Ministry of Housing and Environment

Environmental Impact Assessment Report

Harbor Restoration works Hirilandhoo, Thaa atoll

August 2010

Land and Marine Environmental Resources Group Land and Marine Environmental Resources Group Pvt Ltd, Maldives

Declaration of the Consultant

I certify that statements made in this Environmental Impact Assessment report are true, complete and correct.

Name: Hussein Zahir Consultant Registration Number: 04-07

Signature: Company Name: Land and Marine Environment Resources Group Pvt Ltd

Date: 31 August 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 1

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 3

1.1 Purpose of the Report and Need for the EIA ...... 3

1.2 Structure of the Report ...... 5

2 PROJECT SETTING ...... 6

2.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives ...... 6

2.2 Second National Environmental Action ...... 7

2.3 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ...... 10

2.4 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas ...... 10

2.5 Cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another ...... 10

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 12

3.1 Project Proponent ...... 12

3.2 The Project ...... 12

3.3 Need for the Project...... 13

3.4 Location and Extent of Site Boundaries ...... 14

3.5 Construction Phase and Schedule for Implementation ...... 15

3.6 Major Inputs ...... 17

3.6.1 Mobilization and material unloading ...... 17

3.6.2 Workforce ...... 17

3.6.3 Heavy machinery and power generation ...... 18

3.7 Construction methods ...... 18

3.7.1 Demolition works...... 18

3.7.2 Excavation method ...... 18

3.7.3 Construction of wharf and harbor protection structure ...... 19 i

3.8 Major Outputs ...... 20

3.8.1 Harbor design ...... 20

3.8.2 Dredge material ...... 20

3.9 Risks Associated with the Project ...... 21

4 METHODOLOGY ...... 22

5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 25

5.1 Institutional Arrangements ...... 25

5.2 Community consultations and stakeholder meetings ...... 26

6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 23

6.1 General Setting ...... 23

6.2 Geographic location and general setting of Hirilandhoo ...... 24

6.3 Climatology and Oceanography ...... 25

6.3.1 Wind Climate ...... 25

6.3.2 Wave climate ...... 28

6.3.3 Tide ...... 32

6.3.4 Current ...... 32

6.4 Beach Environment ...... 33

6.5 Marine surveys ...... 36

6.5.1. Coral community ...... 36

6.5.2. Reef fish community ...... 37

6.5.3 Seawater quality ...... 37

6.6 Hazard Vulnerability, area vulnerable to flooding and storm surge ...... 39

6.7 Social Environment ...... 44

7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS...... 46

7.1 Limitation and uncertainty of impact prediction ...... 47

7.2 Construction Impacts ...... 47

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7.2.1 Schedule, logistics and loading and unloading construction materials ...... 48

7.2.2 Construction materials and solid waste ...... 48

7.2.3 Impacts due to construction methods ...... 49

7.2.4 Impact on vegetation ...... 50

7.2.5 Coastal structures ...... 50

7.2.6 Dredged material disposal ...... 51

7.2.7 Social impacts, noise and air pollution ...... 51

7.2.8 Effects on Groundwater Quality ...... 52

7.3 Operational Impacts ...... 52

7.3.1 Degradation of water quality ...... 52

7.3.2 Social impacts ...... 53

7.3.2 Wastewater Disposal or littering of harbor ...... 53

8 MITIGATION PLAN ...... 54

9 ALTERNATIVES ...... 58

9.1vBreakwater types ...... 58

9.2 Quay wall...... 58

9.3 Design ...... 58

9.4 Dredge material disposal site...... 59

9.5 The no project scenario ...... 60

10 MONITORING AND REPORTING ...... 61

11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 63

APPENDICES ...... 65

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Existing location of the harbor and possible sediment plume projection associated with dredging works...... 15

Figure 2 Location of beach profiles and GPS coordinates ...... 23

Figure 3 Sampling locations (R1and R2 are Reef assessment site; W1, W2 and W3 is water sampling location). GPS locations of sampling sites are given ...... 24

Figure 4 Geographical location of Hirilandhoo ...... 24

Figure 5 Wind rose for 5 year (2002‐2006) wind data from Kadhdhoo. Data output adopted for Hirilandhoo ...... 26

Figure 6 Time series plot of wind speed at L. Kadhoo (a meteorological station at approximately 15km NE of the project site) ...... 27

Figure 7 Spectrum of wind data from L. Kadhdhoo ...... 27

Figure 8 Wind speed exceedence curve ...... 28

Figure 9 Wave height and period distribution patterns in the southern parts of Maldives ...... 31

Figure 10 Beach profiles from various location at Hirilandhoo ...... 35

Figure 11 Beach characterestics from various location at Hirilandhoo ...... 35

Figure 12 General impression of the lagoon bottom in the vicinity of harbor ...... 36

Figure 13 Tsunami hazard zones; category 5 is the highest risk zone while 1 is the lowest (figure derived from UNDP report on Disaster risk profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 40

Figure 14 Track of severe storms affecting Maldives during 1877‐2004 ...... 41

Figure 15 Cyclone Hazard Zone (Source: UNDP report on Disaster risk profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 42

Figure 16 Surge Hazard Zones (Source: UNDP report on Disaster risk profile for Maldives November 2006) ...... 43

Figure 17 in appropriate waste disposal related to the fish processing activities at Hirilandhoo ...... 45

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LISTE OF TABLES

Table 1 Construction schedule for Hirilandhoo ...... 16

Table 2 The four seasons experienced in the Maldives ...... 25

Table 4 Seasonal winds and wave climate around the southern atolls of Maldives ...... 29

Table 5 Table summarising tide levels at Male International Airport, Male atoll ...... 32

Table 6 Seawater quality parameters tested and their results at the sampling locations at Hirilandhoo. Data analysis was carried out by the National Health laboratory, Maldives Food and Drug Authority. Report number NHL/TR/WC/rc 0093. all sample W3 values and parameters and their respectyive values in W1 and W2 are meassured from Hanna instrument Hi 9828 ...... 39

Table 7 Impact prediction Categorized ...... 46

Table 8 Mitigation measures proposed for the harbor restoration works at Hirilandhoo ...... 55

Table 9 Monitoring program and cost for individual parameter ...... 62

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LISTE OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Terms of Reference (TOR) ...... 66

Appendix 2 Site Plan ...... 69

Appendix 3 Bathymetry and shoreline map ...... 71

Appendix 4 Breakwater and Quay Wall Design Details ...... 73

Appendix 5 List of people met ...... 76

Appendix 6 MHTE memo regarding commitment to mitigation measures and monitoring ...... 79

Appendix 7 References ...... 81

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report is to fulfill the regulatory requirement under the environmental preservation act of Maldives prior to the proposed harbor development at Hirilandhoo in Th. Atoll. The proposed repair and reconstruction works for this EIA is part of the project for infrastructure repair works in the atolls as a result of 2004 Tsunami. This project is executed by Ministry of Housing and Environment, financed by Ministry of Finance and Treasury

2. Major component of the proposed development is deepening of the existing harbor basin to the standard depth of -3m MSL, replacement of the existing damaged quay walls by pre cast L shaped concrete elements and a breakwater section adjoining northern side quay wall of harbor basin. Breakwater section will be constructed using imported granite rock boulders.

3. Sediment excavated to deepen the harbor basin and demolished concrete from the existing quay walls would be used as core material for the new quay walls and as backfill.

4. Hirilandhoo is located on the south western side of Thaa Atoll on the northern end of a long peripheral reef. Several lag0onal depressions are associated with the reef where the harbor basin is open ended to this. An entrance has been cleared for access to the deep lagoon across the reef flat at the western side.

5. This report provides the results of the fieldwork carried out at Hirilandhoo in January 2010 and associated public and community consultations that followed. The environmental impacts arising from the proposed developments are predicted based on the findings of the fieldwork along with the activities that cause these impacts during the construction and operation phase.

6. Existing environment was examined to identify significant environmental components that would be affected and to establish a baseline condition of the site. Available and relevant literature on environmental impacts associated with similar projects was evaluated to identify possible impacts. Oceanographic data and information on local hydrodynamics were qualitatively assessed to determine the current pattern around the island which was based on monsoonal wind patterns, wind generated waves, tidal flushing, geographic setting, the topography of the lagoon and shape of the shoreline.

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7. The impact area in terms of marine environment is largely a sandy lagoon. The substrate of the lagoon is mostly abiotic with isolated patched of corals As the area to be dredged is already modified and form the existing harbor basin, there is no new area that is prone to alteration

8. It is important to note that the most significant impact associated with the project would be impact on the marine environment from sedimentation. Dredging and excavation often carry heavy load of sediments increasing sediment load in the water column causing discoloration (due to suspended sediments) of the of the impact area for a prolonged period. Environmental impact matrix in chapter 7 identified key components of the natural and socioeconomic environment; the likely impacts on each component based on the criteria used for impact prediction. The proposed development will have direct impact on the benthos in all excavated areas. However, there is no established coral community that would be directly affected except perhaps few isolated coral colonies.

9. Environmental impacts associated with the proposed project are considered minor to moderate. The significant environmental components that are likely to be affected are the coral community established on the reef flat and changes to littoral drift and near-shore coastal hydrodynamics. Impact on the coral community from sedimentation as a result of excavation is inevitable. It is also important to note that the coral community in the immediate impact area is rather sparse and coral rubble and sand dominates the reef substrate.

10. Mitigation measures were provided in the report for impacts that were categorized minor to moderate. Impact mitigation measures and monitoring is carried out to compare predicted and actual impacts occurring from project activities to determine the efficiency of the mitigation measures. The environmental monitoring proposed here is to determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and long term change to the benthic community (especially coral community) where the baseline information was collected. In addition to this additional monitoring station would be established at the reef slope (channel entrance) to determine the changes to this habitat by sediment deposition transported through the reef access channel.

11. With due consideration to main environmental components identified and the magnitude of impacts on these components from the proposed developments, the consultant concludes that the project components and designs are feasible and appropriate mitigation measures are given to correct and minimize unfavorable environmental consequences. Furthermore the public and community consultation responses were in favor of the project due to the socio-economic benefits. 2

1 INTRODUCTION

Hirilandhoo is located at the south western side of Th. Atoll at a southern peripheral reef. The proposed project involves repair and reconstruction of the harbor that was damaged due to Tsunami of December 2004.

As result this harbor restoration project is part of the Construction of Harbors for Tsunami Victims Project funded by a joint loan taken from Islamic Development Bank (IDB), the Saudi Government and Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by the government of Maldives. This restoration project involves repair of harbors at 10 islands. Of the 10 harbors, three (Ha Hoarafushi, Ha Ihavandhoo, and K. Dhihfushi) harbor are funded by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia while other 7 islands are funded by IDB and OPEC loan.

