Comparison of Hash Function Algorithms Against Attacks: a Review
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FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy
Kernel Crypto API Cryptographic Module version 1.0 FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Version 1.3 Last update: 2020-03-02 Prepared by: atsec information security corporation 9130 Jollyville Road, Suite 260 Austin, TX 78759 www.atsec.com © 2020 Canonical Ltd. / atsec information security This document can be reproduced and distributed only whole and intact, including this copyright notice. Kernel Crypto API Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Table of Contents 1. Cryptographic Module Specification ..................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Module Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Modes of Operation ................................................................................................................................. 9 2. Cryptographic Module Ports and Interfaces ........................................................................................ 10 3. Roles, Services and Authentication ..................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Roles .......................................................................................................................................................11 3.2. Services ...................................................................................................................................................11 -
Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with Panama
Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with Panama Joan Daemen1 and Craig Clapp2 1 Banksys, Haachtesteenweg 1442, B-1130 Brussel, Belgium [email protected] 2 PictureTel Corporation, 100 Minuteman Rd., Andover, MA 01810, USA [email protected] Abstract. We present a cryptographic module that can be used both as a cryptographic hash function and as a stream cipher. High performance is achieved through a combination of low work-factor and a high degree of parallelism. Throughputs of 5.1 bits/cycle for the hashing mode and 4.7 bits/cycle for the stream cipher mode are demonstrated on a com- mercially available VLIW micro-processor. 1 Introduction Panama is a cryptographic module that can be used both as a cryptographic hash function and a stream cipher. It is designed to be very efficient in software implementations on 32-bit architectures. Its basic operations are on 32-bit words. The hashing state is updated by a parallel nonlinear transformation, the buffer operates as a linear feedback shift register, similar to that applied in the compression function of SHA [6]. Panama is largely based on the StepRightUp stream/hash module that was described in [4]. Panama has a low per-byte work factor while still claiming very high security. The price paid for this is a relatively high fixed computational overhead for every execution of the hash function. This makes the Panama hash function less suited for the hashing of messages shorter than the equivalent of a typewritten page. For the stream cipher it results in a relatively long initialization procedure. Hence, in applications where speed is critical, too frequent resynchronization should be avoided. -
MD5 Collisions the Effect on Computer Forensics April 2006
Paper MD5 Collisions The Effect on Computer Forensics April 2006 ACCESS DATA , ON YOUR RADAR MD5 Collisions: The Impact on Computer Forensics Hash functions are one of the basic building blocks of modern cryptography. They are used for everything from password verification to digital signatures. A hash function has three fundamental properties: • It must be able to easily convert digital information (i.e. a message) into a fixed length hash value. • It must be computationally impossible to derive any information about the input message from just the hash. • It must be computationally impossible to find two files to have the same hash. A collision is when you find two files to have the same hash. The research published by Wang, Feng, Lai and Yu demonstrated that MD5 fails this third requirement since they were able to generate two different messages that have the same hash. In computer forensics hash functions are important because they provide a means of identifying and classifying electronic evidence. Because hash functions play a critical role in evidence authentication, a judge and jury must be able trust the hash values to uniquely identify electronic evidence. A hash function is unreliable when you can find any two messages that have the same hash. Birthday Paradox The easiest method explaining a hash collision is through what is frequently referred to as the Birthday Paradox. How many people one the street would you have to ask before there is greater than 50% probability that one of those people will share your birthday (same day not the same year)? The answer is 183 (i.e. -
Asymmetric Proof-Of-Work Based on the Generalized Birthday Problem
