The Corporatist Compromises and East Timorese Camps After 1999
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SILENT SUFFERING: THE CORPORATIST COMPROMISES AND EAST TIMORESE CAMPS AFTER 1999 By Dominggus Elcid Li A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Government and Society The University of Birmingham July 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This research focuses on the question why the East Timorese in exile after 1999 are suffering in silence. Today, many of them still live in temporary camps for more than a decade after East Timor referendum. Using Foucaultian approach in investigating the long period of history of the construction of the people in camps, and also the concept of reflexive sociology this research tries to explain the construction of victims within the trend of transitional justice in post Cold War period. The victims of structural violence are rarely recognised within the liberal human rights campaign. Following Arendt’s idea that the camp is the place where human rights and citizen right are not recognized, this research finds that Agamben’s argument that the making of camp itself is not separated from the juridical and disciplinary power is valid. Using historical narratives in three different settings Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia, Portugal, Portuguese Timor/Provinsi Timor Timor/East Timor this thesis explains the process of exclusion of different communities in different periods in particular those who are victims of modern state and also cosmopolitan solidarity in camps. Key words: Camp, Distant Suffering, Silence, Politics of Pity, Human Rights, Nationalism, State, Sovereignty, Decolonisation, Empire, and Cosmopolitan Solidarity. ii Acknowledgements First, thanks should be given to my big families, the Li and Parera family in West Timor, Indonesia. While finishing writing this thesis my father in law, Os Parera, just passed away three months ago. Without his support to our family, it is impossible that I can finish this thesis. Stien, my Mother, Robby, my Father, and Martha, my Mother in law are the best supporters I have so far. Thanks to your praying and hope. I also want to give thanks to my brother and sister, Anto and Nini. Second, my thanks should be given to my big family in Birmingham, for my housemates, Meng, Henry Saketira, Manuel Soares, Ammik Kisriyani, Maida Mutia, Parawansa Assoniwora, Tutik, Abdullah Sanusi, and Fitri. I also want say thanks to my dear friend Lolet for his company since I was in Birmingham in 2006, and also Diosa Labiste as the last comrade. Special thanks should be addressed to Glenys Harriot, without you Mom it is impossible to finish this work. At the same I should say thanks to my friends from Forum Academia NTT, such as Jonatan Lassa, Emmanuel Bria, John Talan, and Gabriel Faimau. My friends in Indonesia Bodrek Arsana, Krisman Pandiangan, Ari Nurcahyo, Romo Benny, Romo Leo are also great companies during the tough period. Third, I would like say thanks to my supervisors Prof.John Holmwood and Prof.Paul Jackson Thank you for your generous time, I wish to continue our academic correspondence in future. I also want so say thanks to my examiners, Robbie Shilliam and Martin, your detail correction have made this work better. I should also say terima kasih to Emannuel Subangun, my teacher. iii Fiveth, my thanks should be given to Arni, my wife. Without your presence this piece of work never exists, since it is almost impossible to finish what I already start. Your support is always there when I need. iv For Rafael and Arni v List of Tables Table 1.1: List of the East Timorese in East Nusa Tenggara Province after 1999, p.3 Table 3.1 Native students attending Dutch-language schools, p.50 Table 3.2 Volksraad’s Composition (1918-1921), p.51 Table 3.4 Survey of the Composition of Volksraad (1939-1942), p.52 Table 3.5. The Big Ten in the 1955’s Parliamentary Elections, p.60-51 Table 4.1: Division of Parliamentary Seats in 1897 and 1963 (Second Chamber), pp.89 Table 4.2.Distribution of Population by Racial Groups in the Dutch East Indies, 89 Table 4.3 Relative Average Income per- Head of the Working Population, p.90 Table 5.1 Population Distribution in Four Colonies by “Civilized” Status, 1959 p.125 Table 5.2 Composition of Portuguese Timor’s population p. 126 Table 5.3 Catolicismo in Portuguese Timor in 1964, p.126 Table 6.1. The Religious Composition in East Timor in 1989 p.164 Table 6.2 The Religious Composition in Indonesia in 1989 p.165 Table 6.3 Proportion of Catholics in East Timor, 1930-2001 p.165 Table 6.4. Number of voters in 1982, 1987, 1997, in East