The design consultancy for this project was awarded to Alhabshi Consultants Office, a Kuwaiti Company in association with Riyan Pvt Ltd (a Maldivian company). The Agreement for consultancy was signed on 6th November 2008 between the Government of Maldives and Alhabshi Consultant.

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT AND NEED FOR THE EIA

This EIA covers the environmental reporting requirements in preparation for harbor restoration project as stipulated by the environmental regulations of Maldives. Coastal developments such as repair of harbors that are likely to a have a significant impacts to the environment are required to submit an EIA or IEE report by Environmental Act of Maldives. Article 5 (a) of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (Law No. 4/93) provides for an impact assessment study to be submitted to the Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE) before implementation of any activity that may have 3

a significant impact on the environment. The Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation of Maldives (EIA Regulations, MEEW, 2007) provides a list of development proposals requiring environmental impact assessment reports which are outlined in Schedule D where EIAs are mandatory for harbor development projects or renovation works.

Therefore, in accordance with the above requirements and procedures to follow under the EIA regulations, a scoping meeting to discuss the renovation or restoration proposal and determine the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EIA report was held between the Client (MHE), LaMER Group Pvt Ltd as the EIA Consultant, Representative of design consultant (Alhabshi Consultants), Ministry of Home Affairs and representatives from Environment Protection Agency (EPA) as the Regulator on 31st March 2010. This report provides the results of the fieldwork carried out on Hirilandhoo in December 2008, its evaluation and assessment based on the environmental components associated with the project components. Furthermore outcomes of public and community consultations that followed during and after the fieldwork based on the ToR approved by EPA are also presented.

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1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

The structure of this report follows the Terms of Reference (ToR) discussed in the presence of the developer, the EIA consultant, representative from Ministry of Housing and Environment (MHE), Ministry of Home Affairs and representatives of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the EIA regulatory body. Upon submission of a draft ToR by the EIA consultant it was approved by the EPA on 6th April 2010, based on discussions between the consultant, the client and the other stakeholders. The approved Terms of Reference (ToR) for this report is attached in Appendix 1 of this document.

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2 PROJECT SETTING

The project conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, Law no. 4/93. The EIA has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulation (MEEW, 2007) of the Maldives by a registered consultant. Furthermore, the EIA adheres to the principles underlined in the regulations, guidelines and policies of the Government Ministries.

• Ministry of Housing and Environment

• Ministry of Home Affairs

2.1 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION ACT OF MALDIVES

The Articles of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management:

• Guidance and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the concerned government authorities.

• Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation of the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW (currently MHE).

• Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.

• An EIA shall be submitted to MHE before implementing any developing project that may have a potential impact on the environment.

• Projects that have any undesirable impact on the environment can be terminated without compensation.

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• Disposal of waste, oil, poisonous substances and other harmful substances within the territory of the Maldives is prohibited. Waste shall be disposed only in the areas designated for the purpose by the government.

• Hazardous / Toxic or Nuclear Wastes shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained for any trans‐boundary movement of such wastes through the territory of Maldives.

• The Penalty for Breaking the Law and Damaging the Environment are specified.

• The government of the Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all damages that are caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.

The proposed harbor restoration project at Hirilandhoo will fully abide by the Environmental Preservation and Protection Act. Disposal of oil, chemicals and other hazardous materials will be strictly controlled and managed. Such materials will not be disposed at inappropriate locations in the local or the regional vicinity, but will be transported to a designated waste disposal site, in Ha. Atoll or any other government approved disposal site. In any event, hazardous wastes such as oils and chemicals not allowed disposal at sites in Thaa Atoll, the waste will be transported to the regional waste management facility at Kulhudhuffushi or Thilafushi in Male atoll for appropriate disposal. It should be noted that there is no proper chemical disposal facility that safely disposes such chemicals in the Maldives.

2.2 SECOND NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION

The aim of NEAP II (MHAHE, 1999) is to provide the necessary guidance for the protection and preservation of the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage its resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.

The main strategies of NEAP II are:

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• Continuous assessment of the state of the environment in the Maldives, including impacts of human activities on land, atmosphere, freshwater, lagoons, reefs and the ocean; and the effects of these activities on human well being;

• Development and implementation of management methods suitable for the natural and social environment of the Maldives, and maintain or enhance environmental quality and protect human health, while at the same time using resources on a sustainable basis;

• Consultation and collaboration with all relevant sectors of society to ensure stakeholder participation in the decision making process;

• Preparation and implementation of comprehensive national environmental legislation in order to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment;

• Adhering to international and regional environmental conventions and agreements and

• Implementation of commitments embodied in such conventions.

NEAP II specifies priority actions in the following areas:

• Climate change and sea level rise; coastal zone management;

• biological diversity conservation; integrated reef resources management;

• integrated water resources management;

• management of solid waste and sewerage;

• pollution control and management of hazardous waste;

• sustainable tourism development;

• land resources management and sustainable agriculture; and

• Human settlement and urbanization.

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NEAP II contains environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the proposed project activities.

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2.3 NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

The goals of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (MHAHE,2002) are:

• Conserve biological diversity and sustainable utilization of biological resources.

• Build capacity for biodiversity conservation through a strong governance framework, and improved knowledge and understanding.

• Foster community participation, ownership and support for biodiversity conservation.

2.4 PROTECTED AREAS AND SENSITIVE AREAS

Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment (MHE) is vested with the responsibility of identifying and declaring protected areas and nature reserves, develop and implement regulations for their protection and preservation.

2.5 CUTTING DOWN, UPROOTING, DIGGING OUT AND EXPORT OF TREES AND PALMS FROM ONE ISLAND TO ANOTHER

Pursuant to law number 4/93 (Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives), the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water (now MHE) has passed a by- law with the purpose of educating developers on the importance of trees. This includes best management practices for maintaining trees and provides standards for preservation of trees in the Maldives and set down rules and regulations to be adhered to prior to commencing of felling, uprooting, digging up and exporting of trees and palms from one island to another in Maldives. 10

The by-law states that the cutting down, uprooting, digging up and exports of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative.

It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown on the island. The by-law prohibits the removal of the following tree types:

• The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island are protected by this by-law;

• All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area is protected under this by-law;

• All the trees that are in a designated protected area;

• Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees;

• Trees/palms that are abnormal in structure

Since the project is a renovation work at an existing functioning facility no impact is envisaged on the vegetation.

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3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 PROJECT PROPONENT

Project proponent of the proposed harbor restoration project is Ministry of Housing and Environment. The project was bided as a design and consultancy project. The main design consulting company Alhabshi Consultants is assigned to carry out the design works, preparing tender documents, carrying out EIAs and construction phase supervision consultant.

3.2 THE PROJECT

The proposed development project involves renovation and restoration of Hirilandhoo harbor. December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami caused Hirilandhoo harbor substantial damages. These include damage to harbor protection walls, side walls and quay walls including partial collapse and cracks to the quay wall. Under the proposed project, new quay wall (concrete sheet piles, L section) and breakwaters (armor rocks) will be constructed at the existing footprints (Appendix 2). The harbor basin will also undergo maintenance dredging to -3MSL where a bathymetry of the harbor basin and harbor access channel has been established (Appendix 3). Since the proposed project is only a restoration project, basin size will not be increased. The concept plan is formulated in light of the new third generation harbor concept developed by MHE where more emphasis is given to include functional design components to the harbor as compared to the older conventional designs which focused on providing a sheltered mooring area for fishing and other sea transport vessels. In this regard the new harbor basin would include specific areas allocated such as passenger embarking/disembarking, cargo or goods loading unloading area, fish landing area, water and fuel recharging and mooring area. 12

At present (when this report is prepared) a contractor for the project is yet to be assigned therefore some aspects of the project details such as work methodologies (casting of concrete elements) is assumed to be similar to other harbor projects carried out in Maldives as executed by construction department of MHE (concrete elements precast in Thilafushi or Hulhumale and transported to site, this is mainly to scarcity of land for pre-casting these structures at specific project sites).

3.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami caused extensive infrastructure damages throughout the Maldives. The Government of Maldives reported several areas of damage (from minor to major) to several types of infrastructures including coastal and maritime structures. MHE reported and seek repair or reconstruction of 36 jetties totaling to 1,600m in length, 4,200m of quay wall, and 15,000m of harbor sea walls. In addition due to sediment deposition from the tsunami wave, 375,000m3 of harbor basin dredging, and 145,000m3 of access channel was dredging has been estimated as required to attain pre-tsunami levels1.

Hirilandhoo harbor faced little damage due to tsunami. Most notably part of the quay wall at parts cracked and in other areas slightly tilted or disoriented due scouring of the footing of quay walls and sediment washout during the retreat of water from the island to harbor basin. However, the harbor breakwater segment (seawall) was damaged almost totally. This is the only breakwater section at the harbor that is to provide that function while the rest of the harbor is open ended to the huge lagoon. Tsunami impact also involves filling up of harbor basin, especially adjacent to seawall and quay wall. Therefore Hirilandhoo harbor require timely repair and maintenance dredging for its proper functioning.

1 Maldives Post Tsunami Environmental Assessment Report; UNEP, 2005)

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Hirilandhoo community is predominantly involved in fishing industry where extensive fish processing work as maldivefish is currently ongoing. As a result there are several fish processers that buy fish in bulk leading to fishermen village and other islands landing their fish at Hirilandhoo. Hence several fishing vessels use the harbor (this includes vessels from other islands and atolls) during good fishery (catch) in this area mainly for fish sale.

3.4 LOCATION AND EXTENT OF SITE BOUNDARIES

Hirilandhoo Island is located on east side of Kolhumadulu (Thaa atoll), some 220 km south of Male’ (capital of Maldives) at latitude N02° 16' 18" and longitude E72° 55' 53". The nearest inhabited island is Vandhoo about 2 km south. It is about 20km from Veymandoo which is the capital of Thaa Atoll. Several inhabited (4) and uninhabited islands (10) are located on the same stretch of reef approximately 25km long.

The existing harbor facility is located at the north eastern side of the island facing shallow reef lagoon basin providing natural protection from strong wave action. The project boundaries are the harbor front area, side breakwaters, north eastern side breakwater. There is no harbor entrance channel adjacent to the harbor basin as typical designs rather an off harbor channel is created across the reef several hundred meters away on the periphery of the lagoon on the eastern side. Under the proposed project maintenance dredging will be carried out at the basin and entrance channel area to -3m MSL. Dredged material removed during the maintenance dredging works will be piled to use for harbor reconstruction related works. Figure 1 provide a schematic of the possible sediment transport in and around vicinity of harbor due to harbor repair works, especially during excavation of harbor basin.