Equihash: Asymmetric Proof-of-Work Based on the Generalized Birthday Problem Alex Biryukov Dmitry Khovratovich University of Luxembourg University of Luxembourg [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—The proof-of-work is a central concept in modern Long before the rise of Bitcoin it was realized [20] that cryptocurrencies and denial-of-service protection tools, but the the dedicated hardware can produce a proof-of-work much requirement for fast verification so far made it an easy prey for faster and cheaper than a regular desktop or laptop. Thus the GPU-, ASIC-, and botnet-equipped users. The attempts to rely on users equipped with such hardware have an advantage over memory-intensive computations in order to remedy the disparity others, which eventually led the Bitcoin mining to concentrate between architectures have resulted in slow or broken schemes. in a few hardware farms of enormous size and high electricity In this paper we solve this open problem and show how to consumption. An advantage of the same order of magnitude construct an asymmetric proof-of-work (PoW) based on a compu- is given to “owners” of large botnets, which nowadays often tationally hard problem, which requires a lot of memory to gen- accommodate hundreds of thousands of machines. For prac- erate a proof (called ”memory-hardness” feature) but is instant tical DoS protection, this means that the early TLS puzzle to verify. Our primary proposal Equihash is a PoW based on the schemes [8], [17] are no longer effective against the most generalized birthday problem and enhanced Wagner’s algorithm powerful adversaries. -
BLAKE2: Simpler, Smaller, Fast As MD5
BLAKE2: simpler, smaller, fast as MD5 Jean-Philippe Aumasson1, Samuel Neves2, Zooko Wilcox-O'Hearn3, and Christian Winnerlein4 1 Kudelski Security, Switzerland [email protected] 2 University of Coimbra, Portugal [email protected] 3 Least Authority Enterprises, USA [email protected] 4 Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany [email protected] Abstract. We present the hash function BLAKE2, an improved version of the SHA-3 finalist BLAKE optimized for speed in software. Target applications include cloud storage, intrusion detection, or version control systems. BLAKE2 comes in two main flavors: BLAKE2b is optimized for 64-bit platforms, and BLAKE2s for smaller architectures. On 64- bit platforms, BLAKE2 is often faster than MD5, yet provides security similar to that of SHA-3: up to 256-bit collision resistance, immunity to length extension, indifferentiability from a random oracle, etc. We specify parallel versions BLAKE2bp and BLAKE2sp that are up to 4 and 8 times faster, by taking advantage of SIMD and/or multiple cores. BLAKE2 reduces the RAM requirements of BLAKE down to 168 bytes, making it smaller than any of the five SHA-3 finalists, and 32% smaller than BLAKE. Finally, BLAKE2 provides a comprehensive support for tree-hashing as well as keyed hashing (be it in sequential or tree mode). 1 Introduction The SHA-3 Competition succeeded in selecting a hash function that comple- ments SHA-2 and is much faster than SHA-2 in hardware [1]. There is nev- ertheless a demand for fast software hashing for applications such as integrity checking and deduplication in filesystems and cloud storage, host-based intrusion detection, version control systems, or secure boot schemes. -
Cryptanalysis of MD4
Cryptanalysis of MD4 Hans Dobbertin German Information Security Agency P. O. Box 20 03 63 D-53133 Bonn e-maih dobbert inQskom, rhein .de Abstract. In 1990 Rivest introduced the hash function MD4. Two years later RIPEMD, a European proposal, was designed as a stronger mode of MD4. Recently wc have found an attack against two of three rounds of RIPEMD. As we shall show in the present note, the methods developed to attack RIPEMD can be modified and supplemented such that it is possible to break the full MD4, while previously only partial attacks were known. An implementation of our attack allows to find collisions for MD4 in a few seconds on a PC. An example of a collision is given demonstrating that our attack is of practical relevance. 1 Introduction Rivest [7] introduced the hash function MD4 in 1990. The MD4 algorithm is defined as an iterative application of a three-round compress function. After an unpublished attack on the first two rounds of MD4 due to Merkle and an attack against the last two rounds by den Boer and Bosselaers [2], Rivest introduced the strengthened version MD5 [8]. The most important difference to MD4 is the adding of a fourth round. On the other hand the stronger mode RIPEMD [1] of MD4 was designed as a European proposal in 1992. The compress function of RIPEMD consists of two parallel lines of a modified version of the MD4 compress function. In [4] we have shown that if the first or the last round of its compress function is omitted, then RIPEMD is not collision-free. -
Efficient Collision Attack Frameworks for RIPEMD-160
