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For more information, visit www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html. IEEE Computer Society Magazine Editors in Chief Computer IEEE Micro Sumi Helal, University of Florida Lieven Eeckhout, Ghent IEEE MultiMedia University Y ong Rui, Microsoft Research IEEE Software Diomidis Spinellis, Athens IEEE Computer Graphics IEEE Annals of the History University of Economics and and Applications of Computing Business L. Miguel Encarnação, ACT, Inc. Nathan Ensmenger, Indiana University Bloomington IEEE Internet Computing IEEE Pervasive Computing M. Brian Blake, University of Maria Ebling, IBM T.J. Watson IEEE Cloud Computing Miami Research Center Mazin Yousif, T-Systems International IT Professional Computing in Science San Murugesan, BRITE & Engineering Professional Services George K. Thiruvathukal, Loyola University Chicago IEEE Security & Privacy IEEE Intelligent Systems Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Technical Daniel Zeng, University of Arizona University of Darmstadt www.computer.org/computingedge 1 JUNE 2016 • VOLUME 2, NUMBER 6 THEME HERE 14 20 44 Dynamic Toward a Standard Underwater Visual Certifi cation Interface for Computing: of Cloud Cloud Providers: The Grand Services: Trust, The Container as Challenge Just but Verify! the Narrow Waist around the Corner 4 Spotlight on Transactions: Virtual Learning and Object Reconstruction H. CHAD LANE AND DAVID FORSYTH 8 Editor’s Note: Looking for Answers in the Cloud 10 Understanding Complex Cloud Patterns DI AV D S. LINTHICUM 14 Dynamic Certification of Cloud Services: Trust, but Verify! SEBASTIAN LINS, PASCAL GROCHOL, STEPHAN SCHNEIDER, AND ALI SUNYAEV 20 Toward a Standard Interface for Cloud Providers: The Container as the Narrow Waist SILVERY FU, JIANGCHUAN LIU, XIAOWEN CHU, AND YUEMING HU 26 Deciding When and How to Move HPC Jobs to the Cloud MARCO A.S. NETTO, RENATO L.F. CUNHA, AND NICOLE SULTANUM 30 Standards for Hybrid Clouds ALAN SILL 34 The Promise of Edge Computing WEISONG SHI AND SCHAHRAM DUSTDAR 38 Cloud-Based AI for Pervasive Applications ALBRECHT SCHMIDT 44 Underwater Visual Computing: The Grand Challenge Just around the Corner UWE FREIHERR VON LUKAS 51 It Is Cold. And Lonely. GRADY BOOCH 70 Automation and Future Unemployment GEORGE STRAWN Departments 6 Magazine Roundup 70 54 CS Special: Computer Society’s 2016 Take Your Child to Work Day Automation LORI CAMERON and Future 56 Computing Careers: Unemployment Finding the Cloud-Computing Job You Want 58 Career Opportunities Subscribe to ComputingEdge for free at www.computer.org/computingedge. SECTIONSPOTLIGHT TITLE ON TRANSACTIONS However, a single picture is very the camera from some surface in the of surface re ectance and geometry, di erent because many important world. The surface will re ect di er- to the choice of colors that appear on phenomena are con ated to produce ent fractions of the incident light at the surface, and to the illumination equations. These tasks are embedded that picture. For example, a pixel might di erent wavelengths (the re ectance eld. The trick is to produce a recon- Virtual Learning and “in-world,” allowing learners to design, be dark because it has dark paint on it, of the surface), changing the re ected struction that exactly reproduces the share, and interact. The authors also there isn’t much light, or the surface light’s color. The illumination eld in image while having the best value of report on a user evaluation of the sys- is tilted away from the light. In their which the object sits might vary with cost functions that score compatibil- Object Reconstruction tem, breaking down the appeal of the paper “Shape, Illumination and Re ec- direction (think of a ashlight beam in ity with these constraints. By doing approach from a learner’s perspective. tance from Shading,” Jon Barron and a dark room) and might be colored. The so, the authors are leading research in Further, preliminary knowledge as- Jitendra Malik of the