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FIGURE 1 EXISTING LOCATION OF THE HARBOR AND POSSIBLE SEDIMENT PLUME PROJECTION ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING WORKS.

3.5 CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION

The harbor restoration construction stage at Hirilandhoo is estimated to last 12 months. Below are the major sub components of the restoration works. Table 1 provides the expected work program and work schedule for the project. These include;

• Mobilization, material unloading

• Setting outwork (breakwaters, entrance breakwater heads)

• Excavation of harbor basin (maintenance dredging)

• Disposal of dredged material,

• Construction of quay wall and

• Construction of revetments (small section at the north eastern side of harbor). 15

TABLE 1 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE FOR HIRILANDHOO

Note: since contractor is not assigned, a typical schedule of similar project is given as provided by MHE)

Months No.Details 12345678 9 10 11 12

1 Mobilization and material unloading

2Setout work

3Maintenance dredgding (basin)

4Maintenance dredgding (enterance)

5Construction of quay walls

6Construction of breakwaters and revetments

7Disposal of surplus dredged material

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3.6 MAJOR INPUTS

3.6.1 MOBILIZATION AND MATERIAL UNLOADING

All material for the proposed project will be transported to the site on landing crafts and barges. Materials for harbor restoration works will be unloaded at the harbor front area. Temporary construction yard and storage site can be set up in the vicinity of the harbor facility where such work space is already available. No vegetation will be cleared for any construction purpose at Hirilandhoo.

The harbor front area has planted vegetation as part of harbor landscaping works associated with the first construction works of harbor. During this repair and construction works all efforts will be made to avoid damaging these plants.

3.6.2 WORKFORCE

The total workforce for the project is estimated at 30-35 workers (since contractor is not assigned yet this figure is taken from work force used in similar projects (reference figures provided by MHE). All workers will be accommodated in existing residential houses. Food and other provisions that are required will be met by existing facilities on the island. No additional temporary sheds or accommodation units will be constructed. A container based office unit will be located at the project site as the site office. Major concrete works necessary for the construction works will be carried out at the north end of the harbor and unused land in front of powerhouse (area identified by IDC during the meeting at held at Hirilandhoo).

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3.6.3 HEAVY MACHINERY AND POWER GENERATION

The project construction works is not yet contracted, therefore machinery used for similar project is assumed. Machinery to be used for the proposed project is excavators (2 units), cranes, wheel loader and trucks (3 units). Excavators will also be used for demolition works, construction of harbor protection walls and entrance channel walls. Electric power for the project site will be sourced by the island’s existing powerhouse and portable generator where necessary. All fuel for the project related machinery operation will be stored in barrels (diesel for excavators, cranes and trucks).

3.7 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

3.7.1 DEMOLITION WORKS

The existing quay walls (where necessary) and breakwaters will be demolished using excavators. The demolished concrete or rock materials will be used as core backfilling. Since the existing quay wall and breakwaters are constructed with coral rock and cement this material would be ideal as core material. Almost entire breakwater is damaged and minimum effort is necessary for demolition. Instead of removal the breakwater debris will be aligned and shaped for core of new breakwater (where possible, if not debris will be transported to necessary areas for breakwater core), thus reducing amount of debris for disposal.

3.7.2 EXCAVATION METHOD

Since the project only involves maintenance dredging, excavators on barge will be used. In-survey for the design phase has already been carried out therefore areas where deepening is necessary is already identified (see appendix 3). All dredged material will be transported to harbor front area after filling up of barge and unloaded

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on to trucks for transport to disposal areas. The finish depth of the harbor basin and entrance channel will be -3MSL.

Since the project involves maintenance dredging and no additional entrance or entrance reorientation work is involved, blasting will not be required at any stage of the construction works.

3.7.3 CONSTRUCTION OF WHARF AND HARBOR PROTECTION STRUCTURE

It is informed by MHE that concrete elements for the quay wall will be caste off site and transported when required (since contractor is not assigned yet details of this component is not clear, therefore method used in similar projects are assumed). If concrete elements are caste off site only minor concrete works will be required at site (casting of capping beam, which will be done in-situ). Since removal of existing quay wall and disposal will be costly, the new quay wall will be set adjacent to existing one (see Appendix 4 for breakwater details). The space between the existing and new quay wall will be filled with sand (sediment extracted from maintenance dredging works). The element toe area will be deepened and leveled. After placing the elements, the toe area will be refilled. After placing the concrete element, tie rods will be used to fix and anchor the L section to anchor slabs (anchor slabs tie rods will be drilled through the existing quay wall structure). After placing the concrete elements the quay wall will be joined together with a capping beam. The sections of quay wall that is either subsided or with significant structural damage will be demolished and removed; these would be used as core for breakwaters.

The side quay wall will be replaced with geo-textile quay wall. Capping beam and anchor slabs will be set to stabilize the structure. Geo-textile bags will be filled with sediment generated during the maintenance dredging work.

The breakwater will be enclosed with breakwater heads at both ends of the entrance channel. The breakwater will be constructed using armor stones and geo-textile bags filled sediment as the core (see Appendix 4).

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3.8 MAJOR OUTPUTS

3.8.1 HARBOR DESIGN

The existing harbor footprint will not be changed due to the proposed project, breakwaters and quay wall will be constructed at existing foot print area. However, quay wall area will be increased to the south adjacent to the existing quay wall to provide additional quay (see Appendix 2). The length of the harbor after completion of renovation works will be approximately 130m and width of 70m. The total length of quay wall after the repair works will be 293. The additions to quay walls are associated with cargo loading/unloading and fish landing area (see appendix 2). The harbor basin will have a depth of -3MSL after completion of the restoration works.

The repaired harbor will also have 40 of breakwater adjoining the north eastern quay wall. This breakwater will be of armor stones (See Appendix 4 for breakwater detail).

3.8.2 DREDGE MATERIAL

Approximately 19,000m3 of dredge material will be removed from deepening the harbor basin and entrance channel. Dredge material removed from the harbor basin (maintenance dredging works) will be initially stockpiled near harbor area since part of the material will be required during construction works. Part of the sediment will be used for back filling the area in between the existing quay wall and new quay wall and for filling the geo-textile bags of breakwaters and side quays. Part of the sediment will also be used to level the harbor front area. Approximately 2500m3 of sediment will be used of the construction work while rest will be disposed at the erosion prone areas at the western side (peninsular portion) of the island. The sediment will be transported to the disposal sites on trucks, although initially sediment will be stockpiled near harbor area for construction purposes.

The finish level of backfilling will be +1.30MSL; and since the island level is approximately +1.4MSL, natural drainage will be achieved. The finish level of quay wall will be +1.50MSL. 20

3.9 RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT

Major risks associated with the project are short term damage to the marine environment due to sedimentation by maintenance dredging works and demolition or breakwaters. Since maintenance excavation works are to be done no major impacts are envisaged. Existing breakwater portion will also act as bund (if dredging works are done during low tide) that may minimize sediment plume spread. Since the harbor is sheltered from the extensive lagoon from east and the island from west it is possible to minimize the sediment dispersal depending on the time of the work. Based on the exposure pattern at the harbor due to the orientation of the island it more probable that the sediment plume generated during the excavation works be more confined to the harbor basin and adjacent shoreline during north east monsoon as the island form a barrier limiting dispersal of the sediments (see Figure 1). It is therefore recommended that excavation works be carried out during north east monsoon to limit the extent of sediment dispersal. Damage to marine flora and fauna is inevitable even if the dredging works are small scale. It is noted that there is no coral community in the vicinity of the harbor basin, the marine fauna that is most likely to be affected. The direct and spillover effect of sediment plume, even with the breakwaters as bunds cannot be totally contained. However, the residual effects of sedimentation on the benthic reef community are likely to be minimal due to the scale and duration of the proposed project.

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4 METHODOLOGY

The approach to data collection and compilation of this report includes;

• Consultation and discussion with the design consultants and engineers with regard to design and work methodology that would be used to implement the proposed activities

• Examination of proposed project activities,

• Examination of the existing environment to identify significant environmental components that would be affected,

• Consultation with major stakeholders to exchange information on the project and to follow the procedures required for the report, and

• Evaluation of available and relevant literature on environmental impacts associated with similar projects.

Information on existing environment was collected during the field visit to the project site during January 2010. General information on the existing environment was based on available secondary data, such as climatic data for Ha atoll in general (National Meteorological Centre at Kadhdhoo) because no site specific data was available. Due to the general uniformity of the climatic data along Maldives, climatic data from Kadhdhoo were considered applicable to the site given the lack of availability of site specific data and also the short time available for the preparation of the report to collect such data. Oceanographic data and information used to determine the current pattern around the island was also based on monsoonal wind patterns, wind generated waves, tidal flushing, geographic setting, the topography of the lagoon and shape of the shoreline.

Beach profiles were taken at several locations using a digital level. Initially the beach toe of the island was mapped using precision GPS. Afterwards profile areas were selected based on possible impact areas due to the proposed project. Four profiles

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were taken to establish as baseline data. All beach profiles are aligned perpendicular to the beach. Location of beach profiles and GPS coordinates are given in Figure 2.

An underwater camera with housing was used to take a series of photographs for assessing reef benthic community near the dredged material disposal area (lagoon and back reef area). Photo quadrats were taken along a 50 meter transect line. Randomly selected 40 quadrats (photo frames were sampled within a 5 meter belt along the 50 meter transect line. Data was collected from three transects at each site and mean percent cover was calculated for each parameter. Qualitative assessment was carried in the vicinity of existing harbor area since maintenance excavation and breakwater construction will be done in this area. Locations of water and reef benthic and fish surveys and sampling sites are given in Figure 3.

FIGURE 2 LOCATION OF BEACH PROFILES AND GPS COORDINATES

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FIGURE 3 SAMPLING LOCATIONS (R1AND R2 ARE REEF ASSESSMENT SITE; W1, W2 AND W3 IS WATER SAMPLING LOCATION). GPS LOCATIONS OF SAMPLING SITES ARE GIVEN

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5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

As part of the public consultation process for this project, relevant stakeholders from the public and private sector were consulted and discussions were exchanged based on the proposed project activities. The need justifications and approval of the proposed activities from the perspective of relevant institutions were inclusive of this consultative process. The consultative process is based on meetings and discussions with representatives of relevant stakeholders. Perceptions of the community in the vicinity of the proposed project site based on specific focus groups such as island officials, boat owners and fishermen were also included in this consultative process. List of people met in this consultative process is given in Appendix 5.

