ISSN: 2572-5971

Research Article Advances in Nutrition & Food Science A Survey on the Ethnobotanical uses of Plants in Mersin and Adana Provinces ()

Ayse Everest1 and Elif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz2*

* 1Mersin University, Science &Art Faculty, Biology Department, Corresponding author Elif Ayse Erdogan Eliuz, Department of Food technology, Vocational Ciftlikkoy-Mersin, Turkey School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey, E-Mail: [email protected] 2Department of Food technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey Submitted: 30 Oct 2017; Accepted: 08 Nov 2017; Published: 15 Nov 2017

Abstract Background: This study presents the result of a second research on the popular medicinal plant species in the traditional markets in Mersin and Adana. This work done for the first time in 2005 was carried out again in 2012-2013. Here we conducted on the pharmacological properties of medicinal plants and this survey could be a base for future studies on the herbs that are interesting on the potential use of their metabolites. The purpose of our study is to underlines the ethnobotanical richness of the region and compare with other cities of Turkey and abroad ethnobotany published literature.

Methods: The informants about herbal drugs were collected between 2012-2013 by interview with herbalists and customers.

Results: A total of 175 species belonging to 57 families were reported and the plants were listed with their local and latin names. As a result, local people have used various plant species to treat many ailments and tha data indicated that these herbs have used especially for disorders of immune system (18.96 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (18.10 %), analgesic- anodyne-emollient-sedative (15.05 %), urinary system (10.04 %), heart-blood (9.06 %), disorders of arthritis (6.62 %), respiratory system (5.19 %), skin disorders (4.25 %), cancer (4.05 %), gynecological (3.59 %), mental and neurological disorders (1.76 %).

Conclusion: We documented the traditional ethnobotanical data herited by local people living in Adana-Mersin region. These plants were widely preferred by local people to use treatment of many ailments. The results of this study provided preliminary knowledge about local use and aimed at a more detailed researches on the usage of herbs.

Keywords: Mersin-Adana (Mediterranean region), Turkey, the research of folk medicine of indigenous people. By the late of Ethnobotany, Herbal markets the nineteenth century and development of the pharmaceutical industry, synthetic medicines dominated, though herbal drugs have Background never been out of scene [8,9]. However,over the past 15 years, the Ethnobotanical researches started with the studies of Ibn-i Sina increases in the populated and agricultural areas, and the decrease in the thousands of years ago and spreaded to the whole world. in medicinal herbs have triggered the interest in ethno-botanical It knows that, Ibn-i Sina, from Buhara (Uzbekistan, 980-1037), studies throughout the world [10]. The studies about ethnobotanical is one of the oldest Turkish scientists in botany and medicine and database, ethnographic knowledge and etymology of traditional well known in Europe by the latinized name Avicenna. Ibn-i Sina, herbs in a spesific area also have had a critical important for is also mathematician and philosopher, had studied the works of researchers. Therefore, many paper conserning the traditional uses all the Greek philosophers and naturalists in Anatolia. He is the of plants present local knowledge such as mountainous Wakhan and first philosopher that talked about the benefits and harms of plants Pamir, Paphos and Larnaca countryside, Bologna, Albanian Alps as by starting radish and lavender. Thousands of years ago, he had well as broad region such as Mediterranean [11-15]. advised brisk walking that today all orthopedic and psychiatrists advice to people [1,2]. In Europe, such studies gained momentum Turkey has progressed parallel to this increased interest in other in the early 1800s when John W. Harsberger, a famous botanist [3]. developed countries. Turkish people have been had a rich healing system and used them for the treatment of some daily diseases. The herbs, the oldest friend of mankind, have been used to food, The , the south of Turkey (Adana and Mersin shelter and cure different ailments since ancient times The use of provinces), are one of the centers of the Mediterranean Region with plants in traditional medicine of many culture have continued to a rich plant and have diverse healing cultures and no doubt be an play an important role in health care and pharmaceutical study [4-7]. unique source of future herbal rediversity [16-18]. The aim of our Natural drugs and their derivates were originally discovered through study, research is to focus on the kinds of medical diversity found

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 1 of 13 in the herbal markets, on the frequency of usage of the plants, and such as open areas, steppes, scrubs and roadsides and sold as dried thus, to report the different treatment types that are applied in the bunches in open or pre-packed mixtures or as fresh preparations. south of Turkey (Adana and Mersin provinces). The plants of foreign origin have also reached the herbal market by increasing numbers in these years. These dried samples in the herbal Methods markets in Mersin and Adana have been determinated by using Our chosen study area, Mersin and Adana, The Taurus Mountains’ reference and key books [19,21]. The data were collected through direct hills are located in the south of Turkey with C4-5-6 grid squares interviews with herbalists and customers. The popular medicinal herbs (Mediterranean region). The plants drugs in the herbal markets are used for treatments are shown to be monthly by low: *, normal: **, collected from the villages in the Taurus Mountains (Figure 1). medium: *** , high: **** and over: ***** . The samples were listed by their local and latin names by the treatment rates and by the medical health data given by WHO [22]. Voucher specimens, in duplicates, are saved both in the Research of Biology Department in Mersin (MERA).

Results In this study we reported that medical plants are used especially for disorders of immune system (18.96 %), intestinal-digestive disorders (18.10 %), analgesic, anodyne, emollient, sedative (15.05 %), urinary system (10.04 %), heart-blood (9.06 %), disorders of arthritis (6.62 Figure 1: The Research Area %), respiratory system disorders (5.19 %), skin disorders (4.25 %), In the villages, dominant forest species are as follows: Pinus brutia, cancer (4.05 %), gynecological (3.59 %), mental and neurological P. nigra, Quercus coccifera, Q. cerris, Q. ithaburensis, Q. infectoria, disorders (1.76 %) and the others; smoking addiction, mother’s milk Juniperus oxycedrus, J. excelsa, J. drupacea and Abies cilicica also supply, sexual stimulant, expand their consciousness eg. (3.33 %) Cedrus libani [19,20]. The medical plants are harvested from places (Table 2). Table 1: The comparison with the other studies in Turkey Pathologies In Mersin, Adana (%) (our study) In Mersin, Adana(%) [6] In Sakarya (%) [40] Immune system 18.96 - 18 Gastrointestinal-digestive disorders 18.10 21.68 8.6 Analgesic,anodyne, emollient, 15.05 4.32 - sedative Urinary system disorders 10.04 7.70 2.2 Heart-blood disorders 9.06 8.48 - Arthritis 6.62 3.16 13.0 Respiratory system disorders 5.19 10.43 1.4 Skin disorders 4.25 6.48 10.1 Cancer 4.05 - - Gynecological disorders 3.59 4.42 4.42 Mental and neurological disorders 1.76 - 2.9 Others (smoking addiction, sexual stimulant eg. ) 3.33

