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The Neo-Gramscian Approach The Changing Place of Globalism in the American Post- Cold War Foreign Policy Debate: a Perspective in the Neo-Gramscian Approach By Emad El-Din Aysha, University of Sheffield, October 2000. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, Department of Politics, Faculty of Social Sciences: - SUMMARY With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of communism the very paradigm of US foreign policy - globalism - has fallen apart, at the level of intellectual utility (analysing the world adequately) and ideological appeal (at the level of policymakers and the public). This thesis attempts to provide an account of the position of globalism in post-Cold War US foreign policy, at the level of actual policy and policy discourse, as understood and conceptualised from a neo-Gramscian perspective. Adopting the neo-Gramscian approach, we elaborate on such central Gramscian concepts as hegemony, organic intellectuals, historic blocs, etc. We also adapt such concepts as `globalism' and `world order' - which are not Gramscian in origin - to our methodology and produce our own understanding and definition of them, in addition to reinterpreting the history of US foreign policy based on our re- conceptualisation.We do examine the various economic and military policies pursued by America in the new era, but we primarily focus on the legitimating strategies adopted by the government to justify these policies, and the social basis of these legitimising strategies. Of particular concern is the wider foreign policy debate in post-Cold War America, and the differing legitimising strategies that constitute this debate as America's foreign policymakers, their attendant intellectuals, and the various power centres in the country adapt to the new world. All these different strands of analysis are pursued in tandem throughout the thesis, with all these strands pulled together by the end of this thesis. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude first and foremost to my supervisor Professor Tony Payne, for his patient reading of my drafts and his valuable commentary which helped me shape and reshape the contents and argumentation of this thesis. Special thanks also to my second supervisor, Anthony Arblaster, for his advice and feedback on various important aspectsof my work. My sincere thanks go to all the staff of the Politics Department, especially Sarah Cooke for her extensive help, and the staff of the Sheffield University Library, the American University in Cairo Library, the Hallam University Library, and the Sheffield City Library. Finally, I owe many thanks to all my friends, colleagues, and associates who provided me with important information and helped me better understand my subject. There names include: Vincent Ferraro, Jonathan Perraton, David Higgins, Ankie Hoogvelt, Stephen George, Nick Howard, Philip Cerny, Wyn Grant, Geoffrey Underhill, Fred Halliday, Jagdish Bhagwati, Martin Walker, Randall Germain, Mike Kenny, Andrew Philip Barker, Tony Heron, Andreas Bieler, Tarek Kashif, Antony Billinghurst, Gregg DeYoung, John Richardson, Inas Salem, Mahmoud El-Louzy, and the editors of The National Interest, Commentary, Foreign Affairs, and Foreign Policy. Sheffield, 23rdOctober 2000 iii Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to the people of Palestine. iv CONTENTS: SUMMARY: ii ................................................................................................................. Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iii Dedication iv ..................................................................................................................... INTRODUCTION: 1 ...................................................................................................... CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCING THE NEO-GRAMSCIAN APPROACH: HEGEMONY AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IDEAS AND INTELLECTUALS 5 ........................................................................................................................................ Introduction: 6 ............................................................................................................... Section 1-The Neo-Gramscian Approach: Background and Key Concepts.........7 Political Economy: 1.1 - The Neo-Gramscian Approach and the New International 7 ........................................................................................................................................ in 1.2 - The Dual Nature of Domination: Power and Legitimacy the Gramscian Perspective 10 ................................................................................................................... 1.3 - The Intellectual Arena of Hegemony: Organic Intellectuals and the Ideational Instruments Power 12 of ................................................................................................... V Section 2- Historicising Globalism: US Hegemony and the American Historical Bloc 23 .............................................................................................................................. 2.1 - Defining Globalism: Distinctions. History, and the ConsensualElement.......... 23 2.2 - The Economics of American Globalism: The External Imperative and the Formation the American Historic Bloc 26 of .................................................................... 2.3 - The Geopolitics of American Globalism: The Soviet Threat to the Establishment, the Embedded Liberal Response 37 and ................................................... Section 3- Globalism, Globalisation and Decline: The Breakdown of American Hegemony its Historic Bloc 48 and ................................................................................ 3.1 - The Internal Consequences of Globalisation and Decline: The Dissolution of America's Historic Bloc Hegemonic Establishment 48 and ............................................. End America's Internal 3.2 - Setting the Hegemonic Context for the New Era: The of External He 59 and eQmony ............................................................................................... Section 4- Plan Thesis: 67 of ......................................................................................... OF AMERICA'S GLOBALIST CHAPTER TWO - THE BREAKDOWN HEGEMONIC PROJECT: THE GEOPOLITICS AND GEO-ECONOMICS OF THE BUSH-CLINTON ERA 70 .................................................................................... Introduction: 71 ............................................................................................................. Section 1- The Changing Economics of Globalism: Multilateral ism. Regionalism. the Economics Consent 73 and of ........................................................... VI 1.1 - The New World Economic Order: Economics as National Security in the Geo- Economic Age 73 .............................................................................................................. 1.2 - America's Post-Cold War Trade Strategy: Globalism. Coercion and the GATT Uruguay Round 84 ............................................................................................................ 1.3 - The Regionalisation of US Trade Policy: The Configuration of He egmonic Forces Behind NAFTA 88 ................................................................................................ Section 2- From Old World Order to New World Disorder: The Rhetoric and Reality US Security Strategy 99 of ................................................................................. 2.1 - America's Changing Security Architecture: From Global Stability to Regional Contingency 99 ................................................................................................................. 2.2 - The Place of Transatlantic Relations in the New Era: European Security and the Growing Economic Agenda 111 ....................................................................................... East Asian Policy 2.3 - The Merging of Geo-Economics and Geopolitics: Japan. and Big Emerging Markets 121 the ........................................................................................ Section 3- Conclusion: 138 ............................................................................................ CHAPTER THREE - IDEAS AND INTERESTS IN THE MAKING OF US 'GRAND STRATEGY': INTELLECTUALLY ADAPTING AMERICA TO THE NEW ERA 140 ....................................................................................................... Introduction: 142 ............................................................................................................. VII Section 1- From the National Interest to National Identity: The Specifics of the American Dilemma the Nature the Foreign Policy Debate 143 and of ...................... 1.1 - Framing the Context of the Foreign Policy Debate: The Crisis of National Identity the Existential Dimension the US Dilemma 143 and of ...................................... 1.2 - Identity Politics and the American Dilemma: Revisionism and the Balance of Political Power 151 ........................................................................................................... 1.3 - The Dialectics of American Foreign Policy and Identity: The Establishment's Image America the World 155 of and ............................................................................... 1.4 - The Establishment's `Vision' of America: Reconciling Competing Visions and Factions 160 .....................................................................................................................
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