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Oracle Rdb™ SQL Reference Manual Volume 1 Oracle Rdb Release 7.1.4.3 for OpenVMS Alpha December 2005 ® DEC_Callout (encoded characters) FullName: DEC Modular Callouts Distiller, PostScript v3011.104 r0 Notice: Copyright 1988 - 1993, Digital Equipment Corporation. Font version: 1.3, 13-Oct-1993 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 40 1.000 41 1.000 42 1.000 43 1.000 44 1.000 45 1.000 46 1.000 47 1.000 50 1.000 51 1.000 52 0.500 53 0.500 54 0.500 55 0.500 56 0.500 57 0.500 cx0 cx1 cx2 cx3 cx4 cx5 cx6 cx7 cx8 cx9 bx0 bx1 bx2 bx3 bx4 bx5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 60 0.500 61 0.500 62 0.500 63 0.500 64 0.375 65 0.375 66 0.375 67 0.375 70 0.375 71 0.375 72 0.375 73 0.375 74 0.375 75 0.375 76 0.500 77 0.500 bx6 bx7 bx8 bx9 mx0 mx1 mx2 mx3 mx4 mx5 mx6 mx7 mx8 mx9 ex0 ex1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 0.500 101 0.500 102 0.500 103 0.500 104 0.500 105 0.500 106 0.500 107 0.500 110 0.000 111 0.000 112 0.000 113 0.000 114 0.000 115 0.000 116 0.000 117 0.000 ex2 ex3 ex4 ex5 ex6 ex7 ex8 ex9 120 0.000 121 0.000 122 0.000 123 0.000 124 0.000 125 0.000 126 0.000 127 0.000 130 0.000 131 0.000 132 0.000 133 0.000 134 0.000 135 0.000 136 0.000 137 0.000 140 0.000 141 0.000 142 0.000 143 0.000 144 0.000 145 0.000 146 0.000 147 0.000 150 0.000 151 0.000 152 0.000 153 0.000 154 0.000 155 0.000 156 0.000 157 0.000 160 0.000 161 0.000 162 0.000 163 0.000 164 0.000 165 0.000 166 0.000 167 0.000 170 0.000 171 0.000 172 0.000 173 0.000 174 0.000 175 0.000 176 0.000 177 0.000 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789 240 0.000 241 0.000 242 0.000 243 0.000 244 0.000 245 0.000 246 0.000 247 0.000 250 0.000 251 0.000 252 0.000 253 0.000 254 0.000 255 0.000 256 0.000 257 0.000 260 0.000 261 0.000 262 0.000 263 0.000 264 0.000 265 0.000 266 0.000 267 0.000 270 0.000 271 0.000 272 0.000 273 0.000 274 0.000 275 0.000 276 0.000 277 0.000 300 0.000 301 0.000 302 0.000 303 0.000 304 0.000 305 0.000 306 0.000 307 0.000 310 0.000 311 0.000 312 0.000 313 0.000 314 0.000 315 0.000 316 0.000 317 0.000 320 0.000 321 0.000 322 0.000 323 0.000 324 0.000 325 0.000 326 0.000 327 0.000 330 0.000 331 0.000 332 0.000 333 0.000 334 0.000 335 0.000 336 0.000 337 0.000 340 0.000 341 0.000 342 0.000 343 0.000 344 0.000 345 0.000 346 0.000 347 0.000 350 0.000 351 0.000 352 0.000 353 0.000 354 0.000 355 0.000 356 0.000 357 0.000 360 0.000 361 0.000 362 0.000 363 0.000 364 0.000 365 0.000 366 0.000 367 0.000 370 0.000 371 0.000 372 0.000 373 0.000 374 0.000 375 0.000 376 0.000 377 0.000 SQL Reference Manual, Volume 1 Oracle Rdb Release 7.1.4.3 for OpenVMS Alpha Copyright © 1987, 2005 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved. The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information of Oracle Corporation; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent and other intellectual and industrial property laws. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of the Programs is prohibited. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the documentation, please report them to us in writing. Oracle Corporation does not warrant that this document is error-free. Except as may be expressly permitted in your license agreement for these Programs, no part of these Programs may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Oracle Corporation. If the Programs are delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing or using the programs on behalf of the U.S. Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS Programs, software, databases, and related documentation and technical data delivered to U.S. Government customers are "commercial computer software" or "commercial technical data" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, use, duplication, disclosure, modification, and adaptation of the Programs, including documentation and technical data, shall be subject to the licensing restrictions set forth in the applicable Oracle license agreement, and, to the extent applicable, the additional rights set forth in FAR 52.227-19, Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights (June, 1987). Oracle Corporation, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood City, CA 94065. The Programs are not intended for use in any nuclear, aviation, mass transit, medical, or other inherently dangerous applications. It shall be the licensee’s responsibility to take all appropriate fail-safe, backup, redundancy, and other measures to ensure the safe use of such applications if the Programs are used for such purposes, and Oracle Corporation disclaims liability for any damages caused by such use of the Programs. Oracle is a registered trademark, and Hot Standby, LogMiner for Rdb, Oracle CDD/Repository, Oracle CODASYL DBMS, Oracle Expert, Oracle Rdb, Oracle RMU, Oracle RMUwin, Oracle SQL/Services, Oracle Trace, and Rdb7 are trademark or registered trademarks of Oracle Corporation. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. The Programs may provide links to Web sites and access to content, products, and services from third parties. Oracle is not resonsible for the availability of, or any content provided on, third-party Web sites. You bear all risks associated with the use of such content. If you choose to purchase any products or services from a third party, the relationship is directly between you and the third party. Oracle is not responsible for: (a) the quality of third-party products or services; or (b) fulfilling any of the terms of the agreement with the third party, including delivery of products or services and warranty obligations related to purchased products or services. Oracle is not responsible for any loss or damage of any sort that you may incur from dealing with any third party. Contents Send Us Your Comments ........................................... xi Preface ........................................................... xiii Technical Changes and New Features ............................... xvii 1 Introduction to SQL Syntax 1.1 Using SQL ................................................ 1–1 1.1.1 Invoking SQL Images . ................................. 1–2 1.2 Samples Directory . ......................................... 1–3 1.3 How to Read Syntax Diagrams ................................ 1–3 1.4 Executable and Nonexecutable Statements ....................... 1–6 1.5 Summary of SQL Statements . ................................. 1–7 1.6 Keywords and Line Terminators ............................... 1–13 1.6.1 Statement Terminators and Comment Characters ............... 1–13 1.7 Support for Multivendor Integration Architecture . ................ 1–16 2 Language and Syntax Elements 2.1 Supported Character Sets . ................................. 2–1 2.1.1 Automatic Translation . ................................. 2–6 2.1.2 Character Set HEX ...................................... 2–7 2.1.3 Default Character Sets . ................................. 2–8 2.1.4 Display Character Set . ................................. 2–9 2.1.5 Identifier Character Set . ................................. 2–10 2.1.6 Literal Character Sets . ................................. 2–11 2.1.7 National Character Set . ................................. 2–12 2.1.8 Character Set ISOLATIN9 ................................. 2–13 2.1.9 Oracle NLS Character Set Names . ......................... 2–14 2.1.10 Character Set UNSPECIFIED .............................. 2–15 2.1.11 Logical Names for Character Sets . ......................... 2–16 iii 2.2 User-Supplied Names . ...................................... 2–16 2.2.1 Aliases . .............................................. 2–25 2.2.2 Authorization Identifiers .................................. 2–26 2.2.2.1 Authorization Identifiers and Stored Modules . ............. 2–27 2.2.2.2 Authorization Identifiers and Nonstored Modules ............ 2–31 2.2.3 Catalog Names .......................................... 2–31 2.2.4 Column Names . ...................................... 2–32 2.2.4.1 Correlation Names .................................... 2–34 2.2.4.2 Outer References ..................................... 2–36 2.2.5 Connection Names . ...................................... 2–37 2.2.6 Constraint Names . ...................................... 2–38 2.2.7 Cursor Names .......................................... 2–38 2.2.8 Database Names . ...................................... 2–38 2.2.8.1 Oracle Rdb Attach Specifications . ...................... 2–39 2.2.8.2 Repository Path Names . .............................. 2–42 2.2.9 DomainNames ......................................... 2–43 2.2.10 Index Names ........................................... 2–44 2.2.11 Names in Multischema Databases ........................... 2–44 2.2.12 Nonstored Module, Procedure, and Parameter Names (Module Language Only) . ...................................... 2–46 2.2.13 Parameters, Routine Parameters, and SQL Variables ............ 2–47 2.2.13.1 Data Parameters and Indicator Parameters .
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