Table 2: The comparison of the incidence of remedies between the region in the other countries Pathologies In Turkey (%) (our study) In Naran Walley, Pakistan (%) In North East Bosnia and [42] Herzegovina (%) [43] Immune system 18.96 - 3.8 Gastrointestinal-digestive disorders 18.10 32.76 17.3 Analgesic,anodyne, emollient, sedative 15.05 - 0.4 Urinary system disorders 10.04 9.13 12.7 Heart-blood disorders 9.06 7.37 7.2 Arthritis 6.62 - 7.5 Respiratory system disorders 5.19 13.72 15.2 Skin disorders 4.25 7.03 10.4 Cancer 4.05 ≤5 - Gynecological disorders 3.59 - - Mental and neurological disorders 1.76 ≤5 6.7 Others (smoking addiction, sexual stimulant eg.) 3.33

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 2 of 13 Table 1: List of the Medicinal Plants Recorded in the Research Area Family Turkish name Latin name Usage Benefits Origin of plant Herbal Most treated Market pathologies Lauraceae Avakado/ Persea gratissima Paste Leaves and fruits are Gastrointestinal America Amz Mezitli fruit * used as antihypertensive agents. Leaves are also used for constipation. Brassicaceae Hardal/fruit Brassica juncea Paste, Regulation of the India Amz Mezitli ** tablet blood flow. cardiovascular Simmondsiaceae Jojoba/leaveseed Simmondsia Tea Anti-allergen America and Amz Mezitli chinensis nervous Mexican ** Hypericaceae Kantoron/ Hypericum Oil As antidepressant and Immune system Denizli, İzmir, Amz Mezitli Leave, stem perforatum to inhibition microbial Kütahya *** growth on the wound with antiseptic properties. Lamiaceae Karabaş/ Lavandula Cosmetic Treatment of asthma, Mersin and Amz Mezitli Leave, flower stoechas product bronchitis, shortness Immune system **** of breath, expectorant. Myrtaceae Okaliptus/ Eucalyptus Tea, paste Respiratory disorders. Respiratory Mersin, Adana and Amz Mezitli leave camaldulensis system Hatay ** Oleaceae Yasemin/ Jasminum Tea Rheumatic pain Skeleton system Mersin and Antalya Amz Mezitli flower officinalis ***** Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ Achillea Spice, Hemorrhoids and Gastrointestinal Turkey Amz Mezitli leave, flower millefolium Cosmetic rheumatic pain *** Zingiberaceae Havlıcan/ Alpinia Infusion Headaches and Nervous system Malaysia and Amz Mezitli rhizome officinarum dizziness Indonesia *** Apiaceae Kişniş/nut Coriandrum Spice Stabilize the blood cardiovascular Antalya Amz Mezitli satıvum* pressure Lauraceae Tarçın/bark Cinnamum Spice, Vomiting, balance Gastrointestinal India Amz Mezitli zeylanicum paste blood sugar. **** Zingiberaceae Zencefil/ Zingiber officinale Tea, Nausea, bloating Gastrointestinal India and China Amz Mezitli rhizome **** spice Urticaceae Isırgan/ Urtica Paste, tea Blood purifier, urine Gastrointestinal Turkey Amz Mezitli leave, stem membranacea**** enhancer, appetizing Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma Tea As antioxidant Pakistan, India and Pap Mezitli longa**** Immune system China Lamiaceae Melisa/ stem, flower Melissa Paste, tea As antidepressant, Immune system Mersin Pap Mezitli officinalis**** and to provent stomach cramps Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra**** Powder, Diuretic, for anemia Gastrointestinal Aegean and Black Pap Mezitli Paste, Tea system Sea Lamiaceae Adaçayı/ Salvia pinnata** Times Appetizing, Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Pap Mezitli flower, stem New digestiand, blood system Roman purifier Asteraceae Papatya/ Matricaria Capsule Sedative and agent Immune system Antalya and Aydın Pap Mezitli flower, leave chamomilla* Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus Oil It strengthens the nervous Taurus and Hatay Pap Mezitli syriacus***** body and facilitates digestion. Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ flower, nut Nigella Cosmetic, Immun system Mersin Pap Mezitli sativa***** Tea disorders Immune system

