Volume 44, Issue 2 MAY /JUNE 2000

CO +DE %-5 NR N, INC.

Aahhh, looks refreshing! 'Mercury' South American belongs to member, Carol Siegley, in IN Photo taken February, 2000 LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 2 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 JJOC Endangered Species Conservation Federation, Inc.

This ~ewsletterii published bimonthly by the LlOC the written permission of the original copyright owners and/ Endangered Species Consemation Federation, Inc. We are a or copyright owner LIOC. Since the Newsletter consists nonprofit (Federal I.D. 59-2048618) noncommercial primarily of articles, studies, photographs and artwork organization with international membership, devoted to the contributed by our members, we encourage all members to welfare of exotic felines. The purpose of this newsletter is to submit material whenever possible. Articles concerning exotic present information about exotic feline conservation, felines are preferred and gladly accepted. Articles involving management and ownership to our members. The material other related subjects will also be considered. Letters and printed in this newsletter is contributed by our members and responses to articles may be included in the Readers Write reflects the point of view of the author but does not necessady column. Deadline for the next issue is the first of even represent the point of view of the organization. LIOC ESCF, numbered months. Please submit all material to the Editor. Inc.3 Statement of Intent is contained in our bylaws, a copy Persons interested in joining LIOC should contact the Term of which can be requested from the Secretary. Reproduction Director in charge of Member Se~ces. of the material in this newsletter may not be made without

Founder: Catherine Cisin Member Services: Midwest Exotic Feline Educational Kelly Jean Buckley Society: Carol E. Siegley Editor: Marge Maxwell PO Box 22085 PO. Box 1245 PO Box 101 Phoenix, A2 85028 Pataskala, Ohio 43062 Bowling Green, KY 42102 602-996-5935 Ernail: [email protected] 270-777-9966, Fax 270-777- 1085 Email: [email protected] Ed:lionWmphant@~dsp~g.com Pacific Northwest Exotics: LIFE DIRECTORS: Steve Belknap OFFICERS: J. B. Anderson PO Box 205 Resident: Barbam Wilton 1825 E. Nashvillle Church Rd. Gresham, OR 97030 7800 SE Luther Rd. Ashland, MO 65010 503-658-7376 Portland, OR 97206 573-657-4088 Email: [email protected] 503-774- 1657 [email protected] John Perry 6684 Central Ave. NE REGIONAL CONTAW. Vice Pmsidenk George Stowen Fridley, MN 55432 Canada: Scarlett Bcllingham PO Box 80 763-571-7918 PO Box 722 Lycoming, NY 13093-0080 Email: [email protected] Niverville, Manitoba, ROA IEO, 3 15-342-4997 Canada, Email: [email protected] carin So- 204-388-4845 home and fax 2960 Bay St. Secretary/ Treasurer: Tonya Jones Gulf Breeze, FL 3256 1 Centrak J. B. Anderson PO Box 124 850-932-6383 1825 E. Nashville Church Rd. Cromwell, KY 42333 Email: [email protected] Ashland, MO 65010 270-274-3072 573-657-4088 Email: [email protected] Shirley Wagner 3730 Belle Isle Ln. Northcask George Stowen TERM DIRECTORS: Mobile, AL 36619 PO Box 80 Advertising & Publicity: Phone/fax: 334-66 1- 1342 Lycoming, NY 13093-0080 Jana L.ondrc Email: [email protected] 3 15-342-4997 831 Parkside Cr. N. Email: gstowers~cny.rr.com Boca Raton, FL 33486 561-395-5068 BRANCm Northwest: See Branches Email: [email protected] Alliance for the Consemation of Exotic Felines - Cascade Branch Southeast: Jean Hatfield Education/Conscrvation: of LIOC: Jeanne Hall 1991 SW 136th Ave. Bob Turner PO Box 4 15 Davie, FL 33325 1345 Dayhuff Rd. Vader, WA 98593 954-472-7276 Mooresville, IN 46158 Email: [email protected] 317-831-0817 Southwest: Lareon VQne Ed:roberL.1. [email protected] 20889 Geyserville Ave. Exotic Feline Educational Society: Geyserville, CA 9544 1 Legal Director: Lynn Culver Ethel Hauser 707-857-4747 14622 NE 99th St. 141 Polk 664 Email: [email protected] Mena, AR 7 1953 Vancouver, WA 98682 50 1-394-5235 360-892-9994 Email: [email protected] LIOC Endangered Species Consewation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 3

Steve Belknap LIOC T-SHIRTS Kelly Jean Buckley Colette Gnffiths John Lussmyer Alan Shoemaker Carol Siegley Shirley Wagner Barbara Wilton 50150 Cotton - Fruit of the Loom for contributions to this newsletter. This is YOUR Color: Natural newsletter. ALL contribution*new or old, long or Sizes: M, L, XL, short, technical or humorous, personal story, article, or advertisement-are welcome and needed. $15.00 Each I'll be happy to assist with writing and/or editing. (Includes shipping and handling) Calls, emails, or faxes are welcome. Marge Maxwell, Editor Make checks payable to: LIOC ESCF, Inc. Visit Our Website! PO Box 22085 PhoenLx, A2 85028

I Informational contributions may be sent to George 1 Stowers, Vice President. Email: [email protected] . Please send computer readable text ffles. (Email is -Beat, will accept ASCII text files on disk. See page 2 for address.)

A three-year-old went with his dad to see a litter of kittens. On returning home, he breathlessly informed his mother there were 2 boy kittens & 2 girl kittens. "How did you know?" his mother asked. "Daddy picked them up and looked underneath,'' he replied, See page 2 for address, "I think it's printed on the bottom." phone, or email. LIOC Endangered Species Consewation, Inc. 4 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 LIOC Convention Rdeigh/Dmhm, North Carolina August 9-13, 2000

Register for the 2000 LIOC Convention information, contact George Stowers at no later than July 10. Please send [email protected] 315-342-4997. $1 10.00 registration to: LIOGESCF, In addition to the Wild Feline Husbandry Inc., PO Box 22085, Phoenix, AZ course, another class will be offered on 85028. (Early registration has expired.) Thursday, August 10, for Behavior Registration for a child under 17 is Conditioning Using Operant $75.00. (Please send your choice of Conditioning. A method of training that chicken or beef for the Saturday night uses positive and negative reinforcement banquet. Please advise ifyou are b~gingto encourage desired behavior. Class a cat.) hours are from 8:30am- 12:30pm and Call the Fbdisson Governors Inn, to registration will be $10.00 at the door. make your LIOC Convention Reservations at 919-549-8631 (weekdays, Barn-5pm), Guest Speaker Presentations: an LIOC room rate of $79.00 plus tax, each night, double occupancy. They will George Stowers, Vice President, LIOC- only hold the group rooms until July 10. ESCF, Inc. "Private Husbandry of Wild/ Complimentary Airport shuffle se~ceis Exotic Felines - The Agony and the available. Ecstasy" The Exotic Cats are Welcome! (Less Kelly Jean Buckleg, Director Member than 30 pounds) The Wdisson requires Se~ces,LIOC-ESCF', Inc. Tat SLUVWII notice when you make your reservations, Trust - England and " as to which cats you are b~gingto the Ton Veldkamp, Director of the Wild convention, and a room deposit of $25.00 Cat Foundation, Holland, "Captive which is non-refimdable. To enter North Wildcats in Holland" Carobwith an exotic cat, it is necessary to have a heath certificate for each cat Bill Peake, M.I.T. & Mass. Eye & Ear and b~gyour USDA permit if you hold InfirmarylResearcher "Structional- one. Functional Variations Among the Middle Convention activities will include Open Ears of Small Felid Speciesw Hospitality Room, General Membership Debbie Walding, "In-Situ conservation, Meeting, Board Member Meetings, Field Belize project - You CAN make a Trip to Carnivore Preservation Trust and Merence" Museum of LZe and Science, Speaker Presentations, Group Meals, and Award Suzanne Kennedy-StoslwpJ DVM, PhD Presentation/Banquet & Auction. To - Diplomate American College of register for the Wild Feline Husbandry Zoological Medicine =Emerging Viral Course held on August 9, please send Infections in Non-Domestic F'elids" $50.00 tuition to: LIOC-ESCF, Inc., PO Box 22085, Phoenix, A2 85028. For Subrnitted by, Kelly Jean Buckley [email protected] LIOC Endangered Species Consemation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 5 Raising the Bar: The Evolution of Felid Mmagement in Zoos Part rv

