SUPERNOVAE; IN ANY WAY, SHAPE OR FORM
SN 2009ip
Image by J. Mauerhan
NGC 7259
Grant Williams Director, MMT Observatory Huachuca Astronomy Club 3/14/2014 NSF/AST Grant 1210599 Image by J. Prieto P. Smith N. Smith G. Williams P. Milne
L. Dessart J. Hoffman Lagrange, CNRS U. Denver D. Leonard J. Mauerhan SDSU U. C. Berkeley SN 2011fe in M101 (Pinwheel Galaxy) -14 -19
-20 Brightness 0 30 Time Time (days) 60 FORM FORM (or TYPE) 90 120 SN SN Type 1b 1c 1a II-P IIb IIn II-L 150 Spectroscopy
ROY G BIV M K G F A B O
60 M☉ Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 105
10 million years 100 billion years Luminosity
0.3 M☉ 10-3 Surface Temperature 30,000 3,000 Brightness
Supernova Spectra
4000 8000 Wavelength Supernova Taxonomy
- Hydrogen in spectrum, with narrow emission lines on top of broad emission features - Slowly declining light curve at late times
SN IIn
~10% WAY SN 1987A in LMC Shape SN 1987A in LMC SN 1987A in LMC
Flamsteed 1680? Kepler 1604
Supernova Remnants Chandra X-Ray Observatory
Chinese 1054 Widely 1006 Cassiopeia A SN Remnant Green: Si & Mg! Yellow: continuum! Red: Fe! Blue: 44Ti
Chandra X-ray Observatory & Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Supernova Progenitors
40,000 AU ~ • Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) • Homunculus Nebula (Little Man) • m = 4.6 • ~100 M☉ • 80 - 180 R☉ • 5 x 106 L☉ • 5.54 year binary period • ~7500 light years distant The Death Star 2D versus 3D
Entropy Plot
Couch et al. 2014 ≠ Q: How do we measure the spatially unresolved shape of a supernova? ! A: Polarimetry
Kasen et al. 2003 The Supernova Spectropolarimetry Project (SNSPOL)
GOAL: Observe many supernovae of all types during multiple epochs.
2010/2011 - Began a pilot project that piggybacked on another monthly polarization project. ! 2012 - Based on results of the pilot, funded by the NSF. ! Use increasingly larger aperture to study faint targets. CCD Imaging Spectropolarimeter (SPOL) Linear Stokes Parameters U P
2θ Q
Linear Polarization ! magnitude and angle ! P = √Q2 + U2 θ = 1/2 arctan (U∕Q) Image Credit: T. & J. Polakis
61” Kuiper Telescope 90” Bok Telescope 6.5m MMT IIP Ib SN 2012A (5) IIn SN 2011au (6) SN 2012aw (7) SN 2010jl (11) iPTF 13bvn (1) SN 2012ch (1) SN 2011cc (1) SN 2012ec (8) SN 2011ht (2) Ic SN 2012ho (1) SN 2012ab (2) SN 2013ab (5) PTF12gzk (pec, 2) PTF11iqb (1) SN 2012ej (4) SN 2013bi (3) SN 2009ip (4) SN 2013ej (4) SN 2012fh (6) SN 2013bi (1) SN 2013ff (2) SN 2013ej (5) IIb SN 2013ge (2) SN 2013fs (3) SN 2011dh (2) SN 2012fg (3) Ia II SN 2013ak (3) SN 2011fe (8) SN 2011bv (1) SN 2013 df (1) SN 2012cg (2) SN 2013am (4) SN 2013el (pec, 1) SN 2012ht (2) SN 2013bu (3) SN 2013dt (1) SN 2013ee (2) SN 2014J (2) SN 2013hj (1) 39 Supernovae Discovered in 2009 Exploded in 2012 15 Year Light Curve 150 Day Light Curve Polarization Light Curve
2012b Phase
2012a Phase Levesque et al. 2014 Thank You!!