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Ecological Assessment of a Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade at Army Bay, Whangaparaoa

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Ecological Assessment of a Proposed Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade at Army Bay, Whangaparaoa ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT UPGRADE AT ARMY BAY, WHANGAPARAOA R4742 ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT UPGRADE AT ARMY BAY, WHANGAPARAOA Contract Report No. 4742 November 2018 Project Team: Sarah Budd - Field survey and report author Nick Goldwater - Peer review Prepared for: Watercare Services Ltd AUCKLAND OFFICE: 12 NIXON STREET, GREY LYNN, AUCKLAND 1021 P.O. BOX 46-299, HERNE BAY, AUCKLAND 1011, Ph 09-360-6083 HEAD OFFICE: 99 SALA STREET, P.O. BOX 7137, TE NGAE, ROTORUA Ph 07-343-9017; Fax 07-343-9018, email [email protected], www.wildlands.co.nz CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 2. INTRODUCTION 1 3. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT 2 3.1 Overview 2 3.2 Local context 3 4. METHODS 5 4.1 Vegetation survey 5 4.2 Fauna survey 5 5. VEGETATION AND HABITATS 5 5.1 Overview 5 5.2 Terrestrial habitats 6 5.2.1 Mānuka forest and scrub (Vegetation Type 1, c.11 ha) 6 5.2.2 Tī kōuka–mānuka–māpou forest (Vegetation Type 2, c.1.0 ha) 7 5.2.3 Pampas tussockland (Vegetation Type 3, c.0.7 ha) 8 5.2.4 Exotic grassland (Vegetation Type 4, c.0.7 ha) 9 5.2.5 Ponga Treefernland (Vegetation Type 5, c.0.5 ha) 11 5.2.6 Machaerina articulata–pōhuehue reedland (Vegetation Type 6, c.0.1 ha) 11 5.2.7 Pampas–Machaerina articulata–raupō tussockland (Vegetation Type 7, c.0.1 ha) 12 5.2.8 Ngaio forest (Vegetation Type 8, c.0.1 ha) 14 5.2.9 Pampas-māpere tussockland (Vegetation Type 9, c.0.2 ha) 15 5.3 Aquatic habitats 16 6. FLORA 18 7. FAUNA 18 7.1 Avifauna 18 7.2 Aquatic fauna 19 7.3 Long-tailed bats 19 7.4 Herpetofauna 19 7.5 Introduced pest mammals 20 8. ECOLOGICAL VALUES 20 9. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT AGAINST AUCKLAND UNITARY PLAN CRITERIA 22 10. POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS 24 10.1 Overview 24 10.2 Loss of vegetation 26 10.3 Adverse effects on avifauna 26 10.4 Injury to and/or mortality of indigenous lizards 26 © 2018 Contract Report No. 4742 10.5 Sedimentation of aquatic receiving environments 26 11. OPPORTUNITIES TO ADDRESS ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS 27 11.1 Avoiding SEA clearance 27 11.2 Lizard management 27 11.3 Avifauna management 27 11.4 Mitigation planting 28 11.5 Sediment and contamination management 29 11.6 Provision of woody debris 29 11.7 Biosecurity management 29 11.7.1 Pre-visit preparation 29 11.7.2 On site and during works 30 11.7.3 Incidental observations 30 12. CONCLUSIONS 30 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 31 REFERENCES 32 Appendix: 1. Vascular plant species recorded at the Army Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant, Whangaparaoa 34 Reviewed and approved for release by: _______________________ Nick Goldwater Principal Ecologist Wildland Consultants Ltd Wildland Consultants Ltd 2018 This report has been produced by Wildland Consultants Ltd for Watercare Services Ltd. All copyright in this report is the property of Wildland Consultants Ltd and any unauthorised publication, reproduction, or adaptation of this report is a breach of that copyright. © 2018 Contract Report No. 4742 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Watercare Services Ltd is seeking resource consent to increase the capacity of the Army Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). This upgrade is required to accommodate a significant projected population increase in the coming years. The Army Bay WWTP is surrounded by indigenous vegetation that is identified as a Significant Ecological Area (SEA) under the Auckland Unitary Plan. The expansion of the plant will result in the removal of a maximum of 4,000 m2 of indigenous and exotic vegetation, of which c.2,185 m2 falls within the SEA overlay. The site is dominated by regenerating mānuka forest and scrub and also features two small areas of wetland vegetation. Pest plant species including pampas and ginger occur throughout the site. Given the location of the site within the Shakespear Open Sanctuary, the natural areas are largely free from mammalian predators. As such, the site provides habitat for a number of ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ fauna species, including ornate skink, moko skink, tīeke/North Island saddleback, and little spotted kiwi. The vegetation proposed for removal represents a very small proportion (c.1.5%) of the overall SEA at the site. The clearance area has also been carefully selected to minimise SEA clearance and to include areas of lowest ecological value (i.e. grassland and pampas tussockland). In addition, no wetland vegetation will be adversely affected by the proposed works. The potential ecological effects of the WWTP expansion that cannot be avoided are described in detail and include the loss of indigenous vegetation, adverse effects on avifauna, harm to indigenous lizards, and sedimentation of aquatic receiving environments. Recommendations are provided to mitigate the adverse effects of the WWTP. Mitigation actions proposed include preparation and implementation of a Lizard Management Plan, preparation and implementation of an Avifauna Management Plan, planting indigenous vegetation, sediment and erosion management, habitat enhancement through the provision of woody debris and adherence to the Shakespear Open Sanctuary biosecurity standards. 