Alan H. Shoemaker International Leopard Studbook Keeper Deputy Chair, IUCN Cat Specialist Group Riverbanks Zoological Park, Columbia, SC

Remembering that 200s are as dwerse as inciwiduak in their character and ownership, and that they must aUocate space and resources taking into consider- ation dl species, notjust felids, the following is the recommendation of the Felid TAG for felid species. lkse recornmendations are based on space available, avaiZable genetic mataia2, and the scienfijik assessment of thse species and subspecies bbrnostin needn,or those that stand a reasonabk chance of success with the re- sources menflyavailable. Ed. MAFELID TAG REGIONAL adequate numbers of founders could ever COLLECTION PIAN: 1998-2001 be obtained. Large cats: All species of large felids Based on the best Mormation available are included in the RCP. The Felid TAG'S on the conservation status of all species recommendations for each species of felids in nature, coupled with include the following: husbandry issues and an analysis of total Tiger, Panthera tigris: The SSP for cage space available to carry out an tigers supports a target population of 150- Regional Collection Plan (RCP), the Felid 160 for each of three subspecies. TAG developed an RCP which included The Amur tiger (formerly called the varying numbers of target populations for Siberian tiger) SSP is nearly 20 years old all species of large cats, and target and has functioned well with this target populations for lesser numbers of small population, and has periodically obtained felids. This approach recommended that new founders fi-om orphan situations or some species be eliminated from zoo as F 1 captive-born individuals from collections. It also meant that the Europe. Its goals are not likely to change importation or acquisition of non-RCP in the hture. The Sumatran tiger SSP is species not present in captivity would not well under its target population and be supported by the TAG unless a suitable additional spaces are readily available, number of new founders could be especially in zoos located in warmer obtained, and new spaces identified to climates. Additional founders are manage the population over a long period periodically available from Sumatra via of time. Some species were not captive-bred individuals or wild-born considered, not because they are cornmon tigers which must be removed fi-om the in the wild but rather, that their present wild. At this time, the Indochinese or absence in captivity, coupled with their Corbett's tiger is also included in the RCP remote habitat and endangered status in although it is present in only four zoos. the wild, made it highly unlikely that Given the small founder population LIOC Endangered Species Consemation, Inc. 6 Volume 44,Issue 3 - May/June, 2000

(Raising the Bat-continued) population of 120 animals, the SSP is presently in the North American actively engaged in research to determine population, additional animals fi-om behavioral or husbandry cues that trigger (Fhising the Bar continued) aggression. range-country zoos that are unrelated to Lion, Panthera leo - One of the last those in North America are being sought. SSPs to be developed for an otherwise Although still present in large but large and very widely held felid, the declining numbers, no space is allocated Mtiation of the African lion studbook in for hybrid tigers (including white 1992 found that only two lions could be individuals). The sole pure-bred Bengal traced back to wild founders in Africa. All tiger in North America will not be replaced other lions in zoos, regardless of the upon its death and that subspecies will institution's size, were acquired as public be left to the European EEP. donations or from other untraceable Snow leopard, Uncia uncia: This sources. Only one purebred Asian lion species has functioned well with a target remains in North America. With a target population of 200 animals. In addition population of 350 animals, only lions to having a large founder base, new whose ancestors can all be traced back founders are available from captive to the wild are accepted into the studbook sources in Europe and range country and its SSP. Since the SSP began, several zoos. This species does well in captivity dozen lions have been ixnported, primarily and in addition to be widely held by a wide from South Afiica, but parties interested variety of owners, now has a stable in importing additional lions need to be population in nature. sure that specimens under consideration Cheetah, Acinonyxjubatus - After are not related to animals already in this determining correct husbandry country. In the case of Asian lions, the techniques for reproduction, cheetah wild population will continue to be populations have increased without the monitored, with future importations need for additional founders. possible fkom sources within the Indian Unfortunately, recent importations lion EEP population. usually sought additional specimens, Leopard, Pantherapardus - An

including '%ingmor ''EX '' color morphs, international studbook for four rare without regard to genetic need and often subspecies of leopards, Amur, Persian, are closely related to individuals already Chinese and Sri Lankan, has been in North America. The target population maintained for 25 years. At the request is 300. of the Arabs, the Arabian Leopard Clouded leopard, Neofelis nebdosa studbook has been developed and Clouded leopards possess the most published this year. All these cats are in si@cant husbandry challenges of any Middle Eastern locations. On the basis felid due to the propensity of some males of conservation need, space availability to attack and sometimes kill females. and the potential for obtaining new Other pairs never breed. As a result, most founders, the Felid TAG feels there is only of the captive population of zoo and space for one race. As a result, the Amur privately owned animals has a very low leopard, P. p. orientcdis, of the Russian Far founder population (believed to be only East, adjacent Manchuria and North 2-3 individuals). The same husbandry Korea has been identified as THE leopard problem and low founder size exists in for zoos and other North American Europe. While striving to achieve a target participants to maintain. Hybrids, other LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 7 races, and color morphs will be managed other for limited cage space in some to extinction. The Arnur leopard is situations, overall the TAG feels that the managed via a PMP and includes both RCP goals can be met by encouraging its AZA zoos, non-member zoos and private members to consult with species owners as part of its program. The target coordinators prior to acquiring new population is 120 species but it will specimens or developing new exhibits. By probably be increased to 150 in order to interacting with non-AZA owners meet genetic and demographic objectives. wherever possible and by not accepting The EEP and the PMP will shortly join donations of large felids (which only together to manage this species globally, consume valuable spaces while providing and the Russian Ministry of the nothing to their respective management Environment has initiated discussion programs) these goals can be met. about a potential release program in the Small cats: The Felid TAG separated Russian Far East. the 28 species of small felids presently Jaguar, Panthera onca - Although recognized by taxonomists into three perhaps the longest-lived large felid, the categories. As many as 8 species are recently approved SSP found the North included within the RCP for support American population in AZA zoos and because of their high conservation value, most other locations to be aging and unique taxonomic status or high virtually untraceable. As this time, only educational value. An additional eleven four jaguars can be traced back to nature, species are still present in North America and only because all four were imported but in very small and declining numbers. within the last three years. This In many cases additional founders are not population is being managed as an presently or likely to become available, education population because of its and space for these species, even if relative abundance in many parts of its founders were located in other regions, range. Additional founders are expected would probably not be available. As such, to be periodically available for inclusion the TAG'S RCP recommends that these into the SSP. The target population is eleven species be eliminated from 120 animals. collections through attrition or transfer Puma, Puma concolor - A widely held and not be replaced. The last nine species species, the Felid TAG is urging its are presently absent from North American members to eliminate this species from AZA collections and the TAG will not their collections whenever possible in support their acquisition unless sufficient favor of similar-sized but rarer SSP or PMP founders are located for development of a felids. Only acquisition of pumas needed genetically sound, long-term program, for education/ zoogeographic exhibit and unless adequate space can be themes will be supported. The present identified. zoo population is over 200 and the studbook keeper is striving to reduce this Felid TAG - Support number to no more than 100 individuals. Summary: As a result of analyzing The following 8 species presently the conservation, research and supported by the RCP include: education/exhibit needs impacting these Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis - Although eight species of large cats, the overall once commonly imported for pets, legal target population is 1760 animals. (Raising the Bar continued) Although large felids compete with each animals have not been available until the LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 8 Volume 44, Issue 3 - MayIJune, 2000

