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Diversidad Y Distribución Potencial De Coleópteros

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Diversidad Y Distribución Potencial De Coleópteros ÁREA AGROPECUARIA Y DE RECURSOS NATURALES RENOVABLES CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA EN MANEJO Y CONSERVACIÓN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE “DIVERSIDAD Y DISTRIBUCIÓN POTENCIAL DE COLEÓPTEROS COPRÓFAGOS (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) BAJO ESCENARIOS DE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO EN UN GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL DE LA PARROQUIA EL DORADO DE CASCALES, SUCUMBÍOS-ECUADOR”. Tesis previa a la obtención del título de Ingeniero en Manejo y Conservación del Medio Ambiente. AUTOR: Rogelio Fernando Quinatoa Prado DIRECTOR: Ing. Manuel Cabrera Quezada Mg. Sc. NUEVA LOJA - ECUADOR 2015 ii iii iv v DEDICATORIA A mi madre Nelly, por su apoyo y consejos, por tener mucha paciencia, por ser la mujer más comprensible y amable del mundo, por su amor incondicional. A mi padre Héctor, por guiarme, por indicarme lo importante que es el estudio, por su responsabilidad, por su aprecio y por sus consejos. Rogelio Fernando Quinatoa Prado vi AGRADECIMIENTO A la Universidad Nacional de Loja, a las autoridades, docentes y personal administrativo. Al Ing. Manuel Cabrera, director de tesis, por sus conocimientos, su paciencia y motivación, durante el desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación. Al Ing. Marco Vizuete por su apoyo en el inicio de esta investigación. A la Ing. Laura Capa por sus correcciones a este documento. Al Ing. Fausto García por sus correcciones a este trabajo de investigación. Al Ing. Hilter Figueroa por su motivación, aportes y consejos. Al Mg. Sc. Vladimir Carvajal curador de la sección de invertebrados del Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional por sus correcciones a este trabajo de investigación y su apoyo en la identificación de las especies de escarabeinos. A la Ing. Martha Duarte por su paciencia, consejos, motivación y enseñanza durante todos estos años de estudio, gracias infinitas. A todas las personas que laboran en la Dirección Provincial Ambiente de Sucumbíos. A los dueños de las fincas por su comprensión. Rogelio Fernando Quinatoa Prado vii CONTENIDO CONTENIDO Pág. LISTA DE TABLAS…………………………………………………………………………...… xi LISTA DE CUADROS………………………………………………………………………...… xii LISTA DE FIGURAS………………………………………………………………………….… xiii LISTA DE ANEXOS……………………………………………………………………….….…. xvi LISTA DE APÉNDICES………………………………………………………………….….…. xvii A. TÍTULO………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 B. RESUMEN…………………………………………………………………………….… 2 C. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………..…. 4 D. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA……………………………..……………………… 7 4.1. Cambio climático………………………………………………………….……………. 7 4.1.1. Cambio climático y la biodiversidad….……………………………………………………... 8 4.1.2. Escenarios del cambio climático……………….………………………………….…………... 8 4.2. Modelos predictivos……………………………………………………….………….. 10 4.2.1. Modelado de nicho ecológico…………………..……………………………………………….. 10 4.3. Patrones de distribución…………………………………………………..………… 11 4.3.1. Gradiente altitudinal……………………………….………………………………………………. 12 4.4. Paisaje……………………………………………………..…………………………..……. 12 4.4.1. Bosques fragmentados y continuos……………………………………….………………..… 13 4.5. Escarabajos coprófagos…………………………………………….…………….….. 14 4.5.1. Bioindicadores…………………………………………………………………….…………………... 15 4.5.2. Método para capturar escarabeinos………………………………………………………… 16 4.6. Marco legal…………………………………………………………………..……………. 17 4.6.1. La constitución de la república del Ecuador del año 2008………………………… 17 4.6.2. Convenios internacionales…………………………………………………………………..…… 20 4.6.3. Ley de gestión ambiental.……………………………………………………………..………….. 21 4.6.4. Ley Forestal y de Conservación de Áreas Naturales y Vida Silvestre.…………………………………………………………..………………………..………….… 21 4.6.5. Texto Unificado de Legislación Secundaria del Ministerio de Ambiente (TULSMA).……………..…………………………..……………………………………………………. 23 4.7. Marco conceptual……………………………………..………..…………………….… 24 E. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS………………………………………………….…… 25 5.1. Materiales…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………...………... 25 5.1.1. Equipos…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..………………………….. 25 5.1.2. Herramientas…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……………………………... 25 5.1.3. Insumos…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……………………...….. 25 5.2. Método…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………………………. 26 5.2.1. Ubicación del área de estudio…………..…………..…………..……………….……….…….. 26 5.3. Aspectos biofísicos y climáticos…………..…………..……………….…………. 27 5.3.1. Aspectos biofísicos…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..………………………. 27 5.3.2. Aspectos climáticos…………..…………..…………...…………..…………..………………….… 28 viii 5.4. Tipo de investigación…………..…………..…………...…………..……………….. 29 5.5. Elaborar mapas de distribución potencial actual y futura de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos bioindicadoras a partir de datos de distribución conocida..…………..…………..………………………….. 