2. INTRODUCTION Watercare Services Ltd is in the process of applying for resource consent to increase the capacity of the Army Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) on the Whangaparaoa Peninsula. The Army Bay WWTP is required to accommodate a significant projected population increase in the coming years and a number of upgrade options have been considered. Currently, the Army Bay WWTP is surrounded by indigenous vegetation that is classified as Significant Ecological Area (SEA_T_6999m and SEA_T_4208) under the Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP). The Best Practicable Option (BPO) that has been selected for the plant upgrade (Option C) will result in the removal of up to © 2018 1 Contract Report No. 4742 4,000 m2 of indigenous and exotic vegetation in two discreet areas, each covering c.2,000 m2. Approximately 2,185 m2 of the proposed clearance occurs within the SEA. This is the smallest clearance footprint of all the upgrade options considered. To this end, Watercare Services Ltd commissioned Wildland Consultants Ltd to undertake an ecological assessment of the site and to provide recommendations for the mitigation of any potential adverse ecological effects. 3. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT 3.1 Overview The Army Bay WWTP is located within the Rodney Ecological District. This Ecological District contains a mixture of low forested ranges, volcanic cones, pasture, alluvial plains, and extensive areas of estuarine and duneland habitats. Rodney Ecological District was originally extensively forested with tall kauri (Agathis australis) forest on the inland ridges and slopes and podocarp-broadleaved species throughout. Freshwater wetlands and swamp forests occupied dune slacks and alluvial valleys and extensive areas of dune vegetation occurred from Mangawhai to the southern end of Pakiri. Since human occupation the natural landscape of Rodney Ecological District has undergone extensive modification and remaining indigenous vegetation is highly modified and fragmented. However, sizeable areas of regenerating forest have established, often dominated by kānuka (Kunzea robusta), kauri, tōtara (Podocarpus totara), taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi), pūriri (Vitex lucens) and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides). Most of the vegetation present at the Army Bay WWTP site, Shakespear Regional Park and neighbouring Ministry of Defence occupied site comprises regenerating mānuka and kānuka. Freshwater wetlands and swamp forests within the District have been significantly reduced from their original extent. Many former wetlands have been modified or destroyed by vegetation clearance and drainage. Wetlands that still remain are small and scattered in the Ecological District and consist mainly of raupō (Typha orientalis) reedlands. Coastal habitats such as intertidal flats, mānawa (mangrove; Avicennia marina subsp. australasica) forest, dunelands, salt marshes and terrestrial margins provide extensive and rich feeding grounds for a variety of bird species including oceanic species, waders, marsh birds and forest birds. Several species of birds classified as ‘Threatened’ and ‘At Risk’ by Robertson et al. (2017) occur in these habitats, including New Zealand fairy tern (Sternula nereis davisae; ‘Threatened-Nationally Critical’), white heron (Ardea modesta; ‘Threatened-Nationally Critical’), New Zealand dotterel (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius; ‘At Risk-Recovering’), and Caspian tern (Hydropogne caspia; ‘Threatened-Nationally Vulnerable’). All indigenous forest in the Rodney Ecological District provides habitat for common bird species such as riroriro (grey warbler; Gerygone igata), silvereye (Zosterops © 2018 2 Contract Report No. 4742 lateralis) and pīwakawaka (North Island fantail; Rhipidura fuliginosa placabilis). Species such as tūī (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) and kererū (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) are more common in larger forest remnants. Tomtit (Petroica macrocephala toitoi), North Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis; ‘At Risk-Recovering’) and korimako (North Island bellbird; Anthornis melanura melanura) occur mainly in predator free sanctuaries along the eastern coastline. North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli; ‘At Risk-Declining’) and little spotted kiwi (A. owenii; ‘At Risk-Recovering’) would have been common in the forests and shrublands of the district prior to human settlement, but are now only found in predator free areas such as the Tawharanui and Shakespear Open Sanctuaries. 3.2 Local context The Army Bay WWTP is located within the predator-proof fence that defines the boundary of the Shakespear Open Sanctuary. The site occupies a broad gully that extends west toward Army Bay on the northern side of Whangaparaoa Peninsula. Neighbouring land to the north and east is occupied by the Ministry of Defence, while Shakespear Regional Park is located to the south of the site. The cliffs and intertidal platforms of the rocky coastline at the end of the Whangaparaoa Peninsula comprise sedimentary Waitemata Group rocks that were deposited during the Miocene period. In this area the coastal cliffs have been classified as an Outstanding Natural Feature (ONF) and all areas of indigenous vegetation are designated as SEAs in the AUP (Figure 1).
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