(Raising the Bar continued) Common in Canada and Alaska, this last two years, and today most ocelots are species is included in the RCP because of of unknown or hybrid ancestry. The Felid its educational and exhibit value for zoos TAG is recommending that the Brazilian with North American themes. The ocelot, L. p. mitis, be the subspecies that continental U.S. population has also been zoos acquire because captive propagation proposed for Threatened or Endangered is now occurring in some Brazilian zoos, status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife and orphaned individuals have also been Service. The present population is too allowed to be exported. Recently three large and the TAG recommends that their pairs were imported into North America population be reduced to 50 animals. A by AZA zoos and the target population of regional studbook is recommended and this species is 130. Although only a PMP a management plan developed at the PMP is presently in operation, the Felid TAG level. recommends that it be upgraded to SSP Serval, Leptailurus serval - Common status as soon as possible. in nature and captivity, this species is Fishing cat, Prionailurus viverrinus important for institutions with Although not an endangered felid, its zoogeographic themes as well as for lowland habitat is under more stress than education uses. Most specimens can inland ones. Fishing cats also have probably be traced back to a subspecies. unique aquatic tendencies which add to Currently there are more servals in zoos their exhibit and education value. An than recommended and the PMP has a international studbook exists and the target population of 75 animals. target population is 100. No management Caracals, Carocal carnal - Caracals plan is in place but the TAG recommends are managed with the assistance of an that this species be managed by an SSP, international studbook. Most of the an action which should be approved this recent importations are derived from fall. Namibia and ultimately a pure subspecies Pallas's cat, Otocolobus manul - A can be maintained in North America. monospecific genus, Pallas's cats or Although the TAG originally targeted the manuls are one of the few long-haired, Asian race from Turkmenistan for the cold-tolerant felids from Asia. Not RCP, it became apparent that at best, only available until recently, a number of highly inbred hybrids were present in founders have been imported from Russia North America. More likely, no aspect of in the last two to three years and litters this race exists in this region, or is ever have been reported in most collections. likely to become available. The population This species is a seasonal breeder and target for the PMP is 75 caracals. changes in its normal photoperiod Sand cat, Felis Morgonta - Sand cats requirements can disrupt its breeding have a long but poorly managed history season for an entire year. Pallas's cats, in North America. Two populations are especially young ones, have also been present, one that is hybridized and found to be exquisitely susceptible to another derived from the Israeli toxoplasmosis. A target population was population. The TAG recommends an SSP initially set at 40 but was recently with a target population of 75 cats. expanded to 75 in order to achieve genetic Black-footed cat, Felis nfgripes - One and demographic objects. An SSP is of the most popular small cats, black- recommended. footed cats have unique renal concerns Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis - that may be stress or diet-related and may LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - MayIJune, 2000 9 have shortened their live spans viable. Given their conservation status significantly. Recent research holds and the lack of captive reproduction in promise for this species and additional range-country zoos, this species is slated importations are possible. Possessing for elimination by the Felid TAG. both a regional and international Asian golden cat, Catopuma studbook, an SSP is recommended with ternminckii Asian golden cats have been a target population of 40. exhibited sporadically by zoos but most founders never bred. Today virtually all Felid TAG - Eliminate living animals are closely related and there are a disproportionately large In North America, the following eleven number of males. Given the legal species are present but in very low protection of this species, coupled with number or are otherwise not supported the difficulty in getting additional captive- by the TAG: bred specimens from Southeast Asian Geoffrey's cat, Oncifelis geoflroyi - zoos, its importation is not supported. Once a common species in zoos and the Rusty-spotted cat, Prionailurus private sector, this easily kept felid has mbiginosus - A small, secretive species disappeared from both types of owners seldom seen in captivity, all cats in North because of poor management. Due to its America derive solely from a single pair Appendix I status under CITES, additional imported from Sri Lanka. Due to political specimens from range countries are not strife, additional specimens from that easily obtained. A PMP is recommended country have not been available and the but barring new founders, the existing Colombo Zoo had to obtain specimens population in zoos is not likely to be from Europe for exhibit. Populations in viable. India are considered a distinct subspecies Bobcat, Lynx mjus - Large numbers and are not available from any source. of bobcats are present in zoos, so large Although managed by an international that their presence is deleterious to other studbook, this species is not endangered RCP species. While the TAG realizes that and should be managed to extinction. bobcats have an important role in Other lynx. Lynx lynx - A number of situations where regional themes are subspecies of Eurasian lynx are present present, AZA holders are asked to reduce in zoos. None are rare or endangered in the North American populations to free the wild, but in some situations do space for animals in more critical need. compete (Raising the Bar continued) Jaguarundi, Herpailurus jaguarondi with spaces that should be allocated to - Jaguarundis have never been common Canadian lynx. The Felid TAG does not in zoos and the founder size of most zoo- support maintenance of this species and held populations is only two. Unless a its various forms. significant number of founders are Pampas cat, Oncifelis colocolo - obtained from range countries, the captive Pampas cats have seldom been imported population is probably not viable. for any purpose, their appearance being Margay, Leopardus wiedii - Although less striking than that of the Geoffrey's popular with zoos and private owners cat. Not endangered in nature, they now alike, margays are much more difficult to number less than one half dozen in zoos breed than other small spotted and their owners are urged to not replace neotropical felids, and the present them upon death. population in zoos is not believed to be Wild cat SSD..Felis sulvestris.. - The LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 10 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000

(Raising the Bar continued) biology was only derived from several Eurasian and African wild cat, including museum specimens. Although recently forms from India and the Middle East as photographed in the wild, it would be well as Europe, is generally common in highly unlikely that a viable captive nature. Gordon's wild cat, Indian desert population of this naturally rare felid cat and other forms from the Arabian could ever be obtained. Peninsula, are present in North America. Chinese mountain (desert)cat, Felis Due to their relative abundance in nature, bietiA small, long-haired felid native only small founder size and lack of distinct to central China, this species is markings, the TAG does not support occasionally maintained in Chinese zoos. maintenance of this species in any form. Given the remoteness of its habitat, Jungle cat, Felis chaos - Still common coupled with the lack of information and in nature, this species declined in availability, zoos are not encouraged to captivity due to a general lack of interest acquire this species. in comparison to that of other species. Spanish lynx, Lynxpardinus - Viable populations are not present in Considered one of the very rarest felids North America and owners are urged to on earth, Spanish lynx suffer from having eliminate them from future collection disjunct populations, continued habitat planning. loss and accidental death from trappers Leopard cat, PrionaiZurus bengalensis and automobiles. Although the Spanish Leopard cats from various geographic may initiate a captive-breeding program origins were commonly imported into this in the near future, it is not likely that this country during the 1960's and early 70's. species will ever become available for Most leopard cats in zoos derive their export to North America. founders from public donations. With the Mountain cat, Oncifelisjacobita - One cessation of their harvesting by the fur of the least known cats of , industry, leopard cats have become much its remote habitat and legal status make more common in nature. This, plus the it highly unlikely this species will ever be small, mixed population in zoos caused available to zoos or other owners. the Felid TAG to recommend they be Kodkod, Oncifelis guigna - Another eliminated from future collections. little known cat from (primarily), it has only been maintained by range- Felid TAG - No Support country zoos. The TAG does not support efforts to import additional specimens Several species of cats are naturally rare even if they become available. and although not legally endangered, have African golden cat, Profelis aurata never been available for zoos or other Although formerly present in North owners. Other species are native to America, this mono-colored felid lacks remote areas and highly regulated conservation need in nature and because of their endangered status. The competes poorly against similar-sized following felids are not presently in North spotted cats of Africa. No effort to import American AZA collections and the Felid new animals is supported. TAG does not support their future Marbled cat, Pardofelis marmorata - A acquisition. little-known felid from Southeast Asia, all Bornean bay cat, Catopuma badia - recent captive-born specimens derived Until recently, this species was an enigma their origin from a single pair of founders because knowledge about its origin and at the Los Angeles &. Apparently rare LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 11 in nature, this little "big catn is highly covered in the future. In addition to fact protected and not likely to ever be sheets which include basic biology, available from captive-born sources in conservation issues, range maps and range countries. photographs of the species, the web site Flat-headed cat, Prionailurus offers a unique opportunity to post species planiceps Rarely seen in nature or in specific articles that describe new captivity, the biology of this species is research, studbook reports, poorly known at best. Although range- bibliographies, etc. country zoos have aggressively sought to acquire this species, success has been The web site also includes the TAG'S low. Captive propagation has been non- mission statement, a current listing of existent and zoos are not encouraged to felid according to Wilson and acquire specimens. Reeder (1993) and all impacted species figrinu, Leopardus tigrinus - Easily legal status, a directory of the TAG Work confused with other small neotropical Group, AZA Minimum Husbandry spotted felids, most of the captive Guidelines for Keeping Small and Large population is located in a single private Cats, The Husbandry Manual for Small collection. It is derived from several Cats, Contraception Guidelines, the different subspecies. Significant numbers Three-year Action Plan, felid projects of additional founders from range endorsed by the Felid TAG, and selected countries would be needed if this species links to other and conservation is to su~vein captivity. web sites. Summary: Overall, the RCP for small cats allows for a target population of 670 specimens covering all twelve recommended species. Admittedly this is a tall order and the demographic and genetic goals of some species presently breeding in zoos will probably grow, filling species of other species that although endorsed by the TAG in its RCP, are prohibited by law. All transacttons are between probably not viable. The Regional buyer and seller. All buyers and sellers must have proper licenses and permits for all Collection Plan is, in effect, a working animals offered for sale or sold. LIOC-ESCF, document. Inc. does not necessarily endorse or guarantee the honesty of any advertiser. LIOC-FSCF, Inc. Web site: During the spring 1999, the reserves the right to edit or reject any Felid TAG launched its web site. Located subscription or ad. No blind animal ads will be accepted. Only LIOC members may place at http: / /m.csew.com/fefidtag/, the ads listing cats for sale. Adoption ads are free objective of this web site is to provide of charge for cats that need good homes and no money is involved in the transaction. All accurate, up-to-date k&omation on those ads must contain the name of business or species of felids targeted by the TAG in individual. Ads must state whether the individual is a prlvate owner or broker. Full its Regional Collection Plan for captive current address with a phone number must management. The list of species be stated in the ad. described on individual, website "fact 11 Ad rates for submitted photo ready ads: sheets" presently includes tiger, lion, snow leopard, cheetah, fishing cat, II 1 column inch $10.00 caracal and black-footed cat, but all other species included in the TAG'S RCP will be LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 12 Volume 44, Issue 3 - MayIJune, 2000

