and manifestation, sport hunting, excursion of rural settlements of Andrijevica. tourism. During the winter, but summer here Finally, the economic and geographical comes a large number of climbers from various problems of Andrijevica rural settlements should countries. They like the attractive character of this viewed realistically, without undue optimism, region and provide a basis for further development pessimism and even less. The process of general of sports, hiking and hunting tourism, as well as and qualitative transformation of rural settle the development of ecological tourism. It known ments will be relatively very slow and time con to stay at this height suitable for athletes healthy suming. people are many patients and normalize the situa
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