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Supernovae; in Any Way, Shape Or Form SUPERNOVAE; IN ANY WAY, SHAPE OR FORM SN 2009ip Image by J. Mauerhan NGC 7259 Grant Williams Director, MMT Observatory Huachuca Astronomy Club 3/14/2014 NSF/AST Grant 1210599 Image by J. Prieto P. Smith N. Smith G. Williams P. Milne L. Dessart J. Hoffman Lagrange, CNRS U. Denver D. Leonard J. Mauerhan SDSU U. C. Berkeley SN 2011fe in M101 (Pinwheel Galaxy) FORM (or TYPE) -19 SN Type 1a 1c 1b II-L IIn IIb II-P Brightness -14 -20 0 30 60 90 120 150 Time (days) Spectroscopy ROY G BIV M K G F A B O 60 M☉ Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram 105 10 million years 100 billion years Luminosity 0.3 M☉ 10-3 Surface Temperature 30,000 3,000 Brightness Supernova Spectra 4000 8000 Wavelength Supernova Taxonomy - Hydrogen in spectrum, with narrow emission lines on top of broad emission features - Slowly declining light curve at late times SN IIn ~10% WAY SN 1987A in LMC Shape SN 1987A in LMC SN 1987A in LMC Flamsteed 1680? Kepler 1604 Supernova Remnants Chandra X-Ray Observatory Chinese 1054 Widely 1006 Cassiopeia A SN Remnant Green: Si & Mg! Yellow: continuum! Red: Fe! Blue: 44Ti Chandra X-ray Observatory & Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Supernova Progenitors 40,000 AU ~ • Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) • Homunculus Nebula (Little Man) • m = 4.6 • ~100 M☉ • 80 - 180 R☉ • 5 x 106 L☉ • 5.54 year binary period • ~7500 light years distant The Death Star 2D versus 3D Entropy Plot Couch et al. 2014 ≠ Q: How do we measure the spatially unresolved shape of a supernova? ! A: Polarimetry Kasen et al. 2003 The Supernova Spectropolarimetry Project (SNSPOL) GOAL: Observe many supernovae of all types during multiple epochs. 2010/2011 - Began a pilot project that piggybacked on another monthly polarization project. ! 2012 - Based on results of the pilot, funded by the NSF. ! Use increasingly larger aperture to study faint targets. CCD Imaging Spectropolarimeter (SPOL) Linear Stokes Parameters U P 2θ Q Linear Polarization ! magnitude and angle ! P = √Q2 + U2 θ = 1/2 arctan (U∕Q) Image Credit: T. & J. Polakis 61” Kuiper Telescope 90” Bok Telescope 6.5m MMT IIP Ib SN 2012A (5) IIn SN 2011au (6) SN 2012aw (7) SN 2010jl (11) iPTF 13bvn (1) SN 2012ch (1) SN 2011cc (1) SN 2012ec (8) SN 2011ht (2) Ic SN 2012ho (1) SN 2012ab (2) SN 2013ab (5) PTF12gzk (pec, 2) PTF11iqb (1) SN 2012ej (4) SN 2013bi (3) SN 2009ip (4) SN 2013ej (4) SN 2012fh (6) SN 2013bi (1) SN 2013ff (2) SN 2013ej (5) IIb SN 2013ge (2) SN 2013fs (3) SN 2011dh (2) SN 2012fg (3) Ia II SN 2013ak (3) SN 2011fe (8) SN 2011bv (1) SN 2013 df (1) SN 2012cg (2) SN 2013am (4) SN 2013el (pec, 1) SN 2012ht (2) SN 2013bu (3) SN 2013dt (1) SN 2013ee (2) SN 2014J (2) SN 2013hj (1) 39 Supernovae Discovered in 2009 Exploded in 2012 15 Year Light Curve 150 Day Light Curve Polarization Light Curve 2012b Phase 2012a Phase Levesque et al. 2014 Thank You!!.
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