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Redcliffs Archaeological History and Material Culture

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Redcliffs Archaeological History and Material Culture Redcliffs Archaeological History and Material Culture by Georgia Kerby A Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago, 2017 Abstract Over 140 years of excavation events at the Redcliffs site complex on the edge of Ihutai, Canterbury, has resulted in a unique material culture collection in Canterbury Museum. The site complex’s physical setting is located with easy access to a large range of resources, inland access routes, and shelter on Canterbury’s east coast. However, it lay directly on the shores of a highly dynamic microtidal estuary, which was an open bay upon first Māori arrival to the area and has likely influenced past patterns of settlement and the preservation of the local archaeological record. This thesis has achieved two outcomes. The first was the organisation and synthesis of the archaeological history of the Redcliffs site complex, from 1865-2003, in order to recognise the state and availability of Redcliffs archaeological information for future studies. The second was the production of an artefact inventory and description of the Redcliffs site complex material culture collection based on records in Canterbury Museum. This work supports that Redcliffs was the host of several temporary camps during winter spanning the mid to late 14th century AD to the early 16th century AD. Rather than Redcliffs being simply a ‘Moa Hunter’ camp, as it is often described, it was the locus of broad scale and opportunistic hunter gatherer practices, with a focus on fishing, shellfish collection, and fowling. Moncks Cave’s material culture showed some distinctions to that of the rest of the site complex which, with what is previously known about its faunal record, reveals that large scale cultural changes were taking place between AD1400 to AD1500 in relation to the decline of moa and seal and likely local geomorphological fluctuations. While many more aspects of Redcliffs life need further investigation, particularly the site complex’s chronology, the Redcliffs site complex’s material culture and especially its organic artefacts have revealed a more detailed and realistic image of Māori everyday life during the earliest periods of settlement than previously seen in Aotearoa. ii Acknowledgements The past year has been a wonderful journey through learning to research and write on such a large scale and in reconnecting myself to the Redcliffs suburb where I grew up. I firstly want to say a big thank you to my supervisor Richard Walter for guiding me through this project and answering late night emails. Your knowledge of Pacific archaeology and theory is inspiring and helped me to stay focused on the wider implications of this topic. It is great to see that we successfully achieved this despite each of us travelling so much! Secondly, Roger Fyfe at Canterbury Museum has been a joy to learn from about all things museum and has been incredibly supportive of my work in Canterbury Museum. Thank you for your guidance through the many hours I spent looking at old Ethnology Registers and trying to read old archaeologist handwriting; it was much needed. I extend this thanks to all of the Canterbury Museum staff (particularly Hatesia, Sarah, and Nicolas), not simply for the granting of a Visiting Researcher position, but particularly for creating an inclusive and supportive work environment. To Michael Trotter, Louise Furey, Dan Witter, Jeremy Habberfield-Short, and Tristan Wadsworth, thank you for your occasions of advice, especially on suggestions of grey literature and thesis writing. Also to Tim Jones from the Christchurch Public Art Gallery for your knowledge on finding works in the art gallery based on their subject’s geographical location; this is a very cool tool. This research was enabled by funding from the Arrow International (NZ) Ltd and Mike Greer Homes Archaeology Scholarship and I am grateful for the opportunity to engage with such an amazing project. A massive thank you to the Otago University’s Anthropology Department, for maintaining their cool and still having some fun during the changes to the department. This includes my wonderful team of fellow postgraduates who are so supportive in and outside of university, I know you’ll all do well. Lastly, thank you to my flatmates and family for not getting sick of “Redcliffs” and helping me to get through the year, especially to my Dad for proofreading the entire thesis the weekend before it was due! After all that, I hope that you all enjoy seeing how special Redcliffs really is and get excited for what more we will find out in the future. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ x Glossary....................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter One: Thesis Introduction .............................................................................................. 12 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 12 1.2 Aotearoa Colonisation and Early Lifeways ................................................................. 14 1.3 Māori Cultural Phases ................................................................................................. 17 1.4 The Setting: Redcliffs and its Significance .................................................................. 20 1.5 Research Aims and Methods ...................................................................................... 21 1.6 Thesis Organisation..................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Two: Landscape and Geomorphological Context ........................................................ 24 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 24 2.2 The Regional and Local Environments ........................................................................ 26 2.3 Pre-1870s Study Area Geomorphology ...................................................................... 30 2.4 Ihutai Archaeology ...................................................................................................... 34 2.5 Chapter Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 36 Chapter Three: Redcliffs Site Complex Synthesis ...................................................................... 38 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 38 3.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 41 3.3 A Synthesis of 140 Years of Archaeological Investigation of Redcliffs ....................... 43 3.4 Redcliffs Site Complex Synthesis and Initial Interpretations ...................................... 93 3.5 Chapter Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 4: Redcliffs Site Complex Material Culture ................................................................ 101 iv 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 101 4.2 The Museum Collection ............................................................................................ 101 4.3 Material Culture Methodology ................................................................................. 102 4.4 Characteristics of the Redcliffs Site Complex Material Culture ................................ 106 4.5 Personal Ornaments ................................................................................................. 107 4.6 Organic/Composite Materials................................................................................... 112 4.7 Bone Tools ................................................................................................................ 128 4.8 Stone Tools ............................................................................................................... 137 4.9 Lithic Other ............................................................................................................... 146 4.10 Objects of Unidentified Material .............................................................................. 151 4.11 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................... 152 4.12 Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................... 157 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion ..................................................................................... 158 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................
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