by Colette GrifBths treatment and should be given for 5-10 Cocoa's FYide, Vancouver, Washington days. Feline isolates of Pasteurella multocida are most sensitive to Pasteurella is a small, nonmotile, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, only Gramnegative, ovoid bacterial rod. The moderately sensitive to penicillin and less organism is a parasite of the oral cavity resistant to sulfas. Trimethoprim- of many species of animals, including sulfonarnides are effective for treatment felines. Pasteurella was isolated from the of Pasteurella respiratov infections. oral cavity and upper respiratory tract of 60 - 75940 of nodfelines. The rate of Pasteurella infections in cats are isolation is higher from animals with interesting in two ways- First, cats seem dental tartar and gingival disease than resistant to the septicemic forms of fi-om animals with clean teeth. pasteurellosis that are common in other species. Second, cats are notorious Pasteurella is most frequently isolated as carriers of pathogenic strains of a facultative anaerobe along with other Pasteurella. Pasteurella species are bacteria from infected wounds and transmitted from cat to cat almost abscesses in felines. It has also been exclusively by bites. Therefore, affected isolated from infections of the external ear cats are not a hazard to other cats. I have canals, conjunctiva, nasal passages and talked to my vet about treatment, and she sinuses, tooth root abscesses, periodontal feels it is not a good use of my money. infections, and surgical wounds. Pasteurella species are frequent Pasteurellosis is probably the most secondq invaders in cats with primary common zoonotic disease passed from Wal pneumonia. animal to people. Pasteurellosis exists in people in two clinical forms: localized Pasteurella organisms enter tissues by infection caused by an animal bite, and a licking of wounds or bites. Organisms systemic form manifested variably as are fi-equently isolated from the claws of sinusitis, pneumonia, bacteremia or brain cats, but cat scratches are less apt to be abscess. The origin of Pasteurellosis associated with infections than bites. moltocida in the systemic form is usually unknown, though many dected people Pasteurella infections in cats tend to have a history of animal exposure. remain localized. Local tissue necrosis is usually minimal; when necrosis does Localized pasteurellosis in people occurs occur; it is generally localized to the skin at the site of the bite, usually in soft overlying the abscess. tissues of the hand. Joint infections can be a serious consequence of bites that Treatment is to clean a fresh wound. penetrate into the synovial spaces. The Closed infections should be opened to wound becomes painful and inflamed allow drainage and then cleansed within a few hours. The infection spreads periodically until drainage ceases and the rapidly to surrounding tissues and along wound begins to heal. Systemic lymphatics to the regional lymph nodes. antibiotics are an important part of The most common local complications are LIOC Endangered Species Consewatton, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 13 abscess formation and tenosynocitis. The Do You Know condition is most severe &er the ik-st bite; subsequent bites are less likely to become These Cat Facts? infected. Wounds should be cleansed as (Answers on Page 2 1) soon as possible. Soaking the wound and applying a drawing salve is recommended. 1. I am a cat with 4 names. I am considered a small cat because I can't roar, but I can purr If pain, redness and swelling begin to really loud. I live in the Americas and I am develop at the site after a few hours, usually brownish yellow all over. medical attention should be sought as a. hma soon as possible. The effective treatment b. Lion in humans is augmentin. Pasteurellosis c. Bobcat is not to be taken lightly. A small 2. I am one of the only cats where the males puncture wound that you would just wash and females look different. I have one of the and go about your business is the one loudest roars of all the cats, so some humans that needs your attention. call me the king of beasts. Unlike most cats, I live in social groups called prides. a. Jaguar In closing, the diet of your animal has b. Lion nothing to do with the bacteria. The c. Leopard wound is tiny but the pain is mighty. 3. I am in my own genus, neofelis because of my uniqueness. I am one of the most arboreal Information has been gathered &om: (tree climbing) of cats. My habitat ranges fkom Common Infectious Diseases of Indonesia through Southeast Asia to India. Multiple-Cat Environments a. Tiger Zoo Medicine b. Bobcat c. Clouded leopard in Captivity Kaiser Emergency room doctors and 4. I am the most popular pet in the United nurses States of America. Like all other cats, I have paws with claws that retract. Just like the big Andresen Animal Chic cats, we small cats have five toes on each of our front paws and four in each of our back paws. Writing Your Will? a. Rusty-spotted cat b. Bobcat c. House cat 5. I am the only big roaring cat in the Ameri- cas. I like swimming and climbing trees. I am Remember the Ken Hatfield mostly spotted and look a lot like a leopard. Memorial Scholarship Fund! Sometimes I look black, but really my fur is black with black spots. a. Cheetah b. Jaguar ANIMAL FlNDFZtS' GUIDE c. Clouded Leopard 18 issues per year for only $25.00 Single issue price $2.00 6. Some people think I look more like a dog articles on exotic animal husband1 animals, products, & services than a cat. My head is small when compared AucUons and shows to the rest of my body. I am the fastest animal PO Ebx 99, FYairie Creek, IN 47869 in the world but even so, I am in danger of 812-898-2678 or fax 812-898-2013 extinction! Visit our website at www.animalfindersguide.com a. Leopard [email protected] b. Lion c. Cheetah LIOC Endangered Species Consexvatton, Inc. Ocelots and Servals Part II