Efficient Collision Attack Frameworks for RIPEMD-160 Fukang Liu1;6, Christoph Dobraunig2;3, Florian Mendel4, Takanori Isobe5;6, Gaoli Wang1?, and Zhenfu Cao1? 1 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China [email protected],fglwang,[email protected] 2 Graz University of Technology, Austria 3 Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [email protected] 4 Infineon Technologies AG, Germany [email protected] 5 National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Japan 6 University of Hyogo, Japan [email protected] Abstract. RIPEMD-160 is an ISO/IEC standard and has been applied to gen- erate the Bitcoin address with SHA-256. Due to the complex dual-stream struc- ture, the first collision attack on reduced RIPEMD-160 presented by Liu, Mendel and Wang at Asiacrypt 2017 only reaches 30 steps, having a time complexity of 270. Apart from that, several semi-free-start collision attacks have been published for reduced RIPEMD-160 with the start-from-the-middle method. Inspired from such start-from-the middle structures, we propose two novel efficient collision at- tack frameworks for reduced RIPEMD-160 by making full use of the weakness of its message expansion. Those two frameworks are called dense-left-and-sparse- right (DLSR) framework and sparse-left-and-dense-right (SLDR) framework. As it turns out, the DLSR framework is more efficient than SLDR framework since one more step can be fully controlled, though with extra 232 memory complexi- ty. To construct the best differential characteristics for the DLSR framework, we carefully build the linearized part of the characteristics and then solve the cor- responding nonlinear part using a guess-and-determine approach. -
Secure Multi Keyword Fuzzy with Semantic Expansion Based Search Over Encrypted Cloud Data
SECURE MULTI KEYWORD FUZZY WITH SEMANTIC EXPANSION BASED SEARCH OVER ENCRYPTED CLOUD DATA ARFA BAIG Dept of Computer Science & Engineering B.N.M Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India E-mail: [email protected] Abstract— The initiation of cloud computing has led to ease of access in Internet-based computing and is commonly used for web servers or development systems where there are security and compliance requirements. Nevertheless, some of the confidential information has to be encrypted to avoid any intrusion. Henceforward as an attempt, a semantic expansion based multi- keyword fuzzy search provides solution over encrypted cloud data by using the locality-sensitive hashing technique. This solution returns not only the accurately matched files, but also the files including the terms semantically related to the query keyword. In the proposed scheme fuzzy matching is achieved through algorithmic design rather than expanding the index files. It also eradicates the need of a predefined dictionary and effectively supports multiple keyword fuzzy search without increasing the index or search complexity. The indexes are formed based on locality sensitive hashing (LSH), the result files are returned according to the total relevance score. Index Terms—Multi keyword fuzzy search, Locality Sensitive Hashing, Secure Semantic Expansion. support fuzzy search and also required the use of pre- I. INTRODUCTION defined dictionary which lacked scalability and Cloud computing is a form of computing that depends flexibility for modification and updation of the data. on sharing computing resources rather than having These drawbacks create the necessity of the new local servers or personal devices to handle technique of multi keyword fuzzy search. -
Lower Bounds on Lattice Sieving and Information Set Decoding
Lower bounds on lattice sieving and information set decoding Elena Kirshanova1 and Thijs Laarhoven2 1Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia [email protected] 2Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands [email protected] April 22, 2021 Abstract In two of the main areas of post-quantum cryptography, based on lattices and codes, nearest neighbor techniques have been used to speed up state-of-the-art cryptanalytic algorithms, and to obtain the lowest asymptotic cost estimates to date [May{Ozerov, Eurocrypt'15; Becker{Ducas{Gama{Laarhoven, SODA'16]. These upper bounds are useful for assessing the security of cryptosystems against known attacks, but to guarantee long-term security one would like to have closely matching lower bounds, showing that improvements on the algorithmic side will not drastically reduce the security in the future. As existing lower bounds from the nearest neighbor literature do not apply to the nearest neighbor problems appearing in this context, one might wonder whether further speedups to these cryptanalytic algorithms can still be found by only improving the nearest neighbor subroutines. We derive new lower bounds on the costs of solving the nearest neighbor search problems appearing in these cryptanalytic settings. For the Euclidean metric we show that for random data sets on the sphere, the locality-sensitive filtering approach of [Becker{Ducas{Gama{Laarhoven, SODA 2016] using spherical caps is optimal, and hence within a broad class of lattice sieving algorithms covering almost all approaches to date, their asymptotic time complexity of 20:292d+o(d) is optimal. Similar conditional optimality results apply to lattice sieving variants, such as the 20:265d+o(d) complexity for quantum sieving [Laarhoven, PhD thesis 2016] and previously derived complexity estimates for tuple sieving [Herold{Kirshanova{Laarhoven, PKC 2018]. -