29 5.5.1. Delimitación del área de estudio y sitios de muestreo………………………..……… 29 5.5.2. Diseño de muestreo…………..…………..…………..…………..……………….……………..….. 31 5.5.3. Trampas pitfall…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..……………………….….. 33 5.5.4. Fase de campo…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..………………………..…… 34 5.5.5. Fase de laboratorio…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..………………..……. 35 5.5.6. Identificadores de diversidad…………..…………..…………..………………………...…….. 36 5.5.7. Análisis estadístico…………..…………..…………..…………..………………………….………. 38 5.5.8. Selección de bioindicadores…………..…………..…………..………………………….……… 38 5.5.9. Recopilación de datos de georeferencias de las especies bioindicadoras…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………………….……... 40 5.5.10. Modelamiento de la distribución actual y futura de las especies escarabeinos…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..………………………..……... 40 5.6. Determinar el grupo de variables ambientales que más influye en la distribución potencial de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos bioindicadoras en un gradiente altitudinal…………..……….…..…………. 42 5.6.1. Contribución de las variables ambientales…………..…………..……………………….. 42 5.7. Identificar las posibles soluciones a los efectos del cambio climático sobre la diversidad y distribución potencial de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos…………..…………..……..……..………. 43 5.7.1. Posibles soluciones a los efectos del cambio climático sobre los escarabeinos…………..…………..…………..…………..…………..…………...……..…………... 43 F. RESULTADOS……………………………………………………………….………… 44 6.1. Elaborar mapas de distribución potencial actual y futura de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos bioindicadoras a partir de datos de distribución conocida..…………..…………..………………................ 44 6.1.1. Capas ambientales y sitios de muestreo..…………..…………..………………………….. 44 6.1.2. Composición de la fauna de escarabeinos, preferencias por cebo y hábitat en un gradiente altitudinal…...…………..…………..………………..................................... 45 6.1.3. Diversidad y estimación de especies..…………..…………..…………………………..….... 51 6.1.4. Especies bioindicadoras..…………..…………..………………................................................ 55 6.1.5. Modelamiento de la distribución potencial actual y futura de las especies bioindicadoras...…………..…………..………………................................................................. 58 6.1.6. Evaluación de los modelos predictivos.…………..………………………………………… 82 6.2. Determinar el grupo de variables ambientales que más influye en la distribución potencial de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos bioindicadoras en un gradiente altitudinal……...…………..……………..… 82 6.2.1. Análisis de la contribución de las variables ambientales…………….………….….. 82 6.3. Identificar las posibles soluciones a los efectos del cambio climático sobre la diversidad y distribución potencial de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos…………………………………………..… 83 6.3.1. Posibles soluciones a los efectos del cambio climático en los escarabeinos………………………………………………………………………...…………………. 83 ix G. DISCUSIÓN……………………………………………………………………………. 85 7.1. Elaborar mapas de distribución potencial actual y futura de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos bioindicadoras a partir de datos de distribución conocida………………………………………………….. 85 7.2. Determinar el grupo de variables ambientales que más influye en la distribución potencial de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos bioindicadoras en un gradiente altitudinal…………………………………. 86 7.3. Identificar las posibles soluciones a los efectos del cambio climático sobre la diversidad y distribución potencial de las especies de escarabajos coprófagos…………………………………………… 87 H. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………………………... 88 I. RECOMENDACIONES……………………………………………………………... 89 J. BIBLIOGRAFÍA………………………………………………………………….…… 90 K. ANEXOS………………………………………………………………………………… 106 L. APÉNDICES……………………………………………………………….…………… 141 x LISTA DE TABLAS Nº DESCRIPCIÓN Pág. Tabla 1. Proyecciones de Forzamiento radiactivo, Emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) y Temperatura media para cada RCP a nivel mundial……………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 Tabla 2. Resultados de la prueba U de Mann‐Whitney y corrección de Bonferroni entre los diferentes hábitats respecto a la riqueza y abundancia……………………..……………..………………..…………………………… 50 Tabla 3. Resultados de la prueba U de Mann‐Whitney y corrección de Bonferroni entre los diferentes cebos respecto a la abundancia [N] y riqueza [R]……………………………………………………………….…..……………… 51 Tabla 4. Índices de diversidad alfa general y por estrato altitudinal………….…... 53 Tabla 5. Índices de diversidad alfa por hábitat.……….….……….….……….………….. 53 Tabla 6. Similitud en porcentaje entre estratos altitudinales empleando el índice de Sørensen y número de especies que comparten (entre paréntesis complementariedad en porcentaje %)…………………………. 55 Tabla 7. Especies de escarabeinos indicadoras en cada estrato con su respectivo IndVal. ……………………………………………………………………….. 56 Tabla 8. Especies de escarabeinos bioindicadoras para el área de estudio…… 57 xi LISTA DE CUADROS
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