POPUIA'I'ION Serval: The serval's distribution and range has remained largely intact, shrinking only in the extreme north and south due to habitat loss in the wake of increasing urbanization and changes in land use. Possibly servals were never very numerous in North Africa, and water sources in the region are likely to be focal points of human use and settlement. However, servals are highly tolerant of agricultural development, which fosters increased densities, as long as more recently hunting pressure is greatly there is sufficient water and shelter reduced, and there are signs of available. Degradation of forests to recolonization and recovery. Even at the savannah in West Africa probably favors lowest density estimates (one animal per the species. 5 km2 or 3.1 mi2), there would be Minimm home ranges in Ngorongoro approximately 800,000 ocelots in forested to be 11 -6 km2 (or 7.2 1 mi2)forone adult South America alone, and suggests that male serval and 9.5 km2 ( or 5.9 mi2) for true numbers are probably 1.5-3 million. one adult female send over four years. The ocelot is one of the few small small The male's home range overlapped those cats for which spacing and abundance of at least two adult females, while the have been studied in several different ranges of three adult females showed . . habitat types. mmnnal overlap. Larger home ranges for Lowland rainforest servals are on South African ranchland: 1. Manu National Park (): Home 16-20 km2 (or 9.94 to 12.42 mi2)for two ranges of two adult females were 1.6 and adult females and 31 -5km2 (or 19.57 mi2) 2.5 km2 (or -99 and 1.55 mi2); home for one male, monitored for 4-5 months ranges of two adult males were 5.9 and during the spring and summer. 8.1 km2. Resident a.nimals, particularly Ocelot: The ocelot was the spotted cat males, often patrolled the perimeter of most heavily exploited by the fur trade their territories, travelling quickly (8.8- from the early 1960s to the mid- 1970s: 10.4 km/hr or 5.47-6.46 mi/hr) and It has been estimated that as many as seldom pausing. Density was high, 200,000 animals were taken every year. estimated at four resident ocelots per 5 From 1976 to 1983, net international km2(or3.17 mi2). trade in skins fell to an average of 24,600 2. Iguacu National Park (): From a pelts annually, and effectively ceased in radiotelemetry study in progress, average the late. In the early 1980s, commercial home range size for six adult ocelots as hunting had depleted formerly abundant 1 1.3 km2 (or 6.02 mi2). ocelot populations in , but 3. Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary LIOC Endangered Species Consewation, Inc. Volume 44. Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 15 (Belize): Home range of one adult female one or more females. Range sizes of was quite large, 14.3 km2(or 8.89 mi2).A female ocelots typically vary fiom 2 to 10 sub-adult male had a home range of 3 1.2 km2 (or 1.24 to 6.2 1 mi2) while those of km2(or 19 -39 mi2). Most of their territories males are 5 to 18 km2 (or 3-11to 11.18 consisted of secondary forest. mi2). Both species maintain their ranges Seasonally flooded savanna woodland in similar ways: they urine spray, make 4. Venezuelan llanos: Home ranges of two scrapes by raking the ground with their adult males were 9.3 and 1 1.1 km2(or hind feet, and leave their feces in 5.78 and6.9 mi2). Mean home range for prominent places. Males and females six adult females was 3.4 km2 (or hunt alone but they are not asocial. 2.1 1mi2). Density was estimated at two While traveling about their ranges, resident ocelots per 5 km2 (or 3.11 mi2). neighbors encounter each other along 5. Brazilian Pantanal: Home ranges (six boundaries and come to know each other months only) of two adult females were by sight and smell. Associations lasting 0.8 and 1.5 h2(or .5 and -93mi2). for a day or two are known for both Semi-arid woodland and scrub ocelots and servals; some of these 6. Southern Texas (US.):In dense brush associations are for mating purposes, but and oak forest mosaic, an adult male others are for unknown reasons. maintained a home range of 3.5 km2 or After a gestation period of 79 to 82 2.17 mi2),and a female of 2.1 km20r 1.3 days, ocelots may give birth to as many mi2). Working in chaparral habitat, a as three kittens; however, the more usual mean home range for five males of 12.3 number of young in a litter is one. Servals krn2 (or 7.64 mi2) and for three females have a shorter gestation period, about 74 of 7.0 km2 (or 4.35 mi2)was found. days, and litters can consist of as many as five kittens, but more usually two or SOCIAL SYSTEMS three. Both ocelots and servals appear to Female ocelots and servals show have similar social systems - neighbo~g similar behavior patterns when they have females occupy small, essentially non- young, and both species raise their young overlapping ranges, and males hold larger alone, without help from the male. ranges that overlap with the ranges of Immediately after her kittens are born, a mother spends most of her time at the den, leavjng only to drink or hunt nearby. Later, when the young become more mobile, she has to increase her hunting efforts to feed the extra mouths. This is clearly a difficult time for females of both species, and many young die at this stage. A study carried out in the Ngorongoro Crater showed that female servals with young had to spend twice as much time hunting as those without young. For servals, and probably other cats too, prey capture rates remain the same per distance traveled whether 1j females have young or not, and this Uh-oh, serval in the refrigerator! means that females with kittens have to travel farther to catch more food. By LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 16 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 (Ocelots and Servals continued) to exploit high rodent populations in open doubling the normal daily distance grasslands and woodlands by virtue of traveled, female servals probably double its morphological and behavioral their food intake. specializations. These specializations are Ocelots may have a more difficult time very similar to those found in the canid finding and catching food than servals. family, a group that also preys extensively One radio-collared female ocelot in Peru on small in open habitats. With was monitored after she gave birth. When its large ears, small slim face, and long her kittens were one month old, the legs, the serval resembles a fox or a female doubled her normal activity and maned wolf rather than a cat. The spent as much as 17 of every 24 hours hunting behavior of the serval is also hunting. Despite her efforts, the young canid-like. The high bouncing pounce, died. Even when female ocelots are not the scanning of an area for sounds, and nursing young, they spend almost half digging, are all hunting behaviors shared of every 24 hours hunting. The long more with the dog family than with other gestation period of the ocelot and the members of the cat family. subsequent small litter size and slow Although radio-tracking studies of maturation of young, may be adaptations ocelots have shown that this cat for living under conditions where food is sometimes hunts in more open areas at hard to find and where a cat needs to night, it remains a species that is strongly spend much of its day hunting in order tied to dense cover. In all the areas to meet its normal daily energy inhabited by them - from the thick requirements. brushy chapparal vegetation of Texas to Over their range, both ocelots and the tropical rainforests of Peru - ocelots servals live at relatively high densities. do not seem to be able to survive where In Peru and Venezuela, ocelot densities forest or thick brush has been eradicated. have been calculated to between 100 and Unfortunately, both the deforestation of 200 adults per 100 square miles.) Data much of South and Central America, and on serval density are more scanty, but the demand for the ocelot's beautiful sightings in the Ngorongoro Crater spotted coat, have combined to endanger suggest that these cats may live at this cat. The ocelot was placed on the densities of approximately 40 per 100 endangered species list of the square kilometers (approximately 100 per International Union for the Conservation 100 square miles.) of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) In their own way, both ocelots and in 1989. servals are highly specialized rodent Servals also are sometimes persecuted catchers, and as such, both cats benefit for their spotted skins, but they seem to hmsby killing rats and mice. On the other hand, both species are also known to make raids on domestic poultry, and many ocelots and servals are shot every year for these chicken-killing habits. If success in the biological world is measured by an animal's ability to survive and breed, then the serval's ability to survive in more open habitats probably makes it a more successful cat than the ocelot. The serval has been able LIOC Endangered Species Consemation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - MayIJune, 2000 17 most successful forms of mammalian life in the Amazon region. It is tolerant of disturbed habitat, and persists in wooded patches near human settlements. Ocelots have a small average litter size, and one of the longest gestations and slowest growth rates among small felids. One lactating female increased her daily activity by a maximum of 133Vo after birth of her litter, but still lost her young to starvation after six weeks - despite high diversity and abundance of small prey in the study area. be able to survive alongside human Ocelots may not be able to reproduce activity better than many other spotted where prey density is reduced. The two cats. Servals thrive on the rats and mice authors differ, however, on the potential that go hand in hand with agricultural impact of direct human hunting activity, and they are quite common in pressure. Ocelot populations have proved rural areas in many parts of Africa. As resilient to harvest because of their social long as they are not hunted, these organization. gracefd long-legged cats can survive in man-altered habitats and co-exist with The serval's protection status is ClTES humans. This will be the ultimate Appendix 11. Servals are not protected measure of their success. over most of its range. Hunting is prohibited in Algeria, Botswana, Congo, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa (Cape province Ocelots only). Hunting is regulated in Angola, The protection status for ocelots was Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, upgraded to CITES Appendix I in 1989. Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, Siema Leone, There is national legislation in each Somalia, Tanzania, Togo, Zaire, Zambia. country protecting most of its range. There is no legal protection in Benin, Hunting of ocelots is prohibited in Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, , Guinea Bissau, Ivory Coast, Lesotho, Costa Rca, , Guatemala, Malawi, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Niger, South Afiica, Sudan, Swaziland, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad, United Tunisia, Uganda, Zimbabwe. States, Uruguay, Venezuela. Hunting is Wetland conservation is the prirnary regulated in Peru. There is no legal key to serval conservation. Wetlands protection in Ecuador, El Salvador, harbour comparatively high rodent Guyana. Adjusting for overlapping densities compared to other habitat generations (females) and the fact that types, and form the core areas of serval males typically mate with more than one home. Degradation of grasslands through female, it is estimated that a population annual burning followed by over-grazing of 1,334 adult ocelots is required to by domestic hoofstock, leads to a reduced realize an effective population of 500 abundance of small rodents. ocelots. Trade in serval pelts has been reported The ocelot is considered one of the from many countries; they are frequently LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 18 Volume 44,Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 (Ocelots and Servals continued) raid chicken coops can be easily live- marketed as "cheetah" or nleopardw.trapped for translocation. Although 17% While the scale of the harvest and its of Namibian farmers who indicated that effect upon populations is dflicult to servals were present on their land reported judge, the pelt trade appears to be livestock predation, none took any control primarily domestic (especially for measures (legally permissible), indicating ceremonial or medicinal purposes) or that the problem is not serious. The serval's tourist-oriented, rather than preferenceforrodentpreyshoddactudy international commercial exports. The benefit farmers since an adult serval will serval's localized distribution around eat some 4,000 rodents a year. water sources may increase its vulnerability to hunting; it will also climb Refkrences: Allen G.M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. BuZL Mm. a tree when chased by hounds. CWp. BL HWU. 83: 1-763. Semals occas~ona~~ykill domestic Ansell, W.F.H. and Dowx~~,R.J. 1988. Mm& of MalawL Teendine Press, Cornwall. pod* and O~Yrxely young fiestock Bisbal, F.J. 1986. Food habits of some neotropid carnivores (sheep and goats): studies of ~ebdiet in Venezuela W-a, -om). ~ammah50(3):329- 339. fmgareas in Zimbabwe and south Bisbal, F.J. 1989. Distribution and habitat association of the Africa found no predation CXXWO~Sin Venezuela. F'p 339-362 in K.H. Redford and J.F. Eisenberg, eds. AW& wtrvpid mamma&y. was a problem. Problem servals which W- craneRe=, ~-11~. J30wland. J.M. 1990. Diet, Itom range and moucmentpa&rm on fmmland in Natal. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Natal, Pietermarltzburg. Brakefeild, Tom. 1993. Big CMs: Kingdom of MQhL Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. Bmd, S. 1987. 73e hamest of and b-ade & Luhh Ame&m sptted cats fFel&J and O&TS fhtnhaeJ.Unpubl. report, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge. Cisin, C. 1967. Espe&& azelots. Harry G. Cisin, New York. fl Cramhaw, P.G. and Quigley, H.B. 1989. Ocelot movement and activity patterns in the Pantanal Region, Brazfl. Bbtrvpica 21(4):377-379. Crespo, J.A. 1982. [Ecology of a community in I@& National Park, Misiones.] Rev. Mm. Argent. Cienc. Nut. s&rn&~ Ridmia " Eld 3(2):45-162 (in Spanish). cum&@am, A.B. and Zondi, A.S. 1991. Use of animaIpart.s for b5e mmmerckd trade in tmdihbnd m.edich?s. Institute of Natural Resources, Univ. Natal, Pietemmltzburg. This booklet includes 34 pages de Pienaar, U. 1969. Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 12: of practical tips and guidelines for 108-176. proper caging and handling of exotic de Smet, K.J.M. 1989. [D&&ibutkm and habitat cho& of larger mammals in Algeria, with special reference to nature cats. It also includes diagrams on pmtx&n] Ph.D. thesis, Gent State Univ., Belgium. Original construction of proper equipment for in Dutch: Engl. transl. World Conservation Monitoring Eisenberg, J.F. 1990. Mwof the neobvpics. Vol.1: the any size feline, including squeeze mn%m mbzpics. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago. cages, collars, leashes, and much, Emmons, L.H. 1987. Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropial rainforest. &hw. Dl.Wbiol. 20:271-283. much more. Emmons. L.H. 1988. A field study of ocelots (Felis pardalis) in Peru. Rev. Emf. fTem VEJ43: 133-157. Emmons, L.H., Sherman, P., Bolster, D., Goldken, A. and J. 11 Send $5.00 (US) plus $1.25 postage Terborgh. 1989. Ocelot behavior in moonlight. Pp 233-242 to: in K.H. Redford and J.F. Eisenberg, eds. Advances in mtrvpid mammal=. Sandhill Crane mss, Gainesville. Enders, R.K. 1935. Mammalian life histories from Barro LIOC Colorado Island, Panama. Bull Mu. Comp. Ziml fHdJ 78(4):385-502. 3730 Belle Isle Lane Fagen, RM. and Wiley, K.S. 1978. Felid paedomorphosis, with Mobile, AL 366 19 special reference to Leopardus. Carnim~1(1):72-81. Fuller, K.S., Swift, B,. Jorgensen. A., and A. Brilutigam. 1987. Lat& Ame&an wikilfle trade laws, 2d edn. frev,J.W-US, Washington DC. LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 19 Geertsema, AA 1976. Impressions and observations on Navarro, D.L. 1985. SI.WZIS and distnBution of the mebt (Felis serval behaviour in Tanzania, East Africa. Mammafi~ pardalis) in south Tm.M.S. thesis, Texas A & I Univ., W(1): 13-19. Kingsville. Geertsema. AA. 1985. Aspects of the rnlo@ of the sed Pocock, R.I. 1917. The classification of existing . Ann. Mag. Nut. Leptailurus serval in the Ngomngoro Crater, Tanzania. Hist. 8(20). Netherlands d 2kL 35(4):527-610. Rahm, U. 1%. [Mammals of the equatorial fmst of eastern Congo.] Ann. Gieteling, C. 1972. ~aguc~c?t?ocebt bhbgi~?~,hi%ghg en Mw. afi centx, Tervuren, Sc. 2001. (ii French). bescherming./Unpublished report to WWF Germany, Rengger, J.R. 1830. Natwgeschichte der Saeugethiere von FmMurt (in Dutch with English abstract). Pamgmg. Datural history of the mammals of Paraguay.] Gouttenoire, G. 19%. [Hunting inlbnisia]. In [27ze b@ book Basel, in German. of thefm ofAm and ri3 -.I Geneva (in French). Rosevear, D.R. 1974. The carnivores of West Africa. British Museum(Natura1 Green, R. 199 1. WQZ cat species of the world. Basset, History), London. Plpouth. Guggiskrg, C.A.W. 1975. W~ m& of the Rowe-Rowe, D.T. 1992. The carnivores of Natal. Unpubl. report, Natal Parks mrkl David and Charles, London. Joubert, E., Mosbach, Board, Pietermaritzbwg. D. and Wallis, V. 1982. 27ze I982 db6i%ution patterns Shorfridge, G. 1934. 7he mamma^!^ of South West Afica, Vol. I. William and stat- of some mammk on fain South West Heinemam, London. Ama Unpubl. report, Ministry of Wildlife Conservation Sayer, J. and A.A. Green. 1984. The distribution and status of large mammals and Tourism, Windhoek. in Benin. MmlRev. lql): 37-50. Grtrnwood, 1.R 1969. Notes oftk &hi3ution &status of Seidensticker, John, and Lumpkin, Susan. 1991. Great Cats: Majestic some &IUV&R manurt& in 1968. Spial publ. no. 21, Creatures of the Wild. WeldonOwen, Inc., Emmaus, PA. New York Zoological Sodety, Bronx. Skead, C.J. 1980. Historical mammal incidence in the Cape Province. Vol Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1975. Wacats of the world David and 1: the western and northem Cape. apt. Nature and Envf. Comemation Charles, London. of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town, Hecketswefler, P.L. 1988. [ckmwmhbn and mtbnal use of Skinner, J.D. and Smithem, R.H.N. 1990. The mmlsof the southern yorest eco$ystems in cenOdAmmtzbd ~prtfor the African subregion, 2d edn. Univ. of Pretoria Press, Pretoria. Congo.] Unpubl. report, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland (in Smithem, R.H.N. 1971. The mammals of Botswana. Mu. mem. Natl. Mu. French). Monum. RM4. HUSSO~,A.M. 1978- 77~ntamm& of S~JMMLE-J. Bfl, Smithem, R.H.N. 1978. The semal Felis serval Sclueber, 1776. S. Afi J. kiden. Wild. Rs. 8~29-37. IucN EnW-ent.dLawCenb-e. 19%- A!wwe-s. Smithen, R.H.N. 1986. South African red data book - terrestrial mammals. IucN Environmental PoECJ' and kwO~a~ional h~r South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 125, Council no. 3. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, LJK. for Scientific and Industrial Research, F'retoria, South Africa. Joukrt, E., Morsbach, D. and Wallis. v. 1982. 77~1982 Smithem, R.H.N. and V.J. Wilson. 1979. Check list and atlas of the mammals disbibution & sI.WZIS of some nmmm~&On of Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Mw. mem. Natl. Mw. Monum. Rhod. 91-147. fmm bz South West AmUnpubl. report Wsm of Smart, C.T. 1985 The status of two endangered carnivores occurring in the Wfldlife Conservation and Tourism, Windhoek. Cape F'rovince., South Africa, Felis serval and htra maculicollis. Biol. Kingdon, J. 1977. East African mammals: An atlas of consew. 32375-382. evolution inmca,Vol- 3W. Cbmimres.Academic Press. Smart, C.T. and Wilson, V.J. 1988. i% cars of southern Africa Chipangali New York. W~ldlifeTrust, Bulawayo. Kofod, C.B. 1976. Latin American Cats: economic values Sunquist, M.E. In press. The ecology of the ocelot: the and fueprospects- Pp 79-88 in R.L. Eaton, ed. importance of incorporating life history traits into wo~scats Vd3U):w&ib&ns to stizLu~,rrmagement conservation plans. amimnsemztbn Carnivore Res. M..Univ. WaShington. Sunquist, M.E. 1992. meecology of the ocelot: the importance Seattle. of incorporating life history traits into conservation plans. Konecny, M.J. 1989. Movement Pattern and food habits of Pp 117- 128 in Anon. 1992c. [Feltds of Venezuela./ four sympatric carnivore species in Belize. Central Foundation for the Study of Physical, Mathematical and America. Pp 243-264 in K.H. Redford and J.F. Eimke, Natural Sciences (FLJDECI)], Caracas. eds. Ad~sin~~~.Sandhill Crane Sunquist, M.E., Sunquist. F. and D.E. Daneke. 1989. Ecological FYess. GainesvlUe. separation in a Venezuelan llanos carnivore comm~ty. bbert, M. 1966. A mpd on t%e T*@ w.Dub& F'p 197-232 in K.H. Redford and J.F. Elsenberg, eds. @&on zb theHQh A- and Saham Unpubl. report. Advances in mmphlmmmahg~.Gainede: Sandhill Trinity College, D~~blin. Crane Press. Landau, Diana. 1996. Chof tk WM CWS. wugstick Swift, J. 1975.77~Sahara Time-Life Bc~ks,Amsterdam. Press, San Francisco. Tello, J.L. 1986b. 27ze situation of the wild ca13 [Felki'm) fi Lawson, D- 1987. A swuey~t%eefl~~~orsonS- BoZbkx CITES Secretariat, Lausanne. farming in Natal. Unpubl. report. Univ. of Natal. Tewes, M.E. 1986. Ed~md&hv&rdcomhtesofmebt FYetermaritzburg. spac&lpattem. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Idaho, Moscow. kopld, AS. 1959. WmyeMM-. UnW. of calif. Press, Tewes, M.E. and Eherett, D.D. 1986. Status and distribution of Berkeley. the endangered ocelot and jaguarundi inTexas. Pages 147- kyhausenm, P. 1979. *p&hwdza 158 in S.D.Miller and D.D. Everett, eds. Catsof the mrld &hauwr of domes& and wild cats. G~land,New York. bioby. conservation and management. National Wfldlife Engl. transl. B.A. Tonkin. Federation, Washtngton D.C. Ludlm, M.E. and SunquisL M.E. 1987. -logy and behavior Vaughan, C. 1983. A report on dense forest habitat for of ocelots in Venezuela. N& Gecy. Res. 3(4):447-461. endanger& wikifgespecies fi Cbsta Rka Unpubl. report, Mellen, J. 1989. Reprrniuctizh? &havb~ofs~~tine & Univ. Naciod, Here&. (Felis ssp.). Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Calif.. Davis. Ximenez, A. 1988. [Notes on Neotropical felids K Felis Mondolfi, E. 1986. Notes on the biology and status of the (kopmim)pmialb mi&.] Corn Bf.Mm. Hist Nd. small wild cats in Venezuela. F'p 125-146 in S.D. Miller ~ontmki'eo12(168): 1-7 [in Spanish). and D.D. Everett, eds. Cats of the world bio[qy, Yalden, D.W.,Largen, M.J. and D. Kock. 1980. Catalogue of the mammals conservation and management. National Wildlife of Ethjopia. 4. . Italian J. &ol. 8:169-272. Federation. Washington D.C. York, W. 1973. A study of smal melanismin the Ahdares and some general Myers. N. 1986. The sdcats ofAfrica. 192-199 in BI?c& behavioral observations. Pp 191-197 in R.L. Eaton, ed. i'h world's cats, am2 rrmmnm3. National Wfldlife Federation, Washington Vol.1. Ecology and conservation. World W~ldlifeSafari, Winston, DC. Oregon. LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 20 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 President's Perspective Everything Old Is New Again