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 3 of 13 Ericaceae Argan/leave Argania spinosa* Paste, Skin disorders Skin Morocco Pap Mezitli oil Lamiaceae Peryavşan/ Teucrium polium Tea, Gastric pain for baby gastrointestinal Mersin Pap Mezitli leave mush and adults Lamiaceae Lavanta, karabaş/ Lavandula Spice Sedative ands and Nervous system Turkey, Pap Mezitli leave, angustifolia*** stimulants agent Mediterenan Santalaceae Ökse otu/ leave Viscum album ** Tea immune immune Turkey Pap Mezitli system Lauraceae Defne/ leave Laurus nobilis* Tea Antimicrobial, Mersin Pap Mezitli antipyretic Immune system Piperaceae Karabiber/ Piper nigrum***** Spice Appetizer and helps Gastrointestinal Brazil Pap Mezitli nut digestion Apiaceae Kimyon/ nut Carum carvi***** Spice Gastric distention Gastrointestinal Niğde, Mersin Pap Mezitli Solanaceae Kırmızı Biber/ nut Capsicum Drugs Rheumatism and teeth skeleton Gaziantep, Nmal Mezitli annuum***** pain Şanlıurfa, Kahramanmaraş Lamiaceae Nane/ leave Mentha Cosmetic Nausea Gastrointestinal Gaziantep Nmal Mezitli arandnsis**** Moraceae Karadut/ fruit Morus nigra*** Cosmetic Anemia, stress, nervous Konya and Antalya Nmal Mezitli fatigue, insomnia Apiaceae Kereviz/ leave, fruit Apium Spice, For Rheumatic pain skeleton Mediterranean Nmal Mezitli graveolens*** tea Apiaceae Çakşır/ rhizome, fruit Ferula lycia** Drugs, It increases sexual urinery Mersin, Antalya Nmal Mezitli tea stamina system and Konya Ericaceae Funda/ leave, flower Erica sicula**** Cosmetic, It helps reduce kidney Urinary system Antalya Nmal Mezitli tea stones and sand. Rosaceae Alıç/ leave, fruit Crataegus Oil It strengthens the heart Cardiovascular Mersin and Nmal Mezitli monogyna* and protects against system Karaman hardening of the arteries. Zingiberaceae Kakule/ fruit Elettaria Tea Appetising and Gastrointestinal Srilanka, Borneo Nmal Mezitli cardamomum*** digestiand disorders Cannabaceae Şerbetçiotu/ leave, Humulus Tablet Appetising agent Gastrointestinal Rize and Samsun Nmal Mezitli fruit lupulus** Brassicaceae Tere/leave Lepidium Tea, paste It calms the nerves and nervous Hatay and Adana Nmal Mezitli sativum**** relaxes the body. Myrtaceae Mersin, murt/ leave, Myrtus Cosmetic For tension and cardiovascular Mersin Nmal Mezitli fruit communis***** insomnia Equisetaceae Kırkkilit/ leave Equisetum Paste, oil For Bladder and Urinary system Ankara and Nmal Mezitli arandnse*** kidney disorders Aksaray Linaceae Keten/ flower, nut Linum Tea, Menopause, stomach Gastrointestinal Mersin and Adana Nmal Mezitli usitatissimum** infusion pain and constipation Poaceae Ayrıkotu/ leave Elymus repens* Paste As laxative Urinary system Turkey, North Bahd Pozcu Africa Asteraceae Acıyavşan/ Artemisia Paste, For stomach and Immune system Mersin, Karaman Bahd Pozcu Fruit, leave absinthum* tablet diabetes Boraginaceae Hodan/ leave, flower Borago tea Immun system Çanakkale, Pozcu officinalis**** disorders Immune system Samsun Bahd

Piperaceae Darıl fülfül/ fruit Piper longum**** Oil Hemorrhoids Gastrointestinal Adana Pozcu Bahd Asteraceae Aspir otu/leave, nut Carthamus Cosmetic Rheumatism - urinary Urinary system Amasya and Pozcu tinctorius**** system disorders Kayseri Bahd Caprifoliaceae Gilaburu otu/ fruit Viburnum Tea, paste For Kidney - Urinary system Kayseri and Pozcu opulus**** gallstones Kahramanmaraş Bahd

Rosaceae Kuşburnu/fruit Rosa canina**** Tea Immun system Mediterranean Pozcu disorders Immune system Bahd

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 4 of 13 Aquifoliaceae Isırgan/stem, leave Ilex colchica* Spice, Circulation system Cardiovascular Blacksea, Antakya Pozcu cosmetic disorders system Bahd

Lamiaceae Melisa/stem, leave Melissa Infusion As antidepressant and Immune system Mediterranean Pozcu officinalis**** to prevent immun Bahd system disorders Asteraceae Mayıs Papatyası/ Matrcaria Paste Gynecological Gynecological Turkey Pozcu flower chamomilla* diseases (urinery system) Bahd Myrtaceae Okaliptus/ leave, Eucalyptus Spice Respiratory system Respiratory Mersin, Adana and Pozcu flower camaldulensis**** disorders system Hatay Bahd Iridaceae Safran/ Flower, root Crocus sativus* Spice, Vitamin- Immune system Iran, Bahd Pozcu paste endorfinVitamin- Mediterranean endorphins Ginkgoaceae Gingko/ leave Gingko biloba**** Tea, spice antidepressant and Nervous system China Bur Pozcu memory enhancement Asteraceae Hindiba/ flower Cichorium Paste, tea antiallergen Nervous system Mersin Bur Pozcu inthybus**** Asteraceae Aspir/ nut, leave Carthamus Drugs Menstruation, laxative Gynecological Amasya and Hek Pozcu tinctorius* effect Kayseri Elaeagnaceae İğde/ fruit Elaeagnus Tea Prostate Interior and eastern Hek Pozcu angustifolia* Urinary system Anatolia

Rhamnaceae Hünnap/fruit Zizyphus jujuba* Spice Cardiovascular cardiovascular Tekirdağ Hek Pozcu diseases Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/ fruit Peganum Oil Diuretic effect Gastrointestinal Konya and Aksaray Hek Pozcu harmala* Zingiberaceae Havlıcan/ Alpinia Paste, Stomach diseases India, Malezya and Hek Pozcu rhizome afficinarum* infusion Immune system Endonezya Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra***** Paste, Tea Immun system Aegean and Black Hek Pozcu disorders Immune system Sea Zingiberaceae Kakule/ fruit, nut Elettaria Spice Memory Enhancement nervous India, Syria Hek Pozcu cardamomum* Lamiaceae Lavanta, Karabas Lavandula Cosmetic Infarction Cardio Mersin and Antalya Hek Pozcu otu/flower, leave stoechas**** vascularsystem Equisetaceae Kırkkilit otu/ leave Equisetum Cosmetic, Rheumatism sceleton Ankara and Hek Pozcu arandnse* infusion Aksaray Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus Drugs Long diseases Mediterranean Hek Pozcu serpyllum*** Immune system

Malvaceae Hatmi/ flower Alcea Tea For cold Adana and Antalya Bahd Pozcu striata**** Immune system

Boraginaceae Hodan, ıspıt, kaldırık Borago officinalis* Cosmetic Skin spots, Nervous, and Koy Pozcu otu Respiretory, Skinsystem Canakkale nervous Asteraceae Ekinezya/ flower, nut Echinacea Paste, tea Immun system America Koy Pozcu purpurea**** disorders Immune system Araliaceae Ginseng/ rhizome Panax Powder, antioxidant Korea Koy Pozcu quinquefolius* paste Immune system Ericaceae Funda/ flower, leave Erica arborea* Drugs Skin spots and hair Skin İzmir and Muğla Koy Pozcu care Asteraceae Papatya/ stem, flower, Matricaria Capsule Hair care Skin Antalya and Aydın Koy Pozcu leave chamomilla**** Ranunculaceae Mavi anemon/ flower Anemone Oil Skin care, aging, Skin Mersin and Hatay Koy Pozcu coronaria* Hair reduction Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo/ bark, leave Gingko biloba**** Cosmetic, antidepressant Nervous China Koy Pozcu Tea and to prevent (physical and forgetfulness mental)