Timor General Election for the Central Council of the People Representatives (Indonesia) p.166 vi List of Abbreviations ASDT, Associação Social Democrata de Timor or Social Democratic Association of Timor ASEAN, Association of the Southeast Asian Nations Apodeti, Assocciacao Popular Democratica Timorense or Timorese Popular Democratic Association APCET, Asia Pacific Conference for East Timor BAKIN, Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara, or State Coordinated Intelligence Agency CAVR, Comissao de Acolhimento Verdade e Reconcilicao or Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation CCP, Chinese Communist Party CNRM, Conselho Nacional da Resistencia Maubere, or National Council of People Resistance CIA, Central Intelligence Agency CNRT, Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense, or National Council of Timorese Resistance) CPDM, Comissão dos Direitos para o Povo Maubere, or the Commission for the Rights of the Maubere People CRRN, Conselho da Resisténcia Revolutionário Nacional, or the National Council for Revolutionary Resistance CSIS, Center for Strategy and International Studies DOM, Daerah Operasi Militer or Military Teritorial Operation EEC, European Economic Community EFTA, European Free Trade Association ETAN, East Timor Action Network ICMI, Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia or Indonesian Moslem Intellectual Organization IFET, International Federation of East Timor vii Fecletil, Frente Clandestina dos Estudiantes de Timor Leste Fretilin, Frente Revolucinaria do Timor Leste Independente Frelimo, Frente da Libertacao de Mocambique Golkar, Golongan Karya PPP, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan PDI, Partai Demokrasi Indonesia ABRI, Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia Hansip, Pertahanan Sipil or Civilian Defense Kamra, Keamanan Rakyat or People Security KNIL, Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger, or Royal Colonial Army in the East Indies Kolakops, Komando Pelaksana Operasi KWI, Konferensi Waligereja Indonesia, or Indonesian Bishops Conference MPLA, Movimento para a Libertacao de Angola MRPP, Movimento Revolucionario do Popular Portugues MFA, Movimentro Forcas Armadas, or the Armed Forces Movement Nurep, Núcleos de resisténcia popular, or popular resistance centres PAIGC, Partido Africano para Independecia da Guniea e Cabo Verde PCP, Partido Comunista Português, or Portuguese Communist Party PIDE, Policia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado or International Police for the Security of the state PKI, Partai Komunis Indonesia or Indonesian Communist Party PMKRI, Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Katholik Republik Indonesia, or Indonesian Catholic Student Association. PMLF Partido Marxista-Leninista Fretilin viii PNI, Partai Nasional Indonesia, or Indonesian Nationalist Party PRP-BR, Partido Revolucinario do Proletarido-Brigadas Revolutionarias PS, Partido Socialista) Ratih, Rakyat Terlatih, or trained citizens Renetil, Resistencia Nacional dos Estudiantes de Timor Leste) SI, Syarikat Islam, or Islamic Association STOVIA, School tot Opleiding van Indlandsche Artsen TBO, Tenaga Bantuan Operasional or general assistants for Indonesian military during Indonesian occupation of East Timor UDT, União Democrática Timorense or Democratic Union of Timorese UNTAET, United Nations Transitional Administrations in East Timor) UNAMET, United Nations Mission in East Timor VOC, Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or the Dutch united merchants’ organization ix Table of Contents Chapter I Introduction: the History of Corporatist Compromises and 1 East Timorese Camps after 1999 Who are in Camps? 3 Decolonisation, Corporatist Compromises and the Birth of Camp 7 after 1999 East Timor Second Decolonisation after Soeharto Regime 12 Solidarity in the Information Age and the Silent Suffering 14 Outline of the Thesis 16 Chapter II Methodology 19 My Personal Account on the East Timor Referendum in 1999 20 A Reflection on Critical Sociology of Suffering 22 Suffering and Silence: Beyond Politics of Ressentiment and the 28 Ethic of Spectator Historical Sociology Framework 35 Historical Materials and Gramsci’s Framework on State 37 Chapter III From the Netherlands East Indies to New Order (Orde Baru) 41 Military Regime The Return of Dutch Colonialism in East Indies after the 45 Napoleonic War The Emergence of the Modern Elites and Organisations in the 48 Early 20th Century Indonesian Independence and the Return of Western Empires 55 Indonesian Independence from Western Imperialism 58 Cold War and the End of the Soekarno Era 65 x East Timor