Have you noticed that phenomenon? Speaker Ken Hatfield; Our lawyer needed My Mother said if you held on to anything to go ahead with research on the for seven years you would find a use for Endangered Speakers Act. it. It seems to me that animal rules and 1976 Convention Cherry Hill, New regulations are recycled yearly in some Jersey; David Baskin opened the form or other and I haven't found a use discussion by pointing out the necessity for all of them yet! I agree that some rules that LIOC expand its visions and seek are necessary but some "do-gooders* deliberate growth and support to help always try to change things for everyone offset the powem and wealthy Humane to satis@the wants of a few. The following Society movements which threaten the are excerpts from LIOC's Board of very ideals of LIOC. Directors Meeting Minutes. Anything 1987 Convention Atlanta, Georgia Pat sound familiar? Hoctor of Animal Finders Guide; "The 1972 Convention Dallas, Texas Guest private owner may very well be the only Speaker, Bill Engler thing between the exotic feline and Bill spoke on a subject dear to us all ... extinction. The very special responsibility "The endangered state of our pets. He we have to share our knowledge and the stressed the importance of breeding and measures to insure existence of the felines that those now breeding are the stars of in our care." LIOC, as we can no longer import pets 1992 Convention; Discussion on under the Endangered Species Act. captive bred wildlife negating education 1973 Convention hs Angeles, Ca. as a valid reason to maintain exotics. Guest Speaker, Bill Boyle; nEachmember Members were asked to write letters on should have the city or county set up this matter to US Fish and Wildlife standards for the care and protection of Se~ce,Office of Management Authority. exotic pets if there is not such standard NOW IT IS SHAMBALA! As you can at presentwHe mentioned the possibility see, opposition to our choice of life-style of getting a Game Farm License fi-om the has been with us fi-om the beginning and Game and Fish Cornmission in your state. will probably always be. 1974 Convention Portland, Oregon In closing I'd like to give you a quote mom the minutes. No speaker noted. fi-om an unidentified member at the 1997 #l Obtain Directors and Officers Convention. "Our family joined LIOC approval for the President to initiate legal because we felt that a rnind set change is action on the Endangered Species Act and needed for the general public and this any other Federal or State law that is organization has the opportunity to be a considered detrimental or very influential part of that. If we can take unconstitutional to the membership. these animals and enjoy theml but while #2 a suggestion was made that we we are enjoying them, educate with them obtain the bulk of legal funds necessary and create awareness for theml then we to fight legislation by assessing each are doing something that is truly unique. member $10.00. If we treat these animals as another pet 1975 Convention Orlando, Florida in the house, we are suppressing the LIOC Endanged Species Consemation, he. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 21 possibilities of what could take place for Pacmc Northwest Exotics these animals in the future.n See YOU at Convention. March 26 Meeting Minutes Portland Meadows Barbara Wdton, President We discussed the recent USDA (Ron DeHaven) publication concerning ownership of exotic cats. We feel that he Bounty overstepped the bounds of his job by putting out a publication that discusses Mountain Lions if people SHOULD own an exotic cat, when the role of the USDA is, as we read the Bounty hunters plan to kill up to authorizing legislation, is simply to 34 mountain lions in southern New inspect those people who DO own exotic Mexico this year under a contract with arlimals the state's wildlife agency in efforts to Reminded everyone with a ndangerous" protect dwindling bighorn sheep herds. animal to have a perhneter fence to make During the past four years, 50 sure "strange handsn won't get close radio-collared sheep in the state have enough to receive a bite or scratch.. . you died, of which 37 were positively identified need to check with your inspector to fmd as lion kills, say officials of the New Mexico out what the legal requirements are for Department of Game and Fish (NMDGF). the animal you keep. Fewer than 300 desert bighorns remain The uShambala Bill" may be in the state. In Januaxy, the NMDGF introduced in Congress, so everyone contracted to pay four hunters a $350 needs to write to their Representative and bounty for each lion they kill. Senator asking they vote NO on this Animal rights groups, however, restrictive bill... we feel it is FAR better charge that the NMDGFs strategy ignores for the USDA and other government habitat issues. They say livestock bodies to simply enforce the laws already overgrazing of federal land has reduced written, not take this step toward banning herds, the lion's preferred prey. ownership of exotic animals. "They're not approaching wildlife If you wish to join other animal owners, Inanagement from a scientific basis,* Lisa contact the Ohio Association of Anhnal Jennings, director of Animal Protection Owners, at OAAO, PO Box 175, Pleasant of New Mexico, says of the NMDGF. "It's Hill, OH 45359, to ask how you may help. all politically based decision making," Submitted by Steve Belknap says Ben Neq. PW,President