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 5 of 13 Aspleniaceae Altın otu/ Ceterach Paste Urinary tract Urinary system Turkey Koy Pozcu leave, flower officinarum* infections Asteraceae Civanperçemi/flower, Achillea Spice Gynecological Gynecological Turkey Koy Pozcu leave millefolium**** diseases disorders Rhamnaceae Hünnap/fruit Zizyphus jujuba* Spice Heart-rhythm disorder cardiovascular Tekirdağ Koy Pozcu Asteraceae Hindiba/ fruit Cichorium Tea Liver disorders Mersin Koy Pozcu inthybus* Gastrointestinal Apiaceae Çakşır otu/rhizome, Ferula Lycia* Drugs Aphrodisiac effect Urinary system Antalya and Konya Koy Pozcu fruit Rosaceae Alıç/leave, fruit Crataegus Oil Infarction cardiovascular Mersin and Koy Pozcu monogyra* Karaman Rhamnaceae Barut ağacı/ bark Frangula Cosmetic For Bowel disorders Urinary/ Ankara and Konya Koy Pozcu alnus**** intestinal system disorders Lamiaceae Karabaş otu/fruit, Lavandula Paste, tea Infarction cardiovascular Mersin and Antalya Koy Pozcu leave stoechas**** Irıdaceae Safran/ flower,bulb Crocus sativus* Powder, Vitamin-endorphins Immune system Iran Koy Pozcu paste Zingiberaceae Kakule/rhizome Elettaria Drugs Memory exhancement Nervous Syria Koy Pozcu cardamomum* (Mental and neurological) Lauraceae Avakado, fruit, leave Persea gratissima* Capsule Antioxidant agent sceleton America Koy Pozcu Cucurbitaceae Kudret narı/fruit Momordica Oil Stomach disorders India Koy Pozcu charantia* Immune system Solanaceae Altın çilek/fruit Physalis Cosmetic, Bowel ailments urinery/ intestinal Antalya and Koy Pozcu alkekengi* tea system Karaman Oleaceae Zeytin ağacı/ fruit, Olea europaea* Paste, yağ tension cardiovascular Mersin, Aegean Koy Pozcu leave system Lamiaceae Adaçayı/ Salvia pinnata**** Tea Liver disorders Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Koy Pozcu flower, leave Apiaceae Anason/ nut Pimpinella oil Stomach disorders Denizli and Koy Pozcu anisum**** Immune system Kocaeli Lamiaceae Biberiye/ leave Rosmarium Tea Circulation system cardiovascular Mediterranean Koy Pozcu officinalis***** ailments Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma Tea Cancer Immune (cancer) Pakistan, India, Koy Pozcu longa**** China Poaceae Ayrık otu/ leave Elytrigia repens* oil Bowel disorders Immune system North Africa Yon Pozcu Caryophyllaceae Karamuk’ nut Agrostema Cosmetic Liver disorders Gastrointestinal Kütahya and Yon Pozcu githago* Muğla Asphodelaceae Sarısabır/ leave Aloe aristata* Cosmetic Liver, skin disorders Gastrointestinal Africa, America Yon Pozcu Arecaceae Besbase/ fruit Cocus nucifera* Oil, tea Cardiovascular cardiovascular Tropical countries Yon Pozcu Rhamnaceae Barut ağacı/ bark Frangula Oil Bowel disorders Urinary system Ankara and Konya Yon Pozcu alnus**** disorders Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ Achillea Tea Gynecological Gynecological Turkey Yon Pozcu flower, millefolium**** diseases disorders leave Zygophyllaceae Çoban çökerten/ Tribulus terrestris* Drugs Circulation Heart-blood Ankara and Yon Pozcu stem, fruit disorders Aksaray Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ nut Nigella sativa**** Tea, paste Cancer Immune (Cancer) Mersin Yon Pozcu Ericaceae Funda/ leave, flower Erica sicula* Cosmetic Urinary system Urinary system Mediterranean Yon Pozcu disorders Araliaceae Gingseng/ rhizome Panax Paste, As antidepressant and South Korea, Yon Pozcu quinquefolius* aromatic antioxidant Nervous/Immune America system Arecaceae Hazanbel/ root Acorus calamus* Tea, Pains of pregnancy Gynecological India Pozcu infusion Hek Verbenaceae Hayıt/fruit, leave, Vitex agnus Tea Heart diseases cardiovascular Mersin and Hatay Pozcu flower castus* Hek