5.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Hirilandhoo is administratively located in Thaa Atoll (northern most atolls in South Central Province of Maldives). As with all other atolls of the Maldives, the island community governed through the Ministry of Home Affairs and South Central Province Office. Day-to-day administrative and management of the island community needs together with routine reporting to relevant ministries or other institutions in Male’ is managed by the Island Councilor and with support from the Island Office administrative staff.

Hirilandhoo harbor reconstruction Project is being carried out under the Tsunami Restoration Project financed by IDB and OPEC. The project is implemented by Construction and Infrastructure Department of Ministry of Housing and Environment. The design and supervision consultants are Alhabshi consultants of Kuwait. Contractor for the restoration works is not yet appointed. A site office will be established at the project area, where information about the project and progress of the project will be available to the community if needed.

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5.2 COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS AND STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS

Consultation with the former Island Development Committee (IDC) was held during the site visits made to the island during the initial survey trips by the EIA consultants and representative of design consultant (Alhabshi consultants). Members of the island development committee, boat owners and fishermen were informed about the process of EIA and the government regulations on Environmental Protection. The IDC, Councilor and the Island Chief of Hirilandhoo were also consulted on the design aspects of the harbor. The participants of the meeting were informed that the project is a restoration project therefore existing footprint of the harbor will remain as it is now. Although it is named as a restoration project quay walls, side quays and breakwaters will be anew. Also maintenance dredging works will be done at deepen areas of the harbor and entrance channel where necessary. The members of the IDC have been informed about the inevitable environmental impacts of such a development. In addition to the physical data used for the design and location of the harbor members of the island community were consulted on existing issues in relation to the harbor.

The main issue highlighted by most of the participants of the meetings was the issue of repeated surveys and no action. The community strongly feels that the restoration project would only ease the accessibility issue but will not resolve the issue of accommodating all the vessels used by the community especially the fishing fleet. The IDC stated that average size of fishing vessels has increased and day to day usage of the harbor by such vessels from the island and fishing vessels that operate nearby is on the increase demanding additional space. It has been requested by IDC to increase width of land at the north end of the harbor by 5 meters. This is because of a planned ferry terminal at this end. The representative of design consultant and EIA consultant informed the IDC that the project is a restoration project and does not involves expansion of the harbor and also informed the participant of the meeting that the consultants have been given terms of reference for the work and design is

26

subjected to it. It should be noted that the new functional design of the harbor allocate an area for passenger arrival. This area is appropriately located to suit the requirement of the community in the context of the scope of the project. The community also pointed out that the harbor basin is shallow the need for deepening. There was no issue with regard to the harbor entrance channel which is several hundred meters away from the basin.

The design consultant and EIA consultant also informed the community aspects of the new design, which incorporates the concept of functional harbor introduced by the MHE. In this regard participants were consulted for the locations of passenger area, mooring area, loading unloading area, fish landing area and water fuel recharge areas.

Issue of harbor depth and sediment deposition over time making the basin was also raised. Consultants informed the participants that design of the harbor will be done so that the maintenance dredging will be of 5 year frequency. The design consultants also highlighted that harbors also needs maintenance and no design can be maintenance free.

The consultants also inquired about a location for disposal of surplus sediment generated during the maintenance dredging works. The Participants of the meeting stated they are not in favor of creating a stock pile instead sediment should be disposed at areas where erosion is observed. The community requested to fill the western side shoreline of the peninsular part of the island according to the IDC some erosion is observed.

Overall the community is in favor of the project and stated that restoration of harbor will have positive economic and social impacts, also stated that the size of the harbor is not sufficient for the increase in demand and number of vessels in the island.

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6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.1 GENERAL SETTING

The Maldives archipelago consists of a double chain of coral atolls, 80 – 120km wide stretching 860km from latitude 7° 6’ 30” N to 0° 41’ 48” S and longitude 72° 32’ 30 E to 73° 45’ 54” E (Ministry of Construction and Public Works, 1999). The double chain of Maldivian atolls lies on the parallel submarine ridges in the central part of Indian Ocean known as Lacadive-Chagos ridge. The archipelago comprises 25 atolls (Naseer, 2004) grouped into 20 administrative units. The atolls are separated by east-west running deeper channels. The atolls vary in shape from circular and oval to elliptical. The atolls contain 1190 islands, of which only 198 are inhabited. The total reef area of Maldives is 4,493.85km2 while the total land area is 227.45km2 (Naseer, 2004). Approximately 80% of Maldivian land area is less than 1m above mean sea level.

The characteristics of reefs and coral islands of the Maldives vary considerably from north to south. The atolls to the north are broad banks discontinuously fringed by reefs with small coral islands and with numerous patch reefs and faros (the word faros is derived from the Maldivian word “faru”) in the lagoon. To the south the depth of atoll lagoon increases, faros and patch reefs are rare in the lagoon, the continuity of the atoll rim is greater and a large proportion of the perimeter of the atolls is occupied by islands (Woodroffe, 1992). The islands have shallow reef flats on their seaward side, some with shingle ramparts at the seaward limit of the reef flat. The islands and the shingle ramparts owe their origin to the deposition of shingle or coral debris during storms. A number of islands can be found on a single reef. These islands may be separated by shallow passages that run across the reef flat. The width of some of these passages could be less 100m while some passages are over few hundred meters wide.

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6.2 GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION AND GENERAL SETTING OF HIRILANDHOO

Hirilandhoo is located at the southern tip of Thaa Atoll. The island is located at longitude E72° 55’ 53”; latitude N2° 16’ 18” (Figure 4). Hirilandhoo lies on an atoll peripheral reef flat on the west side of the atoll. The reef has a length of 25Km. This reef system hosts a total of 14 islands including Hirilandhoo. The reef system has a cross-sectional profile that is very typical of many atoll peripheral reefs of the Maldives. i.e. the reef has a highly exposed ocean-ward reef flat followed by a shallow lagoon that consist of coral rubble and sand which is followed by a deeper lagoon (vilu) which is followed by the atoll-ward reef. The islands formed on such reef systems are commonly formed on the shallow lagoon zone. To the north of Hirilandhoo is atoll access channel (Hirilandhoo kandu) with a width of 4 km while Veymandoo kandu at the southern end of the reef is approximately a meter wide. The nearest inhabited island is the island of Vandhoo that lies at2 NE of Hirilandhoo.

FIGURE 4 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF HIRILANDHOO 24

6.3 CLIMATOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY

6.3.1 WIND CLIMATE

The local Maldivians divide the climate of the Maldives into four monsoon periods that are characterized by very different wind climate, rain fall. These four seasons are (Table 2) the NE monsoon (Iruvai moosun), Transitional period from NE monsoon to SW monsoon (Hulhangu halha), SW monsoon (Hulhangu monsoon) and Transitional period from SW monsoon to NE monsoon (Iruvai halha).

TABLE 2 THE FOUR SEASONS EXPERIENCED IN THE MALDIVES

Season Month December NE-Monsoon January February Transition Period 1 March April May June SW-Monsoon July August September Transition Period 2 October November

Generally the SW monsoon generates westerly winds and the seas are rough and the period is wetter than the NE monsoon. The NE monsoon in the Maldives archipelago is marked by north-northeast winds (Woodroffe, 1992) which are generally lighter and the period is dryer. Storms and gales are infrequent in this part of the globe and cyclones do not reach as far south as the Maldives archipelago (Ministry of Construction and Public Works, 1999).

Daily wind data from L. Kadhdhoo Meteorological station were used for detail analysis of wind patterns for the geographic area of project site. Summary wind rose plot for the wind speed and direction data between 2002 and 2006 indicated that the predominant wind direction for the project site is West (Figure 5). Summary statistics for this data

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shows that for up to 21% of the time the wind is from west and for up to 12% of the time winds are from WSW (Table 4). These statistics also shows that the strongest winds are also from westerly directions. Winds from the eastern directions are distinctly lighter than the westerly winds

0

315 45

270 90

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

Wind speed (m/s)

>0 - 0.15 >0.15 - 2.7 >2.7 - 3.6 225 135 >3.6 - 7.2 >7.2 - 8.9 >8.9 - 12.5 >12.5 - 14.5 180 >14.5 - 20 >20 - 22 >22 - 28 >28 - 31 >31 - 37

FIGURE 5 WIND ROSE FOR 5 YEAR (2002-2006) WIND DATA FROM KADHDHOO. DATA OUTPUT ADOPTED FOR HIRILANDHOO

TABLE 3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WINDS FROM DIFFERENT COMPASS BEARINGS

WIND SPEED (m/s) LIGHT GENTLE MODERATE FRESH STRONG DIRECTION CALM LIGHT AIR BREEZE BREEZE BREEZE BREEZE BREEZE >0 - 0.15 >0.15 - 2.7 >2.7 - 3.6 >3.6 - 7.2 >7.2 - 8.9 >8.9 - 12.5 >12.5 - 14.5 Count % N 1.0% 0.8% 1.5% 3.3% NNE 1.3% 1.8% 3.1% 6.3% NE 1.8% 1.7% 5.9% 0.1% 9.6% ENE 1.1% 0.4% 1.7% 3.2% E 1.2% 0.6% 0.6% 2.3% ESE 0.7% 0.1% 0.4% 1.2% SE 2.4% 0.7% 0.6% 3.7% SSE 1.5% 0.4% 0.2% 2.1% S 2.0% 1.0% 2.1% 0.1% 5.1% SSW 1.1% 0.6% 1.7% 0.1% 3.4% SW 1.9% 1.3% 4.2% 0.2% 7.6% WSW 1.3% 0.7% 8.8% 1.5% 0.3% 12.6% W 3.6% 2.0% 11.4% 3.1% 1.0% 21.1% WNW 1.5% 1.1% 5.2% 1.3% 0.1% 0.1% 9.4% NW 1.7% 0.6% 3.6% 0.1% 6.1% NNW 1.6% 0.6% 0.9% 3.1% 26

Spectral analysis of the daily wind speed data from L. Kadhdhoo indicated cyclic variations in wind speed (Figure 6 and 7). There were five dominant frequencies at which the wind speed varied. The most dominant period (largest peak) was 4 months, which represents the four seasons (NE monsoon, Hulhangu Halha, SW monsoon and Iruvai Halha). The cycle with 6.1month period corresponds to the NE monsoon and SW monsoon cycle. These analyses evidently show that the wind climate at the project site is predictable and vary in regular cyclic pattern. The quarterly cycle dominates the wind climate.

