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Assessment of the Ponderosa Woodlands in Nebraska's Wildcat University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of 7-2018 Assessment of the Ponderosa Woodlands in Nebraska's Wildcat Hills: Implications for Juniperus Encroachment and Management Allie Victoria Schiltmeyer University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss Part of the Forest Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, Hydrology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Other Environmental Sciences Commons, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Schiltmeyer, Allie Victoria, "Assessment of the Ponderosa Woodlands in Nebraska's Wildcat Hills: Implications for Juniperus Encroachment and Management" (2018). Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources. 272. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/272 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ASSESSMENT OF THE PONDEROSA PINE WOODLANDS IN NEBRASKA’S WILDCAT HILLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR JUNIPERUS ENCROACHMENT AND MANAGEMENT by Allie Victoria Schiltmeyer A THESIS Presented to the faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree Master of Science Major: Natural Resource Sciences Under the supervision of Professors David A. Wedin and Dirac Twidwell Jr. Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2018 ASSESSMENT OF THE PONDEROSA PINE WOODLANDS IN NEBRASKA’S WILDCAT HILLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR JUNIPERUS ENCROACHMENT AND MANAGEMENT Allie Victoria Schiltmeyer, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2018 Advisors: David A Wedin and Dirac Twidwell Jr. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is a dominant tree species across western North America. Its eastern distribution includes three populations in western Nebraska. This study assesses the distribution, structure and age of ponderosa pine woodlands in one of those regions, the Wildcat Hills. The Wildcat Hills have escaped severe wildfires seen in recent decades in other ponderosa pine regions. Nevertheless, the Wildcat Hills woodlands face multiple threats including climate change, wildfire, drought, pine beetles, and invasive species. Key to these threats is the stand structure of pine woodlands, which have increased in density across much of ponderosa pine’s range. These changes in stand density are associated with high recruitment of young pines or the encroachment of other woody species, e.g. eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana). This study examined whether these changes are occurring in the Wildcat Hills by conducting an inventory of trees, regeneration, and understory vegetation in 63 plots across a 630-hectare study area. 51 of the ponderosa pines were aged using dendrochronological techniques. The study found that 65% of the study area has open (<70 trees/hectare) or savanna (<450 trees/hectare) with few or no juniper trees and seedlings. In contrast, 35% of the study area was classified as woodland. Over 50% of the trees in woodlands were small junipers. Identifying and understanding thresholds for woodland resilience and management in the Wildcat Hills provides insights into their current functional dynamics and directions for future research regarding their fate. iii DEDICATION: For Bob & Dee iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Many, many, thanks to my primary advisor, David Wedin, for guiding me through this project and stealing me away from the forest service to take me on this journey of research and science. Thank you to Dirac Twidwell and Eric North for your advice, brilliant ideas, and expert committee member style. I would like to especially thank Bob Smith and Bruce Rolls with Platte River Basin Environments and Chris Becker with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Without your guidance and knowledge of the Wildcat Hills, this study would not have been successful. Thank you to The Nature Conservancy for selecting me to receive the J.E. Weaver Grant in 2017. The funds from that grant secured my second field season in the Wildcat Hills with an awesome field crew, conference travel, and equipment that was extremely beneficial to the project. Thank you to the Nebraska Forest Service for collaborating on the 2018 Growth & Drain Study and providing me with the data. Thank you to everyone at the Nebraska Forest Service and the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture for supporting me to leave and pursue graduate school full time in SNR. I’m looking at you Eric Berg, Justin Evertson, Christina Hoyt, & Kim Todd. Thank you to Brian Waters for teaching me how to #writescientific. So many thanks to my fearless female friends and