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 6 of 13 Malvaceae Tıbbi hatmi/ flower Althaea Cosmetic Treatment of Cough Erzincan and Bur Pozcu officinalis**** and as expectorant respiratory Diyarbakır system Boraginaceae Sığır dili/ flower, Anchusa italica* Paste, tea Treatment of allergen immune Mersin and Niğde Bur Pozcu leave system Asteraceae Solucan otu/ flower Tanacetum Powder , Menstruration Gynecological Middle Anatolia Bur Pozcu vulgare* paste regulator and disorders appetizing Polyporaceae Reishi mantarı/ stem Ganoderma Drugs For immune system Africa Bur Pozcu lucidum* disorders and Immune system treatment of cancer Cancer) Cyperaceae Topalak otu/ root Cyperus rotundus* Capsule Menstruration pain Gynecological Antalya and Bur Pozcu Mersin Hypericaceae Sarı kantaron/ stem, Hypericum Oil As antidepressant nervous European Bur Pozcu leavei flower perforatum* and To prevent Gynecological diseases Fabaceae Harnup, Ceratonia Cosmetic, Urinary system Urinary system Mersin Bur Pozcu keçiboynuzu/ fruit, siliqua***** tea disorders leave Plantaginaceae Sinirli ot/ leave Plantago Paste Respiratory system Respiratory Adana and Hatay Bur Pozcu lanceolata* disorders system disorders Lauraceae Tarçın/ bark Cinnamum Spice Respiratory system Respiratory India Bur Pozcu zeylanicum***** disorders system disorders Apiaceae Rezene/ fruit, nut Foeniculum Spice Digestive disorders Gastrointestinal Mediterranean Bur Pozcu vulgare**** Theaceae Yeşilçay/ leave Camellia Tea Circulation system cardiovascular Artvin and Rize Bur Pozcu sinensi**** disorders Piperaceae Karabiber/ nut Piper nigrum***** Spice Appetizing, it Gastrointestinal Brazil Koy Metropol facilitates digestion Apiaceae Kimyon/ stem, nut Cuminum Spice Stomach swelling Turkey Hekm Metropol cyminum***** Immune system Solanaceae Kırmızıbiber, nut Capsicum Spice It is used for sceleton Gaziantep, Koy Metropol annum***** Rheumatism and it Şanlıurfa reduces toothache Lamiaceae Nane/ leave Mentha Spice It reduces nausea Gastrointestinal Gaziantep Lok Metropol arandnsis**** Lamiaceae Kekik/ flower, leave Thymus Spice It strengthens the nervous Mersin, Hatay, Koy Metropol syriacus***** body and facilitates Mediterranean digestion. Tiliaceae Ihlamur/ flower Tilia rubra* Tea As sedatiand nervous Aegean and Black Koy Metropol Sea Lauraceae Tarçın/ bark Cinnamum Spice, It preandnts vomiting Gastrointestinal India Oz Metropol zeylanicum**** cosmetic , balance blood sugar. Zingiberaceae Zerdeçal/ rhizome Curcuma Tea, spice As antioxidant Pakistan, India and Yus Metropol longa**** Immune system China Urticaceae Isırgan/ leave, stem Urtica Spice, Increasing urine, Gastrointestinal Turkey Hekm Metropol membranacea**** Paste blood purifier and appetizing. Zingiberaceae Zencefil/ rhizome Zingiber Spice For Nausea, bloating Gastrointestinal India and China Yes Metropol officinalis**** Lauraceae Avakado/ fruit, leave Persea gratissima* Drugs Leaves and Gastrointestinal America Koy Metropol fruits are used as antihypertensiv-e agents. Leaves are also used for constipation. Lamiaceae Karabaş otu/ leave, Lavandula Cosmetic For treatment of Mersin, Antalya, Hekm Metropol flower stoechas**** asthma, bronchitis, Mediterranean shortness of breath, Immune system expectorant.

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 7 of 13 Rubiaceae Kınakına/ bark Cinchona Paste It protect people Turkey Koy Metropol pubescens*** against Malaria and Immune system influenza infection. Apiaceae Çakşır/ root, fruit Ferula Lycia*** Paste, For sexual failure Urinery system Antalya and Konya Yes Metropol tablet Brassicaceae Hardal/ leave, nut Brassica juncea*** Tea To regulate blow flow cardiovascular India Koy Metropol Hypericaceae Kantoron/ stem, Hypericum Oil As antidepressant and Mersin, İzmir, Koy Metropol leave perforatum*** antiseptic nervous Mediterranean Ranunculaceae Çörek otu/ fruit Nigella Cosmetic It strengthens the Mersin Koy Metropol sativa***** immun system. Immune system Rosaceae Alıç/ flower, leave Crataegus Tea, paste It strengthens the cardiovascular Mersin and Koy Metropol monogyna* cardiovascular system. Karaman Onagraceae Yakıotu/ leave, Epilobium Tea For Diuretic and Gastrointestinal Konya, Hatay and Koy Metropol flower parviflorum*** cantipation Mersin Ericaceae funda/leave Erica arborea* Spice, It reduces irritation Skin İzmir, Muğla, Koy Metropol cosmetic and inflammation in Mediterranean the skin. Fabaceae Sinameki, çin Cassia Infusion It regulates stomach North Africa Koy Metropol tarçını/bark angustifolia* and bowels. Immune system Linaceae Keten/flower, nut Linum Paste For Menstration, Gynecological Mersin and Adana Oz Metropol usitatissimum*** stomach pain and cantipation Asclepiadaceae Bodur otu/flower Cyprinia gracilis* Spice Stomach and intestinal Turkey Oz Metropol gas Immune system Brassicaceae Çobançantası/leave, Capsella bursa- Spice, It regulates blood cardiovascular Turkey, Greece Yus Metropol fruit pastoris*** paste circulation. Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leaves Ceterach Tea, spice Eczema Skin Turkey Hekm Metropol officinasum*** Simmondsiaceae Jojoba/nut,,leave Simmondsia Tea, paste Anti-allergen America and Koy Metropol chinensis*** nervous Mexica Apiaceae Kereviz/stem, nut, Apium Spice For rheumatic pain sceleton Mediterranean Koy Metropol leave graaveolens*** Cannabaceae Şerbetçiotu/ Humulus Paste, tea As appetizing nervous Rize and Samsun Lok Metropol leave,fruit lupulus*** Lamiaceae Fesleğen/leave, Ocimum Powder , As Sedation agent nervous Mersin and Antalya Koy Metropol flower basilicum***** paste Fabaceae Keçiboynuzu/fruit Ceratonia Drugs For shortness of breath İmmune/nervous Manavgat, Anamur Lok Metropol siliqua***** and Silifke Lauraceae Metropol Laurus nobilis* Tea Antimicrobial and Mersin, Koy Metropol antipyretic Immune system Mediterranean Myrtaceae Okaliptus/leave Eucalyptus Oil Respiratory disorders Respiratory Mediterranean Oz Metropol camaldulensis*** system Moraceae Karadut/fruit Morus nigra*** Cosmetic, Anemia, stress, Konya and Antalya Yus Metropol tea fatigue, sleep İmmune/nervous disorders Apiaceae Rezene/fruit Foeniculum Paste Increasing the Secretory system Mediterranean Hekm Metropol vulgare*** mother’s milk Hekm Caryophyllaceae Karanfil/flower Syszygium Spice Antimicrobial and Indonesia, Koy Metropol aromaticum*** sedative Immune/nervous Malaysia and system Brazil Aspleniaceae Altın otu/leaves Ceterach Tea, spice Eczema Skin Turkey Hekm Metropol officinarum*** Asteraceae Ekinezya/flower Echinacea Tea Immune system America Lok Metropol purpurea*** Immune system Lamiaceae Lavanta/flower, leave Lavandula Cosmetic Sedative and stimulate nervous France, Spain Koy Metropol angustifolia*** Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/fruit Peganum oil Diuretic and urinary Gastrointestinal Konya and Aksaray Oz Metropol harmala*** system disorders