14.0

12.0

10.0 (m/s) 08.0 speed

06.0

Wind 04.0

02.0

00.0 1.1.02 1.1.03 1.1.04 31.12.04 31.12.05 31.12.06

Date

FIGURE 6 TIME SERIES PLOT OF WIND SPEED AT L. KADHOO (A METEOROLOGICAL STATION AT APPROXIMATELY 15KM NE OF THE PROJECT SITE)

200

180 4.0m

speed 160

of

140 6.1m 120 Density 1.5m 13.7m

100 80 1.2m 60 Spectral

40 20 Power 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 Frequency (1/day)

FIGURE 7 SPECTRUM OF WIND DATA FROM L. KADHDHOO

Further analysis of wind data for frequency of occurrence of wind at different speeds indicated that the frequency of daily averaged winds stronger than a gentle breeze occurs less than 8% (Figure 8).

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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% exceedance 50% of

40% 30%

Frequancy 20% 10% 0% 02468101214

Wind speed (m/s)

FIGURE 8 WIND SPEED EXCEEDENCE CURVE

6.3.2 WAVE CLIMATE

DHI (1999) described the general offshore wave conditions in the southern regions of Maldives (Table 4). It was reported that during NE monsoon the oceanic swells that approach the southern atolls of Maldives are generally from east – south. The longer period waves of the wave spectrum are from south – southwest directions while the shorter period waves are mainly from east – northeast directions. During the SW monsoon the waves are mainly from south. The longer period waves of the wave spectrum are from south – southwest while the shorter period waves are from southeast – south. It is therefore evident that the incident waves in the southern atolls of Maldives are predominantly from a southerly direction.

The local wind generated waves that are directly related to the wind climate in the region varies with the seasonal changes in the wind velocity. DHI (1999) reported that during the NE monsoon the wind is predominantly from NW – NE and the high speed winds are from west. During Hulhangu Halha (Transition Period 1) the wind varies to all directions but the high winds during this period are from west. Southwest monsoon is marked by winds from SE – SW and high speed winds from west. Iruvai Halha (Transition Period 2) also experiences westerly winds. DHI (1999) reported that the high speed wind in the southern atolls of Maldives throughout the year is from west.

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TABLE 4 SEASONAL WINDS AND WAVE CLIMATE AROUND THE SOUTHERN ATOLLS OF MALDIVES

Waves

Total Long Short period period Season Month Wind

NE- December Predominantly Predominantly Mainly E- Monsoon from NW-NE. High from E-S. High NE. High

January speeds from W waves from W waves from W February From S- SW

Transition March From all directions. Mainly from Mainly from Period 1 Mainly W. High NE-SE

April speeds from W SE-S From S- SW

May From SE-SW. Mainly from Mainly S. SE-S. June High waves High waves SW- July Mainly from SE-SW from W Monsoon High speeds from also from W August W From S- September SW

Transition October Predominantly From SE-W. Period 2 Higher

November from W waves from W High speeds from As SW- From S- W monsoon SW

Wave data reported in DHI (1999) shows that the highest waves reaching the southern Atolls of Maldives archipelago are from west direction (Figure 9). Waves of Hs 2.75m with wave periods [Tp] of 8s and 9s have been recorded from west direction. Swell waves with wave periods greater than 9s prevails from South and Southwest directions. Over 80% of the waves from south and southwest directions are long period swell waves.

The longer period swells (waves with periods between 15 and 21sec) come from SW direction. Over 37% of the waves from SW directions have Tp between 15s and 21s. 29

Out of these long period swells 19.15% of the waves have Hs of 0.25m, 11.5% have Hs of 0.75m, 4.33% have Hs of 1.25m, 1.38% have Hs of 1.75m and 0.31% have Hs of 2.25m.

DHI (1999) data also showed that 51.22% of the waves from SE direction consist of waves with Tp between 9s and 21s, while 48.78% of the waves have Tp between 3s and 7s. Waves from N, NE, E, NW and W are predominantly shorter period waves [Tp between 3s and 7s]. 96.98% of the waves from E direction, 99.6% of the waves from NE direction, 99.36% of waves from N direction, 95.74% of waves from NW direction and 75% of waves from W direction have Tp between 3s and 7s. These data evidently indicates that the local wind generated waves are predominantly confined to northern directions between West and East. The southern directions are predominantly dominated by longer period oceanic swells.

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N NE

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Pe rc enta ge of occura nce 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp

0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m

E SE

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance ecnaeof occurance Percentage 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp

0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m

S SW

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Percentage of occurance 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp

0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m 2.75m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m

W NW

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10 Percentage of occurance Percentage of occurance 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wave Period [s] Tp Wave Period [s] Tp 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m 1.75m 2.25m 2.75m 0.25m 0.75m 1.25m

FIGURE 9 WAVE HEIGHT AND PERIOD DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF MALDIVES

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6.3.3 TIDE

Tides experienced in the Maldives are mixed semi-diurnal and diurnal with a strong diurnal inequality. A tide station at Male International Airport has continuous records of tide for over the past 30 years. The maximum tidal range recorded at this tide station is 1.20m. The highest astronomical tide level is +0.64m (MSL) and the lowest astronomical tide level is -0.56m (MSL) (Table 5). No tide records have been made at the project site therefore it has been assumed that the tidal range and patterns at the project site will be same as that at the nearest tide station (i.e. at Male International Airport).

TABLE 5 TABLE SUMMARISING TIDE LEVELS AT MALE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MALE ATOLL

Tide levels Water level referred to Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64

Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34

Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14

Mean Sea Level 0.0

Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16

Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) -0.36

Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56

6.3.4 CURRENT

The currents which affect Hirilandhoo can be expected to be tidal currents, wind- induced currents, wave induced currents and or oceanic currents (swell induced). Available data indicates that wind driven currents are the dominant form of currents around Hirilandhoo as is the case for the other islands of the Maldives. Wave induced currents in the form of over washing, and in some locations long shore currents due to waves breaking on the reefs, also affect the current regime. As seen above since the tidal range is very small, the tidal currents have a very small role on the overall current 32

patterns within the reefs and around the islands. Tidal component of the current is generally northerly during the flood tide and southerly during the ebb tide.

6.4 BEACH ENVIRONMENT

The shoreline environment of Hirilandhoo is diverse in nature. Some areas of the shoreline comprise of sandy beaches while other areas are of more large sized sediments such as rubble and boulders. Since the island is relatively far from reef periphery and presence of relatively shallow lagoon makes it is somewhat protected leading to low energy beaches.

In order to document the nature of the beach and for possible future monitoring of the beach and shoreline several beach profiles were taken around the island. The locations of these profiles are given in Figure 2. Figure 10 provide the shapes of profiles. These profiles would give a reference to any future profiles established based on their location given. Beach profiles along with shoreline surveys are important tools for monitoring changes to shoreline especially in small coral islands readily influenced by oceanographic processes. Characteristics of the beach are shown in Figure 11.

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34

FIGURE 10 BEACH PROFILES FROM VARIOUS LOCATION AT HIRILANDHOO

FIGURE 11 BEACH CHARACTERESTICS FROM VARIOUS LOCATION AT HIRILANDHOO

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6.5 MARINE SURVEYS

In order to assess the condition of the marine environment in and around the harbor qualitative reed assessment were carried out during the field visit to the site in January 2010. The locations where reef sampling was carried out are given in Figure 3. The island is associated with an extensive reef with several deep lagoons. It should be noted that the harbor basin as it is currently constructed is open to this lagoon. The lagoon bottom is largely sandy with several hundred years of sand deposition in this lagoon. No luxuriant coral or reef formation is present in the vicinity of the harbor. General observations during qualitative assessment of the reef are provided below.

6.5.1. CORAL COMMUNITY

Coral growth in general was poor all around the harbor. This is mainly due to the sandy substrate in the lagoon. However, a shallow reef flat with some coral formation exists adjacent to breakwater portion of the harbor.

Coral cover at site (R 1) was less than 10%. Abiotic substrate accounted for 90% of the benthic substrate; rubble (2%), rock (8%) and sand (80%). Coral diversity was low at site 1 (R1). Porites and favids dominated the live coral cover; branching acriporids are few. Approximately 10 coral genera contributed to the remaining of the total coral cover. Figure 12 provide a general impression of the benthic substrate where bottom cover is dominated by sand.

FIGURE 12 GENERAL IMPRESSION OF THE LAGOON BOTTOM IN THE VICINITY OF HARBOR

36

Coral cover in the reef monitoring site 2 (R2) was less than 5% which is significantly lower when compared to R1. Abiotic substrate accounted for 95% of the benthic substrate; rubble (2%), rock (3%) and sand (90%). Coral cover is dominated by massive and encrusting forms of Porites (90%) while Montipora and Acropora contributed to the remaining coral cover. Other coral species that were observed during the survey are species of coral genera, Favites, Goniastrea, and Pocillopora.

6.5.2. REEF FISH COMMUNITY

10 families of fishes were recorded during the time of the field survey at both sites. The most abundant group of fishes were of Labridae (35%), Acanthuridae (25%) and followed by Pomacentridae (20%). All the other families (7) each contributed between 15-20% of the overall fish community.

Commercially important food fishes such as groupers were not seen Groupers are targeted fish species that are heavily fished throughout the Maldives. In general, from the information derived from the fish census it can be concluded that the fish population at the survey sites is dominated by herbivorous fishes such as Acanthurids, Pomacentrids and Labrids. Herbivorous fishes as a functional group plays a vital role in controlling and maintaining the level of algal growth at the reef. The diversity of fish community also reflects the nature of the bottom substrate. It is noted that fish abundance is not high as compared to areas where there is high coral diversity such as reef flats or reef slopes.

6.5.3 SEAWATER QUALITY

The condition or quality of coastal water is important for ecological functioning of the organisms living in the habitat, for health and safety reasons and also for visual and aesthetic impacts. The water quality is generally determined by the level of nutrients. There are several sources that can lead to increased nutrients in coastal waters, e.g. sedimentation and terrestrial storm water runoff. Sediment stirrup can also lead to release of nutrients within the sediments especially when there is large scale excavation and dredging involved.

The most important nutrients of concern in coastal waters are nitrates and phosphates. In excessive quantities these can cause rapid growth of phytoplankton and result in 37

algal blooms. Visual quality of the water is also important, a beach environment is much more attractive when the water is clean and one can see the sea bottom. However, even clear water may sometimes be polluted. Dredging and excavation often carry heavy load of sediments increasing sediment load in the water column causing discoloration of the of the impact area for a prolonged period.