colleagues in science: Hannah B., Jessica B., Heather N., Tori D., and Amanda H. Each of you has inspired me, given me advice (statistics, writing, ArcGIS), let me cry in your kitchen, or helped me in one way or another throughout this entire process. Thank you, Hugh. Your unconditional love and support throughout this last year and a half has been incredible and so, so welcomed. Thanks for bringing me food and hugs at the office when I was in the thick of thesis preparation. Thank you also for delivering the final examination forms to graduate studies. (You’re literally making this happen!) Thank you to my family and close friends for always giving me a thumbs up/nod for continuing my education. Someday, I’ll figure out a way to explain why I do what I do. Linsey, thank you for questioning me, supporting me, and drinking beers with me when I was deciding to quit my cushy job and move away to go back to graduate school. Thank you to my new lab at Colorado State University for your patience and support while I worked through my final thesis revisions: Troy, Scott, and Dan. And thank you to a few people who will never see this: Hope Jaren, Oprah, and the #metoo movement. v TABLE OF CONTENTS: LIST OF FIGURES.…………………………………………………………………..…..vi LIST OF TABLES….…………………………………………………………...........…viii CHAPTER ONE: PONDEROSA PINE WOODLAND STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAL THRESHOLDS IN THE WILDCAT HILLS …………………………..1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 Methods….………………………………………………………………………...5 Results……………………………………………………………………………10 Discussion…..……………………………………………………………………22 CHAPTER TWO: A DENDROECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PONDEROSA PINE IN THE WILDCAT HILLS AND RESPONSE TO RECENT DROUGHT………………..27 Introduction….…………………………………………………………………...27 Methods…………………………………………………………………………..28 Results……………………………………………………………………………32 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..43 CHAPTER 3: MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS & FUTURE RESEARCH……………………...………………………………………………………46 REFERENCES……………..……………………………………………………………47 APPENDIX 1: UNDERSTORY VEGETATION PERCENT COVER AND FOREST FLOOR DEPTH……..…………………………………………………………………..56 APPENDIX 2: FUEL STRATA GAP…………………………………………………...58 vi LIST OF FIGURES: CHAPTER 1- Figure 1: Distribution of ponderosa pine in North America. Figure 2: 200 survey points at various management locations in the Wildcat Hills. Figure 3: 63 plot points chosen out of the 200 random stratified points.’ Figure 4: Classification system using TPH and basal area (m2/ha) for 60 plots. Figure 5: Classification systems using remote sensing and basal area. Figure 6: Juniper and ponderosa pine basal area in Wildcat Hills classes. Figure 7: Juniper and ponderosa pine density in Wildcat Hills classes. Figure 8: Histogram tables of distribution of diameter at breast height of juniper and ponderosa pine. Figure 9: Mean DBH for juniper and ponderosa pine across the Wildcat Hills classes. Figure 10: Mean regeneration of ponderosa pine and juniper seedlings and saplings per hectare across Wildcat Hills classes. Figure 11: Understory biomass (herbaceous, forest floor, and total) ungrazed and grazed plots across open, savanna, and woodland classes. CHAPTER 2- Figure 1: 200 survey points at various management locations in the Wildcat Hills. Figure 2: PDSI values from 1902-2017. Figure 3: Histogram showing range of ages of trees measured. Figure 4: Diameter at breast height vs age across measured ponderosa pine trees. Figure 5: Ponderosa pine trees (<10 cm diameter) within each vegetation classification by age. Figure 6: Illustration of low and high density plot effect on tree growth for ponderosa pine trees <10 cm diameter. Figure 7: Age distribution of ponderosa pine within high-density woodland plots. Figure 8: Age distribution of ponderosa pine within low-density open and savanna plots. vii Figure 9: Mean BAI across 50 ponderosa pines versus the age of the tree when a particular tree ring was formed. Figure 10: Mean basal area increment for trees >20 cm diameter for low and high densities from 2000-2016. Figure 11: Mean basal area increment for trees <10 cm diameter for low and high densities from 2000-2016. viii LIST OF TABLES: CHAPTER 1- Table 1: Classification systems of NLCD, LANDFIRE, Nebraska Forest Service, and Wildcat Hills with the data collected in 2016 and 2017. Table 2: Regeneration rates of juniper and ponderosa pine within each of the Wildcat Hills classes. Table 3: ANOVA model results showing response of ponderosa pine and juniper regeneration against vegetation classifications and grazing “treatments.” Table 4: Effect test of Vegetation Class (3 levels), Grazing (2 levels)
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