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 8 of 13 Loranthaceae Çekem/ leave Viscum album* Cosmetic Sedative nervous Egypt and Turkey Yus Metropol Viscaceae Ökse otu/leave Viscum album *** Tea For treatment of nervous Turkey Koy Metropol disturbances of hormone balance. Malvaceae Amber çiçeği/flower Alcea Tea, Constipation Gastrointestinal Mersin and Hatay Yus Metropol rematiflora*** cosmetic Cornaceae Kızılcık/fruit Cornus mas*** Tea Anti-diarrhea Gastrointestinal Mersin and Antalya Hekm Metropol Oleaceae Yasemin/flower Jasminum Tea It reduces the pain of skeleton Mersin and Antalya Koy Metropol fruticans***** rheumatism Zingiberaceae Kakule/fruit,nuts Elettaria Spice Appetizing, digestiand nervous Syria Yes Metropol cardamomum*** disorders Asteraceae Civanperçemi/ Achillea Cosmetic Hemorrhoids and Gastrointestinal Turkey Hekm Metropol flower,leave millefolium*** rheumatism Zygophyllaceae Üzerlik/nut Peganum Spice It stimulates the nervous Konya and Aksaray Acey Adana harmala* nervous system Lobeliaceae Lobelya/ stem,leave Lobelia inflata*** Paste, tea It helps to quit nervous Tropic countries Cer Adana smoking and used for ulcers Rosaceae Üvez/fruit Sorbus torminalis* Powder, For constipation and Gastrointestinal Adana and Hatay Acey Adana paste tension Combretaceae Sarıhalile/fruit Drugs It strengthens Urinary system NortheastAsia Sas Adana Terminalia the nerands and chebula**** propagating semen Verbenaceae Hayıt/flower, leave Vitex agnus- Tea Regulate menstruation, Gynecological Mersin and Hatay Acey Adana castus*** indigestion disorders Lamiaceae Zulfa otu/flower, Hyssopus Oil Diuretic, It is useful in Gastrointestinal Karaman and Acey Adana leave officinalis**** child deandlopment Mersin Polygonaceae Kuzukulağı/leaves Rumex acetosella* Cosmetic, For Itching and it Mersin, Bolu and Bitc Adana tea strengthens the body İmmune/nervous İstanbul Fabaceae Ratanya/rhizom Tkrameria Paste Diarrhea Gastrointestinal region Bitc Adana triandra* Solanaceae Tatula/nut Datura Spice For spasms and period nervous Mediterranean Acey Adana stramonium*** Loganiaceae Yohimbe/leave, bark Pausinystalia Spice Reducing stress, West Africa Sas Adana yohimbe*** anxiety and feandr nervous Pinaceae Mürsafi, acı reçine/ Pinus brutia Gummi, Stimulating, cough Immune system Turkey Cer Adana bark Tea Lythraceae Hevhulma/ flower Lythrum Cosmetic Stop the bleeding and Gastrointestinal Turkey Sas Adana salicaria**** relieand hemorrhoids Rosaceae Abdest bozan otu/ Sarcopoterium oil Tonsils and phlegm Immune system Mersin, İzmir and Acey Adana flower spinosum*** Mediterranean Asteraceae Andız otu/ flower Inula Cosmetic Asthma, cholesterol, Mediterranean Cer Adana helenium**** aphrodisiac effect Immune system Polypodiaceae Baldırı kara/ leave Asplenium Paste, tea Urine enhancer and Turkey Sas Adana adiantum-nigrum* colds urinery system

Piperaceae Kebabiye/fruit Piper cubebae*** Spice Appetizing and colds Immune system India, China Acey Adana The popular medicinal herbs used for treatments are shown to be monthly by low: *, normal: **, medium: *** , high: **** and over: ***** . Kör Yusuf: Koy; Amazon: Amz: Papatya: Pap; Naturel Malatya: Nmal; Baharat dünyası: Bahd; Burcu: Bur; Hekimoğlu:Hek; Yonca:Yon; Yusuf Aysu; Yus; Özderman:Oz; Lokman Hekim:Lok; Hekimhan:Hekm; Yesilay:Yes; Adana çerçi Yusuf: Acey; Bitki cenneti:Bitc; Çerkez İbo:Cer; Saimbeyli Sürmeneli Ayşe:Sas According to the information obtained from some of the herbalists; the tonsilitis (respiratory system disordes); dermatitis (skin disorders); most common complaints have been reported as asthma, allergic, rhinitis depression, sleep disturbances (mental and neurological disorders). In (immune system); gastric, reflux, gastritis, hemorrhoid (intestinal- addition, many people have looked for herbs to quit smoking, increase digestive disorders); low back pain, migraine, acute, aphrodisiac mother’s milk supply and expand their consciousness. (analgesic, anodyne, emollient); muscle force, rheumatism (disorders of arthritis); cholesterol (heart-blood, vascular disorders); pharyngitis, We found that the most commonly usage of plants are spice, tea, laryngitis, tricheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cough, sputum, sinusitis, paste, cosmetic products, vegetable oil, tablet or capsule, powder,

Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 9 of 13 vegetable oils (Figure 2). (3.43 %); Ericaceae and Fabaceae (2.86 %); Brassicaceae, Myrtaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceaea and Zygophyllaceae (2.29%); Boraginaceae, Hypericaceae, Malvaceae, Oleaceae and Tiliaceae (1.71%); Araliaceae, Arecaceae, Aspleniaceae, Cannabaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ginkgoceae, Iridaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Polyporaceae, Santalaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Urticaceae and Verbenaceae (1.14 %). Other families (0.57 % each) are Aquifoliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asphodelaceae, Burseraceae, Caprifoliaceae, Combretaceae, Cornaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Lobeliaceae, Loganiaceae, Loranthaceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae, Plantaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rubiaceae, Soanaceae and Theaceae.