It is worthwhile to note here that there is no direct input source of nutrients in the coastal waters as a result of the proposed activities but rather a potential release of nutrients associated with dredging or excavation. Therefore the purpose of the assessment of water quality is to establish a baseline for the seawater quality, take as a standard to compare with any future water quality assessments. A list of parameters tested and their values for two locations are given in Table 6. Dissolved oxygen levels at all samples are low (Table 6). BOD levels in W1 (harbor) is 6 mg/l and W2 (near shore lagoon) 16 mg/l. It is noted that the BOD level in the lagoon is relatively high as reflected by the increased nutrients due to disposal of fish waste in this area

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TABLE 6 SEAWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS TESTED AND THEIR RESULTS AT THE SAMPLING LOCATIONS AT HIRILANDHOO. DATA ANALYSIS WAS CARRIED OUT BY THE NATIONAL HEALTH LABORATORY, MALDIVES FOOD AND DRUG AUTHORITY. REPORT NUMBER NHL/TR/WC/RC 0093. ALL SAMPLE W3 VALUES AND PARAMETERS AND THEIR RESPECTYIVE VALUES IN W1 AND W2 ARE MEASSURED FROM HANNA INSTRUMENT HI 9828

Parameters Sample Sample Sample (W1) (W2) (W3)

pH 8.46 8.15 8.36

Nitrite (mg/l) 0.2 0.3 -

Nitrate (mg/l) 0.001 0.000 -

Phosphate (mg/l) 0.15 0.28 -

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 3.86 3.72 3.68

Salinity (mg/l) 30660 33260 33250

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 23650 25430 25410

Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 6 16 -

Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 376 390 -

6.6 HAZARD VULNERABILITY, AREA VULNERABLE TO FLOODING AND STORM SURGE

Hazard vulnerability of Hirilandhoo is assessed based on the literature available and field data collection. The report prepared by the UNDP on disaster risk assessment of Maldives states that the Hirilandhoo region falls in to high risk category in terms of tsunami risk (Figure 13). Hirilandhoo falls in to category 5, which is the highest scale given in the risk assessment.

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FIGURE 13 TSUNAMI HAZARD ZONES; CATEGORY 5 IS THE HIGHEST RISK ZONE WHILE 1 IS THE LOWEST (FIGURE DERIVED FROM UNDP REPORT ON DISASTER RISK PROFILE FOR MALDIVES NOVEMBER 2006)

Hazardous weather systems, other than general monsoons (heavy rain and strong winds) that affect Maldives are Tropical Storms (tropical cyclone) and Severe Local Storms (thunder storms/thunder squalls). Tropical cyclones are extreme weather events with positive and negative consequences. At times, these are very destructive due to associated strong winds (often exceeding 150 kmph), heavy rainfall (often exceeding 30 to 40 cm in 24 hours) and storm tides (often exceeding 4 to 5 meters). Strong winds can damage structures, houses, communication systems, roads, bridges and vegetation. Heavy rainfall can cause serious flooding. Storm surge is a sudden rise of sea level elevation along the coast caused by cyclonic winds. Sea level also rises twice daily due

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to astronomical reasons. The combined effect of surge and tide is knows as storm tide. Storm tides can cause catastrophe in low lying areas, flat coast and island territories such as Maldives.

Islands of Maldives are also affected by severe local storms (thunder storms/thunder squalls). Hazards associated with thunderstorms are strong winds (often exceeding 100kmph), heavy rainfall, lightning and hail. They give birth to tornadoes in some preferred regions (other than equatorial regions). In general thunderstorms are more frequent in equatorial region compared to other areas (Figure 14). Land areas get more thunder storms compared to open ocean areas. However, thunderstorms close to the equator are less violent compared to those of other parts of tropics and extra-tropics. Maldives being close to the equator thunderstorms are quite frequent here but are less violent. Strong winds generated by severe local storms consequently generate larger wind driven waves, which are hazardous to the islands of the Maldives.

FIGURE 14 TRACK OF SEVERE STORMS AFFECTING MALDIVES DURING 1877-2004

Hirilandhoo falls in to category 2, which is the second lowest scale given in the risk assessment of cyclones or storms (see Figure 15). The major zones affecting are the mid and northern parts of the Maldives. Although this may be the case it is often reported that during June July rainy season moderate damage is recorded at Th. and other southern atolls.

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FIGURE 15 CYCLONE HAZARD ZONE (SOURCE: UNDP REPORT ON DISASTER RISK PROFILE FOR MALDIVES NOVEMBER 2006)

Bathymetry around Maldives shows that the ocean slope close to east coast is steep compared to the same on the west coast. This led us to conclude that eastern islands of Maldives are vulnerable to higher surge hazard compared to western islands. Hirilandhoo falls (moderate risk zone) in the cyclone hazard zoning categories of Maldives (Figure 16).

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FIGURE 16 SURGE HAZARD ZONES (SOURCE: UNDP REPORT ON DISASTER RISK PROFILE FOR MALDIVES NOVEMBER 2006)

The beach profiles taken at Hirilandhoo shows that the island level is low (+0.81 to +1.12 MSL). Generally observing the island, it seems that eastern side is much elevated than northern or western side. Hirilandhoo is generally dominated by the shoreline vegetation and no marshy or mangrove areas are observed (in general these type areas are lower line on comparison to rest of the island). The lower level at the northern side of the island cause natural draining. The entire shoreline of the island is completely covered with waste (expect the northern end and north western area), which may have a health risk if these substances flow back on to the island due to flooding.

Based on these finding, Hirilandhoo has probability of high impact of tsunami, while storm surge and cyclones are minor.

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6.7 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

Th. Atoll consists of 70 islands, from which only 13 are inhabited and 2 islands (Elaa and Kalhufahalafushi) are being developed as resort islands. Veymandoo the administrative centre of Th. Atoll is located approximately 20 km from Hirilandhoo. Nearest islands to Hirilandhoo are Vandhoo (south western side approximately 2km. Total area of Hirilandhoo is approximately 28 hectares. Population of Hirilandhoo is 845 (National Census 2006, DNP).

Hirilandhoo is a predominantly fishing, with several larger fishing vessels, troll dhonis (sail vadhu dhoni). The major population and economic centers of the atoll are Veymandoo (administrative capital) and Guraidhoo.

Major environmental issues facing the island are erosion and mis-management of waste. There is no systematic waste disposal system in the island evidently seen from the lack of system for fish waste management. Several fish processing (tuna cooking and drying) facilities are located at the peninsular end of the island where the processors buy fish from the fishermen from a private jetty allocated near each processing area. Fish waste usually is proportionally 1/3 of the total fish. This waste, after the suitable parts are used for cleaning gets disposed to near-shore lagoon. This is practiced by everyone who process the fish at the island. As a result there is large amount of fish waste, mainly fish bones are washed to the shore (Figure 17). This has lead to visible deterioration of near shore water with discoloration of the water as well as deposition of fish bones on the shore. There is definite nutrient enrichment form fish waste as a result of constant disposal of waste. When talked to the fish processors, they informed that their method of disposal of waste is based on instructions by island office. It is noted that the land leased for these activities are administered by island office. Therefore it is important to include a waste management component or options as part of the lease agreement.

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FIGURE 17 IN APPROPRIATE WASTE DISPOSAL RELATED TO THE FISH PROCESSING ACTIVITIES AT HIRILANDHOO

There is no significant erosion observations documented during the field visit. Community reports indicate erosion mainly at the north western side and western side of the island. Harbor front has been reclaimed which is adjacent to the harbor. Therefore shoreline in this area is somewhat modified.

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7 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Impacts on the environment from various activities of the restoration works have been identified through interviews with the Island Development Committee, field data collection and surveys and based on past experience in similar development projects. Possible impacts arising from the construction and operation works are categorized into reversible and permanent (irreversible) impacts. The impacts identified are also described according to their location, extent (magnitude) and characteristics. Reversible and irreversible impacts are further categorized by intensity of impacts (negligible, minor, moderate and major) for identifying best possible remedial (mitigation measures) action to be taken. Below are the impact categories (Table 7).

TABLE 7 IMPACT PREDICTION CATEGORIZED

Impact Reversible/ Cumulative category Description irreversible impacts

Impact has no significant risk to environment either short term or long Negligible term Reversible no

Impact is short term and cause very Minor limited risk to the environment Reversible no

Impacts give rise to some concern, may cause long term environmental problems but are likely short term and Moderate acceptable Reversible May or may not

Yes, mitigation Impact is long term, large scale Reversible and measures has to be Major environmental risk Irreversible addressed

Since the project is a restoration project, additional impacts to the environment is thought to be limited, major impacts envisaged is due to the maintenance dreading works. The size of the harbor will remain relatively the same (apart from adjustments), and built on existing footprint. No impact is envisaged on the terrestrial environment from the proposed project. The directly impacted area during the construction phase from deepening of harbor basin and disposal of surplus dredged material is insignificant of the total reef area of the Hirilandhoo reef system. The island already has

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approximately 3 hectares of reclaimed land from the initial harbor construction works and the excess sand material deposition at the bay area would be insignificant in respect to coastal modification.

The severity of impacts is predicted by reviewing the design plans and construction methodologies and resources exposed to the impact. Mitigation measures are formulated in light of the information revealed by the project design engineers based on construction method of quay wall, excavation method and equipment or machinery used. Direct and indirect impact areas identified based on sediment plume based on dominant wind wave direction derived from wind data is given in Figure 1.

7.1 LIMITATION AND UNCERTAINTY OF IMPACT PREDICTION

Uncertainty of impact prediction are mainly due to the lack of long term data (shoreline, local currents and wave climate), Inherent complexity of ecosystem (reef environment, habitat and terrestrial environment although in a lesser extent) and lack of coordinated monitoring programs with inconsistent methodologies which can be used to predict outcomes or reliability of predictions of previous projects. It has to be noted that since the initial development of the harbor, monitoring of shoreline or reef habitat was carried out. It has to be noted that since the project is restoration project and construction done at existing footprint of the harbor, additional impacts are thought to minor (apart from impacts due to maintenance dredging work)

7.2 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS

Any development work involving excavation or dredging will have significant impacts on reef and lagoon especially when it is associated with impact area. The Impacts of excavation can range from smothering of live coral to kill of live coral. Potential direct or indirect impacts on the environment (on land and reef system) from the proposed works are limited to relatively small number of activities, these include:

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• Maintenance dredging works at the harbor basin

• Possible impact to vegetation during dredged material disposal

• Impact on lagoon environment by the reclamation (existing reclaimed area) or dredged material disposal at either side of the harbor and back filling works.