Cryptography and Network Security Chapter 12
Chapter 12 – Message CryptographyCryptography andand Authentication Codes NetworkNetwork SecuritySecurity • At cats' green on the Sunday he took the message from the inside of the pillar and added Peter Moran's name to ChapterChapter 1212 the two names already printed there in the "Brontosaur" code. The message now read: “Leviathan to Dragon: Martin Hillman, Trevor Allan, Peter Moran: observe and tail. ” What was the good of it John hardly knew. He felt Fifth Edition better, he felt that at last he had made an attack on Peter Moran instead of waiting passively and effecting no by William Stallings retaliation. Besides, what was the use of being in possession of the key to the codes if he never took Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown advantage of it? (with edits by RHB) • —Talking to Strange Men, Ruth Rendell Outline Message Authentication • we will consider: • message authentication is concerned with: – message authentication requirements – protecting the integrity of a message – message authentication using encryption – validating identity of originator – non -repudiation of origin (dispute resolution) – MACs • three alternative approaches used: – HMAC authentication using a hash function – hash functions (see Ch 11) – DAA – message encryption – CMAC authentication using a block cipher – message authentication codes ( MACs ) and CCM – GCM authentication using a block cipher – PRNG using Hash Functions and MACs Symmetric Message Encryption Message Authentication Code • encryption can also provides authentication (MAC) • if symmetric encryption -
Fast Collision Attack on MD5
Fast Collision Attack on MD5 Marc Stevens Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. [email protected] Abstract. In this paper, we present an improved attack algorithm to find two-block colli- sions of the hash function MD5. The attack uses the same differential path of MD5 and the set of sufficient conditions that was presented by Wang et al. We present a new technique which allows us to deterministically fulfill restrictions to properly rotate the differentials in the first round. We will present a new algorithm to find the first block and we will use an al- gorithm of Klima to find the second block. To optimize the inner loop of these algorithms we will optimize the set of sufficient conditions. We also show that the initial value used for the attack has a large influence on the attack complexity. Therefore a recommendation is made for 2 conditions on the initial value of the attack to avoid very hard situations if one has some freedom in choosing this initial value. Our attack can be done in an average of about 1 minute (avg. complexity 232.3) on a 3Ghz Pentium4 for these random recommended initial values. For arbitrary random initial values the average is about 5 minutes (avg. complexity 234.1). With a reasonable probability a collision is found within mere seconds, allowing for instance an attack during the execution of a protocol. Keywords: MD5, collision, differential cryptanalysis 1 Introduction Hash functions are among the primitive functions used in cryptography, because of their one- way and collision free properties. -
SHA-3 Conference, March 2012, Efficient Hardware Implementations
Efficient Hardware Implementations and Hardware Performance Evaluation of SHA-3 Finalists Kashif Latif, M Muzaffar Rao, Arshad Aziz and Athar Mahboob National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Cryptographic hash functions are at the heart of many information security applications like digital signatures, message authentication codes (MACs), and other forms of authentication. In consequence of recent innovations in cryptanalysis of commonly used hash algorithms, NIST USA announced a publicly open competition for selection of new standard Secure Hash Algorithm called SHA-3. An essential part of this contest is hardware performance evaluation of the candidates. In this work we present efficient hardware implementations and hardware performance evaluations of SHA-3 finalists. We implemented and investigated the performance of SHA-3 finalists on latest Xilinx FPGAs. We show our results in the form of chip area consumption, throughput and throughput per area on most recently released devices from Xilinx on which implementations have not been reported yet. We have achieved substantial improvements in implementation results from all of the previously reported work. This work serves as performance investigation of SHA-3 finalists on most up-to-date FPGAs. Keywords: SHA-3, Performance Evaluation, Cryptographic Hash Functions, High Speed Encryption Hardware, FPGA. 1 Introduction A cryptographic hash function is a deterministic procedure whose input is an arbitrary block of data and output is a fixed-size bit string, which is known as the (Cryptographic) hash value. Cryptographic hash functions are widely used in many information security applications like digital signatures, message authentication codes (MACs), and other forms of authentication.