Discussion Figure 2: Percentile distribution of herbal preparations Table 2 shows clearly that in Mersin and Adana, the plants were used mainly for pathologies of the digestive, immune system, The most common usage is spice with the rate of 47,8 %. Tea, respiratory, heart-blood-liver, arthritis, urinary, skin system paste, cosmetic products, vegetable oil, tablet or capsule, powder, disorders, inflammatory and related ailments, cancer, gynecological vegetable oils are 19,2 %, 12,7 %, 9,7 %, 4,7 %, 3,24 %, 1,8 % and disorders, nerve and related ailments. 0,9 respectively. The uses of some plants found commonly in the herbal market While, Crataegus monogyna, Gingko biloba, Lavandula stoechas, in are the same as ours such as; Cuminum cyminum for Salvia pinnata, Achillea millefolium, Nigella sativa, Borago intestinal pains; Achillea millefolium for haemorrhoids, Matricaria officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, Viburnum opulus, Rosa canina, chamomilla for anti-inflammatory Lavandula angustifolia for Melissa officinalis, Cichorium inthybus, Zingiber officinale, Urtica calmative, depression, Ocimum basilicum for headache, insomnia, membranacea, Tilia rubra, Erica sicula, Viscum album, Lepidium memory stimulant Laurus nobilis for igmoritis, throat ache sativum are used for making tea in the villages of the research area, rheumatisms; Vitex agnus-castus for menstruation disorders [23]. nowadays usage of tea plants such as Jasminum fruticans, Rosmarinus Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), marketed commonly for Alzheimers officinalis, Curcuma longa, Ceratonia siliqua, Camellia sinensis, Tilia disease, hypertension, Coronery artery disorders in the World, is rubra, Alcea striata, Jasminum fruticans, Nigella sativa are rather used mainly for memory loss and memory expanding in our region popular. They are mostly used for immune system disorders, colds, [24]. We reported that Ganoderma lucidum, Nigella sativa and stomach disorders, blood clots, circulation, heart, liver, nervous, Curcuma longa were used to treat cancer while reported that in gynecological diseases, diseases, allergy, kidney-gall stones, prostate, Madagascar, Catharanthus lanceus, C. roseus, Aloe macroclada memory enhancement, cancer, constipation, eczema, hormonal were being used for cancer [25]. problems, appetite angle urine diuretic, swelling, pain. According to the study of Pirbalouti et al., it is worth noting the use The local people of Mersin and Adana mostly use spices, oil or paste of the species Myrtus communis for air freshener in Mersin-Adana form of plants; Lavandula stoechas for asthma, bronchitis, expectorant and Ilam(Iran) [27]. Myrtus communis was mostly collected up; Cinnamum zeylanicum for vomiting to prevent, regulate blood for treating women diseases, wound (antimicrobial) in Ilam. In sugar; Zingiber officinale for nausea, bloating; Urtica membranacea for addition, We were compared similiar species with different uses. cleanse the blood, urine to dismantle; Curcuma longa for antioxidant; For example, Crocus sativus is used as a tonic for heart and culinary Melissa officinalis and Mentha arvensis for stomach cramps; Tilia use; Elaeagnus angustifolia is used as anti-diarrheal, treatment of rubra for anemia; Thymus syriacus for fatigue, indigestion; Nigella gastric pain and hepatoprotective; Peganum harmala is used as anti- sativa and Echinacea purpurea for fatigue, weak immune system; septic for air, treatment of scorpion bite, snake bite, toothache and Piper nigrum for appetite and digestion problems; Carum carvi and soporific; Pimpinella anisum is used as carminative and culinary Cuminum cyminum for stomach swelling; Capsicum annuum for use; Rosa canina is used for Indigestion; Viscum album is used rheumatism, toothache; Mentha arvensis for pain, Lepidium sativum as treatment of body pain, knew joint pain, and abscess in Ilam, for muscular, nervous disorders; Myrtus communis for nervous while Crocus sativus is used as vitamin- endorphins; Elaeagnus disorders and insomnia; Ceterach officinasum for eczama; Cornus angustifolia is used as threatment of prostate, Peganum harmala mas for diarrhea; Lobelia inflata for ulcer and addiction to smoking; is used as diuretic, relieve of kidney and bladder pain, Pimpinella Terminalia chebula for nerve disease and semen problems; Hyssopus anisum is used as treatment of stomach discomfort; Rosa canina officinalis for physical development in children; Lythrum salicaria is used as treatment of immunity diseases for finally, Viscum and Piper longum for hemorrhoids; Inula helenium for cholesterol and album is used as sedative effect and treatment of hormonal related asthma; Althaea officinalis for cough, sputum; Thymus serpyllum for diseases in Mersin-Adana [26]. lung diseases; Carthamus tinctorius for rheumatism, urinary system diseases; Borago officinalis for skin spots; Ocimum basilicum for Most of the plants indicated by the interviewees are reported in Salt sedative effect; Ceratonia siliqua for shortness of breath; Peganum Range (Pakistan) literature. There were reported in the official Salt harmala for kidney and bladder pain. Range-specific phytotherapy of the use of Foeniculum vulgare as treatment of gastric flatulence and cramp like pains in gastrointestinal According to our results in Table 1 (see additional file), the families tract; Linum usitatissimum as treatment of boils, burns, eczema, that have maximum number of species are Lamiaceae (9.71 %); pneumonia and bronchitis; Tribulus terrestris as treatment of painful Zingiberaceae and Apiaceae (6.29 %); Lauraceae (4.57 %); Rosaceae urination and spermatorrhoea [28]. While Foeniculum vulgare is Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 10 of 13 used as treatment of digestive system diseases, Linum usitatissimum As reflected in Table 2, the pathologies of the gastrointestinal- menopause, stomach pain and constipation, Tribulus terrestris is used digestive were the most frequently mentioned and showed rather as treatment of circulatory system diseases in Mersin-Adana region. high diversity of uses in all countries. The usage of medicinal plants in Naran Walley, Pakistan was 32.76 % for treatment of Also, similar 5 species in our list were reported by Italian researchers gastrointestinal-digestive disorders [42]. This is a high percentage in Mundimitar-Montemitro (Southern Italy); Foeniculum vulgare when compared with the our region (18.10 %) and North east (diuretic or for treating gastric reflux), Humulus lupulus (spice), Bosnia-Herzegovina (17.3 %) [43]. The largest common number Matricaria chamomilla (tranquillizer), Rosa canina (for treating sore of herbs from Mersin-Adana, Naran Walley and North east throat) [29]. Similarly, Thymus