7.2.1 SCHEDULE, LOGISTICS AND LOADING AND UNLOADING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

All construction materials will be transported to the site on cargo dhonis and barges and unloaded at the existing harbor basin. Material unloaded will be stored at the already cleared area (harbor front). Initially heavy machinery will be brought to the island and once the maintenance dredging component is completed, construction materials will be transported to the island. Impacts arising due to mobilization and unloading of materials include;

• Accidental spillage of construction materials (cement bags, rocks)

• Accidental oil spills (used for excavators and other heavy machinery)

Major concrete work will not be carried out at site, all “L” section concrete elements will be caste at Thilafushi or Hulhumale and transported to site. Armor stones will be brought to site once the harbor basin deepening works (maintenance dredging) are completed, armor stones will be temporarily stock piled on barges and moored at basin or stockpiled near harbor front area (exact methodology of work is not known yet since contractor is not assigned).

7.2.2 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND SOLID WASTE

Transportation of construction materials such as cement, timber, plywood, sheet pile, armor rocks and fuel for excavators and trucks to the site has the potential to aesthetically damage the marine environment especially the lagoon areas due to accidental spillage. Quite often construction waste finds their way into the marine environment during the course of their disposal unless necessary measures are taken to avoid this from happening.

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Pollution of the lagoon and reef system can be caused by waterborne and windblown debris escaping from the construction site or from transportation vessels such as landing crafts and barges. Waste and residue arising from construction activities such as oil spills and other waste (used wooden moulds) may affect the marine environment. It has to be noted that since the existing basin is to be used for material unloading, any debris blown away or spilled will be contained inside the basin.

All solid waste generated during the construction stage will be sorted and disposed accordingly. All materials that can be burnt (packing material, timber, paper) will be disposed at Hirilandhoo waste disposal sites. The materials that are categorized as hazardous waste such as used oil filters and used engine oil should be transported to government designated disposal site (Thilafushi).

7.2.3 IMPACTS DUE TO CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Since excavators will be used for the maintenance dredging works, sedimentation is inevitable and this is an impact that will be unavoidable. But it has to be noted that the prevailing hydrodynamic condition and existing (damaged breakwaters) will limit the dispersal of sediments. Therefore sedimentation impacts would be less than that of a new harbor development project and impacts will be short termed.

Fine sediments with rapid rate of deposition are detrimental to certain corals especially the tabulate forms of corals. Such sediments blocks the coral polyps from feeding and the lack of nutrition and other physiological stress such as respiration eventually starves and suffocated the corals leading to death. Finely deposited sediments are often difficult to get rid of even with strong currents. The reef survey carried out at harbor front areas indicated that live coral over was low (less than 5% at average) and dominated by encrusting and massive forms

Major environmental concerns associated with dredging and reclamation works are direct habitat loss, sedimentation and deterioration in water quality. High levels of sedimentation and silt from dredging activities is a major source of reef degradation. The consequences of excessive sedimentation on corals are well known and include:

• direct physical impacts like smothering of corals and other benthic reef organisms,

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• reduced light penetration, which has a direct effect on zooxanthellae photosynthesis and thus the net productivity of corals. It also reduces coral growth, calcification rates and reproduction,

• dredged silt may form false bottoms, characterized by shifting unstable sediments,

• silt suspension may increase nutrient release, leading to algal blooms and eutrophication,

• silt may act as sink or trap for many pollutants, which are absorbed onto the sediments

The existing breakwater area of the harbor is composed of entirely rubble and rock, and rubble and sediment has been observed inside the inner edge of the breakwaters. This largely due to the swell and wind waves experienced at this side of the island. Surrounding this breakwater portion is largely a sandy area without significant coral community in vicinity.

7.2.4 IMPACT ON VEGETATION

No impact on vegetation is envisaged due to the proposed project. The temporary setup will be located at an already cleared area. The sediment disposal area is an already reclaimed area without any vegetation as it is used for recreational purpose. Since the project is a restoration project, harbor front area vegetation will not be impacted significantly.

7.2.5 COASTAL STRUCTURES

Harbor protection structures and quay walls will be constructed at existing foot prints; no additional impact to coastline is envisaged. It has to be noted that near harbor, erosion is only observed at the north end which is modified a modified shoreline from sand deposition from previous harbor construction works.

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7.2.6 DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL

Dredged material disposal would be to the west side of the island shoreline at the peninsular portion. Transportation of material will be done using existing roads of the island. During disposal of sediment at the area, sedimentation is inevitable, but sediment plume will be minor and restricted to near shore area.

7.2.7 SOCIAL IMPACTS, NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION

Operation of heavy machinery and construction related equipment will contribute to noise pollution. Noise pollution during the dredging works will be mainly due to the operation of excavator and trucks. Construction noise at Hirilandhoo will be dictated by the predominant wind direction (NE during NE monsoon and W to SW during SW monsoon). As the maintenance dredging works will be finished first, estimated time of completion within two months, this falls on late September 2010 (SW monsoon). Therefore wind direction will be form western quadrant or variable. The infrastructures near harbor area are government offices and residential blocks. Therefore these areas will be affected by noise pollution. Noise pollution is unavoidable as house plots and island office is in the vicinity. Dredging will be carried out during low tide; therefore noise level will not be sustained throughout the day. But it has to be noted that dredging has to be carried out during the night hours too (during low tide).

No social impact is envisaged due to the transport of dredged material to the disposal areas, since material can be transported using existing roads at the harbor front. Air pollution due to the project will be mainly due to operation of heavy machinery like excavator, trucks and boats. But in since use of heavy machinery will be limited to a short period of time; impacts are envisaged to be minor.

Restoration of harbor facility at Hirilandhoo will have positive impacts in terms of easy and safe accessibility and wellbeing of community. At present due to sediment flow inside of basin large vessels experiences difficulty in using the harbor. Also the subsided quay wall also is a safety issue; therefore restoration of the harbor will ease the loading and unloading process of materials and goods. Also it has to be noted that the functional design of the harbor with usage zones will ease some of the problems experienced in existing harbor facilities such as unorganized mooring, unloading materials all over the area and difficulties of maneuvering vessel due to anchor ropes. The new design comprises of mooring rings and buoys which would reduce excessive anchor rope usage.

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7.2.8 EFFECTS ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY

No impact is envisaged on ground water due to the proposed project.

7.3 OPERATIONAL IMPACTS

Since the project is a restoration project, additional impacts in terms of operation impacts are not envisaged. Although this may be the case, impacts are envisaged at the dredged material disposal area. These include;

• degradation of sea water quality from possible alteration of littoral sediment transport regime causing turbidity (short to long term impact),

• Associated impacts due to degradation of water quality (on live coral), and

• Waste water disposal and littering of harbor.

7.3.1 DEGRADATION OF WATER QUALITY

Due to the shape and long stretch of shoreline on the harbor front, long-shore currents are formed along the eastern shoreline. As result sedimentation from excavation works are more likely to be dispersed along the shore. This would be more so if the excavation work is carried out during north east monsoon where wind driven currents would push and move water body towards, ultimately along the shoreline.

High levels of sedimentation and silt associated with re-suspension of fines from reclaimed areas can cause significant impacts on reef habitats. The consequences of excessive sedimentation on corals are well known and include:

• direct physical impacts like smothering of corals and other benthic reef organisms (the immediate area has very little live coral therefore impacts are envisaged to be minor),

• dredged silt may form false bottoms, characterized by shifting unstable sediments (the near-shore area at the dredged material disposal site is observed with sea grass meadows which act as sediment traps therefore these areas will be impacted), 52

• silt suspension may increase nutrient release, leading to algal blooms and

• silt may act as sink or trap for many pollutants, which are absorbed onto the sediments

7.3.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS

Positive impacts are envisaged in terms of social impacts. At present the island community and trade vessels from other islands face lots of difficulties in regard to harbor usage due to the bad condition of quay walls and shallow basin. Restoration of harbor will ensure safe harbor for vessels operated by the island community and trade vessels from other islands.

Although harbor restoration is a positive social impact, the IDC feels very strongly that the harbor restoration is a temporary remedy as the harbor tend to become small due to overcrowding. According to the IDC the average vessel sizes are in the range of 85- 100ft, and at the moment several large vessels are under construction on the island.

7.3.2 WASTEWATER DISPOSAL OR LITTERING OF HARBOR

Improper disposal of organic (fish waste, sewage, fuel) and inorganic waste (tins, cans, plastic bottles) to the harbor basin will cause degradation of the harbor basin waters. Dumping of fish waste and other organic waste will increase the nutrient levels of the harbor, facilitating proliferation of algae. Floating waste such as empty cans, plastic bottles, and plastic bags will be accumulated at the dead zones (corners). Proper harbor management plan has to be formulated to address the use of harbor. Sign boards have to be made, as an awareness tool to inform people using the harbor not to contaminate or dispose waste at the harbor basin. In addition to that dustbins should be placed at the harbor area.

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8 MITIGATION PLAN

There are a number of actions that can be taken to minimize the identified impacts. Those that are explored below emerged out of the discussions and consultations during this EIA and from the past experience of the consultant (Table 8). Mitigation measures are selected to reduce or eliminate the severity of any predicted adverse environmental effects and improve the overall environmental performance and acceptability of the project.

Mitigation measures are discussed for the construction and operational stage of the project. During the construction stage it is important to take measures to minimize sedimentation impacts on the reef environment. A construction method that has the least impact on terrestrial or marine environment has to be utilized.

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TABLE 8 MITIGATION MEASURES PROPOSED FOR THE HARBOR RESTORATION WORKS AT HIRILANDHOO

Possible Time frame Impact Institutional Mitigation measures Location Cost (MRF) Impacts (Phase) intensity responsibility

Littering, accidental disposal and spillage of any construction wastes should be avoided by Reef flat, During pre-planning ways of their Minor, short lagoon and construction MHE/ contractor N/A transportation and disposal. term impact land (12 months) Careful planning of the work Littering on activities can also reduce the terrestrial and amount of waste generated. marine environment During construction of protection walls and break waters, all During N/A should be construction related waste Lagoon, reef construction Minor MHE/ contractor included in the collected stored at project site, flat (12 months) project cost and later disposed at atoll waste management site or at Thilafushi

During construction (3 Awareness raising of project month, Damage to managers on environmentally assumed reef by loading friendly practices to minimize Reef flat and timeline since Minor, short and unloading negative impacts. Conduct reef slope MHE/ contractor N/A works contractor is term impact consultation meetings by Island lagoon not assigned Officials advising environmentally detail work sound workmanship schedule is not available)

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Careful planning to reduce time During of the unloading process (not to Social construction (1 Minor MHE/ contractor N/A time unloading during Fridays, month) when usually harbor is crowded).