This article is adapted fiom an article in the May 2000 issue of Field & Stream Magazine. Mainely Felids Wild Feline Husbandry Manual

Answers to Cat Facts on Page 13: 1. a. puma, 2. b. lion, 3. c. clouded leopard, 4. c. house cat, 5. b. jaguar, 6. c. cheetah LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 22 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000

Alliance for the Conservation of Exotic Felines Cascade branch of the LIOC

Meeting April 22,2000 end of our range. (and taking into consideration This meeting was held at my house on Whidbey that a few mistakes were made with the directions Island. We once again had a fairly good tumout on how to get there.. . :-(Thismeeting started a bit with several new members showing, as well as later than usual, since everybody wanted to take some members who haven't been to a meeting in a tour of Dave's facilities first. Once we got down quite a while. The wonderful Mariah the Lynx was to business, things went fairly quickly. It was there providing much entertainment. (Watching pointed out that I need to get the membership her play in the bathtub with great joy was quite cards made up ASAP- We are looking for somebody fun!) Once we finally got the official meeting un- to become cerMled to teach the LIOC Exotic Animal derway (even later that usual!), things moved along Husbandry course. This would allow us to start fairly quickIy. We noted that I have not finished teaching the course out this way. Suggestions and the membership cards yet (bad john, bad.) and Volunteers are welcome. The latest update on the that I should get to work on them. Jeanne had possibility of ACEF Jackets is that Laura Kalein contacted LIOC about reprinting the "Exotica" sent in a number of choices and price options from document. Since much of the information in it is one supplier and Dave Colebum and I will be either out of date, or has been incorporated into researching two other suppliers this month. other documents, we won't be reprinting it. We HopefuIly we will have a final decision on this soon. didn't get any status on the Calendar project this We REALLY need photos for the newsletter! If you time. It looks like we can get Jackets/Hats/what- have any photos of your animals that you wouldn't ever made up with the club logo, but we haven't mind being published, send them in! We can scan finalized on the details yet. We've been leaning them and retum them to you. Please include a towards gettingjackets, as most of us already have short description (at least the name of the animal.] enough shirts! I was able to tell everybody about and a signed note giving us permission to use the getting a USDA Class C Exhibitors permit as I photo. If we want to get a photo calendar made, just receiGed Ifline. Mr. Kaelin (a new member) we need to get photos! We have a professional was able to tell us about the new regulations on photographer in the group who can come out to exotic animals in hyallup - which comes down your place to take pictures of your animals. Please to basically a ban with existing animals contact us if you would like to arrange this. At grandfathered in. Our newsletter editor REALLY this meeting we also received a short description needs articles, pictures. jokes, cartoons, ANY- of and a handout on the "Shambala" bill - which THING to help fill the newsletter. If you have a is a federal level proposal that basically outlaws cute story, fun picture, health information, cag- private exotic ownership. The Phoenix organization ing information, whatever, SEND lT IN! We also btt~:/ /www.PhoenixExotics.or@ has supplied a want to find more members - especially those set of handouts and postcards on their web site people who already have an exotic cat and don't to help fight this thing. Those attending this realize that groups like ours exist. If you have any meeting also received flyers and cards for Dave's ideas on how to get in contact with these people, "Predator of the Heart" show, which looks very please tell us! Are there any fairs or events in your interesting! Our next meeting will be down south area that we might want to have a small booth near Toledo, WA at Kim and Dave Germains place. at? Other ideas? We are open for suggestions. (Easy to get to, and the directions will be accurate!) The July meeting is a PicnicIBam Raising party at Linda Holzingers place! We really need to have Meeting May 20,2000 a good idea of how many people will be coming, This meeting was held at the home of Dave and if they can do any heavy lifting/construction Colebum on Anacortes Island. Dave is one of the work! We will need tools, food, and lots of help! clubs USDA licensed exhibitors, and has an This should be a lot of fun, so 1 hope to see all of interesting collection of animals. (See htt~:/ / you there! m.PredatorsOflheHead.Com) He has a very - nice setup with double entry gates, security areas John Lussmyer Secretary/Treasurer and various things to keep the animals entertained mailto:[email protected] and happy. We had about 10 members show up, Alliance for the Conservation of Exotic Felines, which isn't bad for a meeting at the very far north Cascade branch of the LIOC. see htt~:/ LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000 23 U.S. Fish 81 Wildlife Service: Canada Lynx Listed as Threatened

FORT SNELLING, Minn., March 2 1 - The U.S. Fish and Wildlife SeMce today listed Canada lynx in the contiguous as threatened under the Endangered Species Act while including a special regulation that allows for the take and export of lawfully obtained captive-bred lynx. A species is listed as threatened when it is likely to become endangered throughout all or a si@cant portion of its range in the foreseeable future. The lynx occurs predominantly on Endangered Species Act is to recover Federal lands, especially in the West. The species to levels where protection under Se~ceconcluded that the threat to the the Act is no longer necessary. These lynx in the contiguous United States is forest management plans will serve as the lack of guidance to conserve the blueprints for recovery." species in current Federal land The SeMce determined in 1997 that management plans. The agency is the lynx warranted listing under the Act working with other Federal agencies to but did not propose listing at that time conserve lynx habitat. because of other higher priority listing The Forest SeMce has signed a Lynx needs. The decision was challenged by Conservation Agreement that would affect several environmental organizations, and all forest plans within lynx habitat. a subsequent settlement agreement led Additionally, the Bureau of Land to the Service proposing the lynx as Management and the National Park threatened in 1998. Service are also developing lynx Du~gthe normal 12-month listing conservation agreements. process and a rarely used six-month The Forest Se~ceis also undertaking extension, the agency received and several analysis processes to amend their evaluated new information from States, forest plans to incorporate direction Tribes, other Federal agencies, Canada, designed to conserve the lynx. These and the public. The Service also actions will provide immediate benefits for announced the availability of and received lw- public comment on a newly completed "These proactive Forest Service Lynx Science Report prepared by a team conservation actions, though independent of scientists led by the U.S. Forest SeMce. of our decision to list the ly-nx, will play a Today's listing decision is the result of that crucial role in our efforts to recover the review. lynx," said Mph Morgenweck, regional The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), director of the Fish and Wildlife SeMce9s the only lynx in North America, is a rare Mountain-Rairie Region. "The goal of the forest-dwelling cat of northern latitudes. LIOC Endangered Species Conservation, Inc. 24 Volume 44, Issue 3 - May/June, 2000

It feeds primarily on snowshoe but populations. As such, the Great lakes also will prey on small mammals and region does not contribute substantially . Its range extends from Alaska, to the persistence of the contiguous U.S. throughout much of Canada, to the boreal lynx population. The Se~ceconcluded forests in the northeastern United States, that the Northern Rockies/Cascades the Great Lakes, the Rocky Mountains region is the prirnary region necessary to and the Cascade Mountains. support the continued long-term The lynx is a medium-sized cat, similar existence of lynx in the contiguous United to the bobcat, but appears somewhat States. However, biologists will continue larger. It has longer hind legs and very to examine the role that each region plays large well-furred paws, which make it in the long-term conservation of lynx highly adapted to hunting snowshoe during recovery planning for the species. hares in the deep snow typical throughout The Service concluded that lynx its range. It also has unique long tufts on should be listed as one unit in the the ears and a short, black-tipped tail. contiguous United States because, Within the contiguous United States, individually, none of the four geographical the lynx's range extends into different regions fulfii the Act's criteria required regions that are separated fYom each other for a Distinct Population Segment that by ecological barriers consisting of could be listed independently of the unsuitable lynx habitat. These regions are others. the Northeast (Maine, New Hampshire, Today, the Service filed with the Vermont, New York); the Great Lakes Federal Register its decision to list the (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan); the Canada lynx as threatened. The final rule Northern Rocky Mountains/Cascades will be published on March 24,2000, and (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, will take effect 30 days after publication. northwestern Wyoming, Utah); and the The Se~ceincluded a special 4(d)rule Southern Rocky Mountains (Colorado, that will allow for take of lahlly obtained southeastern Wyoming). Canada lynx in captive-bred lynx and for interstate Alaska are not affected by today's listing transport and commerce in skins that are decision. properly tagged with a valid export tag The relative importance of each region under the Convention for International to the survival and recovery of the species Trade in Threatened and Endangered varies. The Northern Rockies/Cascades Species (CITES), which the Service region supports the largest amount of lynx administers in the United States. habitat and has the strongest evidence of A separate rule is being developed to long-term occurrence of resident lynx address the take of lynx that may result populations, both historically and incidentally from State and Tribal currently. In the Northeast and Southern regulated hunting and trapping programs. Rockies regions, the amount of lynx This rule is in the review process and is habitat is relatively limited and does not expected to be published soon followed contribute substantially to the persistence by a public comment period. of the contiguous U.S. lynx population. For more information concerning the Much of the habitat in the Great Lakes final listing decision, visit the Se~ce's region is marginal and may not support lynx web site at: http: / /www.r6.~s.~ov/ prey densities sufficient to sustain lynx endspp/lp .