serpyllum, Lavandula angustifolia, Bosnia-Herzegovina is used for the treatment of respiratory Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium used mostly as antiseptic system (5.19, 13.72, 15.2 %), urinary system (10.04, 9.13, 12.7 in Iberian Peninsula, were common to Mersin-Adana [5,6]. %), heart-blood (9.06, 7.37, 7.2 %) and skin (4.25, 7.03, 10.4 %) disorders, repectively. In literature, the usage of medicinal The uses of some plants that are presented in our list could be different plants for treatment of gastrointestinal-digestive disorders were in the other regions of Turkey. For example, Althaea officinalis rather common in Montenegro 57.4 %, Central Serbia (50 %) and mostly used as reducing cough and expectorant in Mersin-Adana, as Liguira-İtaly (21.5 %) [44-46]. treatment of insect and fly bites in Bozüyük-Bilecik, Rumex patienta mostly used for immun system and skin disorders in Mersin-Adana, as Conclusion anti-furuncular, diuretic in Bozüyük-Bilecik; The leaves of Cichorium In Mersin-Adana, medicinal herbs are widely used in both rural intybus is mostly used for kidney stones and abdominal ache in and urban areas. Some of them are used in formulation of home Edremit Gulf- Balıkesir, for allergy in Mersin-Adana; aerial parts of remedies, such as tea, spice, paste, cosmetic products, oil, powder, Ceterach officinarum is mostly used for stomachache, gallbladder infusion or as a consequence of the current development of the disease, urinary diseases in Marmaris, for eczema in Mersin-Adana; pharmaceutical products, less often in tablet and capsules (Figure The flower, leaf, root of Tribulus terrestris is used for kidney sand 2). The practioners used the plants when fresh or dry, essentialy and hemorrhoids in Afyonkarahisar, for cardiac disorder, diarrhea, in the form of a maceration as an infusion, a decoction, as a hemorrhoids, vasodilators in Malatya, mostly used for circulatory paste or powder prepared with a handful. Mostly, there was not a system diseases in Mersin-Adana; The leaves of Ocimum basilicum standardized method in the use of traditional medicine in Mersin- is used as treatment of diabetes, scorpion stings in Manisa, mostly Adana. used as sedative in Mersin-Adana; The aerial part of Hypericum perforatum is commonly used for diarrhea, colic and hemorrhoids Contrary to the previous study, there is an increase incidence of in Aladağlar-Niğde, as antiseptic and treatment of gynecological immun system ailments in this survey studied [6]. This increase diseases in Mersin-Adana. In addition, the fruit of Rosa canina, mostly may be related to the environmental pollution, climatic conditions used as treatment of immun system in our region, is commonly used or migration that increased rapidly in recent years. Human activity for slimming in Andırın-Kahramanmaras [3, 30-36]. in migration conditions is likely to lead to change in the distribution of the infections with microorganisms [47]. The most representative families in our study were Lamiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Apiaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Ericaceae and Our study shows clearly that in the South of Turkey (Mersin-Adana), Fabaceae. In an ethnobotanical survey of plants used in Mediterranean the herbs used mainly for pathologies of the intestinal-digestive countries, the most common represented families according to the disorders, respiratory, urinary system, heart-blood, vascular, skin number of species were Lamiaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and other related ailments which are related to the malnutrition, Rosaceae [30, 37-39]. There seems to be similarly to ours because of unconscious nutrition, the use of unnecessary antibiotics and the similiar geographical regions and vegetation types. undeveloped hygiene habits. In addition, these years were the times that the sales of slimming and soothing teas has increased. Table 1 presents the three pathologies of the immune system most During the later five years, the sales of plants used for antidepressant frequently mentioned in each of the cities (Mersin-Adana and (camomile) and obesity exploded. Sakarya). The largest number of taxa from Mersin-Adana is used to treat immune system (18.96 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (18.10 It is important to highlight that this work constitutes the second %) and analgesic, anodyne, emollient (15.05 %) disorders while survey performed with ethnobotanical data gathered in Mersin- Uzun et al. reported that the most common use of medicinal plants Adana. We reported that the herbal markets of Mersin-Adana have in Sakarya was in the treatment of immune system (18%), and always played a vital role in the lives of people. Furthermore, this mental and neurological disorders (13.7 %) [40]. According to the survey underlines the ethnobotanical richness of the region and need previous study in Mersin-Adana region in 2005, immune system, further researches which could lead to new therapeutic drugs [48]. analgesic, anodyne, emollient and psychological disorders have rather increased while gastrointestinal-digestive, respiratory system, Additional File 1 gynecological disorders have decreased in 2012-2013 [6]. An additional “Table 1. The list of Medicinal plants of research area” file shows this in more detail [see Additional file 1]. In addition, Polat et al. reported that in Balıkesir (Edremit Gulf) the majority of herbs is being used for treatment of illnesses of Acknowledgements gastrointestinal (25 %), respiratory system (23.22 %), urinary system I would like to thank to and herbal markets of Kor Yusuf, Amazon, disorders (11.6 %) [31]. Kultur et al. showed the largest number of Papatya, Naturel Malatya, Baharat Dunyasi, Burcu, Hekimoglu, herbs from Kırklareli is used for the treatment of immune system Yonca, Yusuf Aysu, Ozderman, Lokman Hekim, Hekimhan, Yesilay, (24.6 %), gastrointestinal-digestive (20.0 %), respiratory system Adana Cerci Yusuf, Bitki Cenneti, Cerkez Ibo, Saimbeyli Surmeneli (19.0 %) and urinary system (18.2 %) disorders [41]. Ayse and license students of Biology (Mevlut Guven, Emine Adv Nutr Food Sci, 2017 Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 11 of 13 Adıyaman, Kubra Karacelik, Burcu Keme, Kaan Karaca, Cihat Edinburgh University Press. Karaagac) to made surveying with some herbalists and others who 20. Guner A, Ozhatay N, Ekim T, Baser KHC (2000) Flora of have provided me with the various herbal samples and information. Turkey. Edinburgh University press. 21. Baytop T (1994) Turkce Bitki Adlari Sozlugu. Ataturk Kultur References Dil ve Tarih Yuksek Kurumu, Turk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari. 1. 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