Aligning the rubble of existing breakwater to form a temporary During Major, short to bund. The initial plan is to reuse Reef flat reef N/A no additional Sedimentation construction (2 midterm Contractor, MHE these as core; therefore usage of slope lagoon cost and siltation months) impact on the reef these damaged sections will not and lagoon have additional cost burdens. due to excavation Dredging works of the harbor N/A may increase works basin and entrance will be During the duration of the carried out during the low tide Reef flat and construction Moderate, Contractor, MHE project, in turn (which would reduce the amount lagoon areas phase (2 short term. increase cost of of fines released into the water months) machinery column).

Minor to Avoid excavation works beyond moderate, the boundary of entrances, short term, operate excavator on barge Loss of may have a habitat, positive impact damage or on long term death of coral During by creating Reef flat, construction at the entrance Construction of breakwaters additional Contractor, MHE N / A lagoon phase (12 area done by excavators or cranes substrate for months) loaded on barge and coral growth

construction work to be done (since structure inside basin and avoid work on will be reef flat area where possible. constructed at existing footprint area, direct physical 56

impact on live coral and habitat will be less)

Construction Completing the excavation works Minor/short Air phase (12 MHE/contractor N/A as soon as possible. termed months)

N/A (may increase the cost of heavy Completing the excavation and Construction machinery construction works as soon as Minor/short Noise pollution land phase (12 MHE/contractor operation due to possible, avoid work at night term months) limit of operation whenever possible time (timing the low tide window)

The reclamation area should be Flooding or sloped towards the shore to storm water Construction N/A already allow natural drainage, the level Land/beach Long term drainage at stage/operation MHE/contractor included in the of the reclamation should not be area impact spoil disposal al stage project costing higher than the island ridge level area or vegetation edge level

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9 ALTERNATIVES

Since the project is a restoration project, location size of basin and entrance will not change. Therefore alternatives are given for breakwater types, quay wall, design and disposal dredged material.

9.1VBREAKWATER TYPES

The existing breakwaters are constructed of sand cement bags and coral rock, there were extensively damaged during the tsunami event. The proposed breakwaters are rock breakwaters. Alternatives can be Gabion breakwaters. Considering both options in terms of environmental impacts no significant change is envisaged. It has to be noted that rock debris and sediment generated during the maintenance dredging works will be used as core (geo-textile filled with sediment).

9.2 QUAY WALL

The proposed type of quay wall is L section concrete elements. The elements will be placed adjacent to the existing quay wall since remove and demolition of breakwaters will be costly and disposal will have negative environmental impacts. The space between the existing quay wall and proposed quay wall will be filled with geo-textile bags (filled with sediment from maintenance dredging works). Alternative type of quay is geo-textile bag quay wall (as proposed for the side quays) and sheet piles.

Considering the options, all three methods are viable, but sheet pile type will require specialized machinery and vibrations caused by driving the piles may have negative impacts. Therefore a proposed quay wall type seems appropriate. It has to be noted that width of basin has to be maintained same as initial size, therefore adjustments should be made from breakwater side to maintain the original width of the basin (due to placing of new quay wall adjacent to old one).

9.3 DESIGN

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The new design of the harbor is formulated by MHE as functional harbor design (fishery harbor), where zones are demarcated for different usages of the harbor facility. Alternative is the existing harbor design, where zones are not demarcated. Considering the alternatives the old harbor design seems inappropriate due to many reasons. For example vessel mooring, loading/unloading and passenger areas are not demarcated, which creates problems like dust impacts or safety issues. Also due to unmanaged mooring practices vessels coming in for unloading or loading materials faces difficulty in accessing the quay wall. Whereas, the new design zones all uses to different areas of the harbor thereby allowing organized usage of the harbor. In many harbors fish landing is done at almost all of the areas, this creates hygienic problems. It is important that support facilities needs to come along with the harbor, otherwise even if it is demarcated same issues as before would arise. For example if fish market, passenger terminal, fuel recharge facilities are not developed or constructed proper usage of the harbor cannot be achieved.

9.4 DREDGE MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITE

The proposed methods of dredged material disposal are reuse and dispose at western side of the island (location proposed by IDC and Island office). Alternative method is stockpiling the surplus sediment for future use (construction raw material etc) as an option is considered; however, land area for stockpiling is an issue due to scarcity of land in the vicinity. It is also not something that the community seek, rather they like any excavated material to be disposed so that it somewhat mitigate any erosion issue around the island.

In considering the two options both environmental social factors have positive points, also negative impacts. The disposal of sediment at erosion areas will mitigate erosion and have positive social impacts in terms of safe guard of infrastructure or land, while disposal will also have negative impacts such as sedimentation impacts or run off during disposal. Considering stockpile option, in a island where land is scare, harbor front area is an important commercial area and any loss of land for other purpose may have negative social impacts (in terms of financial), also stockpiling such a volume of sand may have short term impact to groundwater (localized) due seepage of salt water.

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Therefore considering both options, even though the disposal method has negative impacts, net impacts are thought to be positive in terms of environmental impacts (mitigation of erosion and loss of land) and social impacts (safe guard of infrastructure at the area and consent of community). Therefore the disposal method seems most appropriate for the proposed project. The island office stated that they are trying to gather funds to construct a revetment structure at the disposal area to protect from erosion; this would avoid re-suspension of fines due to erosion, thereby mitigating sedimentation impact.

9.5 THE NO PROJECT SCENARIO

If considering the no project scenario, the significant environmental impacts due to sedimentation and suspension of fine silt in the water column can be avoided. There is no coral community in immediate vicinity, therefore it is unlikely that the coral community be effected thus making this indifferent.

Considering socio-economic impacts due to no development is moderate to major, at present the community faces difficulties due to overcrowding (all the vessels try to use the available usable quay wall area), damaged quay walls and safety issues (subsided quay wall). The island has been earmarked for harbor restoration for many years now; therefore no project scenario may have serious social implications. Also it has to be noted that Hirilandhoo is among the most productive fishing villages in the Thaa atoll and a good harbor facility would have economic benefits. Therefore considering the overwhelming social impacts there is strong need for having a functional harbor.

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10 MONITORING AND REPORTING

Monitoring is the systematic collection of information over a long period of time. It involves the measuring and recording of environmental variables associated with the development impacts. Monitoring is needed to;

• Compare predicted and actual impacts, • Test the efficiency of mitigation measures, • Obtain information about responses of receptors to impacts, • Enforce conditions and standards associated with approvals, • Prevent environmental problems resulting from inaccurate predictions, • Minimize errors in future assessments and impact predictions, • Make future assessments more efficient, • Provide ongoing management information and • Improve EIA and monitoring process.

Impact and mitigation monitoring is carried out to compare predicted and actual impacts occurring from project activities to determine the efficiency of the mitigation measures. This type of monitoring is targeted at assessing human impacts on the natural environment. Impact monitoring is supported by an expectation that at some level anthropogenic impacts become unacceptable and action will be taken to either prevent further impacts or re-mediate affected systems. Mitigation monitoring aims to compare and predicted actual (residual) impacts so that effectiveness of mitigation measures can be determine.

The environmental monitoring proposed here is to determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and long term change to the benthic community (especially coral community) in the vicinity of the harbor and shoreline. The benthic survey and beach profile sites established during the field surveys for EIA report preparation will be used for the monitoring program. All monitoring activities will be carried out under the supervision of an environmental monitoring and management consultant. The detail of the monitoring program is given in Table 9.

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TABLE 9 MONITORING PROGRAM AND COST FOR INDIVIDUAL PARAMETER

Parameter Methodology Sampling Estimated cost frequency for monitoring

Coral and other benthic Photo quadrat at established During Rate per field cover (site nearest baseline locations construction survey USD location from the harbor works and after 500.00 and control site) six month

Seawater quality Water samples sent to Food Twice( during Rate per test set and drug authority for and after USD 100.00 analysis. Following completion of parameters are to be tested; project) salinity, pH, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, Nitrite, Nitrate, Phosphate

Shoreline monitoring Shoreline mapping by using During Rate per field high precision GPS (beach construction survey USD line, vegetation line, phase, every 1000.00 reclaimed area to identify three months possible erosion problems) after completion and after 1 year Beach profiles at established base line locations

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11 CONCLUSIONS

The long term environmental impacts associated with the proposed project are considered minor. This conclusion is based on the evaluation and various components of the proposed project, implementation methods discussed, finding of the existing environment and environmental components that are likely to be affected. The proposed project at Hirilandhoo is a restoration project. Therefore magnitude and severity of impacts on reef and coastal habitats based on the scale of the works associated with the project is minor. The new breakwaters and quay walls will be placed near or at existing footprint of the harbor, therefore additional lagoon and reef habitats will not have direct physical impacts. The main components of work that will have environmental impacts are maintenance dredging and disposal of surplus sediment.

During the meetings with IDC, harbor committee and island officials, all members of the meeting were in consent to the development. The new design or functional design of the harbor is based on MHTE’s new third generation fishery harbor concept. The new design assigns zones of harbor for various uses, which is very much needed. The various zones of harbor were agreed by IDC, harbor committee and island office personnel during the meetings held at the island.

The impacts identified in the report (water quality impacts and impacts of reef) can be minimized with the mitigation measures and environmental monitoring and this would ensure that unfavorable outcome of the design and modification to the harbor are identified early on so that appropriated remedial actions can be taken. It has to be noted that beach or shoreline monitoring have not been carried out after the initial harbor development works, therefore extent of impact to beach due to harbor development is not known. Since the proposed project involves construction at the existing footprint additional impacts are not envisaged, though this may be the case shoreline and beach monitoring is essential in identification of short and long term changes to the shoreline. Therefore monitoring of the baseline beach profiles established around the island is recommended.

In conclusion, with due consideration environmental components the project is likely to effect the consultant concludes that the project components and designs are feasible and appropriate mitigation measures are given to correct and minimize unfavorable environmental consequences. Furthermore the public and community

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consultation responses were in favor of the project due to the socio-economic benefits.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX 1 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

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APPENDIX 2 SITE PLAN

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APPENDIX 3 BATHYMETRY AND SHORELINE MAP

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APPENDIX 4 BREAKWATER AND QUAY WALL DESIGN DETAILS

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APPENDIX 5 LIST OF PEOPLE MET

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APPENDIX 6 MHTE MEMO REGARDING COMMITMENT TO MITIGATION MEASURES AND MONITORING

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APPENDIX 7 REFERENCES

Allison, W.R., (1996) ‘Methods for surveying coral reef benthos’. Prepared for IMS, Zanzibar, 18 pp.

Coleman, Neville (2000). Marine Life of Maldives.

Defant, A. (1961). Physical oceanography, Volume 2, Pergamon Press, New York.

DHI (1999). Physical modeling on Navigation conditions and wave disturbance Maaneru site. Danish Hydraulic Institute.

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